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ECONOMY
Structure
17.0 Objectives
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Features of the Indian Economy
17.3 Growth and Development
17.4 Mixed Economy
17.5 Demographic Transition
17.6 Sectoral Composition of GDP
17.7 Employment Structure
17.8 Inter-GovernmentalFiscal Relations
17.9 Let Us Sum Up
17.10 Key Words
17.1 1 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises
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17.0 OBJECTIVES
After going through this unit, you will be able to:
identifythe important features of the Indian economy;
distinguish between economic growth and economic development;
explain the pattern of demographic transition in India;
explain the sectoralcomposition of the Indian economy; and
explain the pattern of employment in India.
17.1 INTRODUCTION
Let us begin with the word 'economy'. It denotes the operations and management
of the economic system - the activities related to production of goads and services,
consumption, investment, exchange of g d and services within the geogmphical
territory, and exports and imports with rest of the world. You may have observed
that production of goods and services requires inputs such as labour, capital
(machineries, buildings, etc.) and raw materials. The inputs are available in limited
quantity, i.e., there is a shortage of inputs. When these inputs are used in the
production process, they need to be paid some reward. For example, if you want
to employ a unit of labour you have to pay some wage to himher. Similarly,
building can be hired by paying some rent or money can be borrowed by paying
some interest.Ultimately utilization of inputs involvessome costs. Thus the objective
before the economy is to utilize the scarce resources efficiently so that production
of goods and services is maximized and cost is minimized.
Economic Development
Now let us try to explain the structure of the Indian economy. The word structure,
as you know, implies the way in which something is organised or put together.
Thus we should look into the way the Indian economy is organised. AmrdinglyY
we will find out the major segments or sectors of the Indian economy and the
manner in which'these sectors interact with one another. In order to keep our
discussion brief we will focus on the developments in the Indian economy d u k g
the post-independence period, particularly the period since five-year plans started
in India. To begin with, we find out the important features of the Indian economy.
2) The 1ndideconomy is a mixed economy in the sense that both private sector
and public sector coexist and participate in the production process.
3) It is c-zed
4) About one-third of the population live below poverty line. 'Vicious cycle of
poverty' operates in many sectors of the economy.
5 ) Thereis high levelof unemploymentand underanployment In addition, thereis
'disguised unemployment' inthe agriculturalsector.
6) The level of technology used in production process is low in many sectors.
Modern technology has not been adopted in all sectors ofthe economy.
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1
4
I
Country
United States
31,872
2.0
United Kingdom
22,093
2.1
France
22,897
1.1
8,297
1.0
l3mil
7,037
1.5
China
3,617
9.5
India
2,242
Mexico
4.1
-
- -
Bangladesh
1,483
3.1
Sri Lanka
3,279
4.0
Nigeria
853
-0.5
Tanzania
501
-0.1
Features of the
Economic Development
Apart fiom low per capita income India is far below the developed economies
in terms of development indicators. Some of these indicators are consumption of
electricity, literacy rate, access to safe drinking water, empowerment of women,
etc. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) brings out a 'human
development index' by combining several indicators of development such as life
expectancy, education, per capita income, and empowerment of women. According
to Human Development Report 2001, India ranks 115 out of 162 countries in
terms of human development index
A positive feature of the Indian economy is that it is not stagnant; it is developing.
It is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. There have been improvements in life expectancy, literacy, and availability of infrastructure.
Year
1960-61
9.9
90.1
1970-71
13.7
86.3
1980-81
19.5
80.5
1990-91
25.1
74.9
1998-99
25.1
74.1
Let us look into the share of public sector in the GDP of M a (see Table 17.2).
In the financial year 1960-61 about 10 per cent of GDP originated fiom the
public sector. In the Five Year Plans @e government expanded the role of the
government through more and mo@investment in various activities. As a result,.
the share of public sector in GDBincreased to nearly 14 per cent in 1970-7 1,
about 20 per cent in 1980-81 and 25 per cent in 1990-91. However, many
restrictions on private sector have been removed during the decade of the 1990s.
As a result, the private sector has increased rapidly and the share of public sector
has remained around 25 per cent.
Check Your Progress 1
Note:
ni Check your answers with those given at the end of the Unit.
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2) Distinguish between growth and development.
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Features of the
Indian ~conomy
Economic Development
3) What are the reasons for the government to enter into production activities?
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DemographicTransitionin India
Year.
1950-51
36.1
39.9
27.4
1.25
32.1
1960-61
43.9
41.7
22.8
1.%
41.3
1970-71
54.8
36.9
14.9
2.20
45.6
1980-81
68.3
33.9
12.5
2.22
50.4
1990-91
84.6
29.5
9.8
2.14
58.7
2000-01
102.7
25.8
8.5
1.93
62.5
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In the case of India during the pre-independenceperiod both birth rate and death
rate were quite high. As a result, population grew at a lower rate. As you can
see from Table 17.3 population growth rate during 1950-51 was only 1.25 per
cent per m u m . However, population growth rate accelerated afterwards and
reached a peak during 1980-81. A positive sign is that in the recent census the
annual population growth rate has come down below 2 per cent. Some of the
states such as Kerala, Tamilnadu and Punjab have reached a reasonably lower
birth rate. However, in some of the major states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh population growth rate is very high.
I
t
Features of the
Indian Economy
4
. .
Economic Development
The share of agriculture and allied activities has continuously declined over the
years and contributed only 24.2 per cent in the year 2000-01. Of this,
agriculture contributed 22.2 per cent while forestry and logging, and fishing
contributed about 1 per cent each.
The share of services sector has increased from 28 per cent in 1950-51 to
48.5 per cent in 2000-01. For the year 2005-06 the share of services sector
is estimated to be 54 per$ent of GDP. Thus services sector contributes more
than half of the GDP at present.
The share of secondary sector has increased fiom 14.3 per cent in 1950-51
to 27.3 per cent in 2000-01. Subsequently it declined to 26.1 per cent in
2005-06.
The decline in the share of the primary sector in GDP has taken place as the
secondary and tertiary sectors have registered higher growth rate than the primary
sector. In fact, the government has attempted to promote the secondary and
tertiary sectors. If we look into the sectoral composition of GDP of the developed
economies, we find that primary sector contributes less than 5 per cent of GDP.
Most of the GDP comes fiom the service sector (about 70-80 per cent). So the
developments in the Indian economy can be considered to be a positive aspect.
A problem area, however, is the composition of employment, as we will see in
the next Section.
It is worth mentioning that of the 27.3 per cent share in 2000-01 manufacturing
sector contributes 17.2 per cent to the GDP. The remaining 10.1 per cent comes
tiom mining and quarrying (2.3 per cent), electricity, gas and water supply (2.5
per cent) and construction (5.3 per cent). Remember that manufacturing, and
electricity, gas and water supply constitute the industrial sector. In the industrial
sector we have both private sector and public sector on the basis of ownership.
Very often another distinction is made: organised sector and unorganized sector.
In fact, as per the Industrial Act 1951 all the industries employing more than 10
workers if production is through use of power (20 workers if production takes
place without use ofpower)are ~lequired
to register with the RegisErar of Indu&ies.
These industrial units tidl under the category registered-sectoror organized-sector.
The remainingindustrial units,mostly small scale, are termed unorganized sector.
In the year 2000-01 the unorganized sector contributed 6 per cent to GDP
compared to 11.2 per cent by the organised sector. In the year 1950-51 both
organized and unorganized sectors contributed almost equally to GDP at 4.5 per
cent each.
Features of the
Table 175
. Indian Eeonomy
National
Income
Per Capita
Income
3.6
1.8
4.1
2.0
2.5
0.2
3.3
1 .O
5.0
2.7
5.4
3.2
5.8
3.6
6.7
4.6
5.4
3.5
- force (people who are able to and willing to work). In the year 1999-2000 there
were 39.7 crore employed workers in the country, which is about 40 per cent
of the total population. The remaining 60 per cent population in the country are
dependents. Thus for every worker there is 1.5 dependents. These dependents
constitute children, aged and the unemployed. Because of high population growth
rate the percentage of children in India is higher than in developed'countries.
13
Economic Devebpmnt
Table 17.6
Sectorals om pod ti on of~rnployment
Sector
1983
1993-94
1999-2000
Primary Sector
Secondary Sector
Service Sector
. Total
A second implication is that there are too many people engaged in agriculture. In
fiwt, agriculture has been a way of life for the households engaged in the agriactivities. Very few children look for employment outside agriculture. And those
who do not get employment anywhere else start working in the family owned
land. As a result, often we see a feature termed 'disguised unemployment' in
Indian agriculture. It is a situation where a person is engaged l l l y in agriculture
but his contribution is zero. It implies that if we take away the worlcer agricultural
output will not decline. Suppose five pemons &working in a field andthe output
is 10 tomes of wheat. If we reduce the number of workers to four, then also
output will remain the same. Thus the fifth worker worked in the field, but he is
as good as unemployed, because his contribution is zero.
It has been a policy of the government to shift the additional labour hxce in the
agricultural sector to secondary and tertiary sectors. Recall that service sector
contributes more than half of the GDP but provides employment to less than onefourth of the labour force. Thus the productivity of labour is higher in the service
sector.
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Features of the
Indian Economy
'
Economic Development
while suggesting such formulae have been poverty, backwardness, tax effort,
fiscal discipline and population.
The second mode of transfer of f h d s h m the Centre to the states is the grants
and loans extended to states for implementing development plans. As you know,
while preparing the Five Year Plans the Centre sets targets and investments by
different sectors of the economy. Against this backdrop the states prepare their
annual plans which is approved by the Planning Commission. The states receive
grants and loans h m the Centre which supplement the revenue generated at the
state level. The Planning Commission allocates f h d s to states as per formula
devised by the National Development Council. For major states the ratio of
grants to loan is 30:70.
The third mode of transfer of h d s h m the Centre to the states is the grants
given by central ministries to their counterparts in different states for specified
projects. Such projects are wholly M e d by the Centre (under 'central schemes')
or the states are asked to contribute a proportion of the cost (in the case of
'centrally sponsored schemes').
The devolution of'fhds from the Centre to the states has been a matter of
political economy. The allocation of fundsacross states, particularly by the Planning
Commission and Central Ministries, is riddled with bargaining power of the state
government, presence of pressure groups, and political interestsrather than balanced
economic growth. The grants extended to local bodies by the states is mostly
discretionary and no set rule is formulated so far. The adoption of value added
tax (VAT) by states in lieu of sales tax has opened up fhxh debates on tax base
of the state governments.
Check Your Progress 2
Note: i) Space given below for your answers.
ii) Check your answers with those given at the end of the unit.
1) Explain the three stages of demographic transition.
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2) What are the changes.observedin the sectoralcomposition of GDP-inIndia?
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4) What are the modesof transfer of h d s h m the Centre to the States?
India has made radical changes in her economic policies since 1991. Economic
libedzation has resulted in setting up of more industries and the level of technology
has improved. The annual growth rate of GDP has increased to about 6 per cent
during the liberalization period. Its export potential also has improved and India
Features of the
IndinEconomy
Economic Development
has a strong fareign exchange reserve. We will discuss the changes in economic
policy, popularly termed 'economic reforms' in subsequent units.
w.
FinancialYear
Gross Domestic Product : It is the total amount of final goods and services
produced within the geographical tenitory of the
(GDP)
economy. It does not include intermediate goods
and service, i.e., goods and services that are not
consumed directly but used for M e r production.
Moreover, it does not include second hand sales
because it does not reflect production; rather it is
a change of ownership of goods produced earlier.
National Income
Public Sector
Tax
3) The reasonsfor public sector to produce goods and servicesare: market failure,
low rate ofreturnin h
h
s
m
l c
wpreventionof naturalmonopolies, merit goads,
and social concemssuch asemployment generation.See section 17.4 for details.
Check Your Progress 2
b
Features of the
Indian Eeonomy