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Giao Trinh Phan Tich Silicat
Giao Trinh Phan Tich Silicat
CHNG 1
Khi phn giai cac silicat se xut hin cac silicat va aluminat kim, con cac xt khac
thanh cacbonat, v du:
MeSiO2 + Na2CO3 = MeCO3 + Na2SiO3
Sau khi hn hp nong chay trn ngui, se dung nc hoc HCl chuyn v dung dch,
luc nay tach c vi cac thnh phn tan khac.
- Nung chay vi hirxit kim.
Thng dung nht la KOH va NaOH. Cac hydrxit nay tac dung manh hn cacbnat
thng nhit t 500 oC- 800oC thng dung phn giai cac qung Sb, Sn, Pt i
khi phn giai cac silicat
Cac phng trnh phan ng hoa hoc xay ra khi pha mu
phan ng nung chay mu va sa nhit 800- 900oC
+ t set:
Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O +3Na2CO3 = 2Na2SiO3 + 2NaAlO2 + 3CO2 +2H2O
+ Cac loai trng thach
K2O.Al2O3..6SiO2 + 6Na2CO3 = 6Na2SiO3 + 2KAlO2 + 6CO2.
Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 + 6Na2CO3 = 6Na2SiO3 + 2NaAlO2 + 6CO2
Cac nguyn liu khac :
CaO.SiO2 + Na2CO3 = Na2SiO3 + CaCO3
MgO.SiO2 + Na2CO3 = Na2SiO3 + MgCO3
Fe2 SiO5 + Na2CO3 = Na2SiO3 + Fe2O3 + CO2
Chuyn cac silicat v dang dung dch bng HCl
= H2SiO3 + NaCl
Na2SiO3 + HCl
= AlCl3
+ NaCl + H2O
NaAlO2 + 4HCl
+ 4HCl
= AlCl3 + KCl + 2 H2O
KAlO2
+ 6 HCl
= 2 FeCl3 + 2 H2O
Fe2O3
= CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
CaCO3 + 2HCl
= MgCl2 + CO2 +H2O
MgCO3 + 2 HCl
Con H2SiO3 em nung:
H2SiO3
= SiO2 +
H2O
Dung komplexon III ( EDTA) xac nh nhanh Fe2O3 , Al2O3 , MgO trong phn tch
hang loat ( phng phap nay khng c dung khi phn tch trong tai v mc chnh
xac co han )
1. 4.2 Phng phap nung cn.
Thng dung khi phn tch trong tai v mc chnh xac am bao hn phng phap
komplexon III
(G G ' ).100
g
Trong o :
G - la khi lng cua mu va chen s trc khi sy (g)
G - khi lng cua mu va chen s sau khi sy (g)
g - khi lng mu(g)
2.1.2 Xac dnh lng mt khi nung ( MKN )
a)Dung cu:
- Hp thuy tinh co np cn hoc chen s dung tich 50 ml.
- Bnh hut m, tu sy.
-Lo nung.
b) Cach lam :
Cn 1 gam mu ximng, cho vao chen s nung trong lo nung 950OC -1000 oC
khoang 1 gi . Ly ra cho vao bnh hut m, lam ngui nhit phong va em cn.
Nung lai vi nhit trn trong 15 phut va cn lai nh vy n khi lng khng i.
Ham lng % mt khi nung (MKN) tnh theo cng thc:
MKN =
(G G ' ).100
100
MKN =
W
g
100 W
100
(G G ' ).100
.
g
100 W
(%)
Trong trng hp mun xac nh chnh xac SiO2 phai nh lng cn khng tan.
Chuyn kt tua a nung sang chen bach kim a nung va cn n khi lng khng
i. Tm t bng nc ct cho vao 15ml HF 40%, 2 giot H2SO4 d = 1,84. Bc hi
trn bp co lot aming n kh. Nung chen nhit 900 - 10000C trong khoang
na gi. ngui trong bnh hut m n nhit trong phong, cn n khi khi
lng khng i. Phn ba nung chay bng KHSO4 ri hoa tan khi nong chay bng
nc si, nu con vn uc cho vao vai gioi H2SO4 d =1,84 n tan trong. Gp vao
phn nc loc trn, cho vao bnh nh mc 500ml, thm nc n vach.
Cng thc tnh:
SiO2 =
(%)
b) Hoa cht:
- Amonihyrxyt NH4OH 10%
- HCl 0,004N va 2N
- HNO3 10%
- Axt sufosalixilic 15%
- EDTA, dung dch 0,01M
c) Cach lam:
Ly 50ml dung dch muc 3 cho vao 1ml HNO3 10% un si nhe khoang 3 phut,
ngui trung hoa bng NH4OH 10% n khi dung dch vn uc. Nu dung dch kt
tua nhiu phai thm vai giot HCl 2N lc n khi tan ht kt tua, ri lai iu chnh nh
trn . Sau o cho 25 - 30ml HCl 0,04N va nho dung dch axt sunfosalixilic n co
7
mau tm o m, un dung dch n khoang 60 -70 0C; chun bng EDTA 0,01M
n mt mau tm o, dung dch gi lai chun Al+3
Cng thc tnh:
(%) Fe2O3 =
n.0,0007985.100 100
.
g
100 w
Trong o ;
n - lng dung dch EDTA 0,01M a dung (ml)
g - khi lng mu tng ng vi dung dch a ly (g)
0,0007985 - khi lng st tng ng vi 1ml EDTA 0,01M (g)
w- m (%)
2.1.5 Xac nh ham lng Al2O3
a) Nguyn tc cua phng phap:
Ion Al3+ phan ng vi ng (CuEDTA) tach ra ion Cu2+
Al3+ + CuEDTA = AlEDTA + Cu2+
Cu2+ tao ra 4, 2 (pyridyl- azo) resorsirmol (PAR) thanh phc cht mau o. Chun
Cu2+ bng EDTA 0,01M, cui chun t o sang vang sang
b) Hoa cht:
- Dung dch m pH= 4,5- 4,7 va 77 gam CH3COONH4 + 51,9 ml CH3COOH
98% pha thanh 1000ml
- Ch th PAR d2 0,1%
- EDTA 0,01M
- Dung dch CuSO4 0,01M
CuEDTA khoang 0,05M . Chun CuSO4 trong mi trng amoniac bng EDTA
0,05M theo ch th PAR mau chuyn t o sang vang sang .Theo phep chun nay ta
pha nhng lng tng ng 2 dung dch vi nhau se dc dung dch CuEDTA 0,05M
c)Cach lam : dung dch sau khi xac nh Fe203 pha loang bng nc ct n khoang
200-250ml. Cho 2-3 giot PAR, 2-3 giot CuEDTA thm cht m a pH v 3,5- 4 .
Cho n khi dung dch co mau o vng (ht khoang 20-25 ml).un si ky, chun
bng EDTA 0,01M chuyn t mau o sang mau vang sang .Tip tuc lam nh th n khi
nao un si ma mau o khng tai hin la c.
Al2O3 tnh theo cng thc:
Al 2 O3 =
100
n.0,000509.100
.
g
100 w
Trong o:
n: s ml dung dch EDTA chun .
g: khi lng mu (g)
w: m
2.1.6 Xac nh ham lng CaO
a) Nguyn tc cua phng phap:
8
n.0,00056.100
100
.
g
100 W
Trong o :
n - la lng EDTA 0,01M a dung tnh bng ml
g - lng mu tng ng vi dung dch a ly(g)
0,00056 - lng CaO tng ng vi 1ml EDTA 0,01M (g)
W - m tnh bng %
2.1.7 Xac nh ham lng MgO
a) Nguyn tc cua phng phap:
Chun tng s ham lng CaO va MgO bng EDTA pH=10 .Tnh bng cach tr CaO
b) Hoa cht:
- NH4 OH 25%
- NH4Cl tinh th
- CuEDTA , dung dch 0,05M ( pha nh muc 5)
- Ch thi PA R , dung dch 0,1%
- EDTA dung dch 0,01M
- Dung dch m pH=10 .Hoa tan 54 g NH4Cl vao 200ml nc ct, thm 350 ml
NH4OH 25% pha thanh 1000ml
c) Cach lam:
Ly 50ml dung dch muc 3 , tach Fe+3 va Al+3 di dang hyrxyt vi s co
mt cua NH4Cl va H2O2 loai Mn . Nc loc vao bnh nh mc dung tch 250ml, trn
nc ct n khoang 150-200ml. Cho 25m dung dch m pH=10 . Thm t buret 1
lng EDTA 0,01M gn bng lng EDTA 0,01M a chun CaO, sau o thm 5 giot
CuEDTA, 5-10giot PAR . Chun bng EDTA 0,01M n khi mau chuyn t o sang
vang sang bn vng. Cn lam th nghim trng tr Ca+2 va Mg+2 trong nc ct.
MgO =
(b a ).0,0004037.100 100
.
g
100 W
9
Trong o:
b - lng EDTA 0.01M a chun tnh bng ml
a - lng EDTA 0,01M
g - khi lng mu cht tnh bng gam
W - m tnh bng phn %
2.1.8 PHNG PHAP NUNG CN
xac nh Fe2O3 , Al2O3 , setquioxt, TiO2, va mangan xt
2.1.8.1 Xac nh ham lng SETQUIOXT
a) Nguyn tc cua phng phap:
Kt tua Fe+3 va Al+3 di dang hirxyt nung va cn dang xit .Nu trong
ximng co TiO2 va MnO2 th chung cung kt tua di dang hyrxyt. Do o kt qua se
cao hn tng s Fe2O3 va Al2O3 xac nh bng phng phap complexon.
Cng thc gn ung:
Al2O3 = R2O3 - Fe2O3
Chnh xac:
Al2O3 = R2O3 - ( Fe2O3 + TiO2 + MnO2)
b)Hoa cht:
- NH4NO3 tinh th
- NH4OH dung dch 10%
- NH4NO3 dung dch 2% lam nc ra
- Brm- cresol xanh la cy dung dch 0,1% trong ru hay metyl o, dung dch
0,1% trong ru.
- Hyrperoxt H2O2 dung dch 30%
c) Cach lam:
Dung dch thu c sau khi loc muc 3 cho vao cc 500ml, un si, thm 5ml
H2O2 30% va 1,5 gam NH4NO3, tip tuc un si va khuy u cho tan. Thm 8-9 giot
ch th brm- cresol xanh la cy hay metyl o, cho tng giot NH4OH 10%, va cho
va khuy n khi chuyn mau ch th, sau o cho u khoang 1ml NH4OH ri un
si 2 phut. lng yn ch m (50-70oC) trong 15 phut kim tra xem a co kt tua
hoan toan cha bng cach cho vai giot NH4OH vao phn nc trong nu khng xut
hin kt tua la c. Loc gan qua giy loc khng tan chay nhanh, ra 3 ln bng
NH4NO3 2% a un si. Sau o chuyn kt tua va giy loc tr lai cc a kt tua luc
u, hoa tan kt tua bng 30ml HCl 10%, un nong va dm cho tht nhuyn giy loc,
thm va 100ml nc nong va un si ky, sau o lai tin hanh kt tua nh trn va loc
qua giy loc khng tan chay nhanh. Ra bng dung dch NH4NO3 2% a un si cho
n ht ion Cl - ( th bng dung dch AgNO3 1%). Dung dch loc 2 ln gp lai tin
hanh xac nh CaO va MgO
Cho kt tua va giy loc vao chen s a nung, va cn n khi lng khng i.
Sy va t chay ht giy loc, tip tuc nung t 1000- 1100oC trong thi gian 30-45
10
phut. Ly ra ngui trong bnh hut m n nhit trong phong va cn. Nung lai
15 phut cung nhit trn va cn n khi lng khng i.
Ham lng (%) R2O3 tnh theo cng thuc:
R2 O3 =
(G G ' ).100
100
.
g
100 W
Trong o:
G - khi lng chen va kt tua tnh bng (g)
G- khi lng chen khng tnh bng (g)
g - khi lng mu tnh bng (g)
W - m tnh bng %
2.1.8.2 Xac nh ham lng Fe2O3
a) Nguyn tc cua phng phap:
Bari
Kh Fe+3 n Fe+2 chun Fe+2 bng Kalibicromat theo ch th cua
iphenylamin sunfonat
b)Hoa cht::
- Axit HCl, dung dch d =1,19
d = 1,19 un
- Dung dch clorua thic II: 2,5 gam SnCl2 hoa tan vao 20ml HCl
nong cho tan ri pha thanh 200ml .Cho thm mt t la thic lng xung di
ay
- HgCl2 5%
- Hn hp axt H3PO4 va H2SO4 (150ml H3PO4 d = 1,7 va 150ml H2SO4 d = 1,84
pha thanh 1000ml)
- Bari iphenylamin sunfonat dung dch 0,2%
- Kali bicromat K2Cr2O7 0,1N
c) Cach lam:
Cn mt mu ximng cho vao cc 600ml, thm 40ml nc ct, va khuy va thm
10ml HCl d = 1,19. Dung ua thuy tinh khuy cho nhuyn ximng hay con b von cuc
lai. un cho si vai phut thm vao dung dch ang si tng giot SnCl2. Khi mt mau
thm tha mt giot. Lam lanh di nc n nhit phong. Dung tia nc ra sach
thanh cc. oan thm lun 10ml HgCl2, khuy u, sau mt phut thm 10ml H3PO4 +
H2SO4 va 5 giot bari ifenylamin sunfonat 0,2% thm nc n khoang 150ml. Chun
bng K2Cr2O7 gn im tng ng phai chun b tht t t cho n khi chuyn t
mau sang tm xanh.
Ham lng% Fe2O3 tnh theo cng thc:
Fe2 o3 =
n.0,007985.100 100
.
g
100 W
0,007985 - khi lng Fe2O3 tng ng vi 1ml K2Cr2O7 0,1M tnh bng
(g)
W - m tnh %
2.1.8.3 Xac dnh ham lng TiO2
a) Nguyn tc:
Mi trng axt- axtc, axt sunfosalixilc tao vi Ti+4 mt phc cht mau vang.
Dung axt thioglyColic che mau Fe+3 ,xac nh Titan bng phng phap o mau.
b) Hoa cht::
- Axt sunfosalixilc dung dch 20% (vi lng ximng co ham lng Al2O3 ln
hn 20% dung dung dch 40%)
- Axt thioglycolc dung dch 30%
- Dung dch NH4Cl 10%
- Dung dch HCl 0,1N
- Dung dch NaOH10%
- Phenolphltalein dung dch 0,1%
- Dung dch CH3COOH: 143ml CH3COOH 98% pha ra 1000ml
- Natriaxtat CH3COONa : 205g CH3COONa pha thanh 1000ml
- TiO2 nguyn cht
- Kali hyrsunfat KHSO4 tinh th
- Dung dch H2SO4 d = 1,84
Cach iu ch dung dch mu:
Nung TiO2 1000oC n khi lng khng i, cn ly 1 gam vao chen bach kim, nung
chay bng KHSO4. Hoa tan khi nong chay bng nc si, cho thm vai giot H2SO4 d =
1,84 dung dch trong sut sau o cho vao bnh nh mc 1000ml pha nc n vach lc
k. 1ml dung dch nay tng ng vi 0,001g TiO2
Cach dng ng cong chun ly 2 lng dung dch mu t nho n ln (0,1- 5 mg)
chun b nh muc cach lam, ly nc ct lam dung dch i chiu .So mau bng may
so mau quang in hay may so mau .Pulfrch vi bc song 420 m .Ghi lai tt quy
v day lp dung dch 1cm ng vi mi ham lng TiO2 a ly.
Trn toa vung goc truc tung ghi tr s tt, truc hoanh ghi tr s ham lng TiO2
va ve ong cong chun theo cac tr s a thu c .Sau 1 tun l phai kim tra lai mt
vai im trn ng cong.
c) Cach lam:
Ly phn nc loc muc 3 cha khoang 2mg TiO2 khoang 50 ml cho vao bnh ng
mc 250ml. Thm 20ml axt sufosalixilc, 2ml dung dch NH4Cl 10% trung hoa n
khi chuyn mau phenolphtalein. Sau o thm HCl 0,1N tng giot cho n khi mt mau
hng cua phnolphtalein thm 16,4ml CH3COOH va 3,6ml dung dch CH3COONa pha
nc ct n vach
o tt day lp dung dch bng 5cm, dung nc ct lam dung dch i chiu
12
C.100 100
.
g 100 W
Trong o:
C - ham lng TiO2 tm c theo ng cong chun tnh bng gam
g - khi lng mu tng ng vi dung dch a ly tnh bng gam
W- m tnh bng %
Ghi chu : khi o ham lng TiO2 phai ly t dung dch sau khi a kim tra tinh khit
SiO2 gp vi dung dch loc ( SiO2 + KT)
2.1.8.4 Xac nh ham lng mangan xyt
a) Nguyn tc cua phng phap:
Oxy hoa Mn+2 khng mau thanh MnO4- mau tm hng bng amonipe sunfat co AgNO3
lam xuc tac.Xac dnh mangan bng phng phap o mau
b) Hoa phm:
- Axt HNO3 dung dch 1: 4
- Bac nitrat AgNO3 dung dch 3,5g/l
- Amonipesulfat (NH4)4S2O8 dung dch 15%
- Axt H3PO4 dung dch 1:1
- Thuy ngn II nitrat Hg(NO3)2 dung dch 1%
Cach dng ng cong chun
Cn 3,1446g MnSO4 a sy trong chn khng hoa tan nc ct pha thanh
1000ml. Ly lai 100ml dung dch nay pha thanh 1000ml. Ly lai1ml dung dch nay
tng ng vi 0,1mg MnO.
Ly nhng lng dung dch tng ng t 1- 5 mg MnO chun b nh muc cach lam
ri so mau vi nc lam dung dch i chiu vi bc song 530 m.Ghi lai tt v
day dung dch la 1cm .Ve ng cong chun theo cach a trnh bay phn 3.
C) Cach lam:
Cn 1g ximng, hoa tan trong 30ml HNO3 1: 4, loc qua giy loc thng ra 4 -5 ln
bng nc si cho vao bnh nh mc 100ml hay 200ml (tuy theo ham lng MnO co
trong Ximng) Thm 1ml Hg(NO3)2 1% 10ml AgNO3 8,5g/l, un si ky trn bp cach
thuy 5 phut. Cho t t 10ml (NH)4S2O8 15%. Lc ky, lam ngui n nhit trong
phong. Thm 1ml H3PO4 1:1 va thm nc n vach,so sanh mau vi dung dch nc
cn so sanh.
Ham lng % MnO tnh theo cng thc:
MnO =
C.100 100
.
g 100 W
13
Trong o: C- Ham lng MnO bng cach quy tc o c v day dung dch 1 cm
va so vi ng cong chuan tnh (g)
W - m %
2.1.8.5 Xac nh ham lng Al2O3
Ham lng % Al2O3 tnh theo cng thc:
Al2O3= R2O3- ( Fe2O3 + TiO2 + Mn3O4)
Trong o: R2O3 kt qua xac nh theo muc 5.1.8.1
muc 5.1.8.2
Fe2O3
muc 5.1.8.3
TiO2
Mn3O4 quy t xac nh MnO theo muc 5.1.8.4
2.1.8.6 Xac nh ham lng CaO
a) Nguyn tc cua phng phap:
Kt tua Ca+2 trong mi trng amoniac di dang canxi oxalat. Hoa tan canxi oxalat
bng pemanganat kali hoc nung cn di dang canxi xyt
b) Hoa cht::
- Axt oxalic H2C2O4 , dung dch 4% hay amoni oxalat (NH4)2 C2O4 dung dch 4%
- Amoni hyrxyt NH4OH, dung dch 10% va 25%
- Axt HCl dung dch 20%
- Nc ra amoni oxalate (NH4)2C2O4 dung dch O,1%
- Axit H2SO4 dung dch 5%
- KMnO4 dung dch 0,1%
c) Cach lam:
C phn nc loc muc 3.6.1 con khoang 300ml. Cho vai giot HCl 20% n
chuyn mau ch th. un si 2 phut ri cho vao 50ml H2C2O4 4% hay ( NH4)2C2O4
4%, tip tuc un si khuy u. Trong luc ang si trung hoa bng tng giot NH4OH
10% ri va khuy u va un si trong 3 phut loc qua giy loc khng tan loai day
bng cach lng gan .Trc khi loc cn nhung giy loc vao dung dch ( NH4)2C2O4
.Ra 5ln bng nc ra (NH4)2C2O4 0,1% .Nc loc va nc ra gi lai.
Kt tua va giy loc cho tr lai cc a kt tua. Hoa tan kt tua bng 20ml dung dch
HCl 20% pha thanh 200ml. Cho vai giot Brom cresol xanh la cy , un gn si , cho
50ml H2C2O4 4% hay (NH4 )2C2O4 4%
un si khuy u ri cho t t NH4OH 25%. Cho n khi chuyn mau ch th
lng ch m t 40 -600C trong khoang 2gi. Loc vao giy loc khng tan loai day.
Sau o xac nh lng CaO bng 1 trong 2 phng phap sau :
Chun bng KMnO4 : Ra kt tua bng cach gan 3 ln vi nc NH4OH 2% a
un m, sau o ra bng nc ngui co thm 1 vai giot NH4OH cho sach ion clo (th
bng AgNO3 1%). Kt tua va giy loc cho tr lai cc va hoa tan bng 150ml H2SO4 5%
bng cach un 60 -70 . Sau o chun bng KMnO4 0,1N n hin mau hng.
14
Nung cn di dang CaO: Ra kt tua bng amoni oxalat 0,1% cho n sach Clo.
Cho kt tua va giy loc vao chen s a nung va cn n khi lng khng i, sy, t
chay ht giy loc, ri nung 1000- 1100oC. ngui n nhit phong trong bnh hut
m. Khi cn phai chun b chu ao, ly chen ra la cn ngay tc khc tranh hut m.
Nung lai nhit o 15 phut va cn n khi lng khng i.
Nc loc va ra va phn trn xac nh MgO.
Ham lng( %) CaO tnh theo cng thc:
CaO =
Trong o:
CaO =
n.0,002804.100 100
.
g
100 W
15
MgO =
Trong o:
G - khi lng chen va kt tua (g)
G - khi lng chen khng (g)
0,3623 - h s chuyn t Mg2P2O7 thanh MgO
G - khi lng mu
W - m (%)
2.1.9 XAC NH HAM LNG CAC HP CHT CUA LU HUYNH
2.1.9.1 Xac nh ham lng sufat bng phng phap khi lng
a) Nguyn tt cua phng phap:
Kt tua sunfat di dang BaSO4 .T lng BaSO4 thu c tnh c SO3
b) Hoa cht::
- Dung dch BaCl2 10% : hoa tan 100g BaCl2.2H2O 1000 ml nc ct
- Nc ra : axt HCl dung dch khoang 2% (d= 1,008)
c) Cach lam:
Ly dung dch loc c khi pha mu xac nh ham lng cht khng tan muc
3.5.3. un si dung dch nay ng thi cung un si dung dch BaCl2 cho vao 10ml
dung dch BaCl2 khuy u tip tuc un si nhe trong 5phut yn dung dch trong
3 gi cho kt tua lng xung. Loc qua giy loc khng tan chay chm ra kt tua va
giy loc bng nc rua vi nc ct un nong cho n khi ht ion clo ( th bng
AgNO3 1%).
Cho kt tua va giy loc vao mt chen s a nung va cn n khi lng khng i.
Sy kh, t cho chay ht giy loc. Nung nhit = 1000- 1100 0C. Ly ra
ngui trong bnh hut m n nhit phong. Cn, nung lai 15 phut nhit trn va
cn n khi lng khng i.
Ham lng ( %) SO3, tnh theo cng thc:
SO3 =
- Nc brm, dung dch bao hoa lanh co brm tha lng di ay. Cho khoang
35g brm vao 1000ml nc ct.
- Axt clohidrc ( HCl), dung dch d = 1,19.
- Bariclorua (BaCl2) : hoa tan 100g BaCl2. 2H2O trong 1000ml nc ct.
c) Cach lam:
Cn 2g mu cho vao mt cc 250ml, thm t bng vai ml nc ct. Thm vao 7080ml nc brm. Khuy u, yn 2- 3 gi. Sau o thm vao 20ml HCl (d= 1,19),
cho t t va cho va khuy. Sau khi Xi Mng a hoa tan hoan toan, chuyn tt ca
dung dch t cc sang mt bat s, cho bc hi n kh tach silc. Ly lai bng HCl
va nc si. un si, ra sach ion cl ( th bng AgNO3 1%).
Trong dung dch loc, xac nh lu huynh tng s bng phng phap kt tua di
dang BaSO4 theo muc 3.7.1.
Ham lng ( %) sunfua, tnh theo cng thc :
S= 0,1373 ( A-B).
100
100 W
Trong o :
A- Khi lng BaSO4 tng ng vi lu huynh tng s theo muc 3.7.2
B- Khi lng BaSO4 tng ng vi lu huynh dang sunfat muc 3.7.1.
W- m ( tnh bng %).
2.1.9.3 Xac nh ham lng clorua.
a) Nguyn tc:
Kt tua clorua bng AgNO3. Chun lng NO3- tha bng amoni sunfoxyanua.
b) Hoa cht:
- Axt HNO3 pha loang, dung dch co d= 1,18 vao khoang 29%.
- Dung dch AgNO3 0,1N : Hoa tan 16,989 AgNO3 trong 1000ml nc ct.
- Amoni sunfoxyanua NH4CNS dung dch 0,1N : hoa tan 7,611g NH4CNS trong
1000ml nc ct.
- Amoni- stIII sunfat NH4Fe(SO4)2 dung dch bao hoa nhit thng
c) Cach lam:
Cn 2g ximng vao mt bnh non 500ml thm vao 50ml nc ct va 20ml HNO3
un nong hoa tan. Lam ngui, pha loang vi 200ml nc ct. Thm chnh xac 5ml
dung dch AgNO3 0,1N, 2-3ml dung dch NH4Fe(SO4)2 va chun lng AgNO3 tha
bng dung dch NH4CNS 0,1N
Ham lng (%) Cl, tnh theo cng thc:
Cl =
(a b).0,003546.100 100
.
100 W
100
Trong o:
G - khi lng chen va kt tua K[B(C6H5)4 (g)
G - khi lng chen khng
M1 - phn t lng K[B(C6H5)4 =358,344
M2 - phn t lng K2O bng 94,2
g - khi lng mu tnh bng (g)
W - m %
Ghi chu: NH4+ anh hng n s xac nh K+
2.1.10.2 Xac nh lng Na2O bng phng phap khi lng
18
Trong o :
19
Cach tnh
% SiO2 =
A1 A2
.100
g
vi Fe+3 nm trong phc cua Fe+3 vi ch th va giai phong ch th dang t do. Phep ch
th kt thuc khi dung dch mt mau o tm cua phc Fe+3 va ch th.
b) Hoa cht:
- Dung dch NaOH 10%
- Dung dch chi th mau axt sulfoasalixilic10%
- Dung dch EDTA
c)Cach lam:
Dung ng hut nh mc 50ml ly 50ml trong dung dch A (noi phn bai 4-3) tng
ng vi 0,1 gam mu, cho vao cc 300ml thm vao 2ml ch th mau axt
sulfoasalixilic. Trung hoa dn dn bng NaOH 10% n khi dung dch co mau tm o (
co pH= 1.5-2 ).
un nong dung dch trn bp in n nhit 600C-700C. chun khi nong bng
EDTA 0,01M n khi dung dch mt mau o tm.
Tnh ham lng Fe2O3 theo th tch dung dch EDTA 0,01M a tiu tn trong phep
chun o.
Cach tnh:
%Fe2O3 =
0.0007985.V
.100
g
Trong o :
0,0007985 la s gam Fe2O3 tng ng vi 1ml EDTA 0,01M.
V - th tch EDTA a tiu tn trong phep chun.
g - lng gam mu trong dung dch ly chun .
2.2.5 Xac nh oxt nhm ( Al2O3 ).
a) Nguyn tc:
Trong dung dch sau khi loai st va titan bng dung dch NaOH 30%. Nhm con lai
dang mui aluminat tan mi trng pH=5,7 , nhm phan ng vi 1 lng d EDTA
tao thanh mt phc kem bn vng hn phc cua no vi Natriflorua ( NaF ) lng d
EDTA c chun bng dung dch axetat kem vi ch th da cam. Sau o cho NaF
vao phc bn vi nhn va giai phong EDTA a tac dung vi nhn.
- Chun lng EDTA va c giai phong ( tng ng vi Al ) bng dung dch
axetat kem. T th tch dung dch axetat kem tiu tn ln chun th hai la tnh ra ham
lng Al2O3 co trong mu t.
b) Hoa cht:
- Dung dch NaOH 30%.
- Dung dch HCl 1:1.
- Dung dch m pH=5,4:100ml CH3 COOH 90%, 100ml NH4OH 25% + 8% nc
ct.
- Ch th xylenol da cam 0,1%.
- Ch th fenolphtalein 0,1%.
- Dung dch kem axetat 0,025M [ Zn( CH3COO )2 ].
22
0,0012745.V
.100
g
Trong o:
0,0012745 s gam xt nhm tng vi1ml Zn( CH3COO)2 0,025M.
V - th tch dung dch Zn( CH3COO)2 0,025M tiu tn ln chun th 2.
g - s gam mu trong dung dch ly xac nh Al2O3
Chu y: nhit va s nhn mau hai ln chun phai ging nhau.
2.2.6 Xac nh CaO
a) Nguyn tc:
Trong dung dch sau khi loai ion Fe3+ va Ti4+ , Canxi tn tai di dang ion Ca2+ .
mi trng pH = 12 ion Ca2+ tao vi ch th fluorexon mt phc cht mau xanh quynh
quang ( vi ch th murext mt phc kem bn mau o nho ) kem bn hn phc cua no
vi EDTA. Chun trc tip ion Ca2+ bng EDTA vi ch th fluorexon hay murexit,
giai phong ch th dang t do co mau hng nhat ( hay tm hoa ca khi dung murexit )..
Phep chun kt thuc ham lng CaO trong t tnh theo th tch EDTA 0,01M tiu
tn.
b) Hoa cht:
- Dung dch KOH 25%
23
0,00056(V 1 V 2)
.100
g
Trong o:
0.00056 s gam Cao tng ng vi 1ml EDTA0,01M
V1 s ml EDTA 0,01M a tiu tn chun ion Ca2+ trong dung dch.
V2 s ml EDTA 0,01M tiu tn chun mu trng.
g - s gam mu trong dung dch ly xac nh CaO
2.2.7 Xac nh MgO
mi trng pH = 10,6 th Mg2+ va Ca2+ cung tao phc vi ch th Eri crm en T ( k
hiu ETOO) mt phc cht mau o ti, phc cht nay kem bn hn phc cua chung vi
EDTA. Trn c s o ngi ta chun ng thi Ca2+ va Mg2+ t do ngoai dung dch,
sau o no tao phc bn vi ion Ca2+ , Mg2+ trong phc khng bn cua chung vi ch th
giai phong ch th dang t do. Dung dch chuyn t mau o ti sang mau xanh.
Tin hanh mt th nghim trng:
24
Ly 100ml nc ct cho vao cc 250ml thm vao 15ml KOH 25% ( hay dung
NaOH30% nu dung murexit ) 5ml KCN 5%, mt vai giot ETOO khuy u va chun
bng EDTA 0,01M. Ghi th tch EDTA a tiu tn khi chun.
Cach tnh
MgO =
0,00056(V 1 V 2 )
.100
g
G
Trong o:
G1: Khi lng chen va kt tua (g).
G0: Khi lng chen khng (g).
G: Khi lng mu em phn tch (g)
2.3.4 Xac nh ham lng Fe2O3.
a) Nguyn tc:
Chun lng st bng EDTA tiu chun theo ch th sunfosalisilic pH=1,52.
b)Hoa cht:
- Axit sunfosalisilic.
- Dung dch HCl 1:1.
- Dung dch NaOH 10%
- Dung dch EDTA 0,02M.
c)Cach tin hanh:
Ly 50ml dung dch 1 cho vao cc thuy tinh, thm nc ct khoang 100ml, 2ml
axit sunfosalisilic 10%. Dung NaOH 10% va HCl 1:1 iu chnh dung dch n
pH=1,5-2.
un nong dung dch n 700C chun dung dch khi con nong bng EDTA
0,02M n khi dung dch chuyn t mau tm o sang khng mau (hay vang
nhat). Ghi th tch EDTA 0,02M tiu thu (ml).
Tnh kt qua.
V.0,0015970.100
Fe2O3 (%) =
a
Trong o:
V: Th tch EDTA 0,02M tiu thu.
a: Lng mu em xac nh (g).
0,0015970 la s gam st tng ng vi 1ml dung dch EDTA 0,02M.
2.3.5 Xac nh ham lng Al2O3.
a) Nguyn tc:
Tach Al khoi Mg, Ca, Fe bng NH4OH va NaOH. Chun thay th Al
t complexonat theo ch th xylenol dacam pH=5,5-5,7.
b)Hoa cht:
- Dung dch EDTA 0,02M.
- Dung dch m pH=5,7.
- Dung dch Zn(CH3COO)2 0,02M.
- Dung dch NaOH 30%.
- Dung dch NaF 3%.
- Dung dch AgNO3 1%.
- NH4Cl.
26
Al2O3 (%)
V.0,0010196.100
a
Trong o:
V: Th tch kem axetat 0,02M tiu thu (ml)
a: Lng mu em xac nh (g).
0,001096 la s gam Al2O3 tng ng vi 1ml dung dch kem axetat
0,02M.
Ghi chu: Th tch EDTA 0,025M cho vao dung dch 2 phu thuc vao ham lng
Al2O3 trong mu, nu mu (a) em phn tch co ham lng Al2O3 nho hn 15%
th dung 10ml la u, con cac mu co ham lng Al2O3 cao hn 15-20% th dung
15-20 ml EDTA 0,025M.
2.3.6 Xac nh ham lng CaO.
27
a) Nguyn tc:
Chun Canxi bng dung dch EDTA theo ch th fluorexol pH>12.
b) Hoa cht:
- Dung dch EDTA 0,02M.
- Dung dch HCl 1:1.
- Dung dch KCN 5%.
- Dung dch KOH 25%.
- Ch th fluorexol.
c) Cach tin hanh:
Hoa tan 0,2 g mu trong cc thuy tinh bng 10ml HCl 1:1 va un n tan.
Chuyn dung dch vao bnh nh mc 250ml. nh mc va lc u (dung dch 3).
Ly 25ml dung dch vao cc thuy tinh, thm nc ct n 100ml, thm tip 5
ml dung dch che du KCN 5% va 20ml dung dch KOH 25% va mt t cht ch th
fluorexol.
t cc ln mt nn en, dung EDTA 0,02M chun n khi mt mau xanh
huynh quang. Ghi lai th tch EDTA tiu thu.
Tnh kt qua.
CaO (%)
(V1 - V0).0,0011216.100
a
Trong o:
V: Th tch EDTA tiu tn khi chun (ml).
V0: Th tch EDTA tiu tn khi chun mu trng (ml).
0,0011216: s gam CaO tng ng vi 1ml EDTA.
a: Lng mu ly em phn tch (g).
2.3.7 Xac nh ham lng MgO.
a) Nguyn tc:
Xac nh tng s ham lng CaO + MgO trong mu chun bng EDTA 0,02M
theo ch th ETOO en pH =10,5. T kt qua xac nh CaO suy ra ham lng MgO.
b) Hoa cht:
- Dung dch EDTA 0,02M.
- Dung dch m pH=10,5.
- Dung dch KCN 5%.
- Ch th ETOO.
c) Cach tin hanh:
Ly 25ml dung dch 3 cho vao cc thuy tinh, thm nc ct n khoang 100ml,
thm tip vao cc 5ml KCN 5%, 20ml dung dch m pH=10,5 va 1-2 giot ch th
ETOO. Chun dung dch bng EDTA 0,02M n khi chuyn mau t o nho sang
28
xanh nc bin. Ghi lai th tch EDTA tiu thu. Lam song song mt mu th nghim
trng.
Tnh kt qua.
MgO (%)
(V1 - V).0,00806.100
a
Trong o:
V1: Th tch EDTA tiu tn khi chun tng s CaO va MgO (ml).
V0: Th tch EDTA tiu tn khi chun mu trng (ml).
V: Th tch EDTA 0,02M tiu tn khi chun CaO.
a: Lng mu ly em phn tch (g).
2.3.8 Xac nh ham lng SO3.
a) Nguyn tc:
Kt tua ion SO2- trong mi trng HCl la mui tinh th. Loc ra kt tua va nung
nhit 8500C . T BaSO4 kt tua ta tnh c ham lng SO3 trong mu.
b) Cach tin hanh:
Ly khoang 20ml dung dch 1 cho vao cc thuy tinh, thm 1-2 giot metyl o ri
un nong n 700C , nho dung dch NH4OH n khi dung dch co mau vang. un nong
dung dch trong 1-2 phut loc dung dch khi con nong qua giy loc bng o, ra kt tua
4-5 ln bng nc ct nong. Nc loc va nc ra thu c xac nh SO3. C can
dung dch loc ra n khoang 100ml, nho t t tng giot HCl 1:1 n khi dung dch co
mau o, cho d 4-5 ml HCl na.
un dung dch n si, ng thi un mt t BaCl2 n si, khuy u dung
dch mu va nho t t tng giot (10ml) dung dch BaCl2 10% vao cc mu. Tip tuc
khuy va un si 5-10 phut na. dung dch ni ch m khoang 6-8 gi (nhit
khoang 40-500C). Loc kt tua bng giy bng xanh, ra kt tua bng nc ct nong n
ht ion Cl-. Chuyn kt tua va giy loc vao chen s (chen s a nung va cn n khi
lng khng i) t chay giy loc. Cho chen s co kt tua vao lo nung va tng nhit
n 8500C, lu mu nhit nay 1-1h30. ngui chen s trong bnh hut m n
nhit phong ri cn.
Tnh kt qua.
SiO3 (%)
(G1 - G0).0,343.100
a
Trong o:
Go: Khi lng chen khng co mu (g).
G1: Khi lng chen co mu sau khi nung (g).
a: Khi lng mu em nung (g).
0,343 : H s chuyn i BaSO4 v SO3.
29
Trong lng
mu cn
100
30
2.4.4 Xac nh ham lng Fe2O3 (Bng phng phap chun phc cht-trng
hp Fe2O3 ln)
a) Nguyn tc:
Dung dch sau khi a pha mu va a loai bo keo H2SiO3 co cha Fe3+. Trn c s
cua phng phap chun phc cht dung EDTA chun trc tip Fe3+ trong dung
dch mu.
Phan ng thc hin hoan toan iu kin pH = 2-3, vi ch th Natrisalisilit
(Na2SSal)
b) Hoa cht:
- Dung dch EDTA 0,05N-0,1N
- NaOH dung dch 2N
- HCl dung dch 2N
- Natri sulfosalisilat 10%
- HNO3 c
c) Quy trnh xac nh:
Hut mt th tch dung dch A (a loai H2SiO3) tuy thuc ham lng st trong mu
ma ly th tch dung dch thch hp, cho vao bnh non 250ml, thm 5-6 giot HNO3
c, un si 1-2 phut. ngui dung dch ri thm tng giot NH4OH hoc NaOH 2N
n khi va xut hin vn kt tua mau nu, thm HCl 2N pha kt tua nu o, sau
o cho thm 2ml HCl 2N na co pH 2-3 (dung giy pH van nng th). Ri cho 6-7
giot ch th H2SSal 10% un nong dung dch n 60-700C. Dung EDTA tiu chun tin
hanh chun n khi mau tm cua dung dch chuyn sang mau vang rm la c
(dung dch sau khi chun Fe3+ gi lai xac nh Al3+).
Tnh kt qua
mDg. Fe2O3
%Fe2O3 =
Trong lng
mu cn
100
Nu ham lng Fe3+ nho th tin hanh xac nh bng phng phap trc quang so mau.
QUY TRNH XAC NH HAM LNG ST TRONG THUY TINH BNG
PHNG PHAP THIOXI
* GII THIU CHUNG:
Trong mi trng axit ion Fe3+ tao phc mau o vi Thioxianat. Phng phap trc
quang nh lng st da trn phan ng nay c dung ph bin v rt tin li,
nhay cao, hoa cht re. Tuy nhin co rt nhiu ion khac cung tao phc vi thioxianat
gy can tr phep xac nh st nh:
- Ag+ , Hg22+ tao mui khng tan.
- Cac ion Ca2+, Bi3+, Ti4+ , UO2+, Mo3+. cho phc mau vang hoc da cam.
- Ion Co2+ anh hng manh, co th loai tr do hp thu bc song khac.
- Cac ion Mg2+, Cd2+ , Zn2+, Sb3+ cung tao phc vi thioxianat st.
31
32
Fe2 (SSal)3
o nu
CaH2Indo nho
=
CaY2- + 2H+
KCaH2Ind- = 3,9.10-6
KCaY2- = 2,7.10-11
T o suy ra h lng CaO theo cng thc sau:
% CaO =
mDg
( N .V ) EDTA V dm
.
. 100
G
V Xd .
( CaO )
Trong o:
mDgCaO = 56,08/2.10-3 = 0,02804 (tnh theo NEDTA)
NEDTA : nng ng lng gam cua EDTA (CN)
VEDTA : s ml EDTA tiu tn (ml)
Vm : S ml dung dch mu nh mc ban u (ml)
Vx : s ml dung dch mu ly phn tch (ml)
G:
s gam mu phn tch a s dung (g)
b) Hoa cht:
- Dung dch EDTA 0,05M
- Murexit 4% - cn 1g murexit trn u vi 100g KCl trn u nghin mn.
- KOH 20%
34
=
pH=8-10
MgInd- + H+
o nho
KMgInd- = 10-17
- Trong qua trnh chun :
Ca2++H2Y2-
CaY2- + 2H+
Mg2++H2Y2-
MgY2- + 2H+
=
pH = 8-10
MgY2- + CaY2-+ H+
(xanh luc)
b) Hoa cht:
- EDTA: dung dch 0,05-0,1N
35
Trong o:
mDgMgO = 40,40/2.10-3 = 0,02020 (tnh theo NEDTA)
(NV)Murexit : lng EDTA tiu tn khi chun Ca2+ bng murexit
(NV)ETOO : lng EDTA tiu tn khi chun tng Ca, Mg theo ch
th ETOO.
Vm : S ml dung dch mu nh mc ban u (ml)
Vx : s ml dung dch mu ly phn tch (ml)
G : lng mu cn ban u (g)
XAC NH HAM LNG Pb BNG PHNG PHAP TRC QUANG DITHIZON
Dithizon la thuc th hu c co kha nng tao phc cang cua vi hang loat ion kim loai
trong o co Pb. Phc ch Dithizonat kho tan trong nc nhng d tan trong cac dung
mi hu c nh: CHCl3, CCl4. Do o ngi ta dung phng phap chit trc quang
xac inh Pb.
Ch Dithizonat c chit chon loc va nh lng t cac dung dch nc co pH =
8-9 cha ham lng d xianua la cht dung che nhiu ion kim loai khac co th cung
b chit vi Pb. Trong mi trng k trn cung b chit vi Pb co Tali, Bimut va Sn(II).
Tali khng can tr vic xac nh Pb nhng Bimut va Sn ngn can. V vy i vi cac
i tng mu co cha nhiu Sn, Bi chung ta cn tach Bi va Sn trc khi xac nh Pb
bng cach nh sau:
Trong mi trng axit Ph khng b chit va con lai trong lng nc, Sn va Bi
c tach ra nh sau: Thm hydrazin vao dung dch mu ang nong kh
Sn(III)Sn(II), ng thi kh mt s kim loai khac, ngui ri thm 10ml c
dung dch Natritactrat va iu chnh pH dung dch n 2-3 bng axit tactric ri tin
hanh chit mi ln 5ml dung dch dithzon 0,05% trong CCl4, va tin hanh cho n khi
pha hu c gi nguyn mau xanh cua Dithizon, cui cung lc lng nc vai ln vi
CCl4 cho n khi pha hu c khng con mau xanh na ri tin hanh xac nh Pb.
i vi cac loai mu ham lng Sn va Bi khng ang k so vi ham lng Pb
tin hanh xac nh Pb t dung dch nc sau khi phn huy mu. Ly dung dch mu
36
thm vao vai giot dung dch phenolphthalein, cho t t dung dch amoniac cho n khi
xut hin mau hng, sau o thm vao 10ml dung dch hydrazin axetat va un nong hn
hp 90-950C trong 10 phut sau o chuyn ho toan dung dch vao phu chit thm 10
phut dung dch natritactrat, 5 giot thimon xanh va thm NH4OH n khi xut hin mau
xanh cua cht ch th, thm 10ml dung dch KCN va tng giot dung dch axittactric cho
n khi dung dch chuyn t mau xanh nc bin sang xanh la cy. Thm vao 10ml
dung dch Dithizon/CCl4 va chit Pb. Khi chit tht cn thn chuyn hu c vao phu
chit khac (khng nhng giot nc sang phu chit nay. phu chit a chit phai
con lai mt t lng hu c, ri tip tuc chit mi ln 5ml dung dch Dithizon cho n
khi khng i mau thuc th, cui cung 5ml CCl4 va lc. Tt ca phn chit thu v phu
chit th 2. Va ra lng hu c bng 20ml dung dch ra loai ht Dithizon t do
trong lng hu c.
Chuyn dung dch ch Dithizonat vao bnh nh mc 25mlp nc trong phu
chit c lc vai ln mi ln 1ml CCl4 ly phn o cho vao bnh nh mc va nh
mc ti vach bng CCl4. Do mt quang cua dung dch =520mm. ng thi th
nghim khng vi nc ct va cung th tch Dithizon nh vy lam dung dch so
sanh.
Lp ng chun:
Thm vao 1 loat cc vi th tch 0 ; 2,5 ; 5 ; 10 ; 20 ; 30ml dung dch chun Pb
co cha 2g Pb/ml va thm nc ct vao mi cc n th tch 50ml, dung dch chun
c tin hanh cung iu kin nh dung dch phn tch nhng co th bo qua giai oan
kh. Khi chit ttat ca dung dch chun u s dung lng nh nhau dung dch
Dithizon.
Ham lng Pb c tnh theo cng thc nh sau:
1. X = C.100/V (g/ml)
C: nng ch tm theo ng chun.
V: Th tch dung dch mu ly phn tch. 100 th tch mu c pha loang.
2. Hoc dng ng chun bng phng phap bnh phng ti thiu (dang y = ax
+b ) va da vao ng chun xac nh ham lng Pb trong mu.
Hoa cht:
- Dung dch phenolphthalein 0,5%
- Hirazinaxetat dung dch dung kh trn 15ml dung dch hirazinhydrat vi
50ml CH3COOH loai bng dung nc ct pha loang n 100ml.
- Natritactrat 10% cn nn ra dung dch nay bng Dithizon/CCl4.
- Axittattric 50%
- KCN hoc NaCN 10 %
- Thimol xanh 0,4 % hoa 0,4 g mui natri cua thimol xanh trong vai chuc ml
nc ct va pha loang ln 100ml.
- Dung dch ra NH3 + KCN + Na2SO3.
37
Thm 10ml dung dch KCN loai 10 % vao 175ml NH4OH c va cho vao 7,5 ml
Na2SO3 10% pha loang n 1000ml. Dung dch Na2SO3 cn c lam sach ch bng
cach chit trc bng Dithizon.
Ch Axetat dung dch chun:
- Dung dch gc: Hoa tan 200mg ch kim loai loai tkpt trong 4 ml HNO3 1:1 un
nong ch tan hoan toan ngui chuyn toan b vao bnh nh mc 1 lit bng nc
ct.
- Dung dch lam vic: ly 10 ml dung dch gc (0,2 g/ml) pha loang bng nc
ct thanh 1 lit dung dch, dung dch nay cha 0,002mg/ml.
- Dithizon:
Dung dch gc hoa tan 50mg dithizon trong 100ml CCl4 trong phu chit co dung
tch 500ml. Thm vao o 200ml nc ct va 5-10 ml NH4OH y nut va lc 2 phut.
Dithizon chuyn vao tng nc sau khi hai tng a phn lp laoi bo tng hu c,
thm vao 200ml CCl4 va HCl loang cho n khi tng nc co phan ng axit ro. y
nut lc hn hp c thn hn hp di chuyn hoan toan Dithizon sang tng hu c,
chuyn sang tng hu c sang phu chit sach va ra no 3 ln mi ln 50ml nc ct,
chuyn dung dch dithizon/CCl4 vao bnh thuy tinh mau nu va d l dung dch o,
dung dch HCl 0,5 % co cha NH2H2SO4 0,5 % dung dch trong ti.
Dung dch lam vic ly 1ml dung dch gc pha loang va nh mc 500ml bng
dung mi CCl4.
2.4.7 PHN TCH BORO TRONG THUY TINH
a)Nguyn tc cua phng phap:
Chun lng axit boric giai phong ra bng NaOH vi ch th la
phenolphtalein. tng bc nhay trong qua trnh chun thm vao poliaxit nh la
Menitol hoc glixerol vi Menitol cho kt qua chnh xac hn.
b) Qua trnh tin hanh:
Cn 0,5 g thuy tinh a c nghin nho trn u vi 3 g Na2CO3 cho vao chen
Platin nung nong chay 600-7000C trong khoang 2-3 phut. Hn hp nong chay c
lam ngui , cho vao 20-30ml nc nong . Dung ua platin nghin mn hn hp. loc va
ra kt tua bng 3-5ml nc nong, cho dung dch loc va nc ra vao cc 250ml thm
va 7ml HCl c va un cho n gn si. Thm CaCO3 khan vao dung dch (cho n
khi phan ng co kim yu) un si dung dch trong khoang 10 phut (chu y: mu un
trong thit b co ng sinh han hi lu) loc ra kt tua bng nc nong, gi th tch
khoang 100ml, cho dung dch vao bnh 250ml thm vao mt t Na2CO3, lp ng sinh
han vao u trn cua ng ni vi u hut cua may hut chn khng un si dung dch
khoang 3-4 phut ngng un, nhng dung dch tip tuc si. Sau khi dung dch ngng si
lam lanh ti nhit phong thm vao 4-5 giot phenolphtalein va t buret cho tng giot
NaOH 0,1N cho n khi dung dch co mau hng. Thm vao 1g Manitol lc tip tuc
chun ti mau hng, tip tuc nh vy khi mau hng bn thu c.
1ml NaOH tng ng vi 0,00348 B2O3
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Ngi mi lam phn tch thng pham sai lm nghim trong do khng bit lam
vic. Tuy vy khi a quen cng vic va nu lam vic cn thn, nghim tuc th sai s
thao tac thng la khng ang k.
c) Sai s ca nhn do kha nng cua ngi phn tch khng th thc hin chnh xac
mt s thao tac phn tch. V du, khng th nhn bit chnh xac s chuyn mau cua
cht ch th tai im cui chun .
Thuc loai nay phai k n sai s tm ly, tc la khuynh hng cua ngi phn tch
khi lp lai th nghim mun chon gia tr phu hp vi gia tr a o trc hoc gn vi
gia tr cua ban. Sai s nay kha ph bin.
d) Sai s phng phap co lin quan vi tnh cht hoa hoc hoc tnh cht hoa ly cua
h o, t lin quan vi thao tac phn tch. V du, phan ng phn tch xay ra khng hoan
toan hoc phan ng phu xay ra lam sai lch tnh hp thc cua phan ng chnh....
2.5.3. Sai s ngu nhin.
Sai s ngu nhin anh hng n lp cua kt qua o va lam giam chnh xac
phn tch.
Sai s ngu nhin do nhng nguyn nhn ngu nhin, khng nhn thy trc c
va lam cho kt qua phn tch dao ng theo cac chiu khac nhau (luc tng, luc giam).
Sai s ngu nhin lun lun xut hin du phep phn tch c thc hin ht sc cn
thn va iu kin thc nghim c gi c nh nghim ngt. Do c tnh cua no nh
vy ma vic x ly va anh gia sai s ngu nhin cua phep phn tch la rt quan trong.
No cho phep xac nh gia tr cua phng phap phn tch, anh gia cht lng lam vic
cua ngi phn tch, anh gia so sanh cng vic phn tch cua cac phong th nghim
phn tch khac nhau....Do ban cht cua no ma sai s ngu nhin phai c x l bng
toan hoc thng k.
2.6. ANH GIA SAI S
2.6.1.Sai s trong phep o trc tip
Phep o trc tip la so sanh vt o vi vt chun, nh cn, o th tch...Mi phep
o trc tip o trc tip u mc sai s ngu nhin va cac sai s nay cung vi cac sai
s mc phai trong cac giai oan phn tch khac nhau se quyt nh chnh xac cua
phep phn tch.
Thng thng, khi tin hanh th nghim chung ta thng thc hin mt s th
nghim c lp trong cung iu kin ging nhau, va t cac kt qua ring re thu c, ta
tin hanh x ly thng k anh gia chnh xac cua phep o. Cac ai lng c
trung thng k quan trong nht la gia tr trung bnh cng va phng sai.
2.6.2. Gia tr trung bnh cng.
Gia s ta tin hanh n phep o c lp ai lng X vi cac kt qua X1 , X2, ...,Xn
n
X
i =1
Phng sai cua phep o phan anh phn tan cua kt qua o, c anh gia bng:
n
S2 =
(X
i =1
X )2
s2
=
n
(X
X)
n(n 1)
Trong thc t tin tnh toan cac ai lng X , s 2 , s X , ngi ta thng chon trong
day n gia tr o c X1, ...Xn mt gia tr C sao cho C X . Sau o tnh X va s2 theo
cac cng thc sau:
n
X =C+
y
i =1
n
n
va s 2 =
x
i =1
2
i
n 1
( y )
x = y n
2
i
2
i
yi = Xi - C
Phng sai
s =s +s
2
y
2
x1
2
x2
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y = x1 x 2
x1
y=
x 2
y = f(x1,x2,x3...)
s x21 s x22
s =y 2 + 2
x 2
x1
y
y 2 2
y 2 2
s y2 = ( ) 2 s x21 + (
) s x2 + (
) s x3 + ....
x1
x 2
x3
2
y
1% )
(
1,01 0,98
V du:
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