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الدوال اللوغاريتمية
الدوال اللوغاريتمية
5 : 18;
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:
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: ' ( (1
1
x ln
x
.1 " $
] 0, +[ !
( x ]0, +[ ) : ln ( x ) = x1 :
. ln (1) = 0 1 " $
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+, : #( 2
lim ln ( x ) = + :1 ,-
x +
lim ln ( x ) = :2 ,-
x 0+
: $ , ( 3
( a 0 )( b 0 )
ln ( ab ) = ln ( a ) + ln (b )
:1 ,- 4$!
ln ( 2 ) 0, 7
1
ln = ln (b )
b
a
ln = ln ( a ) ln (b )
b
1
ln a = ln ( a )
2
n
( n ) ln ( a ) = n ln (a )
ln ( 3) 1,1
:
ln ( 6 ) = ln ( 2 3)
= ln ( 2 ) + ln ( 3)
0, 7 + 1,1 1,8
( )
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
ln 3 2
3 2
ln
2 3
ln
( 6)
ln ( 72 )
8
ln
12
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a
ln = ln ( a ) ln (b )
b
72 = 9 8
8
2 4
2
ln = ln
= ln
12
3 4
3
= ln ( 2 ) ln ( 3)
= 0, 7 1,1 = 0, 4
ln ( 72 ) = ln ( 9 8 ) = ln ( 9 ) + ln ( 8 )
:
= ln ( 32 ) + ln ( 23 )
= 2 ln ( 3) + 3ln ( 2 )
ln ( ab ) = ln ( a ) + ln (b )
= 2 (1,1) + 3 ( 0, 7 )
= 2, 2 + 2,1 = 4,3
ln ( a n ) = n ln ( a )
ln
ln
1
a = ln ( a )
2
( )
3 2
3 3 2 2
3
3
=
=
=
2
2 3
2 3 3 2
2
( 6 ) = 12 ln ( 6) = 12 ln ( 2 3)
1
1
ln ( 2 ) + ln ( 3) ) = ( 0, 7 + 1,1)
(
2
2
1
= (1,8 ) = 0, 9
2
3 2
3 1 3
ln
= ln
= ln
2
2
3
2 2
1
= ( ln ( 3) ln ( 2 ) )
2
1
1
= (1,1 0, 7 ) = 0, 4 = 0, 2
2
2
ln 3 2 = ln ( 3) + ln 2
1
= ln ( 3) + ln ( 2 )
2
1
= 1,1 + ( 0, 7 )
2
= 1,1 + 0,35 = 1, 45
ln ( ab ) = ln ( a ) + ln (b )
ln
( )
( a ) = 12 ln (a )
( a 0 )( b 0 )
ln ( a ) = ln (b ) a = b
( a 0 )( b 0 )
ln ( a ) ln (b ) a b
ln ( a ) ln (b ) a b
.$:; ln
( x ]0, +[ ) : ln ( x ) = x1 :
( x ]0, +[ ) : ln ( x ) = x1 0 "x
]0, +[
x
f'
0
0
+
+
f(x)
ln (e 3 ) = 3
ln (e 4 ) = 4
ln ( x ) = 7 $ +8
x = e 7 $
e 2, 71828
:e
( (5
( n ) ln (e n ) = n
:
x
-8
-6
-4
-2
-2
-4
-6
-8
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:( 1, 0 ) :,
" ln
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$
1
ln ( x ) =
x
1
ln (1) = = 1
1
ln (1) = 0
y = ln (1)( x 1) + ln (1)
y = x 1
y = ln (e )( x e ) + ln (e )
1
e
ln (e ) = 1
ln (e ) =
y =
1
(x e ) +1
e
1
x :
e
. ( x ]0,1[ ) : ln ( x ) 0
$ ] @0,1[ " +" ? 3? ln
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y =
ln (10 ) 1 I8J
log (10 ) = 1 K8 "
:2 ,- 4$!
log ( 20 ) 78
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:'(
]0, +[
.2
( a 0 ) : log
1
= log (b ) .3
b
( a 0 )( b 0 ) : log
a
= log ( a ) log (b ) .4
b
( a 0 )( n ) : log ( a n ) = n log ( a )
( n ) : log (10n ) = n
1
.5
.6
.7
:
x +
x 0
x = 104, 27 :TU
100 x 1000 :
10 2 x 103 :
2 log ( x ) 3 :
( a 0 )( b 0 ) : log ( a ) = log (b ) a = b
( a 0 )( b 0 ) : log ( a ) log (b ) a b
.10
.11
log ( x ) 2, :
x
f'
0
+
+
f(x)
-
ln ( x ) = 1 (2
ln ( x ) + ln ( 4 x ) = ln ( 6 x ) (6
ln ( x 1) = ln ( 2x + 3) (5
ln ( x + 1) = ln ( 3) (4
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ln ( x ) = 0 $ " x 0 P 6 (1
. ln (1) = 0
7 = ln (e 7 )
. ( n ) : ln (e n ) = n
x 1 x + 1 0 P 6 (4
]1, +[ ln ( x + 1) = ln ( 3) $ R $
= !
x 1
3
2
3
x
2
x 1 x 3
2
x 1 S"P
x = 2 x + 1 = 3 S"P $
S = {2} "2 ]1, +[
2x + 3 0 x 1 0 P 6 (5
3
x 1 x x 1 2x 3 x 1
2
ln ( x 1) = ln ( 2x + 3) $ R $
= !
x = 4 x 1 = 2x + 3 S"P 4 ]1, +[
S = "4 ]1, +[
:
S"P x 6 x 4 x 0
.0 x 4
4 x 0 x 0 P 6 (6
.6x 0
. x 6 x 4 x 0
R $
= !
ln ( x ) + ln ( 4 x ) = ln ( 6 x ) $
ln x ( 4 x ) = ln ( 6 x ) S"P] 0, 4[
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
x ( 4 x ) = 6 x
= b 2 4ac
x 5x + 6 = 0 4x x 2 = 6 x
V K $ Q@
7? 8
2
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 $ " 0
KXA K8 +,
b
b +
x1 =
x2 =
2a
2a
= ( 5 ) 4 (1)( 6 ) = 25 24 = 1
x 2 5x + 6 = 0 $ =
= 1
5 +1
5 1
.x2 =
= 3 x1 =
= 2 KXA K8 +,
2
2
3 ]0, 4[ . 2 ]0, 4[
( x ]0, +[ ) f ( x ) = x ln x x + 1 : ] 0, +[
. e 2, 71 ln ( 3) 1,1 ln ( 2 ) 0, 69 !
ln (1) = 0
ln (e ) = 1
ln ( 2 2 ) = 2 ln ( 2 )
1
ln = ln ( x )
x
1
f f ( 4 ) f (e ) f (1) 678 .1
3
. ]0, +[ K x +P f ( x ) 678 .2
. f Y Z! .3
.4 " (C f ) $ 8 .4
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f (1) = 1ln (1) 1 + 1 = 0 .1
f (e ) = e ln (e ) r + 1
= e 1 e + 1
= e e +1 = 1
f ( 4 ) = 4 ln ( 4 ) 4 + 1
= 4 ln ( 22 ) 4 + 1
= 8ln ( 2 ) 3
= 8 0, 69 3 = 2,52
1
f = ln ( 3) 1,1
3
:
: f ( x ) 78 .2
f ( x ) = ( x ln ( x ) x + 1)
= ( x ln ( x ) ) ( x ) + (1)
f ( x ) = ln ( x )
= ( x ) ln ( x ) + x ln ( x ) 1 + 0
= ln ( x ) + 1 1
4 B" :,
!
$ .3
y = f ( 4 )( x 4 ) + f ( 4 ) :
. f ( 4 ) = 1,38 f ( 4 ) = 2, 25 y = 1,38x 3
1 B" :,
!
$
y = f (1)( x 1) + f (1) :
f (1) = 0 f (1) = 0 y = 0
f ( x ) = 2 ln ( x ) x : ] 0, +[ ! "$ f $
]0,3]
! f Y Z!
]0,3] .
x 0
x 0
2
2x
1 =
x
x
: f Y
=
.$:; 6 x ( 2 x ) f ( x ) f ( x ) =
x
f' ( x
2
+
3
-
-0,6
f(x)
-
-0,8
: