PETROVIETNAM

HNG DN QUN L, KIM SOT N MN CHO CC CNG TRNH

CH BIN DU KH
ThS. Nguyn Xun Trng, ThS. Phan Cng Thnh
ThS. ng Th Tng, ThS. Nguyn Ngc Dip
Vin Du kh Vit Nam

Tm tt
H thng qun l n mn ng vai tr quan trng trong vic gp phn nng cao tui th ca thit b, duy tr hot
ng lin tc v gim thiu chi ph qun l, bo dng v sa cha thit b trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. H
thng qun l n mn thit b, cng trnh gm 2 thnh phn ch yu: qun l n mn (CM) v k thut chng n mn
(CE) [1]. Qua kho st mt s nh my ch bin du kh Vit Nam, nhm tc gi nhn thy cc nh my xy dng
h thng qun l n mn, tuy nhin mi tp trung vo cc bin php bo v chng n mn m cha ch trng n
vic qun l cc bin php bo v chng n mn v cc dng n mn. Bi bo gii thiu hng dn xy dng h thng
qun l n mn cho cc nh my ch bin du kh trn 3 phng din: Hng dn qun l n mn chung cho nh my;
Hng dn qun l cc bin php bo v chng n mn; Hng dn qun l cc dng, nguy c n mn c th xy ra
trong nh my ch bin du kh.
T kha: H thng qun l n mn, k thut chng n mn.
1. M u
Theo nghin cu, n mn l mt trong nhng nguyn
nhn hng u dn n h hng thit b v tht thot sn
phm, chim n 25% tng h hng i vi ti sn, thit
b. Nm 2012, M chi 6,2% GDP kim sot, ngn nga,
khc phc hin tng n mn [2]. Trong cc nh my ch
bin du kh, hin tng n mn c th xy ra do tip xc
vi CO2 hay H2S; n mn ti cc v tr ng, n mn tip
xc, n mn mi hn, n mn khe, rnh ng ng, n
mn mt bch bn trong, n mn kh quyn bn ngoi, n
mn di lp bc bo n, n mn nt gy do ng sut, n
mn cc b thp khng g, n mn mi mn v n mn
trong mi trng c cha thy ngn [3]. Vic kim sot,
theo di v bo v chng n mn c vai tr rt quan trng
trong vic m bo tnh ton vn ca cng trnh.
Cc k thut theo di n mn gm theo di in-line,
online v offline [5]. Vic la chn phng php theo di
n mn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: thnh phn v tnh
cht ca m cht, nhit , p sut, c tnh k thut ca
thit b Thit b theo di in-line c lp trc tip vo
v tr cn theo di, sau c tho ra phn tch nh
k. K thut theo di online s dng cc thit b theo di
c gn c nh hoc c th tho ri vo v tr cn theo
di (nh cc u d o in tr, u d o in tr phn
cc, u d siu m). Theo di offline nhm xc nh
mc h hng xy ra v thng s dng cc k thut
kim tra khng ph hy (non-destructive testing - NDT)
nh kim tra trc quan, siu m Cc bin php bo v
chng n mn trong cc cng trnh du kh hin nay v
nguyn tc vn da trn cc phng php truyn thng:

s dng cht c ch, bo v bng phng php in ha,

s dng lp ph.
Cc k thut theo di, bo v chng n mn trn l
mt trong hai thnh phn ca mt h thng qun l n
mn hon chnh. Tuy nhin, do nhn thc cha y v
chnh xc v h thng ny m cc nh my ch tp trung
thc hin k thut chng n mn (CE) m khng quan tm
trin khai qun l n mn (CM) cho ton b cng trnh, nn
kt qu vn hnh ca h thng ny cha t hiu qu nh
mong mun v c th tim n ri ro ln. Do vy, nhm tc
gi cho rng cn xy dng hng dn thc hin qun l,
kim sot n mn cho cc cng trnh/nh my ch bin
du kh, nhm nng cao hiu qu vn hnh v gim thiu
ri ro do n mn gy ra, bo m an ton ti a v tit
kim chi ph bo dng sa cha. Trong bi bo ny, nhm
tc gi gii thiu hng dn xy dng h thng qun l n
mn chung cho nh my theo cc bc (Hnh 1) [4], ng
thi a ra v d c th v hng dn qun l n mn do
tip xc v hng dn qun l h thng bo v chng n
mn bng phng php s dng lp ph.
2. Hng dn xy dng h thng qun l n mn
chung cho nh my
2.1. Xy dng chnh sch v chin lc qun l n mn
Chnh sch v chin lc qun l n mn l mt phn
ca chnh sch tng th v hot ng ca t chc v phi
ph hp vi chnh sch chung ny. Chnh sch cn c
xy dng nhm i ph vi mi ri ro lin quan n an
ton sc khe v mi trng cng nh cc ri ro lin quan
n li nhun kinh doanh. Chnh sch s a ra chin
DU KH - S 3/2014

65

AN TON MI TRNG DU KH

lc, cu trc t chc, tiu chun thc hin, quy trnh v

cc trnh t qun l, trong nu r: mc tiu, i tng
p dng chnh sch v cch thc thc hin phi c s
ng thng qua ca lnh o. Chin lc s cung cp
phng tin gip thc hin chnh sch.
C nhiu phng php khc nhau thit lp chnh
sch qun l n mn. Mt s t chc thit lp, vn hnh h
thng qun l n mn thng qua nhm chuyn vin ni
b v nhm ny c nhim v lp v pht trin chnh sch,
chin lc chng n mn. Mt s t chc khc li mi
nh thu bn ngoi lp chnh sch v chin lc chng
n mn, sau c t chc ph duyt. Cng vic c th
c thc hin trn gi, hoc cng c th mi nhiu nh
thu thc hin tng cng vic ring bit, bao gm: thit
lp h thng v quy trnh; kim sot qu trnh vn hnh
h thng; kim tra, kim sot vic thc hin.

vai tr, trch nhim v nng lc ca tng c nhn xy

dng mt cu trc qun l n mn ph hp.
- Vai tr, trch nhim trong t chc: Phn nh r vai
tr, trch nhim v quyn hn k thut ca cc thnh vin
trong vic ln k hoch v thc hin cc hot ng qun
l n mn. Mi n v c c cu t chc khc nhau, tuy
nhin mt s v tr ch cht cn phi c l: qun l vn
hnh chung; trng nhm thit k v bo dng; trng
nhm qun l thit b; k s ph trch thit b; k s kim
tra thit b; trng nhm n mn v vt liu; k s n mn
v vt liu; k s cng ngh ha hc; k s sn xut; ph
trch qun l sn xut; k s vn hnh; ph trch theo di
vn hnh thit b. Mi lin h gia cc v tr ny c th
hin Hnh 2.

- Nng lc thc hin: Cn c chnh sch v chng

trnh o to c th cho cc i tng chu trch nhim
vn hnh m bo pht huy vai tr nng lc ca mnh v
2.2. C cu t chc v phn cng trch nhim trong
pht trin cc k nng x l. i vi nhng v tr quan trng
qun l n mn
nh ph trch k thut cn nm r iu kin vn hnh thit
Cng tc qun l n mn c lin quan n rt nhiu
b, c kin thc v cc tiu chun, k thut n mn trong
b phn trong cu trc qun l. V vy, cn xc nh r
qun l n mn. Trng nhm qun l thit b phi c kin
thc v hiu v vai tr, trch nhim
v cu trc qun l n mn trong
Tiu ch:
- m bo an ton, sc khe v
t chc; c kinh nghim vn hnh
tnh ton vn ca thit b
Hon thin h thng
- Gim thiu n mn
thit b, nh gi ri ro n mn v
cc k thut qun l n mn; c kin
thc v cc phng php kim tra,
Xy dng chnh sch v mc
p dng v phng php o to
Bo co nhm ci tin, nng
tiu r rng trong qun l n
cp h thng qun l n mn
nh gi thch hp K s vt liu,
mn
n mn phi am hiu v tnh cht,
c tnh v ng dng vt liu, la
Xy dng c cu t chc v
chn v ng dng cc k thut theo
phn cng trch nhim
di, kim tra, chng n mn. Cc v
Kim tra li a ra nhng
tr khc u cn p ng c yu
hnh ng khc phc
nh gi ri ro n mn v ln
cu ca cng vic. Yu cu tng
k hoch thc hin
ng hoc tt hn tiu chun k
thut c ngnh cng nghip
hoc quc gia cng nhn.
Trin khai cc hot ng theo
k hoch v phn tch kt qu

Khng

Theo di v nh gi vic
thc hin da trn cc tiu ch
xc nh

Kim tra li vic thc hin

mt cch c h thng v u
n

C
p ng cc
tiu chun
Kim tra c lp i vi h
thng qun l v theo di
n mn

Hnh 1. Lu m t trnh t cng vic trong mt h thng qun l n mn

66

DU KH - S 3/2014

- S trao i thng tin trong

v ngoi t chc phi c x l kp
thi, ng ngi, ng thi im.
Nhm qun l n mn thc hin
truyn ti thng tin vi cc bn, t
chc; thc hin thng xuyn cc
cuc hp thng bo tnh hnh thc
hin, cc h hng xy ra v hnh
ng khc phc. Cn c s trao i
thng tin vi cc b phn gin tip

PETROVIETNAM

nh b phn thit k v vn hnh, ti chnh, nhn s v

qun l h tr vic qun l n mn. Cn ch ti b
phn lm vic trc tip. y l b phn nm r hot ng
ca cng trnh nht. S tham gia ca h rt quan trng
c bit khi ni n n mn bn ngoi. Cc phng thc
trao i thng tin vi b phn ny c th l: cc cuc hp
v an ton, poster c ng, bng tin, t ri, video, cc bui
gii thiu o to v nhn thc n mn cho b phn
trin khai trc tip cn phi tp trung vo vic nhn ra
nhng vn do n mn gy ra v nhng hng dn vo
nhng im quan trng. Cn c trao i thng tin gia
cc t chc vi nhau, vi cc nh thu khc c thm
kinh nghim, hiu bit v s h tr.

nh gi ri ro n mn l hng hot ng theo di v

kim tra n mn vo cc h hng c bit trc v
pht hin cc h hng mi. nh gi ri ro n mn c
coi nh bc u tin ca h thng phn tch da trn
c s phn tch ri ro RBI (risk based inspection). Ri ro
n mn thng c biu din bng tch ca kh nng
xy ra h hng do n mn v hu qu ca n. Trong ,
kh nng xy ra h hng c nh gi da trn dng h
hng c th xy ra do n mn; hu qu do h hng gy ra
c o c da trn tc ng ca h hng trn mt
s lng tiu chun, bao gm t nht: nhng tc ng i
vi an ton, mi trng, vn hnh, c th dn n mt
mt vt cht.

- S hp tc gia cc thnh vin: Nhm qun l n

mn l mt b phn rt quan trng trong pht trin vic
hp tc. Nhm qun l n mn ph trch quy trnh qun
l n mn v thc y vic hp tc nhm gip h thng
qun l n mn c hot ng c hiu qu.

- Xy dng chin lc v k hoch thc hin chi tit.

V chin lc, cn xc nh cc v tr, hng mc, thit b
cn bo v khi n mn; xc nh cc nguy c n mn
c th xy ra; hu qu khi xy ra cc h hng; la chn
phng php theo di, lm gim n mn v phng
php nh gi hiu qu cc bin php ; xc nh tn
sut theo di n mn; phn cng trch nhim theo di
n mn; xc nh cc hnh ng khc phc khi khng t
yu cu. Khi xy dng k hoch chi tit, cng c c s
dng chnh l phng php phn tch trn c s phn tch
ri ro RBI vic kim tra n mn c ln k hoch v
thc hin nhng v tr thch hp. RBI s dng cc d liu
thu thp c t cc nh gi v ri ro n mn, nh
hng cho k hoch kim tra v quy trnh kim tra.

2.3. nh gi ri ro n mn v ln k hoch
Bc cng vic ny gip xc nh cc nguy c n mn,
nh gi v xp loi mc ri ro, t ln k hoch ph
hp ngn nga v lm gim nguy c n mn mt cch
hiu qu bng cch tp trung vo nhng v tr c mc
ri ro cao, trnh vic tn km thi gian v nhn lc vo
nhng ni c ri ro n mn thp. nh gi ri ro n mn
c th thc hin ngay t khu thit k, trn c s nghin
cu l thuyt v kinh nghim. Sau , trong qu trnh vn
hnh thit b, cng tc nh gi ri ro n mn s c xem
xt kim tra li v thay i theo iu kin thc t. Vic xy
dng k hoch thc hin cn c tin hnh c 2 cp:
cp chin lc (la chn phng
php bo v chng n mn) v cp
trin khai (xc nh v tr cn bo
v v theo di hiu qu bo v.
Bo co
- nh gi ri ro n mn gm:
xc nh v ghi li hng mc, thit
b c kh nng b n mn; xc nh
cc nguy c n mn nh hng
n cc b phn quan trng c kh
nng dn n h hng thit b; xc
nh v nh lng cc hu qu do
h hng gy ra. Mc tiu ca nh
gi ri ro n mn nhm phn loi
cc thit b tnh theo ri ro n mn
v cc bin php c th loi tr
v lm gim hoc qun l ri ro .
Trong qu trnh vn hnh thit b,

Vic thc hin phn tch ri ro nhm: m bo gim

thiu ti a cc ri ro; ti u ha qu trnh kim tra; tp
trung kim tra vo nhng v tr c nguy c cao nht; xc
nh cc phng php kim tra thch hp nht.
D liu thit k
Trng nhm
qun l thit b

D liu
vn hnh
Thng tin
bo dng

D liu
K s ph trch
thit b

Kt qu kim
tra nh gi
Theo di on-line

Trng nhm n
mn & vt liu

K s n mn
& vt liu

Thng tin sn
phm

K s sn xut

D liu gim st
quy trnh sn xut

K s vn hnh

Chuyn vin
x l ha hc

Hnh 2. Mi lin h gia cc v tr trong t chc

DU KH - S 3/2014

67

AN TON MI TRNG DU KH

2.4. Thc hin v phn tch

thc hin thnh cng cc k hoch ra i hi
vic s dng cc ngun lc v thit b v nhn lc mt
cch hiu qu cng vi vic tun th trit hng dn
thc hin (Hnh 3).
2.4.1. Thc hin
- Xy dng hng dn thc hin: Cc quy trnh dng
vn bn v cc hng dn thc hin c xy dng thnh
cc dng ti liu khc nhau, bao gm: h s k hoch
bo tr, bo dng; hng dn vn hnh v cc o c
trong h thng iu khin nh my. Trong , h s k
hoch bo tr, bo dng c ln k hoch chi tit: danh
mc cc thit b, b phn c bo dng; chu k bo
dng, thi gian tin hnh bo dng cho tng thit b;
hng dn thc hin bo dng; bo co v hot ng
bo dng; lch s nhng bt thng xy ra; ti liu tham
kho, v d nh cc kt qu o cc thi im khc nhau
xc nh hng kho st; s ng i v lu gi ti
liu bo dng. thun tin hn trong cng tc qun l,
c th lp trnh phn mm qun l k hoch bo tr, bo
dng.
- Hng dn vn hnh v cc o c trong h thng
iu khin nh my. Cc hng dn phi c cung cp
cho cc k thut vin vn hnh v a ra cc bc phi
thc hin trong trng hp gii hn b vt qu do k
thut o hay do h thng iu khin nh my bo ng.
iu khin hot ng ca cc thit b, h thng iu
khin phn tn (DCS) thng c s dng bng cch

kt ni qua mng li giao tip v gim st. Trong mt s

trng hp, DCS c th c lp trnh phn ng i vi
nhng tham s vt qu gii hn. Cc d liu do DCS thu
thp c s a vo b c s d liu v lu trong mt
khong thi gian nht nh.
- Cc bin php lm gim n mn v theo di n
mn. Bin php ch ng c xc nh t trc cc yu
cu theo di, kim tra cc bin php theo di v lm gim
n mn, thc hin trc khi pht hin ra bt k h hng
hay hin tng n mn no. Thng l trong trng hp
khi vic nh gi ri ro n mn v k hoch cp chin
lc xc nh cc tiu chun thc hin gip gim n
mn mt cch c hiu qu hoc xc nh cc ph hy
cho php. Cc bin php tc ng c thc hin trong
trng hp pht hin c vn xy ra.
Lm gim n mn l hot ng ch ng, c trin
khai sau khi c cc nh gi ri ro ban u khu thit k,
gm cc bin php: s dng hp kim chu n mn, lm
kh kh, dng ha phm, sn ph, bo v cathode... Trong
mt s trng hp, lm gim n mn c th l hot ng
c tnh cht tc ng, cc bin php mi thc hin khi cc
bin php ch ng khng t kt qu hoc khi c c ch
n mn mi xut hin. y thng l mt dng ca hnh
ng khc phc.
2.4.2. Thu thp d liu, bo co, phn tch v hnh ng
khc phc

- Thu thp v lu d liu: thu thp d liu c bn

t cc ngun khc nhau (nh: t DCS, t ghi chp ca
ngi vn hnh, t cc bo
co v h hng vt liu v n
Trin khai cc bin php chng n mn v theo di n mn, cc t kim sot
n mn theo k hoch
mn, t cc thit b theo di n
Thc
a ra cc hng dn thc hin cng vic
mn). Khi thu thp d liu t
hin
bo co cn lu : khi cc gi
Cc bo co v bo tr bo dng
tr o c vt qu gii hn
Cc d liu v kim sot v theo di n mn
Thu
cho php th phi ghi li v bo
Cc bo co v trng hp khn cp, v cc ph hy do n mn
thp d
li cho b phn ph trch sm
liu
Qun l cc ngun thng tin
nht c th a ra cc hnh
nh gi, nhn dng cc hnh ng khc phc
ng kp thi; i vi nhng
a ra cc xu hng, suy on
Phn
Tin hnh phn tch nguyn nhn ct li
d liu c mc khn cp
tch
th phi c hnh thc bo co
Bo co nh k hng tun/thng/qu/nm v tnh hnh vn hnh
c bit ngn chn h hng
Bo co cho nhm qun l n mn v cho cp lnh o
xy ra. Trong qu trnh ln k
Bo
co
hoch v thc hin, cn lu
Tng lng ha phm x l
n vn lu d liu (bn
Tng cng h thng bo v cathode, bo dng lp ph
Hnh ng Thay th cc b phn hoc vt liu
mm v bn cng), qun l v
khc phc nh gi li cc yu cu v theo di v kim sot n mn cng vi chu k ca chng
phn tch d liu. Cng tc lu
tr d liu phi m bo: d
Hnh 3. Cc bc thc hin h thng qun l n mn

68

DU KH - S 3/2014

PETROVIETNAM

dng kim sot v tm kim d liu; ngi vn hnh thit

b c trch nhim trong vic lu d liu v lm ch d liu;
thun tin truyn d liu t nh thu n ngi vn hnh
v t nh thu n nh thu.

mt mt khong thi gian nht nh trin khai. Cc bi

hc kinh nghim v cc thng tin c lin quan cn phi
c phn hi v h s nh gi ri ro n mn.

- Phn tch d liu: Cc d liu theo di v kim tra

n mn c th c sai s (do s hn ch ca thit b, s
bin thin ca cc thng s lin quan n con ngi v n
mn), do cn phi lu n tin cy ca d liu khi
nh gi xu hng n mn. Khi thu thp c s liu kim
tra bt thng cn xt n cc kh nng do: s thay i
trong iu kin vn hnh, sai st trong qu trnh s dng
thit b kim tra n mn hoc nhp sai d liu.

- Nu c h hng nghim trng xy ra hoc c nhng

sai st trong thc hin m cha c sa cha th c th
s dng phng php phn tch nguyn nhn ct li
m bo hnh ng khc phc s gii quyt trit . Vic
tm hiu nhng h hng do n mn v vt liu cn phi
gii p c: c ch h hng l g; cc bin php phng
chng h hng v ti sao cc bin php ny li khng c
tc dng; cc bin php theo di hiu qu bo v ca cc
bin php v ti sao vic theo di ny khng pht hin
c h hng; tiu chun thc hin c ph hp khng; ai
c trch nhim trong vic trin khai cc bin php chng
n mn v bin php theo di n mn.

- Hnh ng khc phc: Sau khi cc d liu kim tra,

theo di v bo v chng n mn c thu thp v phn
tch, cn phi xc nh v trin khai cc hnh ng khc
phc cn thit. C 3 loi hnh ng khc phc: bo v
tm thi, hnh ng khi phc, hnh ng ci tin. Vic
la chn hnh ng ph hp da trn loi thit b v bn
cht v mc ca h hng. Tc ng v mt kinh t v
tnh thc t ca nhng s la chn trn ph thuc vo
tui th ca thit b nh thit b mi xy dng, qua sa
cha hoc qua s dng lu di. Mt s hnh ng khc
phc c th c thc hin nhanh chng trong khi mt
s khc, c bit l cc hnh ng mang tnh ci tin s
Ngi thit k thiu nng lc

Sai c tnh k thut

S dng sai vt liu

p lc t lnh o

- Kim tra h hng v phn tch nguyn nhn ct li

Vic s dng k thut phn tch nguyn nhn ct li

s gip chuyn vin qun l n mn i ng hng, c ci
nhn khch quan v c lp. Quy trnh phn tch nguyn
nhn ct li (Hnh 4) phi c xy dng bi chuyn gia
c nng lc v hiu bit v qun l n mn. Trnh t cc
bc phn tch nguyn nhn ct li: thit lp c ch ph
hy do n mn ca thit b; da vo hng dn v cc
bc phn tch nguyn nhn (nh trong v d) thu
thp cc d liu v
thit k, bo dng,
Thay i quan trng trong
thng s vn hnh
kim tra v tm hiu
p sut, nhit , tc
nguyn nhn ca
Thay i quan trng trong
thnh phn ca cht lng
CO , H S, mui, phn t, vi
h hng; nh gi
chi tit cc nguyn
Thay i quan trng trong
Nhng thay i khng
nh my
nhn tm ra
nguyn nhn su
- Phng chm ca t chc
Khng t c s
- Cam kt v nhn thc
xa hn; lp bo co
duy tr
- Yu t ngun lc
tng hp nhng
nguyn nhn trong
- nh gi ri ro s si
- Thiu thng tin v thit b
bao gm c cc
- Yu t v t chc
thiu st trong h
thng qun l (nu
Khng c kim
- Thiu s trao i thng tin
tra
- Ngun thng tin khng y
c).

Khng p ng QA/QC
Sai st trong
thit k

Sai st trong vn
hnh

Cc sai st khc

C vn v nng lc v nhn thc

Kim sot cht lng yu km

Thit k to iu kin
cho n mn xut
hin

Vn ha doanh nghip thp

S dng sai ha phm

Xut hin n mn
- Ha phm khng dn n
thit b chu n mn
- Khng theo di c vic bm
ha phm hoc c khng bm ha
phm
Sai st trong vic bm
ha phm

- B mt khng ph hp cho
kim tra n mn

Yu t con ngi

S dng qu nhiu ha phm

Sai st trong bin php
chng n mn

Sai st trong kim tra n

mn

p dng cha ng

Lp ph khng c duy
tr

S dng sai k thut

Sai st trong s dng

lp ph

S dng sai quy trnh

Thiu kim tra

Lp ph c c tnh k
thut thp

Yu t con ngi

Hnh 4. S phn tch nguyn nhn ct li

2.5. Theo di v o
c hiu sut thc
hin
y l bc
cng vic cn thit
v thc hin kim
tra 2 vn : cc
hnh ng cn
DU KH - S 3/2014

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AN TON MI TRNG DU KH

thit c vch ra trong chnh sch, chin lc v k

hoch c c thc hin hay khng; kt qu c t c
nh mong mun hay khng. Quy trnh kim tra gm 4
bc sau: thit lp cc bc o c hiu sut thc hin;
xc nh trch nhim trong mi cng vic; xc nh tn
sut o c; thit lp cc hnh ng khc phc.
- o c (kim tra) hiu sut: Ch s hiu sut i vi
h thng qun l n mn cn phi c xc nh ngay t
khu ln k hoch, da trn mc tiu nu ra trong chnh
sch v chin lc. t c mc tiu th ch s hiu sut
cn phi o c, c kh nng t c v c tnh thc t.
- Xc nh trch nhim: Hot ng ny c lin quan
n vic xem xt kim tra li quy trnh qun l nn trch
nhim xem xt li quy trnh o c hiu sut cn phi
thuc v nhng c nhn khng chu bt k p lc no
v sn xut v khng c trch nhim no trong vic thc
hin quy trnh cn nh gi. Trch nhim thc hin c th
c phn vng nh sau: trch nhim trong vic xy dng
cc tiu chun thc hin khi trin khai bin php bo v
chng n mn, d liu do nhn vin vn hnh cung cp,
k s n mn kim tra li; trch nhim trong vic trin khai
cng tc kim tra n mn theo k hoch, d liu do nhn
vin kim tra cung cp, k s ph trch thit b kim tra
li; s lng cc h hng, nh hng n mi trng, thu
thp v bo co di s kim sot ca qun l an ton.
- Xc nh tn sut o c: nhng hnh ng
khc phc c p dng kp thi, tn sut o c hiu
qu ca cc bin php bo v chng n mn phi c
xy dng t lc ln k hoch. Tn sut o c hiu sut
trong qun l l khc nhau i vi mi cng ty, mi t
chc v ph thuc vo mc tin cy v n nh ca d
liu thu c. Tn sut cng ph thuc vo tng thit b
v quy trnh.
- Hnh ng khc phc gm: sa cha bm, sa
cha nhng r r, tng s phn b cc v tr bm ha
phm, ngoi ra cn tip tc nng cao trnh ca nhm
ph trch thc hin, trong c o to, nng cao nhn
thc i vi mi ln kim tra li vic o c hiu sut
thc hin, cn phi a ra nhng bo co cho nhm thc
hin kim tra v theo di n mn, cho cc cp lnh o
v nhng ngi qun l thit b. Trong bo co c th xp
loi ch s hiu sut thc hin nhng ngi c trch
nhim x l s tp trung vo nhng vn quan trng.
2.6. Kim tra hiu sut thc hin
Vic kim tra li cc bc thc hin s rt ra nhng bi
hc, t gp phn ci tin, nng cao hiu qu thc hin
70

DU KH - S 3/2014

trong cc ln tip theo. Vic kim tra li ch kim tra trn

l thuyt hiu sut trin khai h thng qun l n mn,
khng kim tra chi tit v mt k thut i vi cc d liu
theo di, kim tra v bo v chng n mn.
Vic kim tra li gm: kim tra li cc thng s o c
ch ng v tc ng; kim tra li cc h hng ln ca h
thng v nh hng ca chng; kim tra li tnh trng ca
thit b; kim tra li hiu qu qun l cc hnh ng khc
phc; kim tra nh hng ca cc thay i trong thit k
v sn xut i vi thit b; kim tra li hiu qu ca h
thng trong vic chia s bi hc kinh nghim v trao i
thng tin vi cc nh vn hnh khc.
Tn sut kim tra li ph thuc vo bn cht ca thit
b v quy trnh vn hnh cng nh hon cnh vn hnh.
Thi gian thc hin kim tra ln tip theo phi c ln k
hoch ngay t ln kim tra trc. Khong cch gia 2 ln
kim tra ph thuc vo hiu qu v s n nh trong vn
hnh ca h thng qun l n mn.
Hnh thc kim tra li thng xuyn nht l vic t
chc cc cuc hp nhm qun l n mn vi tn sut
khong t 1 - 3 thng/ln, ph thuc vo s n nh ca
cc hot ng kim sot n mn. Trong cuc hp ny,
nhm s xem xt qua vic thc hin cc hot ng vn
hnh gip duy tr cc bin php chng n mn (nh c
ch, kim sot vi khun, lm kh kh, bo v cathode),
r sot cc quy trnh qun l chnh nh cc hot ng
kim sot n mn v vic qun l hnh ng khc phc.
Trong trng hp c yu cu thay i trong sn xut
kinh doanh t xut, nm ngoi k hoch th cn tin
hnh kim tra li : xc nh xem thit b no s b nh
hng; xc nh thay i no s c thc hin; phn hi
thay i n cc c nhn c lin quan nh gi tc
ng tim tng v xc nh nhng thay i cn thit cho
quy trnh.
2.7. nh gi h thng
nh gi h thng a ra quan im v s ph hp
ca h thng qun l n mn so vi yu cu. Kim sot
thc hin i vi vic trin khai h thng qun l n mn
v thng c bn th ba thc hin. Kim sot s kim
tra li ton b quy trnh qun l ang c p dng
m bo tnh lin tc ca h thng v tnh trng hot
ng ca thit b. Kim sot s kim tra cc quy trnh dn
n vic t c mc tiu v nh gi xem cc quy trnh
c c thc hin thch hp hay khng, t , nhng
hot ng khng ph hp s c xc nh.

PETROVIETNAM

3. Hng dn qun l dng n mn tip xc (n mn

galvanic)
n mn galvanic l dng n mn xut hin ti v tr
tip xc gia cc kim loi khc nhau trong mi trng
in ly. Kim loi tr hn (cathode) c bo v do kim loi
m hn ng vai tr l anode hy sinh b n mn. n mn
tip xc xy ra khi: mi trng dn in (dung dch in
ly); hai kim loi khc nhau tip xc vi mi trng dn
in (c th l cp hai kim loi khc nhau, kim loi - phi
kim hay kim loi - hp cht, kim loi c th in cc chun
nh hn l cc m); c dng in gia 2 kim loi. Cc yu
t nh hng n tc n mn tip xc bao gm: s
chnh lch in th gia hai kim loi, din tch tip xc
gia 2 kim loi v t l anode/cathode. T l ny cng thp
th tc n mn anode cng cao.
n mn tip xc l mt vn ng quan tm i vi
h nc bin a kh, v vy cn trnh s dng nhiu loi
hp kim khc nhau. Trong mi trng sn xut, dng n
mn ny t xy ra hn do tnh dn in trong pha nc
thp hn.
3.1. Chnh sch v chin lc
Cc chnh sch v an ton, mi trng v thng mi
c nh hng n s la chn phng php theo di,
kim sot v bo v chng n mn. Mt s chin lc bo
v chng n mn nh sau:
- Phng php bo v u tin t khu la chn vt
liu ph hp. T khu thit k ban u, cn nhn dng
v loi b cc nguy c tim tng. Bt k s thay i hoc
nng cp vt liu no cn phi tnh n kh nng xy ra
n mn tip xc;
- Trnh s tip xc gia anode nh v cathode ln;
- C lp in ha khi c s tip xc gia 2 kim loi
khc nhau;
- Lp t h thng bo v cathode bn trong;
- Lp t cc m gia cc kim loi khc nhau sao
cho khong cch tip xc gia 2 kim loi t 10 - 20 pipe.
m c th l vt liu khng dn in dng rn v d nh
nha gia c thy tinh (GRP), hoc kim loi tr hn trong
cp kim loi c ph bn trong bng vt liu khng dn
in nh cao su;
- a ra 1 gii hn n mn cho php (ngay t khu
thit k) i vi kim loi t tr hn;
- Phng php kim tra trc quan v siu m c th
c s dng pht hin n mn tip xc.

3.2. T chc
Cc chuyn vin v n mn v vt liu, gip a ra
yu cu k thut v vt liu v nhn dng cc ri ro tim
tng lin quan n n mn tip xc. K s vn hnh thit
b. Nh thu trin khai k thut kim tra khng ph hy
v k s kim sot n mn gip kim tra, thu thp d liu.
iu quan trng l cn phi c s trao i thng tin nhm
nng cao hiu bit v cc yu t nh hng n n mn
tip xc trnh nhng sai st nh s dng sai vt liu
cho mt bch v inh c hoc s dng cc u ni ng
ng bng cc kim loi khng ng nht
3.3. nh gi ri ro n mn v ln k hoch thc hin
Trong qu trnh xy dng chin lc v k hoch thc
hin cn xc nh: cc bin php bo v chng n mn
hin s dng; cc bin php theo di v chu k theo di;
hnh ng khc phc kp thi trong trng hp c s
khng ph hp; trch nhim ca t chc trong vic theo
di, bo v v thc hin hnh ng khc phc.
Vic xy dng k hoch chi tit gm: p dng quy
trnh qun l s thay i khi tin hnh thay i hoc nng
cp vt liu; xc nh cc bc RBI; ln chng trnh bo
tr c k hoch; dch v kim sot v theo di n mn, bao
gm phn cng trch nhim, phi hp, quy trnh, phm
vi cng vic.
3.4. Thc hin v phn tch
Vic thc hin cn tun theo k hoch xy dng
trc. Vic kim tra n mn bn trong bng phng php
trc quan l rt cn thit xc nh n mn tip xc. Vic
thu thp d liu v n mn tip xc c thc hin bng
nhiu cch nh: cc d liu kim sot c cc chuyn
vin ghi chp li y di dng bo co v c nhp
vo c s d liu song song vi vic ti d liu t cc thit
b o NDT; so snh ban u vi cc c tnh k thut ca
vt liu v ng ng xc nh s cn thit ca hnh
ng khc phc; kim tra li nhng thay i, b sung so
vi c tnh k thut ban u ca ng ng; phn tch
tt c cc d liu, thng l do cc k s n mn thc hin,
m bo rng cc mc tiu trong k hoch v chin
lc c p ng v vic nh gi ri ro n mn v ln
k hoch thc hin c ci tin nng cp cho ph hp.
3.5. Theo di v o c hiu sut thc hin
Ch s o c ch ng s nh gi mc hon
thin ca cc hot ng kim tra n mn so vi k hoch.
Ch s o c tc ng s theo di tn sut xy ra r r do
n mn tip xc gy ra.
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AN TON MI TRNG DU KH

3.6. Kim tra hiu sut thc hin

Hng nm, xem xt kt qu theo di, kim tra n mn
v cc bin php chng n mn; s dng hnh ng khc
phc nu cn thit. Xem xt cc bin php thc hin, c
bit l vic nh gi cc ch s tc ng v xu hng tng
th trong cc ch s ch ng. Xem xt sa i, ci tin
trong chin lc, t chc v k hoch nu cn thit. Phn
tch nguyn nhn ct li ca cc h hng do n mn tip
xc, s dng cc hnh ng khc phc thch hp. T ,
a ra nhng thay i, ci tin cho ph hp.
4. Hng dn qun l bin php s dng lp ph
chng n mn
S dng lp ph l gii php c bn bo v chng
n mn, thng c s dng bo v chng n mn
trong mi trng nc bin v ti cc nh my ch bin
du kh. Hu ht cc lp ph c s dng di dng lp
mng bng vt liu nha hu c c cha cc nn mu v
c v dung mi hu c. Thng thng lp ph gm 3 lp:
lp nn c ch n mn, lp th 2 tng chiu dy v
lp trn cng to cm quan. Mt s lp ph khng cha
dung mi, dng di dng phun sng hoc trowel c
s dng rt nhiu bo v n mn bn trong. Chiu dy
lp ph s ln hn v thng ch c t 1 - 2 lp. Dng lp
ph ny c p dng trong mi trng c nhit cao.
Nu nh trc y cc ng ng s dng sn ph c
cha than v bitumen cha x, th hin nay s dng sn
nhiu lp c epoxy v cc lp nha do.
Mt s nguyn nhn khin lp ph b ph hy nh:
s xm nhp ca nc qua mng sn (bng phng php
thm thu), gy ra g v v lp sn; cc tia UV trong nh
sng mt tri lm hng lp nha hu c; cc dung mi v
ha phm lm hng lp sn. V vy khi s dng sn ph
cn chun b b mt tt trc khi sn s gip loi b c
cc tp cht v gip cho cht lng bm ca sn tt hn;
khi thit k trnh nhng cnh sc hoc b mt rp v cc
v tr kh tip cn.
Ngoi ra lp sn ngoi cng to cm quan cng ng
vai tr quan trng trong vic bo v b mt kim loi. Sn
ph cng c th c s dng cng vi phng php
bo v cathode. Trong trng hp ny c th chp nhn
nhng bong trc nh nhng i hi phi s dng sn c
kh nng chu c pH cao hn ti v tr cathode. Mt s
lp ph c dy ln c s dng chng chy.
- Chnh sch v chin lc
Chi ph bo dng cc lp ph bn ngoi tng i

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cao, do cn c bin php ti u gia cht lng ca

lp ph ban u v chi ph bo dng lp ph sau ny.
Phng php bo dng lp ph: bo dng theo cc
bo co v kim tra lp ph v kho st tnh trng lp
ph; xy dng k hoch bo dng da trn vic kho st
v d on v kh nng bong trc lp ph; theo di tnh
trng ca b mt kim loi, sau ch bo dng lp ph
khi gi tr mt khi lng c xu hng tin dn n gii
hn cho php; sa cha, thay th thit b khi gi tr mt
khi lng vt qu gii hn v khng cn phi bo
dng lp ph na.
Vic thc hin cc bin php bo dng lp ph cn
phi tnh n nhng yu cu kht khe trong vic chun
b b mt v sn ph khi la chn phng php, vt liu;
h hng v nhim bn cho mi trng nh my; cc kh
khn khi lm vic trong mi trng c nhit cao, nguy
c chy n. Thng thng nhng v tr bn trong kh tip
cn hay ngm di nc th ngi ta thng s dng lp
ph c tui th cao v t khi phi thay th. Vic chun b
b mt v sn ph phi c kim sot cht lng cht
ch: sch b mt kim loi; chiu dy mng sn; iu
kin v nhit v m.
- T chc
Cc i tng lin quan n cng vic: chuyn vin
v n mn v vt liu; nh cung cp vt liu sn ph; nh
thu ln k hoch bo dng lp ph; nhm bo dng
thit b; k s kim sot n mn; k thut vin kim sot
lp sn ph. Cn phi c trao i thng tin nhm nng
cao nhn thc v cc yu t nh hng n s ph hy
ca lp ph v tm quan trng ca vic trin khai cc bin
php bo dng lp ph.
- nh gi ri ro n mn v ln k hoch thc hin
K hoch qun l cc bin php bo v chng n mn
bng lp ph c xy dng trn c s: mc tiu thc
hin, thng thng trn phng din kh nng bong trc
ca lp ph; theo di bng vic kho st cm quan v chu
k kho st; cc hnh ng khc phc trong trng hp
c s khng ph hp; trch nhim ca t chc trong vic
theo di, kim sot v bo v chng n mn.
Khi xy dng k hoch thc hin chi tit, cn phi
hon thin: chng trnh bo dng lp ph, da trn
nh gi ri ro; chng trnh bo tr c k hoch trong
vic bo tr lp ph; dch v kim sot v theo di n mn,
bao gm phn cng trch nhim, phi hp, quy trnh,
phm vi cng vic.
- Thc hin v phn tch

PETROVIETNAM

Vic trin khai bo dng v kho st lp ph cn

phi c thc hin theo k hoch. Cc d liu thu thp
c gm thi gian v phm vi ca lp ph kt hp cc
d liu kho st tnh trng lp ph nhm nh gi mc
bong trc ca lp ph. Vic phn tch d liu thc hin
thnh hai bc: (1) phn tch tnh trng lp ph so vi
mc tiu xc nh s cn thit phi ln k hoch bo
dng lp ph trnh n mn xy ra; (2) phn tch tt c
cc d liu, thng l do cc k s n mn thc hin,
m bo cc mc tiu trong k hoch v chin lc c
p ng v vic nh gi ri ro n mn v ln k hoch
thc hin c ci tin nng cp cho ph hp.
- Theo di v kim tra vic thc hin
Cc ch s ch ng gm: s hon thin ca vic bo
dng lp ph so vi k hoch; s lng cc h hng vt
qu gii hn ph hy; s hon thin ca vic kho st lp
ph so vi k hoch. Cc ch s tc ng gm s ph hy
ca lp ph sm hn so vi tui th d kin.
- Kim tra hiu sut thc hin
Xem xt thng xuyn kt qu theo di, kim tra n
mn v cc bin php chng n mn, s dng hnh ng
khc phc nu cn thit. R sot cc bin php thc hin,
c bit l vic nh gi cc ch s tc ng v xu hng
tng th trong cc ch s ch ng. Tin hnh phn tch
nguyn nhn ct li ca cc h hng i vi lp ph, s
dng cc hnh ng khc phc thch hp. a ra nhng
thay i, ci tin cho ph hp.

tnh cht cng vic ca nh my ch bin du kh, c th

c vn hnh mt cch a dng cc cp qun l
v k thut trong mt t chc. Mc a dng v phc
tp ca h thng ph thuc vo quy m ca nh my, s
lng nhn vin, vai tr v trch nhim ca ngi qun l,
k s, k thut vin v cc nh thu.
Kinh nghim thc t chng minh rng vic pht
trin mt h thng qun l n mn hiu qu, cng vi
cam kt thc hin ca ngi lnh o cng nh cc nh
thu, gip nng cao ng k mc an ton trong qu
trnh vn hnh ca nh my v gim thiu ri ro cho thit
b v con ngi, c bit khi h thng ny c theo di
v cp nht thng xuyn.
Ti liu tham kho
1. Ali Morshed. Corrosion management for oil and gas
assets. Chemical Treatment. 2008: p.54 - 59.
2. Chinedu I.Ossai. Advances in asset management
techniques: An overview of corrosion mechanisms and
mitigation strategies for oil and gas pipelines. Review
Article, ISRN Corrosion. 2012.
3. ASM International. Corrosion in the petrochemical
industry. 1994.
4. Energy Institute, London. Guidance for corrosion
management in oil and gas production and processing. May
2008.
5. NACE International. Techniques for monitoring
corrosion and related parameters in field applications. 2008.

5. Kt lun
H thng qun l n mn c xy dng ph hp vi

Guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas processing plants

Nguyen Xuan Truong, Phan Cong Thanh, Dang The Tung, Nguyen Ngoc Diep
Vietnam Petroleum Institute

Summary
The corrosion management system has long been considered to be a useful tool in enhancing asset life, increasing
plant availability and reducing costs for unplanned maintenance and repair. A corrosion management system consists of two major components: corrosion management and corrosion engineering. Many petroleum plants in the
world have set up their corrosion management system at different scales, including the application of up-to-date
technologies for corrosion mitigation. A survey at some petroleum plants in Vietnam has shown that the plants have
established for themselves a corrosion management system, however they only focus on the installation of corrosion
mitigation barriers while the management of corrosion mitigation methods and corrosion threats has not been sufficiently considered. This article presents a guidance for corrosion management in oil and gas processing plants in
three aspects: guidance for corrosion management, guidance for corrosion mitigation methods management and
guidance for corrosion threats management.
Key words: Corrosion management system, corrosion engineering.
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