KENYA AEN We Code of Practice for the Design & Construction of Buildings & other Structures in relation to Earthquakes (1973) ar ' 4 ot} Printed by the Kenys Bviding Centre tadeed Neirobi Price 10,*FOREWORD DESIGN OF BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES IN RELATION TO EARTHQUAKES It has been felt for some time that some rules aze necessary for guidance of Architects and Engineers concerned with design of buildings etc. in relation to possible earthquake tremors in Kenya. With the publication of Professor I.S. Loupekine's report on . Earthquakes in Kenya, which included a Seismic map of possible intensities, it became possible to guage the likelyhood and intensity of earthquakes in Kenya. Consequently, a committee was set up to draft a Code of Practice relating to earthquake design. The following Code which is a result of the committee's work is issued for guidance of all professions concerned with erecting buildings and other structures in Kenya. Although not mandatory, it is hoped that both the public and private sector of the building industry will take note of the recommendations. “The Code of Practice does not absolve designers from compliance with such Building Regulations as may apply in any particular area, and are in fact complementary to these regulations. I-wish to thank the various committee members for their work in producing this code. Pi a Wianise F {D-Me MUTISO} ’ CHIEF - ARCHITECT. MINISTRY OF WORKSMr. ar. Mr. LIST OF . Mr. D.M. Mutiso Kid. Ad. COMMITTEE EMBE Ball Marshall H. Yamaki, PLA, TCs Hea. Campbell Braithwaite Skiba L.H.G. Mathot B.S. Rihal FART AKE DESIGN Chief Architect, Ministry of works, Chief Architect National Housing Corporation. Chief Technical Officer Ministry of Housing. Architect (Japan) National Housing Corporation. Structural Engineer, Nairobi University. Chief structural Engineer, Ministry of Works. Deputy Chief Structural Engineer, Hinistry of Works. Planner - tiinistry of Housing. Ag. Chief Technical Officer, Ministry of Housing.i @ introduction of more sophisticated, longer and higher wielaings ‘in Kenya, and the publication of more reliable data on the possible intensities of earthquake tremors which may Secur in Kenya, it has been thought advisable to publish a Scode of Practice” relating to this subject. An attempt has ipeen made to balance the necessity to safeguard life and property: against the economics of providing the necessary precautions, and the possible risks. EARTHQUAKE INTENSITIES. As a result of much research of old records, and collection of new data, the sum total of present knowledge of earthquake data relating to Kenya has been published in 1971- as "A Catalogue of Felt Earthquakes in Kenya (1892 - 1969)" by Prof. I.S. Loupekine of the Geology Department of the University of Nairobi. Reproduced in this Code is a Seismic Zoning map showing maximum observed intensities, and dividing the whole country into zones of various likely degrees of intensity. Reproduced hereunder is an extract of the particular phenomena likely to be encountered. at any level of intensity. Possible effects on buildings and other structures in the various zones are as follows (information extracted from the McJified Mercalli Scale, pp. 12-13) in Prof. Loupekine's report. IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out cf plumb; great, in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. Underground pipes broken. (These effects are believed to obtain enly locally in Zone ViII-1X, shown in the seismic Zoning map). VIII, Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse; great in poorly built structures. Panel walls thrown out of frame strugtures. Fall of Chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. VII. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction;. slight’ to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable in poorly built or badly designed structures. Some chimneys broken. VI. A few instances of fallen plaster or damaged chimneys. Damage slight Vv. A few instances of cracked plaster. Intesity V is taken as the threshold of damage and it is to be noted that this is the lowest intensity vaiue assigned to Kenya.SLASSIFIC3TION BY TYPE OF STRUCTURE. a usage, value and importance, (a) According te to types of structures. 4 for human occupation either for living, "workin have been classified in the following tt Buiidings (Courts, Police stations, Halls, Tecture’ Theatres), Theatres, Cinemas, Stadiums, Hotels, BERET ‘Buildings, Churches, Hospitals, Hostels, Airport ‘Buitdings, Departmental Stores, Office Blocks Flat Blocks over 4 storeys (this list ied. to. be comprehensive). “~~ ablic assembly and/or vital importance and/or tall) e.g. Hotels, Office Blocks Restaurants, upto 3 storeys, Spops, ‘Frats’ Domestic Dweilings, upto 4 storeys. Class ¢ Buildings and Structures for Services and Industries e.g. Factories, Water Supply and Treatment plants, Power Stations, Water Towers, Airport Control Buildings, Dams, Water pipe lines, Chimneys Bridges, Rydro-Electrical Plant, etc. - . Class » Domestic Buildines within Townshins where subject to Buiidings Bequiations, = ~ is to inelude o This to include low cost housing. Class & Domestic Buildings tn Rural Areas. Not The responsibilicy fcr deciding the class of any particular building will responsible for the design. ‘ication the person ERAMED BUILDINGS These may be Reinforced Concrete or Structural steel! or other Tecognised structural material (e.g. Alunialun, Timber) andmay be rlexinie OF FIgia LLane, This type can include ail classes of buildings and service structures and factories etc. R.C. Frame ) Flexible - columns and beams; where vertical Steel Frame ) and horizontal forces are transmitted etc. ) - to ground by distribution of moments and shears between Beams and Colums. R.C. Frame ) Rigid ~ Columns, beams, and Bracing and/or Steel Frame ) shear walls where vertical forces etc. ) are transmitted to groun@ by columns and walls, and horizontal forces by + shear walls, or by direct forces in bracing. 2. Load Bearing Walls. Buildings where loads both vertical and horizontal are transmitted through longitudinal and transverse walls built of courses of masonry, brick, or concrete blocks, or of other suitable and recognised building material. GENERAL BASIC RECOMMENDATIONS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DESTGI Before advancing to detailed recommendations for the various classifications and types of buildings some of the basic points to be considered are outiined Lelow:- Types of Ground Conditions The intensity and length of time of motion of a structure due to an initial seismic shock is related to the type ef ground on which the foundations are built. Fer structures built on soft ground, the earthquake motion at surface is amplified by the effect of the seft ground, and the ground will continue to vibrate some time after the initial sheck wave. Therefore, in order of suitability for foundations, hard foundations are more desirable than soft. The order of suitability is as follows: é (1) Igneous and Basic Rock formations. (2) Sedimentary and Metamorshosed Rocks, Stiff Clay. (3) Coarse Sand and Gravels, sandy Clay. (4) Pine Sands, Medium and Soft Clays and Silts, Volcanic ash deposits. Building on devosits with Aigh water content, and on ground liable to subsidence, slipping or large settlements s: be avoided, as earthquake shocks are lixely to set these in motion. Similarly highly fissured rocks, steep sloping ground, or ground near cliff faces are to be avoided. To some extent the ground conditions are reflected in the later recommendations.Fuyows aves qithin a given site the foundations shall be built on the hardest paterial available within reasonable depth. On all but rock, Jedividual foundations should be well tied together. Continuous Mrip footings for walls, shall be horizonal as far as possible, and for softer ground shall be reinforced. Foundations shall ge continuous or continuously tied, unless there is drastic phange in soil conditions, and/or level, in which case all foundations shall be so designed as to give as uniform a bearing pressure as possible and to prevent cracking of walls carried. bn soft ground, the possibility of uneven settlement must be considered and the necessary precautions taken. where piling is resorted to, the effect of horizontal movement of the building mass transmitted through the pile caps into the piles shall be considered. SHAFE FACTOR AND JOINTS. Buildings should as far as possible have simple, uniform and com- pact configuration.’ In general the plan shape should be square, or rectangular, of length to width not greater than 3 to 2. For tall buildings, plan shapes of a complicated asymmetrical nature should be avoided e.g. U, E, shapes as thesa buildings vibrate in a complicated way. as far as possible all floor plans should be virtually the same. The arrangement of beams and columns and walls should be sinole and uniform ané columns should not change position between floors. Changes of shape on elevation, i.e. Set backs should be avoided. Buildings with wings of low height mixed with tewer blocks, should be separated by joints so that the individual parts can vibrate under carthquake shock as separate entities or these blocks should be specially designed so that they vibrate together: where joints are provided, these should be sufficiently large to allow for the Movement of adjacent building parts without "hammering", This also applies to joints between buildings on adjacent plots. Furthermore, members resisting shear in tall puilatees shoul2 be arranged symmetrically in plan e nrak 2 lift cores should be cearr: aocated of balanced by adequate shear walls. Loads must be listributed in accordance with shear stiffness. PLANNING Ay t cannot be overemphasised that designing for earthquake starts & the sketch plan stage 2 It ds often very expensive and scmet. Trossible £9, Fender a building earthquake resistant when earth ila ve been ignored at the planning stage. Converssiy 12 treed is Planned to be earthquake resistant frem the start, the tra costs wili be minimised.Die asl Qonearing Walls - ‘Tha buflding shall have suffictent walls Nef tao principal directions to resist horizontal oarth- fe shocks. At cach level, thy [loors, and roof, and walla Pall be flrmly connected by horizontal xing baams. Wall : synctions shall be firmly tied together. Opening sizes shall jerrestricted unless framed. all parapets, balustrades, etc. shall be designed to avoid the Mesibility of their falling off. Long boundary walls with no {eceral connecting walls, which are over 3.5 metres high should pe examined for stability under earthquake shock according to zoning. framed Structures - In addition to carrying the vertical loads from floors and roofs and walls, the frame either without, or in conjuction with, bracing or shear walls shall be capable of transmitting all horizontal forces and overturning moments caused by earthquake shocks, safely to the ground. IA certain amount of overstress above basic design stresses will lhe allowable. the overstress allowable should be the same percentage cf design stress for. any particular material, as 1s allowed for overstress ue to wind loading. 11 infilling wall paneis and parapets, etc., shall be adequately ied to the building frame so as to prevent fali out. lefcre proceeding to detailed design recommendations, a table of uilding usages and types set against earthquake zoning, and iving recommended precautions is set out in Table T. I BLIOGRAPHY @ following books and documents are recommended for detailed Information on Earthquake design. a) Blume J.A, Newmark ., Corning L.#., Design gf Multiscerey Reinforced Concrete Buildings for B&rthquace “otion. Portland Cement Asscc., Old Orchard Road Skokie, Illinois 60076, U.S.A. * Catalogue of Felt Harthquakes in Xenya I.S. Loupekine, Geology Dept. University of Nairobi. Desica Essentials In Earthquake Resistant Buildings Architectural Institute, Japan, Tokyo. : 4 Elsevier Publishing Co. London @ ew York. Ear take Engineering. Horoshi Yamaki, National Housing Corporation - Building in Earthquake Areas. Overseas Division - 2uilding Research Station, watford, England.ING 86: or ELD ING! none v tone VE Tce VIE reou or srkucruae : rogue CLASS: ‘seismic | iaareine serstic | wimerng | seramte | camrranc overex | Stones on | obsiy | stoneys'on | Desren” | StoREYS on Reuurmes | itexcta. hegutnee | uprain. Regueneo | ison so ko fc, steals} unless 12 uniess 6 cies A we wo tiie | vatess. wo tine | Serene, No Lanse ves or over or over exc, eamat 3 storeys 2 storeys 3 atozeys simon for offices, tne offices, for offices, | Yes if i close 8 No hoteia ete. ko hotels ate. No hotela eve. | 3-4 : . @ storeys W storeys ‘storeys | atoreys | ¢ Structures for fate for flats for flats ' (Plextble ° ane ¢ © Jepends on use and dnportance and lev. close © No No tise Wo ho time opens on weg, und dnporeance ond dey. or Atgia) T- Clase 0 xo 2 storays No 2 storeys No 2 storeys ne Wot sore Wot nese chase A No No limit you thaa tour wor than enece ves : storeve storeys . 3 storeys 3 storeys 3 storey te for offices: for offic for offices, ad Class B No hotels etc. Yes hotels etc. Yes hotels etc. Yes waeoroye facoroys i aeoreya for tists for flats for fists peaciog 7 | : Load bearing walls for installations cues wo | BoE over 0 ot over sees eae saover D stacerss vat Enaar Davoreys storeys Feoomnanded watts “| class © No 3 storeys Ro 3 storeys Yoo: | 3 storeys ver ciase & No contro} of domestic buildings in ural arcas {a envizaged, but bulldiaga over 3 store os should be discouraged, because of likely poor design and construction. L____L Mote: Where "Selsmie Design® 1s referred to this means In case GE Primed Duildinys ~ Engineering Computation of effect of forces on frame as recommended in this Code, Low) fuaring Compliance with particular kecoumendations in this Code.MENDATIONS FUK LUAU pEAniey pee oo TREMORS PARTICULAR REC #§0_BARTHOUA Where no special design requirements are quoted in Table No. 1 jt can be assumed that buildings properly constructed in accordance with good building practice will be secure against : likely earth tremors. The general recommendations on pages 3, 4, 45. shall also be noted in conjunction with the following recommonéa- tions i= particular Recommendations for puilding on Zone VI (Load Bearing Walls) - All buildings shall be constructed in accordance with good building practice, and local bye-laws where existing; but in addition shail comply with the following:- w For Class A Buildings - height restricted to 4 storeys. For Class B Buildings - height for offices, hotels, . restaurants etc, not more than 3 storeys. For flats, shops etc., not more than 4 storeys. (4i) Storey heights shall be restricted as follows:~ Lowest storey measured from top of base to u/s first floor n.e. 5 metres. Other storeys measured from floor to floor n.e. Fmetres. ‘where because of depth of foundation the lowest storey height becomes excessive, a ring beam at ground floor shall be intreduced, and the ground floor slab connected thereto. Then the storey height could be measured floor to floor. (iii) Single buildings shall have a shape factor (length breadth) of not more than 4:1, Continuous buildings of the terrace type shall have transverse walls of equal thickness to the outside walls et 2 spacing not greater than 3 times lowest storey height. (4v) All adjoining walls shall be properly’ bonded one to the other and where wails consist of*more than one brick or block in thickness, through bricks or blocks shall be built inzo che wall. Cavity wails shall be well tied together wich metal ties. (vy) Where it is considered by the designer that even minor + cracking cf walls is undesirable, then every third course of biockwork should be reinzorced by strips of expanded metal, or two 12 mm dia. mild steel bars should be laid continucusly in the mortar joint. (viy At all upper flocr levels, and roof level ail exter‘cr and interior iozd searing walls shall be connected sy an 2.C. Ring Beam min. 20 cm. ceeg and full widta of the ‘wall, .(wi) (vii) (ix) (x) (xi} (xii) (xiii) (xiv) Floors may be timber, reinforced concrete (either solid or hollow pot construction), or other generally acceptable flooring, but shall be firmly connected to the ring beams. Timber floors in building over 2 storeys is not recommended. . The total area of opening in any one panel of wall between Cross walls shall not exceed half (4) the wall area. Where openings are more than 3.0 metres wide they Shall be framed by either concrete columns and lintels all connected, or by the use of hollow block construc~ tion filled with concrete and reinforced by vertical bars, min 4 - No. 12 mm dia, and carried from the ring beam below to the ring beam of the floor above and adequately bonded into each beam. The width on face of the reinforced pillar so formed to be not less than 40 cm. Where. a cross wall contributing to the stability of the outer wall, meets this outer wall, the width of outer wall between two adjacent openings shall be not less than 1.0 metre. Roofs may be concrete, flat timber, or truss and sheeting, or other recognized type, but in all cases shall be adequately secured. to the ring beam at roof level. Cantilevered canopies and balconies over 1.0 Metre in projection shall be continuous with the adjacent floor and ring beam, but in all cases must be stable under normai loading and properly connected to the ring beam (or lintel, in cases of smail canopies over doors etc.) Parapets or balustrades shall be adequately stable: to resist usual oressure from persons leaning thereon and wind pressures. Boundary Walls. J Independently standing boundary walls over 3.0 Metres (fron foundations) without lateral wails tying in, shall have supporting piers in the form of thickaned portions of the wall at max. 10 iletres spacing. if the walls are over 4.0‘Metres in height 2 check for wind loading would be regarded as sufficient safeguard against Earthquake effects in this zone.(Load Bearing Walls) All buildings shall be constructed in accordance with good puilding practice, and local bye-laws where existing but in addition shall comply. with the following:~ (i) For Class A Buildings - For Class B Buildings - For Class Buildings - For Class D Buildings - (ii) Storey heights shall be Lowest storey measured first floor ne. Other _storevs @ Hetres. measured height restricted to 3 storeys. height for offices, hotels, - restaurants etc. not more than 3 storeys. For flats, shops, etc. not more than 4 storeys. Buildings of the service, installation, or factory type in load bearing blocks should not be over 2 storeys. In ‘any case this shall be designed by qualified Engineers. Height shall be restricted to 3 storeys. restricted as follows:- from top of base to u/s 5 Metres. from floor to floor n.e. Where because of depth of foundation the lowest storey becomes excessive, a ring beam at - ground floor shall be introduced, and the ground floor slab connected thereto. Then the storey height could be measured floor to floor. Gai) Single buildings shall have shape factor (length/ breadth) of not more than 3:1. Continuous buildings or the terrace type shali have transverse walls of equal thickness to the outside walls at a spacing of not greater than 3 times lowest storey particularly long of at least 3 cm, centre. L-shaped similar joints at portions can move width (iv) for pight. buildings, discontinulty joints shall be provided at 40 Hetres cr T-shaped buildings shall have the junctions, so that the two independent ly. All adjoining walls shail be properly bonded one to the other and where walls consist of more than one brick or block in thickness, through bricks or block shall be built into the wall. Cavity walls shall be well tied together with metal ties. It is-recomuended that Class A buildings and Class 3 buildings should be 30 built as to prevent the occu- : rence of cracking during tremors. the allowable amount o the Engineer the cracks which would oe: The decision on cracking desirable rests with would(vi) (vii) - ~~ A ee A UN pW be unsightly and need repair. ‘Yherefore, it is recommended that-ali Class A Buildings and wherever possible Class B Buildings’ ("particularly over two storeys") should be treated as follows:~ Foundations unless on rock, should be reinforced. Every third course of blockwork should be reinforecd by strips of expanded metal of the type used for Brick reinforcement (Brick Tor or similar) or two 12 mm dia. mild steel bars should be laid conti- nuously in the mortar joint. It is advisable to carry out the same procedure for higher value Class D Buildings. At all upper floor levels, and roof level, all ex- terior and interior load bearing walis shall be con~ nected by an B.C, xing beam min. 20 cm deep and full width of the wall. Reinforcement shall be not less than 2-12 mm dia, bars top and bottom, and not less than 6 mm dia. links at 20 cm c/c. Floors may be timber, reinforced concrete (either solid or hollow pot construction) or other generally acceptable flocring, but shall be firmly connected to the ring beams. Timber floors in buildings over 2 storeys is net recommended. (viii)The total area of opening in any one panel of wall (Ax) (x) (xq) between cross walls shall not exceed haif (4) the wall area. Where openings are more than 3.0 Metres wide they shall be framed by either concrete columns and lintels all connected, or by the use of aollow block construction filled with concrete and reinforced by vertical bars min. 4 - No. 12 mm dia. and carried from the ring beam below to the ring bean of the floor above and adequateiy bonded into sach beam, The width on face of the rein- forced pillar so formed to be not less than 40 cm. Where a cross wall contsibuting to the Heabitity of the outer wall, meets this outer wail, the width of outer wall between two adjacent openings shall be not lass than 1.0 metre. . Roofs may be concrete, flat timber construction, or truss and sheeting or other recognized é, but in all cases shall be adequately connected to the ring beams at roof levei. Trusses shall be bolted to the R.C, ring beam with min. 2-12 mm dia. colts. flat roofs of the timber rafter type shall.be well spiked to the wall plates, anc the plates shall be bolted into the 2.C. Ring Sear,seer Th projection shall be continucme mann . floor and ring beam, but in all cases mast be stable under normal foading and properly connected to the : ring beam (or lintel in cases of small canopies over doors etc.). Balconies and canopies over 1.0 Metre Shall be designed for total load pins 25% of Doad Load acting thereon. An overstress allowance may be made. - : (xiii)Parapets and Balustrades shall be fixmly fixed to the main walls of the buildings by return walls or other ties, or else tied into vertical concrete or steel pillars specially provided for this purpose, and capable of resisting all normal horizontal forces. : (xiv) Boundary Walls Independently standing boundary walls over 3.0 Metres in height (from foundation) and without lateral walls tying in shell have piers in the form of thickened » portions of the wall at max. 10 Metres spacing. Piers shall be of width 3 times thickness of walls, and . : depth min. 2 times thickness of walls.. If walls over 4.0 Metres in height, a check for wind loading would be regarded as sufficient safeguard, against earthquake effect. Walls over 6.0 Metres high which lie adjacent to the public street or highway shall be suported by R.C. columns and R.C, Capping beams, and the walls tied into the columns, and designed to resist horizontal forces due to earthquake to the values outlined later . in this Code. MENDATIONS FOR BUILDINGS IN ZONE VIZI-IX Load Zearing Walls) ot All buildings shall be constructed in accordance with good building practice, and local bye-lavs where existing; but in addition shall comply with the foliowing:- (4) For Class 3 Buildines - height restricted to 2 storeys E Clas. Idings - height restricted tc 3 storeys. But over 2 storeys, the advice + of a qualified Engineer shall . . be sought, and special precau- : tions carried out devending on value of building. It would be preferable if the building were framed. PARTICULARS RECOM For Class ¢ Buildings - Buildings of the service, instal- dation, or factery type in load bearing block, sould rot be cver 2 storeys. In any case, ay shall be designed by engineers.(4d) (iti) (1v) (v) Where heavy loadings are carried above ground floor level, stabi- lity calculations shall be made in accordance with the factors outlined later in this Code. For Class D Buildings - Height shall be restircted to 2 storeys. storey heights shall be restricted as follow Lowest _storey measured from top Of base to u/s first fioor shall not exceed 4.5 Metres. Other storeys measured from floor to floor shall not Gaeeed iS fistres. where because of depth of founda- tions, the lowest storey height becomes excessive, a ring beam at ground floor shail be introduced, and the ground floor slab connected thereto, Then the storey height can be measured from floor to floor, but shall be not more than 3.5 Metres. Single buildings shall have a shape factor (length/ breadth) of not more than 3:1. Continuous buildings of the terrace type shall have transverse walls of equal thickness to the outside walls at a spacing of not greater than 3 times lowest storey height. For particularly long buildings, discontinuity joints of at least 3 cm width shall be provided at 40 Hetres centres. L-Shaped or T-Shaped buildings shall have similar joints at the junctions, so that the two portions of the building can nove independently. All,adjoining walls shall be properly bonded ene to the other and where walls consist of more than one brick or block in thickness, through bricks or block shali be built into the wall. Cavity walls shall be well tied together with metal ties. All Class A and Class 3 buildings shall be of reinforced blockwork, (Class D buildings should be gmilariy rein~ “forced if possible cracking is to be prevented). Every third course of blockwork shall be reinforced by strips of expanded metal of the type used for brick reinforcement (Brick-Tor or similar) cr two 12 ma dia. mild steel bars shall be laid continuously in the mortar joint foundations shall be of continuous strip footings of good quality concrete, minimum 30 cm deep and reinforced with minimum 3-12 mm dia, mild steel bars top ane bottom. Bad ground conditions in this zone should be particulariy avoided, but if not possible, advice shall ke sought. Isolated siers of * supporting floors shail be minimum 60 cm. square, and all concrete and reinforced continuously fron foundation level to junction with cing beam. ‘Shere si are required these shallR.C. ring beam min. 20 cm deep and fu. wall. ‘Reinforcement shall be not less than 2-12 mn dia. bars top and bottom, and not less than 6 mm. dia. links at 20 cm ¢/c. . (vid) Except for Class D buildings, all upper floors shall be of reinforced concrete construction, and shall be properly tied into the ring beams. All beams support~ ing floors, including steel joists, shall be firmly . cast into, or bolted to, the ring beams. Where’ steel joists support floors the joist top flange, and the Eloor carried, shall be connected by boits or other means. Hollow pot construction will be allowed, but the topping shall be not less than 8 cm thick and all ribs should be anchored into other supporting beams or ring beams. (vili)The total area of opening in any one panel of wall between Cross walls shall not exceed half (%) the wall area. (ix) Where openings are more than 3.0 Metres in length they shall be framed by either concrete columns and lintels all connected, or by the use of hollow block construction filled with concrete and reinforced by vertical bars, min. 4 No. 12 mm dia. and carried from the ring beam below to the ring beam of the floor above and adequately bonded into each beam. The width on face of the reinforced pillar so formed to be not less than 40 cm. (x) Where a cross wall contributing to the stability of the outer wall, meets this outer wall, the width of outer wall between two adjacent openings shali be not less than 1.0 metre. (xi) In all cases where portions of load bearing walis in elevation are less than 2.0 Metres wide and without supporting cross walls, the walls shall Se of hollow block filled with reinforced concreteyas per sub section (ix) (xii) Where roofs are formed of trusses, a truss shall be provided close to the gable to take the ourlins, The gable ends of buildings over cne storey shall be secured against falling out under earcnguake shock by the provision of reingorced hollow block work or R.c. columns connected to the ring beans. (xiii)Roofs may be concrete, flat timber construction, or truss and sheeting or other recognized type, but in all cases snall be adequately connected to the ring beams at rcof level, Trusses shalt jolted to the R.C. ring beam with min, 2-12 mz belts.pence we wee nee pee, Gi GS waa paaese aid d Ee "bolted into the R-c. Ring beam. Steel roof trusses @ver 12 Metres span shall be adequately cross braced St level of lower chords to transmit horizontal forces back into the ring beams. (xiv) cantilevered canopies and balconies over 1.0 Metre in projection shall be continuous with the adjacent flcor and ring beam, but in all cases must be stable under normal loading and properly connected to the ring bean (or lintel in cases of small canopies over doors etc.) the balcony shall be designed to carry full normal loading plus 50% of Dead Load. An overstress allowance may be made. (xv) Parapets and Balustrades shall be firmly fixed to the main walls by return wall or other ties, and provided | with vertical concrete or steel pillars specially pro-~ + vided ‘to stabilise the walls against overturning. The parapets or balcony walls or balustrades shall be made secure against a horizonatal force of 350 Kilo- grammes per Metre width applied at mid height. (xvi) Individual Beams or lintels shall have a hearing onto walls of 30 cm, or depth of Zeam plus 10 cm, whichever is the greater. Lintels must be of equal width to the wall carried. All beams and linte's shall be at least 20 om deep. (xvid) Boundary Wallis. Independently standing boundary walls over 3.0 Metres in height (from foundation) and without lateral walls tying in shall have piers in the form of thickened portions of the wall at 10 Metres spacing. Piers shall be of width 3 times thickness of walls, and min, depth 2 times wall thickness. Walls over 4.0 Metres shall be desimed to resist horizontal forces due to earthquakes to the values outlined later in this Code. where necessary to provide the required stakglity R.c. Columns and cagoing beans shall be provided, and the columns and walls well tied together. Reinfocement snail be provided at every third course of blockwork as previously described. All walls over 4.5 Metres high, which lie adjacent to the public street or highway shall in any case be built with 2.C. Columns and capping beams and the walls reinforced, as above described.ENGINEER DESIGNED REINFORCED LOAD BEARING WALL _CONSTRU Notwithstanding the recommendations hitherto stipulated, load bearing wall construction for Classes A and B type use, and occupancy, where Seismic design is deemed necessary may exceed the limits laid down in Table I provided that:- (1) The structure is designed by Registered Engineers experienced in Structural Design. (2) The appropriate seismic Coefficients are used (see Table 2) (3) The building is not in Zone VIII - IX. (4) The blockwork qualities and strengths, the mortar quality and strength, and reinforcement is properly defined. (5) The whole of the load bearing walls are reinforced vertically and horizontally. {6) The vertical and horizontal leads are properly ° assessed and the walls designed to resist these. (7) All the other general recommendations on pages 6 to 13 are carried cut as appropriate.GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FRAMED BUILDINGS IN REGARD TO EARTHQUAKE TREMORS The design of all building frames should be carried out by Registered Engineers. Where it is deemed necessary in accordance with Table 1, to calculate the effect of earth~ quake tremors on framed buildings, the design of the building frames for these additionally imposed forces must be carefully carried out by qualified Engineers. As a guide to Engineers the following general principles should be followed. The effect of the Earthquake tremors can be assessed as horizontal loads applied at each floor level or junction columns and beams, the value of these loads being a fraction of the building Weight W. The effect of such forces shall be assessed in conjunction with the normal loading induced by Dead Load plus Live Load on the building. The general stability of the building and foundations and the suitability of individual structural members shall be examined under the effects of the combined normal loads, and loads due to earthquakes. The effect of wind loading appropriate to the geographic.1 area need not be taken at the same time at the earthquake loading and the worst effects of either normal plus earthquake, or normal plus wind shall be considered. The structural members should be capable of absorbing the extra stresses imposed by the earthquake forces, within the limits of elasticity of the materials involved, and to leave the frame in a serviceable condition after the earthquake. A Feasonabie amount of damage to partitions and finishes must usually be accepted as a normal risk. Storey dzift and general deflection of members must be assessed -and allowed for: o Building Weight ~ W (a) Por normal type buildings, domastic, office, ete., W = Dead Weignt of auiiding incilding ali walls and partitions. (b) For Warepouse ane storace structures Ws Dead Weigne oF “ding inciuding walls etc., and 253 of the designed Live Load. (c) For Liquid and bel storage W = Total weight of Suilding plus contents.DETERMINATION OF ‘TRE VALUE OF HORIZONTAL FORCES The value of the horizontal force is to be determined by the weight ~ W multiplied by a coefficient, which will depend on building type and zoning. The coefficients in Table 2 may be used or alternatively the value of the coefficient determined by more precise methods as later outlined. Table 2 - Coefficients. The totel Building Weight W multiplied by the appropriate coefficients in Table 2 will give a reasonable value for the total horizontal force F applied to the building. The distribution of this force is described later. “P= CxW Where C is the coefficient from Table 2 or 3TABLE 2 é COEFFICIENT C . Building Type Storeys ZONE VI ZONE VIE ZONE VIII all Classes All Classes All Clas Soft Hard/Medium Hard/Mediun Soft E Ground Ground Ground Plexible Frame 4 -09 6 108 8 037 +030 075 10 +02 +017 1034 1028 1068 16 019 2015 +030 025, 060 20 2018 1015 7030 1025 1069 4 -033 028 087 Rigid Frame 6 O31 026 ~062 8 +029 024 058 10 +016 + 013 1026 1053 16 2015 1012 2024 1048 20 2015 To12 1024 1048 Reinforced Load ha +022 +018 +043 +036 Bearing Brick or 6 +020 +017 O41 +034 Block 8 1018 2015 1037 2031 10 +017 sola 1032 2027 Elevated Water ‘towers or other Structures where Mass carricd at hefght on Colunns | A special analysis based on determining the period of vibration shot be used.a wy suc use or tne Coefficients in Table 2, the value of the horizontal. forces may be calculated based on the period of vibration of the building:~ T in seconds. This period if vibration may be calculated by more advanced methods, or assessed from the following formula. vos Where H = height of building above base Metric T= 0.054 /7T = 0.098] D = in feet (or metres) width of building in direction assessed, in feet (or metres) Seconds / D Vo. Except that for flexible frames, T should be not less than O.IN, where N is the number of storeys. The basic Coefficient ¢ Basic for Zones VIII ~ IX shall be ¢ Basic = 9.08 : ast The Basic Coefficient which applies to haré ground, flexible frame and Zone VIII ~ IX shall be varied for other ccnditions _and Zones in accordance with Table 3. TABLE 3 - VARIATION ON C BASIC Zone VII Zone VI | All Classes | All Classes Zone VIII ~ IX Builiing Type All Classes Soft Ground Hard/ Medium Soft Ground Hard/ Median Soft | Hara/ Gre . Plexible Frere lo.szce [o.28e> | 2.3cb lesce Basic) Rigid Frane Jo.2sc» [o.zoce 2.0405 Reinfers L.4ica |o.32cp JAs an aiternat. be used. i NESS Carried | ! t toon | !DISTRIBUTION OF THE ‘TOTAL FORCE F The distribution of the total calculated horizontal force F shall be distributed between the storeys and roof as follows:~ A portion is attributed to the roof or top level as follows:- Where hn is the height of Ft-= 0,004F fnn\? uppermost storey above base \Ds/ an feet (or metres). Ds = Plan dimensions of the lateral structural system resisting the earthquake . forces, at ground floor level in feet (or metres). (ft. need not exceed 0.15 F). The remainder is distributed between storeys as foilows:— fx - (E = ft.) wx, nx wi, hi. tel Where wx is progpdrtion of load W apportioned to storey X hx is height of storey X above base ®t is proportion of load W apportioned to storey t hi is height of storey t above base fx = the proportion at floor x The distribution of horizontal ferces, in the case where there are “icace (such as water tanks} at ropf level should be considered in conjunction with the abo’ analysis.EARTHQUAKE FORCES ON INDIVIDUAL PORTIONS OF BUILDING Horizontal forces on individual portions of a building shall baa proportion of the whole weight Wp of the portion multiplied by a factor Cp in accordance with Table 4. ‘the connections of the portion of the building to the main frame shall be such as to prevent fall out or fall off due to earthquake, and the general stability of the portion shall be considered. TABLE 4 VALUES OF CP. Parapet, Balcony or other walls liable to fall off into street or purlic place ITEM 20NE VI ZONE VII | ZONE VIII-Ix Exterior and interior Walls and partitions +05, 0,10 0.20 Exterior and interior ornamental vieces -or appendages liable to cause damage if dis- Placed. The directicn of the the case of objects & vertical movement should be considered. J forces is assumed horizontal, but in brackets, the possibility ofSUDAN PR, UGANDA Q = a > 6, g Fe “« he (* GARBATULA a = JN 2 S } Vv a INDIAN OCEAN