Psse Doc

Ti liu hng dn s dng chng trnh PSS/E
Chng I. Gii thiu tng quan v chng trnh PSS/E

Chng trnh PSS/E l chng trnh m phng h thng in trn my tnh nhm
mc ch tnh ton nghin cu phc v vn hnh cng nh quy hoch h thng in.
Cc tnh ton phn tch h thng m chng trnh c kh nng thc hin bao gm:
Tnh ton tro lu cng sut.

Ti u ha tro lu cng sut
Nghin cu cc loi s c i xng v khng i xng.
Tng ng ha h thng.
M phng qu trnh qu in c.
Chng trnh c t chc theo s khi chnh nh sau:
Phng Phng Thc - TT iu HT Quc Gia
PSSLF
a d liu u vo v ly kt qu u
ra t chng trnh PSSE
D liu u vo tnh tro lu
cng sut: huy ng ngun, ph ti
ca cc trm....
Cc d liu c bn: m phng
ng dy, my bin p....
Kt qu tnh ton tro lu cng sut
Tnh ton tro lu

cng sut
Kt qu tnh ton
Cc d liu ca HT
Tro lu cng sut HT
Kim tra cc gii hn
Hin th kt qu qua s
Nghin cu h
thng tuyn tnh:
Tnh ton tro lu
cng sut tc dng
khi b qua nh
hng ca cng
sut phn khng...
Nghin cu cc loi s c
Cc chc nng ph
khc:
Khi to file
s liu mi.
Xut d liu
cc dng khc
nhau....
Tro lu
cng sut
Thay i cc d liu
u vo
Bin i d liu:
Bin i d liu
ca my pht/ph
ti.
Tng ng ha
h thng.
nh s li cc
nt
To ra cc ma trn
ton hc ca h
thng in
Cc ti liu ca chng trnh PSS/E:

1. Hng dn ci t v cc tin ch ca chng trnh PSS/E
Trnh t ci t chng trnh cho my tnh c nhn (PC).
Hng dn v hnh v in n.
2. Hng dn s dng chng trnh PSS/E (gm 2 tp)
Gii thiu tng quan v hng dn s dng cc lnh trong chng trnh.
a ra cc tho lun v cu trc ca phn mm v m t trnh t hot ng
tng modul tnh ton.
3. Hng dn v cc ng dng cho chng trnh PSS/E (gm 2 tp)
M t cu trc ca chng trnh trong m phng h thng in.
M t phng php m phng h thng in cho chng trnh PSS/E v gii
thch ngha ca cc kt qu thu c.
4. Hng dn s dng chng trnh v th ca PSS/E (PSSPLT)
Hng dn cch v cc th kt qu u ra khi tnh ton qu trnh qu
in c.
Ti liu ch c s dng khi tnh ton qu trnh qu .
5. Hng dn s dng IPLAN
Hng dn cch lp trnh bng ngn ng lp trnh IPLAN v cch bin dch
chng trnh.
6. Hng dn tnh ton ti u ha tro lu cng sut
Gii thiu tng quan v thut ton.
Hng dn cc s dung cc lnh trong tnh ton ti u ha trao lu cng sut.
Chng II. M phng cc phn t trong h thng in khi

tnh ton tro lu cng sut
I. Tnh ton trong h n v tng i
Z BASE =
2
VBASE
( KV )
S BASE
& Z pu =
Z ohm
Z BASE
Thng ly S BASE = 100 MVA & VBASE KV = Ty theo cp in p

in p
dy
(kV)
66
110
220
330
500
in p
pha
(kV)
38.1
63.51
127.02
199.2
288.7
Zbase
(ohm)
47.6
121
484
1089
2500
1. Tnh tr khng ng dy
Cc thng s cn thit:
Chiu di ng dy: l (km).
in tr n v th t thun v th t khng: r1 v r0 (Ohm/km).
in khng n v th t thun v th t khng: x1 v x0 (Ohm/km).
in dn n v th t thun v th t khng: b1 v b0 (S/km).
Kh nng mang ti ca ng dy: S (MVA)
Cng thc tnh tr khng ng dy cho c hai thng s th t thun v th t khng
nh sau:
Z pu = Z ohm *
S BASE
2
VBASE
_ KV
* b * Length *10
V
Q
& B pu = 2 MVA = BASE _ KV 0
100
VBASEKV
Ngoi ra in tr th t thun ca ng dy c th quy i v nhit 50oC theo

cng thc sau:
R(50oC) = 1.07272* R(20oC)
Bi tp:
ng dy ti in c cc thng s sau:
9 Cp in p 500 kV
9 Chiu di: 340.79 km
9 Thng s n v th t thun: z1 = 0.028 + j0.282 (Ohm/km ti 20oC), b1 =
4.244 (S/km).
9 Thng s n v th t khng: z0 = 0.248 + j0.767 (Ohm/km), b0 = 2.653
(S/km)
Hy tnh cc thng s ca ng dy vi h n v c bn c chn trn
p s
Z1 = 0.00421 + j0.03842 (pu), B1 = 3.61549 (pu)
Z0 = 0.03375 + j0.10457 (pu), B0 = 2.26063 (pu)
2. Tnh ton my bin p hai cun dy
Cc thng s yu cu:
Cng sut nh mc: S (MVA).

in p nh mc cun cao: Uh (kV).
in p nh mc cun h: Ul (kV).
Pha iu p v s nc iu p.
V tr nc gia
Kh nng iu chnh in p ca mi nc: step (%).
Tn tht khng ti: Pkt (kW).
Dng in khng ti: I0 (%)
Cng sut ngn mch: Pnm (kW).
in p ngn mch: Uk (%).
T u dy.
Cc cng thc tnh :
Nc bin p quy i = Nc gia - nc t.
Ratio( pu ) = (1 + qd * step) *
Uh
U base h
Ratio (kV) = (1 + qd*step)*Uh.

Ratio max( pu ) = (1 + sonac * step) *
h .
U base h
Ratiomax (kV) = (1+ sonac*step)*Uh

Ratio min( pu ) = (1 sonac * step) *
U base h
Ratiomin (kV) = (1 - sonac*step)*Uh

in tr th t thun (pu)
P (kW)
R1 ( pu ) = nm
1000 * S dm
Ul
*
U base l
S base
*
S dm
in khng th t thun (pu)

U % Ul
X 1 ( pu ) = k *
100 U base l
S base
*
S dm
in tr v in khng th t khng (pu) c th c ly bng 0.8 ln in

tr v in khng th t thun (pu):
R0 (pu) = 0.8*R1 (pu)
X0 (pu) = 0.8*X1 (pu)
in dn tc dng GT(pu) v in dn phn khng BT(pu) c tnh nh sau
(trong trng hp khng c s liu c th b qua m khng nh hng nhiu
n kt qu tnh ton):
GT ( pu ) =
U h2
Pkt (kW ) * 10 3
U 2
* base h
S base
2
100 U base
h
*
BT ( pu ) =
I kt % S base
U h2
*
S
dm
Trong :
qd
: Nc bin p quy i
Ratio
: T s bin p t hin ti ca my bin p
Ratiomax : T s bin p t cc i ca my bin p

Ratiomin : T s bin p t cc tiu ca my bin p
sonac
: S nc iu p ca my bin p
Uh (kV)
: in p nh mc ca cun cao p my bin p
Ul (kV)
: in p nh mc ca cun h p my bin p
Sdm (MVA): Cng sut nh mc ca my bin p

Ubase-h (kV): in p c bn ng vi in p cun cao p my bin p
Ubase-l (kV): in p c bn ng vi in p cun h p my bin p
Ch : Cc cng thc trn c s dng tnh ton cho my bin p hai cun dy
c iu p t pha cao p.
i vi my bin c nc iu p pha h p cc cng thc s nh sau:
Ul
U base l
Ratio (kV) = (1 + qd*step)*Ul.

U base l
Ratiomax (kV) = (1+ sonac*step)*Ul

l
U base l
Ratiomin (kV) = (1 - sonac*step)*Ul

P (kW)
R1 ( pu ) = nm
1000 * S dm
U h Sbase
*
*
U base h S dm

2
U % U h Sbase
*
X 1 ( pu ) = k *
100 U base h S dm

R0 (pu) = 0.8*R1 (pu)
X0 (pu) = 0.8*X1 (pu)
n kt qu tnh ton):
GT ( pu ) =
U h2
Pkt (kW ) * 10 3
BT ( pu ) =
U 2
* base h
S base
2
100 U base
h
*
I kt % S base
U h2
*
S
dm
Bi tp:
My bin p c thng s nh sau:
Cng sut nh mc Sdm = 195 (MVA).
in p nh mc pha cao p Uh = 230 8 * 1.25% (kV)
in p inh mc pha h p Ul = 15.75 (kV)
Tn tht ngn mch Pnm = 575 (kW)
in p ngn mch Uk = 13.5 %
B qua tn tht t ha.
Hy tnh cc thng s cho my bin p trn vi nc t pha cao p l nc 5
p s:
Ratio (pha cao p) = 1.0977 pu (241.5 kV)
Ratiomax = 1.15 pu (253 kV)
Ratiomin = 0.9409 pu (206.998 kV)
Ratio (pha h p) = 1.05 pu (15.75 kV ng vi Ubase = 15 kV)
R1 = 0.00151 pu, R0 = 0.00121 pu
X1 = 0.06923 pu, X0 = 0.05538 pu
3. Tnh ton my bin p ba cun dy

Z12
Cun trung
Cun cao
Z1
Z2
Z13
Z3
Z23
Cun h
Trong :
Z1 =
Z 12 + Z 13 Z 23
2
Z2 =
Z 12 + Z 23 Z 13
2
Z3 =
Z 13 + Z 23 Z 12
2
Cc thng s cn thit m phng:
Cng sut nh mc ca tng cun: Sdm-h /Sdm-m/Sdm-l (MVA).

in p nh mc cun cao: Uh (kV).
in p nh mc cun trung: Um (kV).
in p nh mc cun h: Ul (kV)
Pha iu p v s nc iu p.
V tr nc gia
Kh nng iu chnh in p ca mi nc: step (%).
Tn tht khng ti: Pkt (kW).
Dng in khng ti: I0 (%)
Cng sut ngn mch cao-trung/cao-h/trung-h: Pmnh m , Pmnh l , Pmnm l (kW ) .
in p ngn mch cao-trung/cao-h/trung-h: U kh m (%),U kh l (%),U km l (%) .

T u dy.
a. My bin p ba cun dy c m phng thnh ba my bin p hai cun dy
(cho chng trnh PSS/E version 27 tr xung)
* Cun cao p
R1 h ( pu ) =
Pnm h (kW)
1000 * S dm h
S
* base
S dm h

X 1 h ( pu ) =
U k h % S base
*
100 S dm h

R0-h (pu) = 0.8*R1-h (pu)
X0-h (pu) = 0.8*X1-h (pu)
trong :
Pmn h (kW ) =
U k h (%) =
1
hm
h l
m l
* Pmn
+ Pmn
Pmn
2
1
* U kh m (%) + U kh l (%) U km l (%)
2

n kt qu tnh ton):
U h2
GT ( pu ) =
Pkt (kW ) * 10 3
BT ( pu ) =
2
U base
h
*
S base
2
100 U base
h
*
I kt % S base
U h2
*
S
dm
Cng thc tnh t s bin p (nu nc iu p c t pha cao p)

Uh
U base h
10

h .
U base h

h
U base h

Trong :
qd
: Nc bin p quy i
Ratio

sonac
Uh (kV)

* Cun trung p
R1 m ( pu ) =
Pnm m (kW)
1000 * S dm m
S
* base
S dm m

X 1 m ( pu ) =
U k m % S base
*
100
S dm m

R0-m (pu) = 0.8*R1-m (pu)
X0-m (pu) = 0.8*X1-m (pu)
trong :
Pmn m (kW ) =
U k m (%) =
1
m l
* Pmnh m Pmnh l + Pmn
2
1
* U kh m (%) U kh l (%) + U km l (%)
2
)
11
Cng thc tnh t s bin p (nu nc iu p c t pha trung p)

Ratio( pu ) = (1 + qd * step ) *
Um
.
U base m
Ratio (kV) = (1 + qd*step)*Um.

Ratio max( pu ) = (1 + sonac * step ) *
Um
.
U base m
Ratiomax (kV) = (1+ sonac*step)*Um

Ratio min( pu ) = (1 sonac * step ) *
Um
U base m
Ratiomin (kV) = (1 - sonac*step)*Um

Trong :
qd
: Nc bin p quy i
Ratio

sonac
Um (kV)
: in p nh mc ca cun trung p my bin p
Ubase-m (kV): in p c bn ng vi in p cun trung p my bin p

* Cun h p
R1l ( pu ) =
Pnm l (kW)
1000 * S dm l
S
* base
S dm l

X 1l ( pu ) =
U k l % S base
*
100 S dm l

R0-l (pu) = 0.8*R1-l (pu)
X0-l (pu) = 0.8*X1-l (pu)
trong :
12

Pmn m (kW ) =
U k m (%) =
1
m l
)
* ( Pmnh m + Pmnh l + Pmn
2
1
* ( U kh m (%) + U kh l (%) + U km l (%))
2
Cng thc tnh t s bin p (nu nc iu p c t pha h p)

Ul
.
U base l

U base l

U basel

Trong :
qd
: Nc bin p quy i
Ratio

sonac
Ul (kV)

Ch :
Trong trng hp khng c thng s v cng sut ngn mch (khi ch c
cng sut ngn mch cao - trung) th c th b qua gi tr in tr hai cun
trung p v h p.
b. M phng my bin p ba cun dy (cho PSS/E t version 28 tr ln)
in tr th t thun (pu) ca cc cun cao - trung, cao - h v trung - h
hm
Pmn
(kW)
R1h m ( pu ) =
1000 * S dm h
Uh
*
U base h
S base
*
S dm h
13

2
P h l (kW)
R1h l ( pu ) = mn
1000 * S dm h
Uh
*
U base h
S base
*
S dm h
P m l (kW)
R1m l ( pu ) = mn
1000 * S dm h
Uh
*
U base h
S base
*
S dm h
in tr th t thun (pu) ca cc cun cao, trung v h

1
* (R1h m + R1h l R1m l )
2
1
R1 m ( pu ) = * (R1h m R1h l + R1m l )
2
1
R1l ( pu ) = * ( R1h m + R1h l + R1m l )
2
R1 h ( pu ) =
in khng th t thun (pu) ca cc cun cao - trung, cao - h v trung - h

2
U hm % U h
X 1h m ( pu ) = k
*
100
U base h
S base
*
S dm h
U h l % U h
X 1h l ( pu ) = k
*
100 U base h
S base
*
S dm h
U m l % U h
X 1m l ( pu ) = k
*
100
U base h
S base
*
S dm h
in khng th t thun (pu) ca cc cun cao, trung v h

1
* ( X 1h m + X 1h l X 1m l )
2
1
X 1 m ( pu ) = * ( X 1h m X 1h l + X 1m l )
2
1
X 1l ( pu ) = * ( X 1h m + X 1h l + X 1m l )
2
X 1 h ( pu ) =

R0-h (pu) = 0.8*R1-h (pu)
X0-h (pu) = 0.8*X1-h (pu)
R0-m (pu) = 0.8*R1-m (pu)
X0-m (pu) = 0.8*X1-m (pu)
R0-l (pu) = 0.8*R1-l (pu)
X0-l (pu) = 0.8*X1-l (pu)
14

n kt qu tnh ton):
GT ( pu ) =
BT ( pu ) =
U h2
Pkt (kW ) * 10 3
U 2
* base h
S base
2
100 U base
h
*
I kt % S base
U h2
*
S
dm
Tnh t s bin p nu iu p c t pha cao p

Uh
U base h

U
h .
U base h

h
U base h

Tnh t s bin p nu iu p c t pha trung p
Um
.
U base m
Ratio (kV) = (1 + qd*step)*Um.

Um
.
U base m
Ratiomax (kV) = (1+ sonac*step)*Um

Um
U base m
Ratiomin (kV) = (1 - sonac*step)*Um

Tnh t s bin p nu iu p c t pha h p
15
Ul
.
U base l

U base l

l
U basel

Trong :
qd
: Nc bin p quy i
Ratio

sonac
Uh (kV)

Um (kV)
: in p nh mc ca cun trung p my bin p
Ubase-m (kV): in p c bn ng vi in p cun trung p my bin p

Ul (kV)

Ch :
Trong trng hp khng c thng s v cng sut ngn mch (khi ch c
cng sut ngn mch cao - trung) th c th ly gi tr in tr cao - h v
trung - h bng mt na gi tr in tr cao- trung .
Bi tp
My bin p ba cun dy c cc thng s sau:
Cng sut Sm-h/ Sm-m/ Sm-l: 125/125/63 MVA
in p Uh/ Um/ Ul: 230/121 7 * 2%/10.5 kV
Cng sut ngn mch Pmnh m , Pmnhl , Pmnml (kW ) : 543/540/470 (kW).
in p ngn mch U kh m (%),U kh l (%),U km l (%) : 11.1/42.7/27.7 (%).
16
B qua tn tht t ha
Hy tnh cc thng s cho my bin p trn vi nc t pha trung p l nc 6
p s:
Udm(kV)
Ubase
S
nc
Nc
gia
Step
Nc
t
Quy
i
CA
230
220
0.00%
1.0455
230
1.045
230
1.045
TA
121
110
0.02%
1.1004
121.0484
1.102
121.2
HA
10.5
10
0.00%
1.05
10.5
1.05
10.5
Sdm
R(pu)
X(pu)
Uk%
X(pu)
Pk
(KW)
R(pu)
Ro
Xo
CA
125
0.002
C-T
11.1
0.0888
543
0.003475
0.0016
0.0835
TA
125
0.0015
0.1044
0.0156
C-H
42.7
0.3416
540
0.003456
0.0012
-0.012
HA
63
0.0015
0.2372
T-H
27.7
0.2216
470
0.003008
0.0012
0.1898
Cc thng s khc:
Po (kW):
54.7
Io%:
0.17%
T u dy:
YYA
pu-Ratio-kV
pu-Rmax-kV
pu-Rmin-kV
pu-Vmax-kV
pu-Vmin-kV
230
230
230
1.098
120.83
121.17
120.8
1.05
10.5
10.5
10.5
4. My pht in
Cc s liu cn thit m phng my pht in:
Cng sut nh mc ca my pht: Pm (MW), Qm (MVAr), Sm (MVA).
in p nh mc ca my pht: Uf (kV).
Cng sut pht cc i v cc tiu: Pmax (MW), Pmin (MW), Qmax (MVAr),
Qmin (MVAr).
Cc in khng: Xd", X0 v Xneg
Cc thng s ca my pht in c nhp trc tip vo chng trnh PSS/E.
17
II. Cc phn t c bn ca chng trnh PSS/E

HT c PSS/E nhn dng qua hai thng s chnh l nhnh & nt. Thng
s ca mt s phn t c bn ca HT tnh ton, m t nh sau :
1. Nt:
S nt (I)
"tn"
VMVA
PL + jQL
GL + jBL
Min (AREA) ZONE Vng in p c s (BASKV)
Loi nt (IDE) : 1 - Nt ti
2 - Nt c cha my pht in
3 - Nt cn bng
4 - Nt c lp
D liu nt trong file RAW :
I, IDE,PL, QL, GL, BL, IA, VM, VA, 'name', BASKV, ZONE
2. Nhnh :
RATIO : 1
ANGLE: 0
R
T nt (I)
B
2
GI,BI
Ti nt (J)
B
2
S th t mch (CKT)
Mc ti: RATEA, RATEB, RATEC
GJ,BJ
18
Trng thi nhnh: ST = 1... lm vic, ST = 0... khng vn hnh

D liu nhnh trong file RAW :
I,J,CKT,R,X,B,RATEA,RATEB,RATEC,RATIO,ANGELE,GI,BI,GJ,BJ,ST
3. Shunt :
in p nt
Thc hin ng ct khi V > VSWHI hoc khi
V < VSWHI
Cho nt iu khin xa SWREM
S th t nt (I)
...
N1,B1 ...
Mode iu khin:
0: khng iu khin
1: c iu khin ng ct
2: iu khin lin tc
N8,B8
D liu Shunt trong file RAW :

I,MODSW,VSWHI,VSWLO,SWREM,BINIT,N1,B1,...,N8,B8
4. Shunt in hnh :
S th t TC (I)
S th t TC (I)
19
D liu Shunt trong file RAW :

I,1,VSWHI,VSWLO,,,1,Q1,1,Q2,,,,,,,,,,,,
5. Ph ti in hnh :
S th t nt (I), " Tn nt"
VMVA
PL + jQL

I, 1, PL, QL,,, IA,,,, 'Name', BASKV, ZONE
6. My pht :
My pht in c chng trnh PSS/E m phng nh sau:
Zt
Tg: 1
High
Voltage
Bus
Generator Step-up
Transformer
GTAP
Generator
Tng tr MBA
RT + jXT
Tng tr my pht
ZR + jZX
Cc thng s my pht in
Pht cng sut phn khng ti nt k
Cng sut phn khng cc i ti nt k
Cng sut phn khng ti thiu ti nt k
Cng sut c s ca my pht MVA
QGEN
QMAX
QMIN
MBASE
Mvar
Mvar
Mvar
MVA
20
H s my bin p t pha k
Tng tr my bin p Step-up
Tng tr siu qu
Alternative Generator Dynamic Impedance
Cng sut tc dng cc i ti nt k
Cng sut tc dng ti thiu ti nt k
GENTAP
ZTRAN
ZSORCE
ZPOS
PMAX
PMIN
Per unit
Per unit on MBASE
Per unit on MBASE
Per unit on MBASE
MW
MW
D liu my pht trong file RAW :

I, ID, PG, QG, QT, QB, VS, IREG, MBASE, ZR, ZX, RT, XT, GTAP, STAT, RMPCT,
PT, PB
Nt my pht in hnh :
S th t nt (I) , "Tn nt"
VM VA
PL + jQL

I, 2, PL, QL,,, IA,,,'Name', BASKV, ZONE

I, ID, PG,, QT, QV, VS,, MBASE,, ZX,,,, 1,,,
21
7. ng dy in hnh:
M phng PI ca ng dy trong chng trnh PSS/E

D liu nhnh trong file RAW :
I, J, CKT, R, X, B, RATEA,,,,,,,, 1
Trong :
I, J: Nt u v nt cui
CKT: S lng mch
R, X, B: Tng tr v in dn ca ng dy
RATEA: Gii hn truyn ti ca ng dy
8. MBA 2 cun dy in hnh:

RATIO: 1
T nt (I)
n nt (J)
S th t mch (CKT)
Mc ti: RATEA
22
My bin p hai cun dy s dng khi c bn bn ghi:

I, J, K, CKT, CW, CZ, CM, MAG1, MAG2, NMETR, NAME, STAT, O1, F1,..., O4,
F4/
R1-2, X1-2, SBASE1/
WINDV1, NOMV1, ANG1, RATA1, RATB1, RATC1, COD, CONT, RMA, RMI, VMA, VMI, NTP, TAB,
CR, CX/
WINDV2,NOMV2/
9.My bin p 3 cun dy :

My bin p ba cun dy c chng trnh PSS/E m t nh sau:
D liu MBA trong file RAW :

I, J, K, CKT, CW, CZ, CM, MAG1, MAG2, NMETR, 'NAME', STAT, O1, F1,..., O4,
F4/
R1-2, X1-2, SBASE1, R2-3, X2-3, SBASE2, R3-1, X3-1, SBASE3, VMSTAR,
ANSTAR/
WINDV1, NOMV1, ANG1, RATA1, RATB1, RATC1, COD, CONT, RMA, RMI, VMA, VMI, NTP, TAB,
CR, CX/
WINDV2, NOMV2, ANG2, RATA2, RATB2, RATC2/

23
Chng III. Hng dn nhp s liu trong PSS/E

I. Nhp s liu tnh ton tro lu cng sut
01. ENTER IC, SBASE
IC, SBASE
Nhp m nhn dng v cng sut c s

IC:
SBASE:
0
Identify Code
-> 0: Bt u mt trng hp mi
-> 1: Thm vo s liu ang c trong b nh
System Base : Cng sut c s ca h thng, thng c ly bng
100MVA
Kt thc khi d liu nhn dng v cng sut c s
02. ENTER TWO LINE HEADING
Nhp vo 2 dng ch thch cho file s liu. Mi dng c 60 k t.

03. ENTER BUS DATA
Vo s liu v nt
I, 'BUS NAME', BASKV, IDE, GL, BL, AREA, ZONE, VM, VA, OWNER
.....
0
I:
'BUS NAME':
BASKV:
IDE:
GL:
BL:
AREA:
ZONE:
VM:
VA:
OWNER:
0
S hiu ca nt nm trong khong 1 n 99997

Tn nt nhiu nht l 8 k t
in p c bn cho nt v d 15.75, 20, 35, 110, 220, 500 kV
M dng ch loi nt
- 1: Nt ph ti (khng c my pht)
- 2: Nt my pht hoc nh my in
- 3: Nt cn bng
- 4: Nt c lp
Mc nh IDE = 1
Thnh phn tc dng ca shunt tnh bng MW
Thnh phn phn khng ca shunt tnh bng MVAr
Ch nt thuc vo min no, mc nh bng 1
Ch nt nm vo vng no, mc nh bng 1
Bin in p hiu dng ca nt , mc nh bng 1
Gc pha ca in p nt, mc nh bng 0
Ch ra cc nt ca ring mnh
Mc nh bng 1
Kt thc cc bn ghi d liu nt
24

04. ENTER LOAD DATA
Vo s liu ph ti
I, ID, STATUS, AREA, ZONE, PL, QL, IP, IQ, YP, YQ, OWNER
.....
0
I:
ID:
STATUS:
AREA:
ZONE:
PL:
QL:
IP:
IQ:
YP:
YQ:
OWNER:
0
Nhp vo s nt m ph ti ni vo, nt ny c khai trn

phn thng tin nt
Hai k t vit hoa dng phn bit khi c nhiu ph ti khc nhau
ni cng mt nt
Trng thi ca ph ti
-> 0 ph ti khng lm vic (Ph ti bng 0)
-> 1 ti ang lm vic
Ch ra ph ti thuc vo min no, c th khng trng vi min
ca nt , mc nh trng vi min ca nt.
Ch ti thuc vo vng no, mc nh trng vi vng ca nt
Cng sut tc dng ca ph ti tnh bng MW
Cng sut phn khng ca ph ti tnh bng MVAr
Thnh phn tc dng ca ph ti cho dng dng in khng i,
MW
Thnh phn phn khng ca ph ti cho dng dng in khng
i, MVAr
Thnh phn tc dng ca ph ti cho dng tng dn khng i,
MW
Thnh phn phn khng ca ph ti cho dng tng dn khng i,
MVAr
Ch s hu ca ph ti, mc nh trng vi ch ca nt
Kt thc cc bn ghi d liu ph ti
05. ENTER GENERATOR DATA
Nhp d liu v cc my pht in trong h thng

I, ID, PG, QG, QT, QB, VS, IREG, MBASE, ZR, ZX, RT, XT, GTAP, STAT, RMPCT, PT, PB, O1, F1, ..., O4, F4
.....
0
I:
ID:
PG:
QG:
QT:
QB:
VS:
IREG:
Nhp vo s nt c cha my pht, nt ny phi c khai trn

phn thng tin nt
S th t dng phn bit khi c nhiu my pht cng ni vo
mt nt
Cng sut tc dng ang pht ca my pht MW
Cng sut phn khng ang pht ca my pht MVAr
Cng sut phn khng cc i ca my pht MVAr
Cng sut phn khng cc tiu ca my pht MVAr
in p nt iu khin m my pht mun gi.
Nt c my pht iu khin in p, my pht iu chnh cng
sut pht v cng gi in p gi tr mong mun.
25
- trng hoc bng khng, chng trnh hiu l nt cn gi

l u cc my pht
- Nhp vo tn nt th my pht iu khin theo in p nt
Cng sut danh nh ca my pht, tnh bng MVA.
Gi tr ny khng s dng trong tnh ton tro lu, nhng c s
dng khi nghin cu ng ct, tnh ton s c, tnh ton n nh
ng.
in tr trong ca my pht nhp vo n v pu vi cng sut
my c s MBASE
in khng trong ca my pht, c th nhp vo xd' hoc xd'' n
v pu vi cng sut my c s MBASE, gi tr ny dng trong tnh
ton dynamic m khng c tc dng g khi tnh tro lu cng sut.
in tr ca my bin p u cc my pht, nhp vo n v
tng i vi cng sut my c s MBASE.
in khng ca my bin p u cc my pht, nhp vo n v
tng i vi cng sut c bn MBASE.
Nc phn p ca my bin p u cc my pht, nhp pu
Ch trng thi my pht
-> 0: My pht ang dng
-> 1: My pht ang lm vic
Mc nh bng 1
Lng phn trm cng sut phn khng ca my pht c th tham
gia iu chnh in p. Thng nhp vo 100%.
Cng sut tc dng cc i ca my pht MW
Cng sut tc dng cc tiu ca my pht MW
S ch s s hu, mi my pht c th c n 4 ch s hu
H s chim hu ca cc ch s hu, trc khi nhp vo chng
trnh th tng ca cc Fi phi bng 1.
MBASE:
ZR:
ZX:
RT:
XT:
GTAP:
STAT:
RMPCT:
PT:
PB:
Oi:
Fi:
06. ENTER NON-TRANSFORMER BRANCH DATA
Nhp d liu nhnh khng cha my bin p.

I, J, CKT, R, X, B, RATEA, RATEB, RATEC, RATIO, ANGLE, GI, BI, GJ, BJ, ST, LEN, O1, F1, ..., O4, F4
....
0
I & J:
CKT,:
R:
X:
B:
RATEA, RATEB,
RATEC:
GI, BI:
GJ, BJ:
Nt u ca nhnh v nt cui ca nhnh

Ch s nhnh, dng phn bit khi c nhiu nhnh ni song song
in tr ca nhnh c th nhp n v ohm hoc pu
in khng ca nhnh c th nhp n v ohm hoc pu
in dung dn ca ng dy nhp vo n v c tn hoc pu,
mc nh bng 0.
Cc mc mang ti cho php khc nhau ca nhnh n v
MVA, mc nh bng 0
Shunt ng dy ni vo nt i, tnh bng in dn (pu), mc nh
bng 0
Shunt ng dy ni vo nt j, tnh bng in dn (pu), mc nh
26
ST:
LEN:
O1, F1, ..., O4, F4
0
bng 0
Trng thi ca nhnh ng dy
0 -> Nhnh khng lm vic (hoc open)
1 -> Nhnh ang lm vic (hoc closed)
mc nh bng 1
Chiu di ca ng dy, nhp vo n v ty ngi dng. Mc
nh bng 0
Ging nh thng tin nt.
Kt thc phn d liu v nhnh ng dy
07. ENTER TRANSFORMER DATA
Mi my bin p in xoay chiu c th hin trong chng trnh PSS/E

bng mt khi cc bn ghi.
My bin p hai cun dy s dng khi c bn bn ghi:
I, J, K, CKT, CW, CZ, CM, MAG1, MAG2, NMETR, NAME, STAT, O1, F1,..., O4, F4/
R1-2, X1-2, SBASE1/
WINDV1, NOMV1, ANG1, RATA1, RATB1, RATC1, COD, CONT, RMA, RMI, VMA, VMI, NTP, TAB, CR, CX/
WINDV2,NOMV2/
....
....
....
....
0
cn my bin p ba cun dy nhp d liu trong mt khi nm bn ghi.

I, J, K, CKT, CW, CZ, CM, MAG1, MAG2, NMETR, 'NAME', STAT, O1, F1,..., O4, F4/
R1-2, X1-2, SBASE1, R2-3, X2-3, SBASE2, R3-1, X3-1, SBASE3, VMSTAR, ANSTAR/
WINDV1, NOMV1, ANG1, RATA1, RATB1, RATC1, COD, CONT, RMA, RMI, VMA, VMI, NTP, TAB, CR, CX/

....
....
....
....
....
0
Cc thng s iu chnh my bin p c ghi trong bn ghi th ba ca khi

d liu my bin p. Tt c my bin p u c coi l iu chnh c, d liu c
th a vo dng th qua lnh thao tc READ hoc sau qua lnh CHNG hoc
XLIS.
27
Bn ghi th nht
I, J, K, CKT, CW, CZ, CM, MAG1, MAG2, NMETR, 'NAME', STAT, O1, F1,..., O4, F4
Bn ghi ny l chung cho c hai loi my bin p.

I:
L nt th nht ca my bin p, y c cun dy th nht ca
my bin p, ch c cun dy ny c cha iu p di ti.
J:
Nt c cha cun dy th hai ca my bin p
K:
Nt c cha cun dy th ba ca my bin p.
Bng 0 nu nh l my bin p hai cun dy
Mc nh bng 0
CKT:
S hiu ca nhnh
CW:
Code vo d liu cho cc trng tip theo
xc nh n v cho WINDV1, WINDV2, WINDV3
1 -> Vo t s bin p tng i
2 -> Vo in p nh mc.
CZ:
Code vo d liu tr khng my bin p
1 -> n v tng i SBASE
2 -> n v tng i trn cng sut v in p ca cun dy
3 -> nhp d liu tn tht my bin p kW theo cng sut v in
p ca cun dy
Mc nh bng 1
CM:
Xc nh n v cho cc trng d liu MAG1 v MAG2
1 -> in dung dn s phc tng i theo c s h thng
2 -> tn tht khng ti tnh bng W v dng khng ti tng i
theo cun th nht
Mc nh bng 1
MAG1, MAG2:
in dung dn my bin p
CM = 1 -> in dung dn s phc n v tng i trn c s l h
thng
CM = 2 -> tn tht khng ti tnh bng W v dng khng ti tng
i theo cun th nht, mc nh bng 0
NMETR:
Code pha khng o ca my bin p
1 -> l cun dy th nht
2 -> l cun dy th hai
3 -> l cun dy th ba nu l my bin p ba cun dy
Mc nh bng 2
NAME:
Tn ca my bin p, cha ti a 8 k t, t trong ngoc '
STAT:
Trng thi ban u ca my bin p, mc nh bng 1
0 -> khng lm vic
1 -> ang lm vic
i vi cc my bin p ba cun dy:
2 -> cun hai khng lm vic
3 -> cun ba khng lm vic
4 -> cun mt khng lm vic
Oi, Fi:
Tng t nh nhng phn trn
28
Bn ghi th hai
R1-2, X1-2, SBASE1, R2-3, X2-3, SBASE2, R3-1, X3-1, SBASE3, VMSTAR, ANSTAR
Ba trng u tin ca bn ghi th hai l chung cho c hai loi my bin p,

cc trng cn li ch dng cho my bin p ba cun dy.
R1-2, X1-2:
Tr khng my bin p gia hai nt ni cun dy mt v hai
CZ = 1 -> n v tng i tnh trn h thng
CZ = 2 -> n v tng i tnh trn cng sut v in p cun dy
th nht
CZ = 3 -> R1-2 l tn tht ngn mch bng Watt, X1-2 n v
tng i trn cng sut v in p cun dy th nht.
Mc nh R1-2 = 0.0, nhng X1-2 phi c gi tr
SBASE1
Cng sut c s cun dy th nht, mc nh bng cng sut c s
h thng
R2-3, X2-3:
Tr khng my bin p gia hai nt ni cun dy mt v hai
CZ = 1 -> n v tng i tnh trn h thng
CZ = 2 -> n v tng i tnh trn cng sut v in p cun dy
th hai
CZ = 3 -> R2-3 l tn tht ngn mch bng Watt, X2-3 n v
tng i trn cng sut SBASE2 v in p cun dy th hai.
Mc nh R2-3 = 0.0, nhng X2-3 phi c gi tr
SBASE2
Cng sut nh mc cun dy th hai ca my bin p ba cun dy,
b qua nu l my hai cun dy, mc nh bng cng sut c s ca
h thng
R3-1, X3-1
Tr khng o c gia nt cun ba v cun mt, b qua nu l
my bin p hai cun dy.
CZ = 1 -> nhp vo tr khng n v tng i trn SBASE
CZ = 2 -> nhp vo tr khng n v tng i trn SBASE3
CZ = 3 -> R3-1 l tn tht ngn mch Watts, X3-1 l n v tng
i trn SBASE3 v in p c s cun ba.
Mc nh R3-1 =0.0; X3-1 phi c nhp gi tr
SBASE3
Cng sut c s cun ba, b qua nu l my bin p hai cun dy,
mc nh SBASE3 = SBASE
VMSTAR
Module in p tng i ca nt trung tnh (nt gi), mc nh
bng 1
ANSTAR
Gc in p ca nt trung tnh (nt gi)
Bn ghi th ba
WINDV1, NOMV1, ANG1, RATA1, RATB1, RATC1, COD, CONT, RMA, RMI, VMA, VMI, NTP, TAB, CR, CX
S liu trong bn ghi th ba l chung cho c hai loi my bin p hai cun
dy v ba cun dy.
WINDV1
in p ang t ca cun dy th nht
CW = 1 -> tnh bng n v tng i, mc nh bng 1
CW = 2 -> tnh bng kV, mc nh bng in p c s ca nt c
cun dy th nht (in p nt I)
29

NOMV1
ANG1
RATA1, RATB1,
RATC1
COD
CONT
RMA, RMI
VMA, VMI
NTP
TAB
CR, CX
in p nh mc kV ca cun dy th nht, nu cho bng khng

th s c ly bng in p c s nt I
NOMV1 ch c dng chuyn i gia n v tng i v n
v c tn khi CM = 2. Mc nh bng 0.
Gc di pha tnh bng , nm trong khong t -180 n +180.
Vi my bin p hai cun y l gc di pha ca my, cn i vi
my ba cun th l gc gia nt I v nt trung tnh.
Mc nh bng 0.
Cng sut mang ti cho php ca cun dy, mc nh bng 0.
Mode iu chnh t ng my bin p i vi cun dy th nht
0 -> khng iu chnh, nc bin p c nh
1 -> iu chnh theo in p
2 -> iu chnh theo tro lu v cng
3 -> iu chnh tro lu hu cng
4 -> iu chnh ng dy mt chiu
Nu l s dng: huy ng iu chnh theo tu chn trong khi tnh
ton
Nu l s m: t ng iu chnh my bin p cho
Mc nh COD = 0;
Nt cn c iu chnh in p
Nc in p gii hn trn di
CW = 1 v COD bng 1 hoc 2 -> nhp n v tng i trn in
p c s nt c cun dy th nht, mc nh RMA = 1.1; RMI = 0.9
CW = 2 v COD bng 1 hoc 2 -> in p cun th nht bng kV,
phi c gi tr
COD = 3 -> nhp gc di pha, khng c mc nh
COD = 0 hoc 4 -> khng s dng, gi tr mc nh RMA= 1.1;
RMI = 0.9
Gii hn iu chnh trn di
COD = 1 -> nhp in p tng i ca nt cn c iu chnh c
cun dy th nht, mc nh VMA = 1.1; VMI = 0.9
COD = 2 -> nhp tro lu v cng cun th nht bng MVAr,
khng c mc nh
COD = 3 -> nhp tro lu hu cng cun th nht MW, khng c
mc nh
COD = 0 hoc 4 -> khng s dng, gi tr mc nh VMA= 1.1;
VMI = 0.9
S lng nc bin p, cho php 2 n 9999, mc nh bng 33
Ch s ca bng hiu chnh tr khng my bin p theo nc bin p.
Mc nh bng 0
Tr khng b tn tht in p cho my bin p iu chnh in p,
tnh bng n v tng i trn SBASE. Mc nh bng 0.
30
Bn ghi th t
WINDV2, NOMV2, ANG2, RATA2, RATB2, RATC2
Hai trng s liu u tin chung cho c hai loi my bin p, cc trng
tip theo ch p dng cho my bin p ba cun dy.
WINDV2
L in p ang t ca cun dy th hai
CW = 1 -> in p tng i pu trn in p nh mc ca nt ni
vi cun dy th hai, mc nh bng 1
CW = 2 -> in p kV ca cun dy th hai, mc nh bng in p
nh mc ca nt ni cun dy th hai
NOMV2
L in p nh mc ca cun dy th hai, ly bng 0 nu bng
in p nh mc ca nt ni cun dy th hai. S liu ny ny ch
dng thng bo, khng dng tnh ton
ANG2
L gc di pha tnh bng , b qua i vi my bin p hai cun
dy. Gi tr nm trong khong -180 n +180, mc nh bng 0
RATA2, RATB2,
Mc mang ti cho php ca cun dy th hai. Cc gi tr mc nh
RATC2
bng 0
Bn ghi th nm
WINDV3, NOMV3, ANG3, RATA3, RATB3, RATC3
Bn ghi th nm ch dnh cho my bin p ba cun dy

L in p ang t ca cun dy th ba
CW = 1 -> in p tng i pu trn in p nh mc ca nt ni
vi cun dy th ba (nt K), mc nh bng 1
CW = 2 -> in p kV ca cun dy th ba, mc nh bng in p
nh mc ca nt ni cun dy th ba
NOMV3:
L in p nh mc ca cun dy th ba, ly bng 0 nu bng in
p nh mc ca nt ni cun dy th ba. S liu ny ny ch dng
thng bo, khng dng tnh ton
ANG3:
L gc di pha tnh bng . Gi tr nm trong khong -180 n
+180, mc nh bng 0.
RATA3, RATB3,
Mc mang ti cho php ca cun dy th ba. Cc gi tr mc nh
RATC3:
bng 0
0
Kt thc phn d liu my bin p.
Lu : S khng s kt thc ton b d liu my bin p, ch khng
phi kt thc cc bn ghi m t mt my bin p.
WINDV3:
31

08. ENTER AREA INTERCHANGE DATA
Nhp s hiu tn, d liu trao i cng sut ca cc min.

I, ISW, PDES, PTOL, 'AREA NAME'
.....
0
I,
ISW,
PDES,
PTOL,
'AREA NAME'
0
S hiu ca min
S nt, hoc tn m rng nm trong du ngoc n ca khu vc c
cha nt cn bng iu khin cng sut gia cc khu vc. Mc
nh bng 0.
Mc cng sut mong mun trao i ca khu vc vi li
Mc nh bng 0
sai lch tnh ton trao i cng sut MW, mc nh bng 10
Tn ca min, cha 8 k t
Kt thc phn d liu min
09. ENTER TWO-TERMINAL DC LINE DATA
Nhp d liu ng dy mt chiu, bao gm ba bn ghi.

I, MDC, RDC, SETVL, VSCHD, VCMOD, RCOMP, DELTI, METER, DCVMIN, CCCITMX, CCCACC/
IPR, NBR, ALFMX, ALFMN, RCR, XCR, EBASR, TRR, TAPR, TMXR, TMNR, STPR, ICR, IFR, ITR, IDR, XCAPR/
IPI, NBI, GAMMX, GAMMN, RCI, XCI, EBASI, TRI, TAPI, TMXI, TMNI, STPI, ICI, IFI, ITI, IDI, XCAPI/
.....
.....
.....
0
Bn ghi th nht
I:
MDC:
RDC:
SETVL:
VSCHD:
VCMOD:
RCOMP:
DELTI:
METER:
DCVMIN:
CCCITMX:
CCCACC:
Bn ghi th hai
IPR,
NBR,
ALFMX,
32

ALFMN,
RCR,
XCR,
EBASR,
TRR,
TAPR,
TMXR,
TMNR,
STPR,
ICR,
IFR,
ITR,
IDR,
XCAPR
10. ENTER SWITCHED SHUNT DATA
Nhp d liu cc thit b b tnh: khng, t, .. c gi chung l shunt

I, MODSW, VSWHI, VSWLO, SWREM, BINIT, N1, B1, N2, B2, ... N8, B8
....
0
I:
MODSW:
VSWHI:
VSWLO,
SWREM:
BINIT:
Ni:
Bi:
0
S hiu nt c shunt
Phng thc iu khin ng ct
0: C nh
1: Ri rc
2: Lin tc
Ngng in p trn mun gi, nhp vo pu. Mc nh bng 1.
Ngng in p di mun gi, nhp vo pu. Mc nh bng 1.
Nt cn c gi in p trong gii hn VSWHI n VSWLO. Mc
nh bng 0.
Cng sut ban u ca shunt, tnh bng MVAr trn in p tng
i bng 1
S lng bc iu chnh ca khi th i. Mc nh bng 0
Lng gia tng in dung dn cho tng bc ca khi i. Mc nh
bng 1.
Kt thc phn d liu
11. ENTER TRANSFORMER IMPEDANCE CORRECTION DATA
Nhp d liu hiu chnh tr khng my bin p.

I, T1, F1, T2, F2, T3, F3, ... T11, F11
.....
0
I:
Ti:
Ch s bng hiu chnh tr khng theo c tnh t ha tng ng vi

s thay i nc bin p.
T s bin th pu khc vi nc danh nh
33

Fi:
H s t l m tr khng danh nh ca my bin th s nhn vi n

nhm t c tr khng tng ng vi nc bin th Ti
Kt thc phn d liu bng iu chnh tr khng
12. ENTER MULTI-TERMINAL DC LINE DATA

I, NCONV, NDCBS, NDCLN, MDC, VCONV, VCMOD, VCONVN
......
0
I:
NCONV:
NDCBS:
NDCLN:
MDC:
VCONV:
VCMOD:
VCONVN:
0
Kt thc phn d liu ng dy mt chiu nhiu u
13. ENTER MULTI-SECTION LINE DATA
Nhp d liu ng dy phn on.

I, J, ID, DUM1, DUM2, ... DUM9
....
0
I:
J:
ID:
DUMi
0
Nt u
Nt cui
Ch s
Kt thc phn d liu ng dy nhiu phn on
14. ENTER ZONE NAME DATA
Nhp s hiu v tn vng.

I, 'ZONE NAME'
....
0
I:
ZONENAME:
0
S hiu ca vng
Tn ca vng zone, cho php c 8 k t
Kt thc phn d liu v cc vng zone
15. ENTER INTER-AREA TRANSFER DATA
Nhp d liu v trao i cng sut gia cc min.

ARFROM, ARTO, TRID, PTRAN
34

.....
0
ARFROM:
ARTO:
TRID:
PTRAN:
0
Min xut khu (min bn)

Min nhp khu (min mua)
K t n (0 n 9 hoc A n Z) dng phn bit khi c nhiu
cp trao i cng sut gia cc khu vc.
Cng sut MW tng ng vi trao i ny.
Kt thc phn d liu trao i cng sut gia cc min
16. ENTER OWNER NAME DATA
Ch danh v s hu c xc nh trong cc bn ghi d liu v s hu.

I, 'OWNER NAME'
.....
0
I:
OWNER NAME
0
S hiu ca ch s hu
Tn ca ch s hu, cho php c 8 k t
Kt thc phn d liu v s hu
17. ENTER FACTS CONTROL DEVICE DATA

N, I, J, MODE, PDES, QDES, VSET, SHMX, TRMX, VTMN, VTMX, VSMX, IMX, LINX, OWNER
.....
0
II. Nhp s liu phn tch s c (s liu th t nghch v th t khng)

Nhp s liu phn tch s c (s liu th t nghch v th t khng - d liu th t)
thng c thc hin qua lnh thao tc RESQ. C th nhp d liu trc tip t bn
phm hoc nhp t file dng text c son tho sn.
Khc vi thao tc READ, thao tc RESQ yu cu phi c mt trng hp tnh ton
c np sn vo b nh. D liu nhp vo s c kim tra tng thch vi phn d
liu tnh ton tro lu cng sut.
01. ENTER IC
IC:
Identify Code
-> 0: Bt u mt trng hp mi
-> 1: Thm vo s liu ang c trong b nh.
Mc nh bng 1
Kt thc khi d liu nhn dng v cng sut c s
35

02. ENTER POSITIVE SEQUENCE MACHINE IMPEDANCES
Nhp tr khng th t thun ca cc my pht in.

I, ID, R, X
....
0
I:
ID:
R
S hiu ca nt c cha my pht in

S hiu ca my pht in. Mc nh bng 1
in tr th t thun tng i my pht trn MBASE. Khng c
mc nh.
Tr khng th t thun tng i my pht trn MBASE. Khng c
mc nh.
X:
Ln nhp d liu u tin (IC = 0), nu my pht no khng c d liu phn

ny s c ZPOS = ZSORCE c nhp qua thao tc READ, TREA, RDCH,
MCRE.
Ch : ZPOS c th khc ZSORCE v s khng ghi ln ZSORCE.
03. ENTER NEGATIVE SEQUENCE MACHINE IMPEDANCES
Nhp tr khng th t nghch ca my pht in.

I, ID, R, X
....
0
I:
ID:
R

in tr th t nghch tng i my pht trn MBASE. Khng c
mc nh.
Tr khng th t nghch tng i my pht trn MBASE. Khng
c mc nh.
X:
Ln nhp d liu u tin nu my no khng c d liu ny th ZNEG s

c coi bng ZPOS.
04. ENTER ZERO SEQUENCE MACHINE IMPEDANCES
Nhp tr khng th t khng ca my pht in

I, ID, R, X
....
0
I:
ID:
R
X:

in tr tng i th t khng my pht trn MBASE. Khng c
mc nh.
Tr khng tng i th t khng my pht trn MBASE. Khng
c mc nh.
36
Nu my pht in c m t c km my bin p nng p (XTRAN khc

0) ZZERO s khng c s dng khi phn tch s c, my bin p c coi l tam
gic - sao.
Nu ZZERO bng 0, my pht s c coi l mch h th t khng.
Ln nhp d liu u tin (IC = 0) ZZERO c coi bng ZPOS.
05. ENTER NEGATIVE SEQUENCE SHUNT LOAD DATA
Nhp d liu th t nghch ca cc shunt ph ti. Ch p dng vi cc shunt

ph ti c th t nghch khc th t thun.
I, G, B
....
0
I:
G:
S hiu ca nt. Nt ny phi c trong trng hp tnh ton

Phn thc ca in dn shunt tng i, bao gm ca ca tt c ti
ti nt I
Phn o ca in dn shunt tng i, bao gm ca ca tt c ti ti
nt I
B:
Nu bn ghi ny khng cha d liu G v B c coi bng 0. Thnh phn th

t nghch ca ph ti trong li c coi bng thnh phn th t thun
06. ENTER ZERO SEQUENCE SHUNT LOAD DATA
Nhp d liu th t khng ca cc shunt ph ti.

I, G, B
....
0
I:
G:
B:
S hiu ca nt. Nt ny phi c trong trng hp tnh ton

Phn thc ca in dn shunt tng i, bao gm ca ca tt c ti
ti nt I
Phn o ca in dn shunt tng i, bao gm ca ca tt c ti ti
nt I
Nu bn ghi ny khng cha d liu G v B c coi bng 0. Thnh phn th

t khng ca ph ti cng c th hin bng 0. i vi nt c cha my bin p
thnh phn ny c xc nh theo code ca my bin p.
07. ENTER ZERO SEQUENCE NON-TRANSFORMER BRANCH DATA
Nhp thnh phn th t khng ca cc nhnh khng cha my bin p.

I, J, ICKT, R, X, B, GI, BI, GJ, BJ
.....
0
I:
J:
S hiu ca nt u. Nt ny phi c trong trng hp tnh ton

S hiu ca nt cui. Nt ny phi c trong trng hp tnh ton
37

ICKT:
R:
X:
B:
GI, BI:
GJ, BJ:
S hiu ca mch. Mc nh bng 1

in tr th t khng tng i. Mc nh bng 0. Nu R v X
bng 0 th coi nh h mch th t khng
in khng th t khng tng i. Mc nh bng 0. Nu R v X
bng 0 th coi nh h mch th t khng
in dn tng i th t khng ca nhnh, mc nh bng 0
in dn s phc th t khng tng i ca shunt ng dy ti
nt I. Mc nh bng 0.
in dn s phc th t khng tng i ca shunt ng dy ti
nt J. Mc nh bng 0.
Ln nhp d liu u tin (IC =0) thnh phn d liu ny c coi bng
khng.
08. ENTER MUTUAL DATA
Khi d liu ny m t in cm tng h th t khng gia cc ng dy

vi nhau.
I, J, ICKT1, K, L, ICKT2, RM, XM, BIJ1, BIJ2, BKL1, BKL2
....
0
I:
J:
ICKT1:
K:
L:
ICKT2:
RM, XM:
BIJ1:
BIJ2:
BKL1:
BKL2:
S hiu ca nt u mch th nht. Nt ny phi c trong trng

hp tnh ton
S hiu ca nt cui mch th nht. Nt ny phi c trong trng
hp tnh ton
S hiu ca mch th nht. Mc nh bng 1
S hiu ca nt u mch th hai. Nt ny phi c trong trng hp
tnh ton
S hiu ca nt cui mch th hai. Nt ny phi c trong trng
hp tnh ton
S hiu ca mch th hai. Mc nh bng 1
Tng tr tng i th t khng gia mch mt v hai. Khng c
mc nh bng 0. Nu R v X bng 0 th coi nh h mch th t
khng
im bt u c tng h trn mch th nht tnh t nt I. Nhp
n v tng i trn tng chiu di mch mt. Mc nh bng 0.
im kt thc tng h trn mch th nht tnh t nt I. Nhp n
v tng i trn tng chiu di mch mt. Mc nh bng 1.
im bt u c tng h trn mch th hai tnh t nt K. Nhp
n v tng i trn tng chiu di mch hai. Mc nh bng 0.
im kt thc tng h trn mch th hai tnh t nt K. Nhp n
v tng i trn tng chiu di mch hai. Mc nh bng 1.
Mt s ch :
Hai nt I v K c coi l hai nt u
RM + jXM c xc nh cc theo I v K
Nu nhnh c cha my bin p hoc tng tr thun bng khng th s khng
38
c tng h
09. ENTER ZERO SEQUENCE TRANSFORMER DATA
Nhp tng tr th t khng ca my bin p.

I, J, K, ICKT, CC, RG, XG, R1, X1, R2, X2, R3, X3
.....
0
I:
J:
K:
ICKT:
CC:
RG, XG:
R1, X1:
R2, X2:
R3, X3:
S hiu ca nt ni cun th nht. Nt ny phi c trong trng hp

tnh ton
S hiu ca nt ni cun th hai. Nt ny phi c trong trng hp
tnh ton
S hiu ca nt ni cun th ba. Nt ny phi c trong trng hp
tnh ton. Mc nh bng 0
S hiu ca mch. Mc nh bng 1
M ni dy my bin p
My bin p hai cun dy s 1 n 5
1 -> sao ni t - sao ni t
2 -> sao ni t - tam gic
3 -> tam gic - sao ni t
4 -> sao - sao
5 -> c ng xung t pha th cp (thng c dng m t
mt phn ca my bin p ba cun dy
My bin p ba cun dy s 1 n 5
1 -> sao - sao - sao
2 -> sao - sao - tam giac
3 -> tam giac - sao - tam giac (khng t ngu)
4 -> tam gic - tam gic - tam gic
5 -> tam gic - sao - tam gic (MBA t ngu)
Ngoi ra CC ca my bin p ba cun dy c th gm ba con
s ng vi ln lt ba cun dy. Gi tr ca ba con s ny ging
nh phn my bin p hai cun dy.
Thnh phn th t khng ni t ca my bin p.
My bin p hai cun dy
CC = 1 hoc 4 -> b qua
CC = 2, 3, 5 -> ZG c m phng nh hnh v
My bin p ba cun dy
ZG s c m phng cun th nht nu c CC = 2, 3, 5 cc cun
khc khng c.
Mc nh ZG = 0.0
Tng tr th t khng ca my bin p hai cun dy, ca cun th
nht my ba cun dy. Gi tr mc nh bng tng tr th t thun.
Tng tr th t khng ca cun th hai my ba cun dy. Gi tr
mc nh bng tng tr th t thun.
Tng tr th t khng ca cun th ba my ba cun dy. Gi tr
mc nh bng tng tr th t thun.
39
M ni dy th t khng ca my bin p hai cun dy
40
M ni dy th t khng ca my bin p ba cun dy
41
10. ENTER SWITCHED SHUNT DATA
Nhp d liu th t khng cho cc shunt c iu khin

I, BZ1, BZ2, ... BZ8
.....
0
I:
S hiu ca nt. Nt ny phi c trong trng hp tnh ton v c

cha shunt c iu khin
Mc gia tng th t khng ca tng bc trong block I. Tnh bng
n v tng i. Mc nh bng 0.
BZI:
Khi nhp d liu bng thao tc RESQ chng trnh s cnh bo vi cc d

liu nh sau:
in dn th t thun dng v in dn th t khng m
in dn th t thun m v in dn th t khng dng
in dn th t thun bng khng v in dn th t khng khc khng.
III. Nhp s liu tnh ton ti u tro lu cng sut

01. ENTER IC
Nhp m nhn dng

IC nhn hai gi tr:
D liu trong file OPF Raw c coi l mi v nhp vo file PSS/E.
Nhng d liu c trc s b xa.
D liu trong file OPF Raw s thay th d liu c. Nhng d liu
c trong file Raw nhng khng c trong trng hp tnh ton s
c thm vo.
0
1
02. ENTER BUS ATTRIBUTE DATA:
Nhp d liu thuc tnh nt

I VMX VMN EVMX EVMN LIM WGT
....
0
I
VMX
VMN
EVMX
EVMN
S hiu nt, phi trng vi s hiu nt c

in p cao nht ca nt bng n v tng i. Mc nh bng
9999
in p thp nht ca nt bng n v tng i.
Mc nh bng -9999
in p s c ti a ca nt, s c s dng nu chn "Gi gii
hn in p s c - Impose emergency bus voltage limits". Mc
nh bng 9999
in p s c nh nht ca nt, s c s dng nu chn "Gi gii
42
hn in p s c - Impose emergency bus voltage limits". Mc

nh bng -9999
Kiu gii hn in p nt trong khi tnh ton OPF. C bn kiu:
. Ch thng bo (0): Chng trnh ch thng bo vi phm gii hn
in p nt, khng tc ng iu chnh nu in p ra ngoi gii
hn.
. Gii hn cng (1): Gii hn in p nt s c tun th cht ch
. Gii hn mm c pht tuyn tnh (2): Gi tr in p nt s b pht
tuyn tnh nu ra ngoi gii hn.
. Gii hn mm pht bnh phng (3): Gi tr in p nt s b pht
bnh phng nu ra ngoi gii hn.
Mc nh bng 1
H s pht, mc nh bng 1. Gi tr cng ln th gii hn in p
cng thu hp.
LIM
WGT
03.
ENTER ADJUSTABLE BUS SHUNT DATA:
Nhp d liu iu chnh shunt nt

I VID VADD VRMX VRMN CST TYP STS TBL
......
0
I
S hiu nt c cha shunt, phi khp vi s hiu nt trong file tnh

tro lu cng sut.
Ch s ca shunt nt, mc nh bng 1
Gi tr ban u ca dung lng shunt, tnh bng MVAr vi in p
nh mc.
Gii hn trn ca dung lng shunt, tnh bng MVAr vi in p
nh mc.
Gii hn di ca dung lng shunt, tnh bng MVAr vi in p
nh mc.
H s gi, mc nh bng 1. Nhp vo bng n v gi trn 1
MVAr, nhm xc nh gi tin s dng 1 MVAr trong qu trnh
tnh ton
Dng ng cong gi tin (khng s dng)
Trng thi ca shunt nt. Ch c nhng shunt ang hot ng mi
c s dng trong qu trnh tnh ton. Mc nh bng 1.
S hiu ca bng gi tin (khng s dng).
VID
VADD
VRMX
VRMN
CST
TYP
STS
TBL
04.
ENTER BUS LOAD DATA:
Nhp d liu ph ti nt
I LDID TBL
....
0
I
S hiu nt t 1 n 99999 v phi khp vi nt c ph ti trong
43
LDID
TBL
05.
file tnh ton

S hiu ca ph ti ti nt ch
S hiu ca bng hiu chnh ph ti.
ENTER ADJUSTABLE BUS LOAD TABLE DATA:
Nhp thng s bng hiu chnh ph ti nt

TBL MLT MXL MNL RATIO MXRT MNRT CST TYP STS CTBL
....
0
TBL
MLT
MXL
MNL
RATIO
MXRT
MNRT
CST
TYP
STS
CTBL
06.
S hiu ca bng hiu chnh ph ti. C th l bt k s nguyn

no, nn ly nh hn 4 ch s tin xem kt qu.
H s nhn ca ph ti. Mc nh bng 1
H s nhn ln nht ca ph ti, nhm xc nh gii hn trn ca h
s nhn ph ti. Mc nh bng 1.
H s nhn nh nht ca ph ti. Mc nh bng 1.
Hin cha c s dng trong phin bn ca chng trnh
Tnh bng n v tin trn 1 MW, p dng cho ph ti nt
Ch trng thi ca bng hiu chnh ph ti. Ch c nhng bng ph
ti v ph ti tng ng c tnh n trong khi tnh ton
ENTER GENERATOR DISPATCH DATA:
Nhp d liu iu chnh my pht

IBUS GID FRAC TBL
.....
0
IBUS
GID
FRAC
TBL
07.
S hiu ca nt, t 1 n 99997. S hiu phi trng vi s hiu nt

c cha my pht trong phn d liu tnh tro lu cng sut.
S hiu ca my pht trong nt.
T l cng sut tc dng ca my pht c th tham gia iu chnh.
Tnh bng n v tng i
S hiu bng iu chnh cng sut tc dng
ENTER ACTIVE POWER DISPATCH DATA:
Nhp d liu iu chnh cng sut tc dng

TBL MXPG MNPG FUEL TYP STAT CSTB
.....
0
44
TBL
MXPG
MNPG
FUEL
TYP
STAT
CSTB
08.
S hiu bng iu chnh cng sut tc dng

Gii hn trn ca tng cng sut tc dng c th tham gia iu
chnh, MW. Mc nh bng 9999.
Gii hn di cu tng cng sut tc dng c th tham gia iu
chnh, MW. Mc nh bng -9999
H s gi nhin liu. Mc nh bng 1
Dng ng biu din chi ph nhin liu
1. a thc v m
2. Tuyn tnh tng on
3. Bnh phng tng on
Mc nh bng 1 ch trng thi. Bng iu chnh cng sut tc
dng v cc my pht tng ng ang hot ng mi c tnh n
trong qu trnh tnh ton.
S hiu ca bng ng cong chi ph nhin liu
ENTER GENERATION RESERVE DATA:
Nhp d liu d tr cng sut.

IBUS GID RAMP GCAP
....
0
IBUS
GID
RAMP
GCAP
09.
S hiu nt 1 n 99997, tng ng vi nt cha my pht trong d

liu tnh ton tro lu.
S hiu ca my pht trong nt.
Tc tng cng sut ca my pht MW/pht
Cng sut d tr cc i ca my pht, MW.
ENTER GENERATION REACTIVE CAPABILITY DATA:
Nhp d liu d tr cng sut phn khng

IBUS GID XD ISMX PFLG PFLD QMAX STAT
.....
0
IBUS
GID
XD
ISMX
PFLG
PFLD
QMAX
STAT
S hiu nt 1 n 99997, phi tng ng vi s hiu nt c cha

my pht trong phn d liu tnh tro lu cng sut.
S hiu ca my pht
in khng qu dc trc, nhp n v tng i trn cng sut
c s my pht. Mc nh bng 1.
Gii hn dng stator, n v tng i
H s pht cng sut (cosFi). Mc nh bng 1.
H s nhn cng sut Q (cosFi). Mc nh bng 1.
Gii hn nhn cng sut phn khng vi h s cng sut bng 0.
Nhp n v tng i trn cng sut my pht. Mc nh bng 0.
Trng thi ca gii hn cng sut phn khng. Xc nh kiu p
45
dng trong tnh ti u tro lu cng sut.

0. Khng hot ng. Chng trnh s dng gii hn Q ly t phn
d liu tnh tro lu.
1. Hot ng. My pht hot ng khng c gii hn Q.
2. My pht hot ng nhng khng c tng kch t.
3. My pht hot ng nhng khng c gim kch t.
4. My pht hot ng vi in p kch t c nh
Mc nh bng 4.
10.
ENTER ADJUSTABLE BRANCH REACTANCE DATA:
Nhp d liu hiu chnh in khng nhnh.

IBUS JBUS CKT XMLT XMX XMN CST TYP STAT CSTB
....
0
IBUS
JBUS
CKT
XMLT
XMX
XMN
CST
TYP
STAT
CSTB
11.
Nt u, 1 dn 99997 tng ng vi nt trong phn d liu tnh tro

lu cng sut
Nt cui, 1 dn 99997 tng ng vi nt trong phn d liu tnh
tro lu cng sut
S hiu ca mch, mc nh bng 1
H s nhn in khng p dng tnh gi tr ban u lng b
dc. Mc nh bng 1.
H s nhn in khng cc i. C th c gi tr hn 1. Mc nh
bng 1 tc l ly in khng t phn d liu tnh ch xc lp.
H s nhn in khng nh nht. C th c gi tr t 0.1 n 1. Mc
nh bng 1.
H s hiu chnh gi in khng nhnh bng gi tin / ohm. Mc
nh bng 1.
Gi tr ny cha c s dng trong phin bn ca chng trnh.
Ch trng thi.
0. Khng thay i in khng nhnh trong khi tnh ton.
1. C th thay i in khng nhnh.
S hiu ca bng ng cong gi thnh. Trong phin bn ny ca
chng trnh khng s dng.
ENTER PIECE-WISE LINEAR COST TABLE DATA:
Nhp d liu bng tuyn tnh ha ng cong chi ph.

ITBL LABEL NUMPRS
....
ENTER Xi Yi
.....
0
ITBL
S hiu ca bng gi thnh. C th l s nguyn bt k nhng nn t

hn 4 ch s tin xem kt qu.
46
LABEL
NUMPRS
Mt bng gi tin c th s dng cho nhiu bng ng cong gi

thnh khc nhau vi mi bng l dng ng cong khc nhau.
Nhn c ti a 12 k t ch th hin kt qu.
S lng cp gi tr Xi v Yi, ch dng khi nhp d liu t dng
text. Nu nhp d liu qua ca s son tho s liu ny s c
chng trnh tnh t ng.
Xi
Yi
Gi tr cng sut tc dng, MW

Gi tr tiu hao nhin liu. n v tin / MW.
12.
ENTER PIECE-WISE QUADRATIC COST TABLE DATA:
Nhp bng d liu gi tin bnh phng ha tng on.

ITBL LABEL COST NUMPRS
.....
ENTER Xi Yi
....
0
ITBL
LABEL
COST
NUMPRS
Xi
Yi

Ch s tnh ton tng chi ph nhin liu.
Khi s dng cng vi bng iu chnh cng sut tc dng, kt qu
s l gi tin trn gi. Nu h s gi nhin liu trong bng iu
chnh cng sut tc dng l $/MBTU th ch s COST s l
MBTU/gi.
S lng cp gi tr Xi v Yi, ch dng khi nhp d liu t dng
text. Nu nhp d liu qua ca s son tho s liu ny s c
chng trnh tnh t ng.
Gi tr cng sut tc dng, MW

Gi tr tiu hao nhin liu. n v tin / MW.
13.
ENTER POLYNOMIAL AND EXPONENTIAL COST TABLE DATA:
Nhp bng d liu gi tin theo kiu a thc v theo kiu m.

Phng trnh kiu a thc v m m t gi thnh (tnh bng USD, bng Anh
v.v..) l phng trnh a thc ly i s l bin iu khin.
2
Cost = Cost 0 + A.Pgen + B.Pgen
+ C.
DPgen
)VAL
Trong :
47
Cost 0 = Hng s tch hp gi nhin liu

A = H s tuyn tnh gi
B = H s gi bc hai
C = H s m
D = Ch s m.
VAL = H s nhn ca gi.
ITBL LABEL COST LINCOST QUADCOST EXPCOST EXP
....
0
ITBL
LABEL
COST
LINCOST
QUADCOST
EXPCOST
EXP
14.

Ch s tnh ton tng chi ph nhin liu.
Khi s dng cng vi bng iu chnh cng sut tc dng, kt qu
s l gi tin trn gi. Nu h s gi nhin liu trong bng iu
chnh cng sut tc dng l $/MBTU th ch s COST s l
MBTU/gi.
H s gi tuyn tnh, l h s A trong phng trnh trn. Mc nh
bng 0
H s gi bc hai, l h s B trong phng trnh trn. Mc nh
bng 0.
H s hm m, l h s C trong phng trnh trn. Mc nh bng
0.
Ch s m, l h s D trong phng trnh trn. Mc nh bng 0.
ENTER PERIOD RESERVE CONSTRAINT DATA:
Nhp d liu rng buc d tr cng sut theo thi gian. Nhng thng s ny
c s dng cng vi bn ghi d tr cng sut pht m bo d tr cng sut tc
dng.
M hnh rng buc cng sut theo thi gian xc nh d tr cng sut trong
khong thi gian yu cu (V d nh 200MW trong 10 pht).
ID LIM PER STS
....
0
ID
LIM
PER
STS
S t 1 n 15. Ch chu k vi cc thng s theo sau.

Yu cu d tr cng sut, MW.
Rng buc thi gian, trong cn m bo d tr cng sut, pht.
Trng thi s dng nhng thng s ny trong PSS/OPF. Ch c mt
bn ghi d tr cng sut c s dng.
48
15. ENTER BRANCH FLOW CONSTRAINT DATA:
Bn ghi rng buc tro lu cng sut nhnh xc nh gii hn tro lu trn
di ca nhnh c tng tr khc khng. Bao gm 4 kiu gii hn: MW, MVAr, MVA
v theo dng Amper. C th p dng nhiu kiu gii hn cho mt mch.
IBUS JBUS CKT BRID MXFL MNFL EMXFL EMNFL TYP LIM WGT KBUS
...
0
IBUS
JBUS
CKT
BRID
MXFL
MNFL
EMXFL
EMNFL
TYP
LIM
WGT
KBUS
S hiu nt u, phi trng vi s hiu nt trong phn tnh ch

xc lp
S hiu nt cui, phi trng vi s hiu nt trong phn tnh ch
xc lp
Xc nh s hiu ca mch. Mc nh bng 1.
Tro lu cng sut cc i tnh bng on v c tn. Mc nh bng
0.
Tro lu cng sut nh nht. Mc nh bng 0.
Tro lu cng sut s c cc i. Mc nh bng 0.
Tro lu cng sut s c nh nht. Mc nh bng 0.
Xc nh kiu rng buc tro lu cng sut.
1. MW
2. MVAr
3. MVA
4. Amper
Mc nh bng 4.
Xc nh kiu tnh ton rng buc, mc nh bng 1.
0. Ch thng bo, chng trnh ch thng bo vi phm rng buc,
khng thc hin tc ng no c.
1. Gii hn cht. Gii hn tro lu cng sut nhnh s c tun
th cht ch.
2. Gii hn mm c pht tuyn tnh. Nhnh c rng buc coi nh b
pht tuyn tnh nu tro lu cng sut ra khi rng buc.
3. Gii hn mm c pht bnh phng. Nhnh c rng buc coi nh
b pht bnh phng nu tro lu cng sut ra khi rng buc.
H s pht mm, mc nh bng 0.
Nt th ba, p dng vi my bin p ba cun dy.
16. ENTER INTERFACE FLOW CONSTRAINT DATA:
Nhp d liu rng buc tro lu cng sut chung. Phn d liu ny c th
c OPF s dng hoc khng theo ty chn ca ngi tnh ton. Mi bn ghi rng
buc tro lu cng sut ny bao gm mt s cc ng dy lin kt, hoc mt s
ng dy trong vng no .
ID LBL MXFL MNFL TYP LIM WGT
IBUS, JBUS, CKT
IBUS, JBUS, CKT
49

...
0
ID
LBL
MXFL
MNFL
TYP
LIM
WGT
IBUS, JBUS, CKT
IBUS, JBUS, CKT

...
0
S hiu ca bn ghi tro lu cng sut chung. C th cho s bt k

nhng nn t hn 4 ch s.
Nhn ca bn ghi bao gm 32 k t. Thng s ny ch nhm mc
ch xem kt qu
Rng buc tro lu cng sut ti a. Mc nh bng 0.
Rng buc tro lu cng sut ti thiu. Mc nh bng 0.
Kiu cho rng buc tro lu cng sut
1. MW
2. MVAr
Mc nh bng 1.
Xc nh kiu tnh ton rng buc, mc nh bng 1.
0. Ch thng bo, chng trnh ch thng bo vi phm rng buc,
khng thc hin tc ng no c.
1. Gii hn cht. Gii hn tro lu cng sut s c tun th cht
ch.
2. Gii hn mm c pht tuyn tnh. Vi phm rng buc coi nh b
pht tuyn tnh nu tro lu cng sut ra khi rng buc.
3. Gii hn mm c pht bnh phng. Vi phm rng buc coi nh
b pht bnh phng nu tro lu cng sut ra khi rng buc.
H s pht mm, mc nh bng 0.
Nt u, nt cui v s hiu mch ca nhnh tham gia rng buc
tro lu chung ny. Nhnh phi trng vi nhnh xc nh trong
phn s liu tnh ch xc lp
Nt u, nt cui v s hiu mch ca nhnh tham gia rng buc
tro lu chung ny
Kt thc bng lit k nhnh
17.
ENTER LINEAR CONSTRAINT DEPENDENCY DATA:
Nhp d liu cho hm s tuyn tnh. Thng s ny cho php ngi s dng
nhp rng buc gia cc thng s trong qu trnh tnh ton tro lu cng sut ti u.
EQID EQLBL SLKMX SLKMN
....
TYPE "IDENTIFIER FIELDS" COEFF [KBUS]
....
0
EQID
EQLBL
SLKMX
SLKMN
S hiu ca hm ph thuc tuyn tnh. C th s dng s nguyn

bt k nhng nn c t hn 4 ch s.
Nhn ca phng trnh, bao gm 32 k t.
Gii hn cc i ca bin ph thuc trong chng trnh. Mc nh
bng 0.
Gii hn cc tiu ca bin ph thuc trong chng trnh. Mc nh
50
TYPE
"IDENTIFIER
FIELDS"
COEFF [KBUS]
18.
bng 0.
M hiu cho kiu bin ph thuc
1. Modul in p
2. Gc lch in p
3. Pht cng sut tc dng
4. Pht cng sut phn khng
5. My bin p
6. Tro lu cng sut nhnh
7. Tro lu cng sut trao i
8. Shunt nt c iu chnh
9. Thit b shunt
10. iu chnh ph ti nt.
S hiu nt, nhnh ty theo kiu xc nh trc
1. S hiu nt (Modul in p)
2. S hiu nt (Gc lch in p)
3. S hiu bng iu chnh cng sut tc dng (Pht cng sut tc
dng)
4. S hiu nt c my pht v s hiu my pht (Pht cng sut
phn khng)
5. S hiu nt u v s hiu nt cui (My bin p)
6. S hiu nt u v s hiu nt cui (Tro lu cng sut nhnh)
7. S hiu tro lu cng sut trao i (Tro lu cng sut trao i)
8. S hiu nt (Shunt nt c iu chnh)
9. S hiu nt (Thit b shunt)
10. S hiu bng iu chnh ph ti nt (iu chnh ph ti nt.)
H s ca bin, mc nh bng 1.
ENTER 2-TERMINAL DC LINE CONSTRAINT DATA:
ENTER IDC FLMX FLMN VMX VMN

IDC
FLMX
FLMN
VMX
VMN
51
Bi tp : Lp file s liu tnh tro lu cng sut cho s sau:
1. My pht:
Cng sut 500 MW, 15 kV

Xd'' = 0.23pu, X2 = 0.23pu, X0 = 0.05pu
Qmax = 400 MVAr, Qmin = -400 MVAr
Pmax = 500 MW, Pmin = 100 MW
Ph ti ti nt my pht = 10 + j5
My bin th u cc 220/15 kV 600 MVA, nc bin th pha 220 kV, tmax =
1.15 pu, tmin = 0.95pu, step = 0.01 pu
in p thanh ci 220 kV cn phi gi trong khong 1.06 v 1.04 pu
Z1 = 0.002 + j0.025 pu, Z0 = 0.003 + j0.00375 pu cng sut 100 MVA
T u dy: Sao ni t/tam gic
2. ng dy truyn ti
2x220kV t trm A n trm B: Z1 = 0.00437 + j0.0159pu; B1 = 0.0264pu,
Z0 = 0.00874 + j0.0318pu; B0 = 0.0185pu cng sut 100 MVA, cng sut
danh nh 300 MVA cho mt mch.
ng dy 220 kV t trm A n trm C: Z1 = 0.242+j36.3 ohms, B1 =
55MVAr, Z0 = 0.435+j61.71 ohms, B0 = 40MVAr, cng sut danh nh =
500MVA
ng dy 220 kV t trm B n C: Z1 = 0.242 + j42.59 ohms B1=58MVAr,
Z0 = 0.435 + j72.41 ohms B0=42MVAr, cng sut nh mc 500 MVA
52
3. My bin p trm B:
220/110kV 250MVA, nc bin th pha 220 kV

tmax = 1.1pu, tmin=0.9pu, 1 nc = 2%
in p thanh ci 110 kV cn phi gi trong khong 1.08 n 1.05 pu
Tng tr my bin th Z=30 ohms pha 220 kV
Ti thanh ci 110 kV SB = 200 + j100 MVA
Thanh ci 110 kV c t b ngang ng ct c cng sut 50 MVAr
Z0 = 0.093pu cng sut 100 MVA
T u dy: Sao ni t/ tam gic
4. My bin p ti trm C:
230/110/69kV, cng sut 200/200/100MVA
Nc bin th pha 220kV t 1.04545pu, tmax = 1.0987pu, tmin = 0.887pu, 1
nc = 2.1%
in p thanh ci 110 kV cn phi gi trong khong 1.05 v 1.09 pu
Nc bin th pha 69 kV t 1.04545, khng iu khin
Zh1 = 0.172 pu (tng i theo thng s nh mc my bin p)
Zm1 = -0.052 pu (tng i theo thng s nh mc my bin p)
Zl1 = 1.140 pu (tng i theo thng s nh mc my bin p)
Ti pha 110 kV = 160 +j100 MVA, t b ngang = 20 MVAr
Ti pha 66 kV = 5+j1 MVA
Zh0 = 0.24 pu cng sut 100 MVA
Zm0 = -0.08 pu cng sut 100 MVA
Zl0 = 0.28 pu cng sut 100 MVA
T u dy: Sao ni t/ sao khng ni t/ tam gic
53
Chng IV. Cc lnh trong PSS/E

I. Cc lnh khi nhp s liu u vo
READ--
Input raw data
Nhp d liu dng th
TREA--
Input data additions

from the terminal
Nhp thm d liu vo file c t

bn phm
RDCH--
Input raw data changes
Nhp nhng thay i ca d liu

th
MCRE--
Input machine impedance

data
Read the long title
Nhp d liu tr khng my in
RETI-CASE-PSEB-EXEC-WORK--
c dng tiu di
Retrieve a Saved Case

into the working case
Construct PSS/E LF
Response File from high
level language
Execute compiled IPLAN
program
Ly file lu ra lm vic
Retrieve the working

case into memory
Ly trng hp tnh vo b nh
To PSS/E LF Response File t

ngn ng bc cao
Chy chng trnh dch t
IPLAN
II. Cc lnh thao tc vi file d liu

SAVE --
Save the working case
Ghi file ang tnh ra a
CASE --
Retrieve a Saved Case

into the working case
Retrieve the working
case into memory
List case headings of
Saved Case and
Snapshot files
Ly file lu ra lm vic
WORK -SHOW --
Ly trng hp ang tnh t b nh

Lit k tn cc file tnh ton v
Snapshot cng vi tiu
III. Cc lnh xut d liu

RAWD -RWCM -RWPE --
Output working case

in load flow Raw Data
File format
Output the working
case in IEEE Common
Format
Output the working
case in Philadelphia
Xut file ang lm vic ra dng d

liu th
Xut file d liu lm vic ra dng
IEEE thng thng
RWPE -- Xut d liu lm vic ra
54
format
dng Philadelphia
RWWS --
Output working case

in WSCC format
Xut d liu lm vic theo dng

WSCC
RWMA --
Output machine
impedance data
Xut d liu tr khng ca my

in
IV. Cc lnh xem d liu m phng

LIST -EXAM --
List load flow data

by data category
List all load flow
data associated with
specified buses
Lit k d liu theo danh mc

Lit k tt c cc d liu tng ng
vi mt hoc nhiu nt.
SIZE --
Tabulate number of
system components
Lit k s lng cc thnh phn

ca h thng
OUTS --
List outaged
equipment
Tabulate static
and/or switched
shunts
Lit k cc thit b khng lm vic
SHNT --
BRCH -REGB --
TREE --
ALPH -BUSN --
FIND -PRTI -PSEB -EXEC --
Branch parameter
check
List regulated buses
and their
controlling
equipment
Check for buses not
looped back to a
swing bus
Print alphabetized
bus list
List unused bus
numbers in specified
bus number ranges
List buses with a
specified string in
their bus name
Print the long title
Construct PSS/E LF
Response File from
high level language
Execute compiled
Lit k cc shunt (khng, t b

ngang, ...) theo cc phm vi c
ch nh
Kim tra thng s nhnh
Danh mc nt iu chnh v cc
thit b iu chnh ca chng
Kim tra li c hp l thc
hin tnh ton hay khng, lit k
nt cn bng
In danh sch nt theo a, b, c
Lit k cc s hiu nt cha s
dng n trong mt khong xc
nh
Tm nt theo tn (tn c th y
hoc khng y )
In ra dng tiu di
To PSS/E LF Response File t
ngn ng bc cao
Chy chng trnh IPLAN dch
55
DIFF -CMPR --
IPLAN program
Compare working case
and designated Saved
Case
Case totals
So snh file ang lm vic v mt

file trn a lu c ch ra
So snh file ang lm vic v ton
b file lu
V. Cc lnh thay i d liu

CHNG --
Change load flow data
Thay i thng s tnh ton tro

lu
XCHG --
Change load flow data

(X window based)
Thay i thng s tnh ton tro

lu (trn Windows X)
XLIS --
Change tabular load

flow data (X window
based)
Input raw data
changes
Thay i thng s tnh ton theo

dng bng (trn Windows X)
MBID --
Change machine and/or

branch identifiers
Thay i s hiu ca my in
hoch nhnh
CHTI --
Change the long title
Thay i tiu di
EDTR --
Edit the case heading

and/or the long title
Thay i tn trng hp tnh ton

hoc tiu di
SCAL --
Scale loads,
generation, and/or
shunts
List/check/change
controlled bus
scheduled voltages
Check/change
regulating
transformer
adjustment data
Set/reset adjustment
enable flag of
subsystem
transformers
Calculate unit
committment and
economic dispatch
Bus splitting
Nhn theo t l ph ti, lng pht

hoc/v lng b
RDCH --
CNTB -TPCH --
TFLG --
ECDI -SPLT --
Nhp thay i thng s dng th
Lit k, kim tra hoc thay i in

p ca cc nt kim tra
Lit k hoc thay i thng s iu
chnh my bin p
t c iu chnh my bin p theo
tng vng
Tnh ton vn hnh t my v iu
kinh t
Tch nt ang c thnh hai nt
56
JOIN --
Bus joining
Nhp hai nt ang c thnh mt nt
LTAP --
Tap a line by
inserting a new bus
at a designated place
Electrically
disconnect a bus
Tch ng dy bng cch a mt

nt mi vo on ch nh
DSCN -RECN -MOVE -PURG -FLAT --
MODR --
GCAP --
BGEN -PSEB -EXEC --
Electrically
reconnect a bus
Move branch, machine
or switch shunt to
another bus
Remove equipment from
the working case
Set bus voltages to
(1.+j0.), or
classical fault
conditions
Modify branch
resistances as a
function of line
loadings
Check machine VAR
loadings against
their capability
curves
Set boundary bus
mismatches to sources
and/or loads
Construct PSS/E LF
Response File from
high level language
Execute compiled
IPLAN program
Tch nt ra khi li in, nhng

vn nm trong b nh
Ni nt tr li li in
Chuyn nhnh, my in hoc mt
thit b b n nt khc
a mt thit b ra khi trng hp
tnh ton
t in p nt v gi tr (1 + j0),
hoc iu kin s c chun
Thay i tng tr nhnh l hm s
ca tro lu.
Kim tra mang ti v cng ca my
in theo ng c tnh
t sai lch ca nt ranh gii theo
ngun hoc ph ti
To file tro lu PSSE t ngn ng
bc cao.
Thc hin chng trnh IPLAN
c dch
VI. Cc lnh gii bi ton

SOLV -MSLV -FNSL --
Gauss-Seidel
solution
Modified GaussSeidel solution
Full Newton-Raphson
solution
Lp Gauss - Zy en
Tnh lp Gauss - Zy en bin i
Tnh lp Newton - Raphson y
57
FDNS -NSOL -ORDR -FACT -TYSL -INLF -ACCC --
PSEB -EXEC --
Fixed slope
decoupled NewtonRaphson solution
Decoupled NewtonRaphson solution
Order network for
matrix manipulation
Factorize
admittance matrix
Network solution
for switching
studies
Solution with
inertial or
governor redispatch
Contingency
checking using AC
power flow
solutions
Construct PSS/E LF
Response File from
high level language
Execute compiled
IPLAN program
Sp xp li in tnh bin i
ma trn
Tha s ha ma trn in dn
Tnh li in cho cc nghin cu
ng ct
Tnh ton c tnh n iu tc
Tnh ton s c c s dng tnh
tro lu cng sut
To file PSS/E t ngn ng bc cao
Thc hin chng trnh IPLAN
dch
VII. Cc lnh xem kt qu tnh ton

POUT --
Load flow output
Xut kt qu tnh tro lu cng sut
LOUT --
Wide format load flow

output

theo khun dng rng
LAMP --
Wide format load flow

output

theo khun dng rng
SUBS --
Subsystem summary and

totals
Lit k tng hp d liu ca cc h

thng nh
SHNT --
Tabulate static and/or

switched shunts
Tabulate area totals
for all interchange
areas
Tabulate zone totals
for all loss zones
List tie-line summary
Lit k d liu cc thit b b
AREA -ZONE -TIES --
Lit k d liu theo area

Lit k d liu theo zone
Lit k d liu cc ng dy trao
58
for selected areas
i theo area ch nh
TIEZ --
List tie-line summary

for selected zones
Lit k d liu cc ng dy trao

i theo zone ch nh
INTA --
Summarize inter-area
flow totals
Summarize inter-zone
flow totals
Draw one-line diagram
Lit k tro lu trao i theo area
INTZ -DRAW -DIFF -GDIF -CMPR -MTDC --

Case
Graphical compare of
working case and
designated Saved Case
Case totals
Multi terminal DC line
solution output
Lit k tro lu trao i theo zone

V s mt si
So snh trng hp ang tnh ton
vi mt trng hp khc
So snh s trng hp ang tnh
ton vi mt trng hp khc
So snh tng kt trng hp ang
tnh ton vi mt trng hp khc
Xut kt qu tnh ton ng dy
mt chiu
VIII. Cc lnh xem gii hn truyn ti

RATE -OLTL -OLTR -TLST -VCHK --
GENS -GEOL -GCAP --
List branches with

loading above percent
of seleted rating
List transmission
lines with loading
above selected rating
List transformers with
loading above selected
rating
List controlling
transformer summary
List buses with
voltage magnitude
outside specified
range
List generator bus
conditions
List machine terminal
conditions
Check machine VAR
loadings against their
capability curves
Lit k nhnh qu ti trn mc ch

nh
Lit k nhnh bin p qu ti trn
mc ch nh
Lit k MBA qu ti trn mc chi
nh
Tng hp d liu MBA iu chnh
Lit k in p nt ngoi gii hn
ch nh
Lit k d liu my pht
Lit k iu kin u cc my pht
Kim tra mang ti v cng ca my
in theo ng c tnh
59
ACCC --
Contingency checking
using AC power flow
solutions
Tnh ton s c c s dng tnh

tro lu cng sut
IX. Cc lnh nghin cu h thng tuyn tnh

DCLF -TILT --
RANK -DFAX -OTDF -DCCC -TLTG --
POLY --
MWMI --
DC analogy network
solution and output
report
Branch contingency
transmission
interchange limit
evaluation
Rank contingencies
and write Contingency
Description Data
Set up Distribution
Factor Data File for
OTDF/ DCCC/ TLTG/POLY
Branch outage and
generation shift
distribution factors
Contingency checking
using DC analogy
network solutions
Multi-contingency
transmission
interchange limit
evaluation
Multi-contingency
interchange limits
with 2 opposing
systems
Minnesota Power
incremental MW-mile
calculation
Tnh ton li in mt chiu v

xut kt qu
nh gi gii hn truyn ti trao
i s c
Xp hng s c v ghi d liu m
t s c
Thit lp file d liu cho OTDF/
DCCC/ TLTG/POLY
Ct nhnh v thay i cng sut
pht theo h s phn b
Kim tra s c c s dng tnh ton
li in mt chiu
nh gi gii hn trao i cng
sut c nhiu s c
Gii hn trao i cng sut nhiu
s c vi hai h thng i nhau
Tnh ton tng cng sut theo
khong cch ca Minnesota Power
X. Cc lnh conver
CONL --
Convert MVA loads to

mix of constant MVA,
I and Z loads
Chuyn i ph ti t dng MVA

sang dng t hp MVA, dng v
tng tr khng i.
RCNL --
Reconstruct all loads
Xy dng li ph ti dng MVA
60
CONG --
and convert to new

mix
theo in p nt v chuyn sang

dng t hp MVA, dng v tng
tr khng i.
Convert and
initialize generators
Chuyn i my pht in t dng

m phng tnh tro lu sang m
hnh Norton dng tnh ton n
nh ng v nghin cu ng ct.
XI. Cc lnh nh s li
ARNM --
Area renumbering
nh s li s hiu ca area
ZONM --
Zone renumbering
nh s li s hiu ca zone
BSNM --
Bus renumbering
nh s li s hiu nt
RNFI --
Reflect bus
renumbering in
auxiliary data input
files
List unused bus
numbers in specified
bus number ranges
Th hin li cc thay i s hiu

nt trong file
BUSN --
Lit k nhng s hiu nt cha s

dng trong khong ch nh.
X. Cc lnh ha
DRAW --
Draw one-line diagram
V s mt si
GDIF --
Graphical compare of
working case and
designated Saved Case
So snh trng hp ang lm vic

v mt trng hp khc, xut ra
dng ha
DRED --
Construct Drawing
Coordinate data file
Graphic data
examination and
modification
Graphic load flow
output and
modification
Graphic report
generator
Interactive graphic
report generator data
file editor
3 phase and single LG faults with
graphical output
Xy dng file ha
GEXM -GOUT -GRPG -GRED -SCGR --
Kim tra s liu v xut ra dng

ha
Xut kt qu dng ha
Khi to ha
Khi to giao tip ha
Tnh ton ngn mch v xut ra
dng ha
61
XII. Cc lnh tng ng ha h thng

EXTR --
Remove buses and

connected branches from
the working case
Output working case in
load flow Raw Data File
format
Xut file trng hp tnh ton ra

dng vn bn text bnh thng
(dng th)
READ --
Input raw data
Nhp d liu dng th
EQIV --
Construct electrical
equivalent
Construct load flow
equivalent and merge
with retained buses
Net generation with load
except where specified
Xy dng li in tng ng
RAWD --
EEQV -NETG --
Xa nt v cc nhnh tng ng ra
khi trng hp ang tnh ton
Xy dng li in tng ng
v nhp vi cc nt cn li
Nhp phn pht in vi ph ti tr
nhng nt ch ra
GNET --
Net generation with load Nhp phn pht in vi ph ti

where specified
nhng nt ch ra
CODT --
Flag boundary buses

between designated
subsystems
Equivalence radial and,
optionally, two-point
buses
Equivalence radial and,
optionally, two-point
buses
Set bus voltages to
(1.+j0.), or classical
fault conditions
Construct three sequence
electrical equivalent
EQRD -RDEQ -FLAT -SCEQ --
Tng ng ha cc nhnh tia

Tng ng ho cc nhnh tia
trong vng ch nh
t in p nt v (1+j0) hoc v
dng s c chun
Thit lp tng ng ba th t
XIII. Cc lnh nghin cu cc loi s c

RESQ --
Read sequence data
c d liu v th t
TRSQ --
Read sequence data

additions from
terminal
List sequence data by
category of data
List sequence data for
c d liu v th t t bn phm
SQLI -SQEX --
Lit k d liu th t theo loi

Lit k d liu th t ti cc nt ch
62
specified buses
nh
SQCH --
Change sequence data
Thay i (son tho) d liu v th

t
RWSQ --
Output working case in

Sequence Data File
format
Set up sequence
networks for
unbalanced network
solution
Solve network in the
presence of unbalances
Xut d liu th t trong file tnh

ton ra dng th
Tnh li in khi c khng i

xng
SCOP --
Unbalanced network
output
Xut kt qu tnh ton li in

khng i xng
ASCC --
Automatic sequencing
fault calculation
Tnh ton lin tc mt lot s c

cc nt c ch nh
SCGR --
3 phase and single L-G

faults with graphical
output
Calculate positive
sequence PI-equiv. of
a branch unbalance
Calculate circuit
breaker current
interrupting duty
Set bus voltages to
(1.+j0.), or classical
fault conditions
Construct three
sequence electrical
equivalent
Calculate fault cases
for the PTI Relay
Coordination program
Tnh ton s c ba pha v mt pha

chm t, xut kt qu dng ha
SEQD --
SCMU --
SPCB -BKDY -FLAT -SCEQ -RELA --
Thit lp li in tnh ton cc

trng hp s c khng i xng
Tnh ton tng ng hnh PI th

t thun ca nhnh s c
Tnh ton dng ct ca my ct ti
cc nt trong vng c ch nh
t in p nt v (1+j0) hoc v
dng s c chun
Thit lp tng ng ba th t
Tnh ton cc trng hp s c cho
chng trnh tnh ton relay ca
PTI
XIV. Cc lnh xut d liu ra dng ma trn

BGEN --
Set boundary bus

mismatches to sources
and/or loads
M phng tng ng li in,

t ngun/ ph ti ti cc nt ranh
gii
BMAT --
Output data for

BMATRIX program
Xut d liu cho chng trnh ma

trn B
63
XV. Cc lnh la chn cch a d liu vo/ra

IDEV --
Assign interactive
input to a device
Cho php ngi s dng thay i

ngun vo lnh thao tc
ODEV --
Reassign dialogue
output destination

ch xut kt qu
PDEV --
Reassign progress
report output
destination

ch xut d liu trong qu trnh
xut kt qu
OPEN --
Select "global" output

report destination
Close "global" output
report destination
Control recording of
user input dialogue to
a file
La chn thit b u ra
CLOS -ECHO --
ng thit b u ra
Dng kim sot qu trnh ghi li
cc thao tc
XVI. Cc lnh khc

CATA --
List names of files in

the current directory
Lit k tn file trong trong th mc

hin hnh
HELP --
List program
documentation
Dng tra cu ti liu ca chng

trnh
MENU --
Toggle menu on/off
Tt/bt bng chn ca chng trnh
OPTN --
Change program option

settings
Thay i cc tu chn ca chng

trnh
PATH --
Specify pathname prefix

for use with "&" file
names
Echo this command at
dialogue and progress
output devices
Tabulate timing
statistics
Xc nh ng dn cho k t "&"
trc tn file
TEXT -TIME --
In li lnh thao tc trn thit b u

ra nh trc
Tnh cc thi gian lm vic trn
chng trnh PSS/E
XV. Lnh kt thc chng trnh

STOP --
Terminate the program

and return to operating
system level
Dng chng trnh PSS/E v quay

tr li h iu hnh
64
XVI. Cc lnh Thng Dng

CATA
Hin th danh sch file ca th mc hin thi

Tng t lnh DIR trong DOS
C th s dng CATA vi du * hoc !
PATH
Cho php xc nh mt ng dn thay th xen k

ng dn thay th ny c phn bit bng k t & pha
trc
Np file:
CASE
filename
Khng nht thit phi cho ui
CASE *
Dng gi tn file gi mi nht
01. Xem d liu tnh tro lu cng sut
Thng tin nt
Thng tin cc nhnh
Thng tin my pht
Thng tin v my bin p
Thng tin v t, khng
Thng tin v min (area)
Cc lnh thng dng xem d liu tnh tro lu cng sut

-
POUT
LIST
EXAM
GENS
SHNT
AREA
65
Lnh POUT
In ra kt qu tnh tro lu cng sut
Cc ty chn ca lnh ny gm:
POUT
a ra tro lu cng sut cho nt la chn
POUT, ALL
a ra tro lu cng sut ca tt c cc nt
, AREA
a ra tro lu cng sut cho mt min
, KV
a ra tro lu cng sut cho mt cp in p
, ZONE
a ra tro lu cng sut cho mt khu vc
Lnh List
Lit k s liu dng tnh tro lu cng sut
Cc ty chn ca lnh gm:
LIST
Lit k d liu tnh ton tro lu cng sut cho tt c cc nt
theo phn loi d liu
LIST, ALL
Lit k tt c cc phn loi d liu
, AREA
Lit k d liu tng ng vi mt min
, KV
Lit k d liu tng ng vi mt cp in p
, Zone
Lit k d liu tng ng vi mt khu vc
Lnh EXAM
Lit k d liu dng tnh tro lu cng sut theo mt hay nhiu nt ch
ra
Lnh ny gm cc ty chn sau:
EXAM
Lit k cc d liu tnh tro lu cng sut cho cc nt theo
ch nh
EXAM, ALL Lit k tt c cc loi d liu tnh ton cho tt c cc nt
, AREA Lit k d liu tnh ton theo min area
, KV
Lit k d liu tnh ton tng ng vi cp in p
, Zone
Lit k d liu tng ng vi mt khu vc
Lnh GENS
Lit k cc iu kin ca my pht in
Cng sut pht ra
Gii hn cng sut phn khng
in p cn gi
in p thc t
66
Lnh GENS
Lnh gm cc ty chn sau:
GENS
Lit k cc iu kin my pht cho nt chn
GENS, ALL
Lit k cc iu kin my pht cho tt c cc nt
, AREA
Lit k cc iu kin my pht cho mt min
, KV
Lit k cc iu kin my pht cho mt cp in p
, Zone
Lit k cc iu kin my pht cho mt khu vc
Lnh SHNT
Lit k cc thit b b (gi chung l shunt) c th ng ct, iu chnh hoc
ni c nh
SHNT
Lit k cc shunt c nh hoc c ng ct cho nt la
chn
SHNT, ALL Lit k cc shunt c nh hoc c ng ct cho tt c
cc nt
, AREA Lit k cc shunt c nh hoc c ng ct cho nt
theo area
, KV
Lit k cc shunt c nh hoc c ng ct theo cp
in p
, Zone Lit k cc shunt c nh hoc c ng ct theo ZONE
Lnh AREA
Thng tin chung v tro lu cng sut theo min. Cc i lng sau s c
hin th:
. MW pht
. MVAr pht
. Ph ti
. Tn tht
. Cng sut trao i
Lnh AREA
Lit k thng tin chung cc min
AREA
Lit k d liu tng hp cc min i vi cc min c trao
i cng sut
AREA, AREA
Lit k d liu theo min c la chn
67

02. Thay i d liu tnh tro lu cng sut:
. Thng tin nt
. Thng tin cc nhnh
. Thng tin my pht
. Thng tin my bin p
. Thng tin v khng, t
. Thng tin min
. Mc in p iu khin
Cc lnh thay i d liu
CHNG
CNTB
SPLT
JOIN
DSCN
RECN
Lnh CHNG
Thay i thng s tnh tro lu cng sut
i thoi in hnh v tr li ca ngi s dng trong lnh CHNG
Tr li cu hi ca chng trnh CHANGE IT?
. 1 hoc Y l YES = C thay i
. 0 hoc N l NO = Khng thay i
Tip tc n nhm tip theo ca d liu cho thit b ny
. 1 = Thot; Khng thay i cho thit b ny
. 0 = Tr li danh mc d liu ca Menu la chn
03. Loi nt
1. Nt ti (khng pht in)
2. My pht hoc nh my in (Chung cho c iu chnh
in p hoc pht c nh MVAr)

3. Nt cn bng
4. Nt c lp
Trng thi phn t
1. ang lm vic
2. Ngng hot ng
68
Lnh CNTB
t in p iu khin cho mt nt
c s dng cho: My pht, Khng, t c ng ct, My bin p
Lnh DSCN
Tch mt nt v tt c cc ng dy, MBA ni vi n
Code ca nt i thnh code 4 (Ngng lm vic)
ng dy v MBA chuyn sang trng thi 0 (ngng lm vic)
Lnh RECN
Ni tr li mt nt vi tt c cc ng dy MBA ni vi n
Nt ph ti c gn code 1
Nt my pht c gn Code2
ng dy, MBA c gn trng thi 1
Lnh SPLT
Tch mt nt thnh hai nt v ni chng vi nhau bng nhnh c tr khng
khng
Nhc ngi dng vo s nt mi
ng thi nhc vo tn nt nhng y ch l ty chn
Mi ng dy ni vi nt ban u c th chuyn sang nt mi nu mun
Lnh JOIN
Hai nt lin kt bi mt ng dy c th nhp thnh dng nt n
Tt c ch s nt c duy tr tnh trng ban u
Lnh GOUT
Hin th dng ha d liu tnh tro lu cng sut
Cho php ngi dng:
. Xem kt qu tnh a ra
. Xem s liu v li in
. Thay i s liu li in
. Thay i v xem xt s liu ng dy n gin v nhanh chng
. Thc hin tnh ton
Hot ng tng t lnh POUT v lnh CHNG
69
04. Tnh ton tro lu cng sut
C th dng 5 phng php tnh khc nhau

-
SOLV
MSLV
FNSL
FDNS
NSOL
Mi phng php tnh c thun li kh khn ring v vic la chn phng

php no s ty thuc vo bn cht vn .
Lnh SOLV
S dng phng php lp Gauss-Seidel;
Hi t chm, iu ny c th ci thin bng h s tng tc;
C th s dng nh gi s b in p ban u v cc vn v CS phn
khng.
Sai lch ca cc sai s d liu
Khng th s dng cho t b dc do khng p dng cho HT Vit Nam
Lnh MSLV
S dng phng php lp Gauss-Seidel ci tin;
Hi t chm, vn ny c th ci thin nh h s tng tc;
C th s dng nh gi s b in p ban u v cc vn cng sut phn
khng
Sai lch ca cc sai s d liu
C th s dng khi c t b dc do c th s dng cho HT Vit Nam
y l phng php tnh rt tt nu li c nh gi in p s b.
Lnh FNSL
S dng phng php lp Newton-Raphson y
Hi t nhanh (Thng nh hn 5 bc lp))
C th t c sai s tnh ton nh
70
C th s dng khi c t b dc
C th gp kh khn nu iu kin li km lin kt hoc c vn v cng
sut phn khng
y l mt trong nhng phng php thng c dng, c bit l nu h
thng va tuned (c chuyn dch)
Lnh NSOL
S dng phng php lp Newton-Raphson
Tch ri phn thc cng sut & cng sut phn khng (phng trnh Cng
sut/gc v cng sut phn khng/in p gii c lp)
Gp tr ngi nu t s X/R nh, vn ny c th xy ra trong HT Vit nam
Khng c khuyn co s dng chung
Lnh FDNS
S dng phng php lp Newton-Raphson
Hi t nhanh
Sai s tnh ton nh
C th gp phi kh khn vi li c in p ti hoc c vn v CS phn
khng
OPTIONS
Tn ti cc ty chn tng ng vi tng phng php gii v nhn chung c th
c xc nh; v d: FNSL, OPT
Cc ty chn hu nh c s dng cho cc phng php gii thiu, FNSL,
OPT :
05. Cc lnh in hnh thu c li gii
a) Li c sp xp tt
FNSL,OPT
-1
-0
iu ny s xc nh mt phng php gii trn c s in p trong file ang
tnh, iu chnh t ng theo cc nc bin p, Thit b khng c ng ct v
tun theo gii hn cng sut phn khng
b) Trong trng hp gii khng hi t "BLOW-UP"
Nu tro lu cng sut khng th hi t (c ngha l blow up) th in p trong
trng hp ang tnh s b sai lch ng k. Nu xy ra c th s dng lnh nh sau:
FNSL, OPT
0,,, 1,, 1
71
-1
Cc thao tc ny s xc nh tnh ton vi FLAT START , c nh nc bin p,
kha khng c ng ct v b qua gii hn cng sut phn khng.
Kha khng c ng ct
0 hoc mc nh cho php cc thit b shunt v d nh t b hoc khng ng
ct tng ng vi mc in p h thng
1 Kha cc thit b shunt trng thi hin thi ca n
S bc lp i vi gii hn cng sut phn khng
0 nu gii hn cng sut phn khng my pht c p dng ngay lp tc
-1 Hon ton b qua gii hn CS phn khng my pht
X Cho php my pht vt qua gii hn cng sut phn khng sau X bc
lp
M cho nc bin p
0 Kha nc bin p c iu khin
1 Cho php nc bin p thay i tng thch vi di nc bin p.
2 s dng trc tip im t ca in p iu khin MBA, khng quan tm
n nc bin p.
Ty chn thng chn l 1 (thay i theo nc bin p) nh l tiu biu cho
cch vn hnh thc t ca HT. Gi tr in p cui cng s nm mt im gia
gii hn trn v di xc nh cho tng my bin p.
FLAT START
0 hoc mc nh s dng in p trong file ang lm vic nh s kin u
ca vic tnh ton li in
1 t in p thnh 1.00 P.U. v gc pha thnh 0
Ty chn thng thng c chn l 0 trong hu ht trng hp li in
s nhanh chng cho kt qu. Tuy nhin, nu in p li in l rt khc bit so vi
kt qu cui cng (c th l sau khi thay i mt phn t quan trng ca li in)
th s dng FLAT START c th l hu ch.
06. nh gi mc mang ti
RATE
VCHK
72
Lnh VCHK
Kim tra in p nt so snh chung vi in p c s (base kV)
S sai lch in p c xc nh ch khi nm ngoi lch cho php
Lnh VCHK
Lit k cc nt m in p nm ngoi di xc nh
lnh gm cc ty chn:
VCHK
Lit k cc nt c in p nm ngoi di xc nh
VCHK, AREA
Lit k cc nt c in p nm ngoi di xc nh theo area
, ZONE
Lit k cc nt c in p nm ngoi di xc nh theo
ZONE
VCHK, KV
Lit k cc nt c in p nm ngoi di xc nh theo cp
in p
Lnh RATE
Xc nh mc ti MVA ca mt ng dy v so snh vi gi tr danh nh
ca ng dy
Ti ca ng dy c th so snh vi c RATE A, RATE B hoc RATE C
Mc mang ti % ca gi tr ti ng dy c th xc nh c
RATE A l gi tr ti lin tc bnh thng in hnh ca ng dy
RATE B v RATE C c th biu din gi tr qu ti c s dng trong cc
iu kin khn cp. V d:
RATE B C th biu din mc qu ti 1 gi
RATE C c th biu din mc qu ti cho php ngn hn hn
Lit k cc nhnh vt qu gi tr MVA a ra
Lnh gm cc ty chn:
RATE
Lit k cc nhnh mang ti vt qu gi tr MVA a ra
RATE, AREA
Lit k cc nhnh mang ti vt qu gi tr MVA a ra theo
min area
, ZONE
vng zone
VCHK, KV
cp in p danh nh
73
Chng V. Nghin cu s c
Khi s c i xng (s c 3 pha) xut hin, khng c cc thnh phn th t khng
v th t nghch
i vi s c khng i xng (mt pha vi t, pha vi pha hoc hai pha vi t),
s c thnh phn th t nghch v th t khng trong in p v dng in.
Tuy nhin c th kho st s c cho tt c cc dng s c, s liu th t nghch
v th t khng cn phi c trong file tnh tro lu cng sut.
CC BC NGHIN CU S C
Xy dng s liu cc thnh phn th t li in.

Biu din nghin cu s c.
Cc s liu th t trong tnh tro lu cng sut
S liu th t thun
S liu th t nghch
S liu th t khng
Chng trnh PSS/E xc nh cc s liu tnh ton s c nh sau:

Tt c cc nhnh truyn ti (ng dy v my bin p) c tng tr, in dn,
cc shunt ng dy th t nghch ging nh th t thun.
Tt c cc my bin p c gc lch pha th t nghch bng gc lch pha th t
thun v gi tr v ngc chiu.
Tt c shunt th t khng ca cc nhnh, shunt ca ng dy, shunt ca nt
u c gi tr v cng ln tr khi c gi tr c xc nh bng cc lnh RESQ
hoc SQCH.
Ngun dng khng i v MVA khng i trong phn d liu th t thun
c chuyn i t ng thnh tr shunt trong phn th t thun.
Tt c ph ti c m phng thnh in dn shunt th t nghch bng th t
thun tr trng hp c thay i nh cc lnh thao tc RESQ hoc SQCH.
Ph ti c coi l mch th t khng m tr khi c xc nh gi tr in dn
shunt bng cc lnh RESQ hoc SQCH.
Cc ng dy c in tr th t thun bng khng th in tr th t nghch
v th t khng cng c gi tr nh vy.
74
I. M HNH V S LIU THNH PHN TH T

Cc m hnh sau y i hi cc s liu th t:
- My pht
- Nhnh
- Khng ti
- Khng c ng ct
Cc s liu tnh tro lu cng sut c xy dng nghin cu tro lu cng
sut chnh l thnh phn th t thun ca li in.
Khng cn thay i s liu load flow no tnh ton s c.
Phn tnh ton ngn mch ca chng trnh PSS/E c th chia thnh hai nhm lnh
chnh:
Nhm lnh dng nghin cu chi tit mt tnh hung s c
RESQ
SQLI
SQEX
SQCH
SEQD
------
SCMU -SCOP --
c d liu phn tch s c vo b nh

Lit k d liu phn tch s c trong b nh.
Lit k d liu s c ti nt ch ra .
Thay i (son tho) d liu phn tch s c.
Chun b m hnh cc thnh phn th t thun, nghch, v khng,
kim tra li lin thng tnh ton.
Tnh ton ngn mch.
Xut kt qu chi tit
Nhm lnh thao tc nghin cu mt lot trng hp s c ti cc im khc nhau

trong h thng in
RESQ
SQLI
SQEX
SQCH
CONG
------
CONG,SQ
ASCC --
c d liu phn tch s c vo b nh

Lit k d liu phn tch s c trong b nh.
Lit k d liu s c ti nt ch.
Thay i (son tho) d liu phn tch s c.
Chuyn i cc my pht v cc m hnh thi im t + c s
dng tng tr ZSORCE.
Chuyn i cc my pht v cc m hnh thi im t + c s
dng tng tr ZPOS.
Tnh ton lin tc mt lot s c cc nt c ch nh, ch
tnh mt pha chm t v ngn mch ba pha.
75
MY IN
My pht in c m phng chung vi my bin p nng p (step-up
transformer). Nhng thng s ca my bin p trc s c (thi im t-) c
ly t phn tnh ton tro lu cng sut.
Cc thnh phn th t nghch v khng ca my in c m phng ni
xung t nh hnh v
in khng th t nghch ca my pht l ZNEG, in khng th t khng l
ZZERO.
Thnh phn th t thun ca my in
Khi thm s liu thnh phn th t nghch v khng, chng trnh
s nhc cho s liu th t thun ca my pht in, X1
Gi tr ny ch s dng trong tnh ton s c. N c th biu din tr
khng siu qu ca my pht.
ZSOURCE vn c dng trong tnh ton tro lu cng sut v c th
biu din tr khng ng b my pht. Vic chn ZSOURCE ph
thuc vo loi tnh ton qu c iu chnh. Thng thng s
dng in khng siu qa cho c ZSOURCE.
Thnh phn th t nghch ca my pht
Nhp vo thnh phn in khng th t nghch ca my pht, X2
Nu gi tr ny khng r, c th s dng in khng siu qu
thay th gn ng.
76
M phng chung khi my pht - my My pht c m phng ring,

bin p
my bin p c coi nh mt
nhnh khc
Thnh phn th t khng ca my pht

Nhp vo thnh phn in khng th t khng ca my pht, X0
Nu im trung tnh ca my pht khng ni t (khng hay gp),
th X0 rt ln, c ngha l 9999 PU.
Nu trung tnh ca my pht ni t thng qua in khng Rg, th
phi thm 3*Rg vo in khng th t khng ca my pht.
Xg trong n v tng i so vi in p c s v cng sut c s
ca my pht.
77
MY BIN P
My bin p hai cun dy
in khng th t khng ca my bin p hai cun dy khng phi khi no
cng bng in khng th t nghch. in khng ca my bin p ph thuc nhiu
vo kiu my bin p, kiu gng t, cch t cc cun dy, kiu ni t ca my bin
p. C th a vo in tr ni t ca my bin p. Chng trnh s t ng nhn
gi tr ny vi 3. M ca cun dy khng phn bit cun dy kiu tam gic hay sao.
S khc bit ny s c tnh n qua gc lch ca h s bin p trong phn d liu
th t thun.
M ni dy th t khng ca my bin p hai cun dy
78
My bin p ba cun dy
Kiu dng ca my bin p ba cun dy phong ph hn nhiu so vi my bin p hai
cun dy.
D liu cho vo bao gm
M ni dy (mc nh bng 4, my bin p m)
79
in khng ni t
Tr khng th t khng ca cc cun dy nu khc vi tr khng th
t thun
Gc lch pha th t thun
Trong trng hp my bin p ba cun dy cn m phng khc vi nhng
loi c m t trong hnh v cn m phng thnh cc my bin p hai cun dy nh
thng lm vi cc kiu u dy thch hp. Tc l trong s liu tnh ton tro lu s
c bao gm nt trung tnh (trong chng trnh PSS/E gi l dummy bus).
M ni dy th t khng ca my bin p ba cun dy
80
81
KHNG
Thnh phn th t nghch ca khng
Nhp vo thnh phn th t nghch in dn ca khng.
Thnh phn th t khng ca khng
Nhp vo thnh phn th t khng in dn ca khng.
Thnh phn th t khng ca khng c th bao gm in khng th t
khng ca li ngoi li ang kho st. Khng ny in hnh ca cun
th ba my bin p.
Nhnh vi th t nghch
PSSE coi in khng th t nghch ging nh in khng th t thun.
iu ny cng p dng cho nhnh my bin p.
II. CCH TNH TON:

Xc nh iu kin trc s c bng cch tnh ton tro lu cng sut (tnh ch
xc lp).
Sau khi nhp s liu th t nghch v g lnh SEQD
tnh ton ngn mch g lnh SCMU
ENTER UNBALANCE CODE:
0 FOR NO MORE
2 FOR SECOND L-G
4 FOR SECOND L-L-G
6 FOR 2 PHASES CLOSED
8 FOR ONE END OPENED
1
3
5
7
9
FOR
FOR
FOR
FOR
FOR
FIRST L-G
FIRST L-L-G
1 PHASE CLOSED
THREE PHASE FAULT
IN LINE SLIDER:
1: Ngn mch 1 pha vi t im th nht

2: Ngn mch 1 pha vi t im th hai
3: Ngn mch 2 pha vi t im th nht
4: Ngn mch 2 pha vi t im th hai
5: Tnh ton t dy 2 pha
6: Tnh ton t dy 1 pha
7: Tnh ton ngn mch 3 pha
8: Tnh ngn mch vi iu kin mt u ng dy m
9: Tnh ton ngn mch thay i theo cc v tr ty trn ng dy
82
So snh tng ng gia cc tnh ton ngn mch v tnh ton tro lu cng sut
RESQ
TRSQ
SQLI
SQCH
SEQD
S liu tnh ton th t

thun trong b nh.
S liu tnh ton th t
thun trong b nh, c
km theo mt phn s liu
cc th t khc.
Trng hp tnh ton bao
gm s liu cc th t
S liu tnh ton s c hp
l nm trong b nh.
READ
TREA
LIST
CHNG
Khng phi trng hp

tnh ton rng
Thay i cc phn t ca
h thng.
S liu tnh ton tro lu
hp l nm trong b nh.
CONG,
CONL,
ORDR, FACT
CHNG,TYSL, Sau khi hon thnh hai thao
SOLV,
tc ORDR v FACT i
FNSL,
NSOL, MSLV vi trng thi hin ti ca
SCMU
Sau khi kt thc thnh cng

thao tc SEQD i vi
trng thi hin ti ca li.
SCOP
Sau khi hon thnh thao tc POUT

SCMU.
li in.
Sau khi hon thnh tnh
ton tro lu cng sut.
83
Chng VI. Ti u ha tro lu cng sut

M u
PSS OPF l mt phn ca chng trnh PSS/E nhm mc ch ti u ho h thng
truyn ti. PSS OPF hon ton tng thch vi phn tnh ch xc lp.
Trong qu trnh tnh ton ch xc lp thng thng ngi tnh ton phi tnh ton
mt lot cc trng hp mt cch c h thng c th a ra mt li gii c th
chp nhn c. Chng trnh PSS OPF, ngc li, s trc tip thay i cc thng s
iu khin xc nh gii php tt nht. T mt im xut pht no ngi tnh
ton c th c c mt li gii ti u m bo cc rng buc ca h thng vi chi
ph nhin liu nh nht.
Chng trnh PSS OPF c thit k c th tnh ton mt s bi ton thng gp
nh sau:
. Nghin cu cng sut phn khng
. Nghin cu hin tng sp in p.
. Nghin cu gii hn truyn ti
. Tnh ton chi ph bin
Trong qu trnh tnh ton PSS OPF s m bo nhng mc tiu nh sau:
. Cc tiu ha chi ph nhin liu
. Cc tiu ho pht cng sut tc dng v phn khng
. Cc tiu ho tn tht cng sut tc dng v phn khng.
. Cc tiu ho in khng nhnh c th thay i c
. Cc tiu ho lng b cc nt c th thay i c.
. Gim lng tro lu cng sut trao i
v tun th nhng rng buc sau y:
. Rng buc in p nt.
. Rng buc tro lu cng sut nhnh.
. Rng buc tro lu cng sut trao i.
. Rng buc cng sut pht.
. Rng buc d tr cng sut.
. Rng buc ca cc shunt nt iu chnh c
. Rng buc in khng cc nhnh c in khng iu chnh c
84
Ti u ho tro lu cng sut khc bit vi bi ton tnh ton phn b tro lu cng
sut thng thng l n gii bi ton ti u vi mt hm mc tiu v cc rng buc
dng ng thc v bt ng thc. Cc thut gii cho bi ton ti u phi tuyn c th
dng nh sau:
. Hm mc tiu: Tm cc tiu ca hm f(x,y) -> Min
. Vi cc rng buc:
9 Rng buc dng ng thc
9 Rng buc bt ng thc
Trong :
Hm mc tiu c th cha mt hoc mt s hm nh chi ph nhin liu, tn
tht truyn ti v.v...
Rng buc ng thc bao gm cc i lng nh cc phng trnh cn bng
cng sut, m bo cng sut ngun bm vo mt nt phi bng tng tro lu
cng sut t nt i cc nhnh.
Rng buc bt ng thc bao gm nhiu bin khc nhau nh bin , gc pha
in p nt, cng sut pht ca my pht ch c th thay i trong di gi tr
cc tiu n cc i.
Li gii ca bi ton ti u ho tro lu cng sut l tm li gii tho mn tt c cc
rng buc h thng ng thi li t c hm mc tiu ton cc.
Hm mc tiu:
Hm mc tiu c biu din bng chi ph l hm ca cc bin h thng in. Chng
hn, chi ph nhin liu dng pht in l hm ca cng sut pht ca cc my pht
ang vn hnh. OPF s t ng iu chnh cng sut pht ca cc t my trong phm
vi cho php nhm ti thiu ho chi ph nhin liu.
Hm mc tiu c cha c thnh phn hin v thnh phn n. Cc thnh phn hin
trong hm mc tiu c nhn bit bi d liu m phng ph tr v c biu din
mt cch tng qut l hm ca cc bin ti u. Cc hm n ca hm mc tiu c
biu din mt cch gn ng cho cc thao tc iu khin lin tc hoc ri rc. Cc
hm mc tiu n ny c nh h s pht trng s bc hai cho cc sai lch ca cc
bin r(xi - xi0)2. Cc i lng v hng "trng s" hoc "chi ph", r, c th gn
c.
Cc rng buc v cc iu khin

R rng l khi gim cng sut ca cc my pht n khng s ti thiu ho chi ph,
nhng n khng cung cp in cho khch hng. Do cn phi tng cng hm mc
tiu vi cc rng buc ng thc, bao gm c cc rng buc ng thc v bt ng
thc. Cc rng buc bt ng thc s xc nh cn trn v cn di ca cc bin.
85
Chng hn cho bi ton vn hnh kinh t nhin liu, cc rng buc ng thc ny s
m bo rng cng sut pht ca cc t my s p ng cho ph ti v tn tht
trong h thng.
Cc phng trnh phc hp ca bi ton tnh ton tro lu cng sut thng thng
cng c k n. Cc iu khin, nh cng sut pht tc dng, in p u cc my
pht, nc bin p, gc di pha ca my bin p v.v... c th c gn mt gi tr c
nh hoc cc gii hn trn v di. Cc bin ph thuc r rng, nh bin in p
nt ph ti v tro lu cng sut nhnh, c gn cn trn v cn di. Tuy nhin
cng c th xy ra trng hp tt c cc rng buc khng th tho mn ng thi.
Trng hp ny s dn n khng th tm c phng n.
Khng ging nh bi ton phn b tro lu cng sut thng thng, khng c hm
mc tiu cc b c lp tng ng vi mi iu khin. Qu trnh gii xem iu chnh
tng bin iu khin tm kin trng thi sao cho tho mn tt c cc rng buc,
thm vo li ti thiu ho hm mc tiu. Cc rng buc c a vo v hm mc
tiu c vit theo cc bin. Trong m hnh tnh ton c hai loi bin: cc bin iu
khin (c gi l cc bin c lp hay cc bin quyt nh) v cc bin ph thuc
(c xem nh cc bin trng thi). Chng c nhn bit thng qua c m hnh tnh
ton tro lu cng sut thng thng v cc d liu ph tr cho m hnh ti u ho
tro lu cng sut.
nhy
Mi mt bin, c bin c lp v ph thuc, c mt nhy tng ng vi n. Cc

gi tr nhy lng ho s thay i mong mun hm mc tiu tng ng vi s
thay i ca bin. nhy m ch ra rng mt s tng gi tr bin s lm gim gi tr
hm mc tiu. Gi tr ti u cho bt c bin no l m kt qu l nhy bng
khng. i vi mt vi bin, gi tr ti u nm ngoi cc gii hn ca bin. Trong
trng hp ny, OPF s a gi tr v gii hn v a ra gi tr nhy. Kch c lin
quan ca bin nhy hng s ch n cc rng buc hoc cc iu khin c
nh c nh hng nhiu nht n hm mc tiu.
Cc m hnh trong tnh ton tro lu cng sut thng thng
D liu nt
Ch c nt ang lm vic trong file tnh ton tro lu cng sut c nhn bit trong
OPF. Cc in dn in khng ca nt ang lm vic cng c OPF nhn ra.
Bin in p v gc pha ca nt c khi to t m hnh thng thng. Gc pha
ca nt cn bng (loi 3) c c nh gi tr ban u trong khi gc pha ca tt c
cc nt khc c php thay i khng c gii hn. Bin in p v cng sut
phn khng pht ra ca nt cn bng c th thay i gia cc gii hn trn v di
xc nh. m t cc vn trong cng sut pht c vn hnh sao cho ti
thiu ho chi ph nhin liu, cng sut tc dng pht ca nt cn bng ch thay i khi
m hnh chi ph nhin liu c s dng. i vi cc trng hp khc cng sut tc
86
dng ca nt cn bng c th thay i khng gii hn.
D liu ph ti
M hnh ph ti trong tnh ton tro lu cng sut hon ton c chc nng OPF
nhn bit.
D liu my pht
Mt hoc mt s my pht c th tng ng vi mt nt my pht (m 2) hoc nt
cn bng (m 3), cng sut tc dng v phn khng pht ra v cc gii hn cng sut
phn khng pht c khi to t d liu m hnh tnh ton tro lu cng sut thng
thng. Nu tng gii hn di ca bt c nt no bng hoc ln hn tng gii hn
trn th nt s b chuyn thnh nt ph ti. Cc nt xa cho cc nt iu khin in
p c duy tr cho mc ch to bo co v mt cch tu chn, iu khin in p
ti ch ca cc thit b khng ti u. OPF th tt c cc iu khin ti u nhm tho
mn tt c cc rng buc v da trn ti thiu ho hm mc tiu. Cng sut c bn
MVA ca my pht, tr khng ngun, tr khng ca my bin p tng p v t s
bin p b OPF b qua.
Trong tnh ton tro lu cng sut thng thng, thao tc iu khin ca my pht l
khng lin tc. Cc my pht iu khin bin in p tng nt, in p ny c
xem nh c nh v cng sut phn khng pht s thay i cho n khi t n gii
hn cng sut phn khng pht, ti im th in p bt u thay i t do theo
mt hng v cng sut phn khng pht s c nh gii hn. Nu in p iu
khin quay tr li im t th in p mt ln na li c nh v cng sut phn
khng pht t do.
Bin in p my pht l bin iu khin n b thay i bi OPF n gi tr ti u
tng ng vi cc gii hn. Cch x l thch hp nht cho cc my pht khng ti u
l m hnh my pht thng thng, nhng m hnh khng lin tc ny cn tr nghim
trng n tin cy cu li gii OPF. OPF khng trc tip cha m hnh khng lin
tc, nhng gn ng n thng qua mt trong hai phng php:
Thng qua vic s dng hm pht bc hai i vi bt c sai lch ca bin
in p my pht khi gi tr ban u. Mc nh h s pht l 100 c s
dng. H s pht ny cng c th thay i thng qua tu chn gii OPF v mt
in p mong mun c th c gn nh l sai lch pht cho cc t my iu
chnh ti ch. hoc
Thng qua s dng rng buc bt ng thc khng ch tng li trong in p
my pht khng ti u chng li c tnh pht cng sut phn khng.
D liu iu khin my bin p

Sp xp bin iu khin c thc hin cho tt c cc my bin p c ng ngha
trong m hnh d liu tnh ton tro lu cng sut, c nhn bit qua nhnh c t s
bin p khc khng. Trng thi ti u ca my bin p c xc nh ph thuc vo
nhnh c nm trong min hay khu vc c chn ti u ho hay khng.
87
Cc nhnh thuc quyn s hu ca min hoc khu vc tng ng vi nt khng c

im o. Cc gii hn trn v di ca nc bin p hoc gc di pha, v nc bin p
c thit lp nh mt phn d liu iu chnh my bin p trong m hnh tnh tro
lu cng sut. Nt iu khin v c cho php iu khin c s dng bi OPF,
nhng cc gii hn gi tr iu khin (in p, tro lu MW hoc MVar) ch c s
dng phn bit loi mt bin p, iu khin nc hoc iu khin gc pha, v sau
b b qua. Trng thi iu khin c thc hin theo d liu nh vi PSS/E, cc thao
tc iu khin ti u c iu chnh t c ti u ton cc, khng n gin l
mc tiu a phng.
Chng trnh PSS/E s dng m hnh my bin p c nc bin p nh mt s phc
trong h to cc: t s bin p l bin v di pha l gc. Ch c mt trong hai
thnh phn ca mi my bin p c chn nh l iu khin c sn. Khi di iu
chnh ca my bin p (chng hn RMAX-RMIN) vt qu 1.0 th gc di pha l bin
iu khin, ngc li t s bin p l bin iu khin. Trong c hai trng hp, thnh
phn kia s b c nh. nhy ch c tnh ton cho bin iu khin. Do , mt
my bin p c gc di pha c nh nhm biu din t u dy sao-tam gic c
thng bo trong bo co tng kt t s my bin p, ngc vi bo co tng kt gc
di pha my bin p.
D liu trao i gia cc min
D liu trao i gia cc min ch c s dng nu tu chn iu chnh trao i
gia cc min? c chn. Trong trng hp ny, mt phng trnh rng buc c
s dng cho tt c cc bn ghi trao i gia cc min nh l mt phn ca d liu
tro lu cng sut trong trng hp ang kho st.
D liu v ng dy DC
D liu v khng c ng ct
Cc bin iu khin shunt nt c nhn bit bi c m hnh d liu shunt nt iu
chnh c trong OPF v m hnh shunt c ng ct trong d liu tnh ton tro lu
cng sut thng thng. i vi shunt c ng ct c nh ngha trong tnh ton
tro lu cng sut, s nt, phng thc iu khin, gi tr ban u v thng tin ng
ct cho tm khi c duy tr bi chng trnh. Cc gii hn in p mong mun v
s nt iu khin xa b b qua.
Theo mc nh in dn ca shunt c ng ct c iu chnh lin tc. Cc shunt
khng c ng ct v thit b Var trong cc h thng con khng c chn tnh ti
u ho s c nh gi tr ban u ca n (BINIT).
D liu hiu chnh in khng my bin p

Vic hiu chnh in khng my bin p nh mt hm ca v tr nc bin p s khng
c g thay i trong PSS/OPF.
88
in khng ca my bin p c bt u t in khng iu chnh v gi c

nh.
D liu nhiu u kt ni DC
D liu thit b iu khin linh hot
M phng cc i lng iu khin tro lu cng sut

Phn tnh ton ch xc lp gn vi in p u cc my pht, t s bin p
ca cc my bin p. Nhng i lng iu khin ny s chuyn sang phn tnh ton
ton OPF, nhng khng phi l c nh m c th thay i. Phn ln cc i lng
iu khin c th c c nh gi tr ban u trong nhng min ca li xc
nh tr phn in p my pht.
Cc h s pht bc hai v hng
Mt trng s pht bc hai c s dng cho bn loi iu khin tro lu cng sut:
bin in p u cc my pht, t s my bin p, gc di pha ca my bin p v
in dn ca khng c ng ct. OPF s iu chnh cc iu khin trn tm phng
n kh thi v cn bng h s pht vi cc thnh phn khc ca hm mc tiu c
chn. Hm pht bc hai ny ch c th p dng tt c hoc khng, n khng th la
chn ch p dng cho cc t my khng ti u. Cc h s pht bc hai ton cc c
dng nh sau:
( xi xi 0 ) 2
i =1
Trong :
N = S bin iu khin b pht
= Trng s pht bc hai v hng
Xi = Gi tr hin ti ca bin iu khin
Xi0 = Gi tr tham chiu pht ca bin iu khin
Theo mc nh, bin in p u cc my pht khng c ti u b pht
vi trng s l 100 v trng s pht bc hai i vi my bin p v khng c ng ct
l 0.0. Cc gi tr ny c p dng tng th n tt c cc bin iu khin khng ti
u v c th thay i bng cch sa i pht cho cc in p c nh v gi tr h s
pht bc hai, mt cch tng ng. Cc tham s ny c th truy cp t ca s cc tu
chn gii cho OPF.
Pht gii hn mm
Khng ging nh vic pht bc hai tng th, pht gii hn mm bao gm mt trng
s pht (chi ph) v gi tr b, c th c p dng mt cch c la chn i vi cc
bin rng buc xc nh. Chng bao gm cc rng buc in p nt cng nh tro lu
89
trn nhnh v cc lung cng sut trao i. Theo mc nh, trng s pht gii hn
mm 1.0 c s dng. Cc gi tr ny c th c sa i v p dng i vi cc
bin xc nh, hoc mt trng s pht chung c th c dng chung cho ton b h
thng con bng cch s dng tnh nng son tho d liu OPF tng ng.
X l cc my bin p v cc shunt c ng ct
Vi cc my bin p v cc shunt c ng ct nm trong min v khu vc c chn
ti u ho, mt "chi ph khng" pht bc hai c p dng mt cch t ng. Gi
tr trng s pht ny c th thay i c qua sai s tnh ton OPF cho "h s pht
bc hai". Cc my bin p v cc khng ng ct khng nm trong h thng con c
chn ti u ho, hoc chng c t c nh (hoc trong m hnh tro lu cng
sut hoc thng qua vic t "C nh"), s c xem nh l khng ti u. Trong
trng hp ny, cc iu khin s c nh cc gi tr ca trng hp tnh ton
hin ti.
Cc iu chnh t s bin p ri rc hoc iu chnh shunt c ng ct c gn ng
bng cch thit lp cc iu khin ny nh l lin tc. Nu tu trn Lm trn t s
bin p v/hoc Lm chn lng var ca shunt c ng ct, iu khin c c nh
gi tr ri rc gn nht v vn c gii quyt t iu kin ny.
X l cc iu khin in p my pht ti ch
Vic pht tng t x l cho cc tn ti iu khin in p my pht, nhng n thay
i ph thuc vo vic x l c p dng cho my pht c ti u ho hay khng
c ti u ho. Nu tu chn "Treat all generators as non-optimized?" (Xem tt c
cc my pht nh khng ti u) c kch hot, th tt c cc my pht trong h
thng c xem nh khng c ti u ho, khng ph thuc vo vic chng c nm
trong khu vc c chn tnh ti u hay khng.
X l cc my pht c ti u ho
Cc my pht nm trong h thng con c ti ho s c x l theo cc gii hn
pht bin in p thanh cai iu khin in p. Mt trong bn gii hn c th
c s dng: ch bo co (khng pht), gii hn cng, hoc gii hn mm vi hm
pht tuyn tnh hoc bc hai. Cc gii hn cng a mt "i lng chn" vo trong
hm mc tiu.
Cc gii hn mm th s dng mt "trng s pht gii hn mm" kt hp vi mt
ng hoc tuyn tnh hoc bc hai nhm pht s di chuyn ca cc iu khin. Chi
ph cng cao, th cng hn ch cc bin vi phm cc gii hn ca chng.
X l cc my pht khng c ti u ho
Cc x l thch hp cho cc my pht khng c ti u ho l dng m hnh iu
khin in p "ti ch" bi li gii tro lu cng sut thng thng. iu ny tuy
nhin li gp rc ri khi m phng trong ti u ho tro lu cng sut.
in p c iu khin c th l u cc my pht hoc mt nt khng phi my
90
pht. Cng sut phn khng cp iu khin l tng cng sut phn khng pht ca
tt c cc t my tham gia iu chnh nt. Ch v s khng lin tc cc gii hn
trn v di cng sut phn khng pht.
Mt s phng php pht khc nhau gn ng mc tiu iu khin ti ch ti cc
my pht khng c ti u:
Pht gii hn mm bin in p cc nt (tuyn tnh hoc bc hai),
Pht bc hai v hng
Phng trnh rng buc ("kp")
Phng php pht gii hn mm
Phng php pht gii hn mm c s dng cho tng nt da trn cc rng
buc bin in p nt c nh ngha ti cc nt iu khin in p tng ng.
Pht gii hn mm s dng mt thnh phn hm mc tiu pht s trch ca bin
in p iu khin khi khong nh trc.
C hai cc x l hm pht gii hn mm: tuyn tnh v phi tuyn.
Pht bc hai v hng
Phnhg php th hai gn ng mc tiu iu khin ti ch ca cc my
pht khng ti u l nh vo mt hm pht bc hai v hng. Pht bc hai v hng
l s dng cho tt c hoc khng s dng; n khng th la chn p dng cho cc
t my khng ti u nht nh. Tr trng hp s dng phng trnh "kp", hoc mt
gii hn pht c s dng cho rng buc in p nt ring bit. Trng s pht mc
nh l 200 c th sa i c i vi li gii OPF. Khc vi trng s pht gii hn
mm c th c nh ngha duy nht cho cc rng buc nt ring bit, gi tr ny
c p dng nh mt i lng v hng cho ton b phng trnh pht bc hai.
X l kp
Cng c tnh ton cho nhng my pht khng ti u ha l phng trnh
"kp". Phng trnh ny quan h lch in p v cng sut phn khng.
N
(Qmax,i Qi ) max(0, (Vs ,i Vi )) + (Qi Qmin,i ) max(0, (Vi Vs ,i ))
i =1
(Qmax,i Qmin,i )
Trong :
Q - pht cng sut phn khng
V - bin in p nt c iu khin
Vs - im t in p nt iu khin
N - s lng my pht khng ti u ha
- sai s kp.
(Qmax Q) max(0, (Vs V )) 0
91

(Q Qmin ) max(0, (Vs V )) 0
D phng pht cng sut phn khng

Mt thnh phn hm mc tiu d phng pht cng sut phn khng c th cc s
dng. Thnh phn mc tiu ny s nh hng n ln ca cng sut phn khng
pht c th c dng lm d phng. Tt c cc my pht ang lm vic l thnh
vin ca h thng con c ti u ho s tham gia v mc tiu ny. OPF s iu
chnh cng sut phn khng pht ca cc my pht ny t c li gii v cn
bng chi ph ca thnh phn mc tiu ny tng quan vi cc thnh phn hm mc
tiu c chn khc. hm mc tiu cho d phng cng sut phn khng c dng nh
sau:
NGEN
(Q
i =1
MAX ,i
QGEN ,i )
Trong :
NGEN = S t my ang hot ng c ti u ho
= h s chi ph hm mc tiu n v chi ph/Mvar.
Q MAX = Gii hn pht cng sut phn khng cc i Mvar.
Q GEN = Cng sut phn khng pht tnh bng Mvar
D phng cng sut phn khng pht s c xu hng ti thiu ho bng cch p dng
mt h s chi ph dng trong hm mc tiu.
D phng cng sut phn khng pht s c xu hng cc i ho bng cch p dng
mt h s chi ph m trong hm mc tiu. Thnh phn hm mc tiu c th c p
dng bng cch chn c (Yes) trong tu chn ti thiu ho d phng cng sut phn
khng pht v h s chi ph c th c gn bng vic s dng trng nhp vo c
nhn chi ph d phng cng sut phn khng pht ($/MVAR). C hai iu khin ny
c th truy cp t ca s tu chn gii OPF.
M rng cc m phng trong OPF

Pht cng sut tc dng
Cng sut tc dng ca cc my pht khng cn c c nh nh trong phn tnh
ch xc lp. OPF c th m t nh hm s ca chi ph nhin liu. Tng lng
cng sut huy ng s c tnh ton tho mn cc rng buc v gim thnh phn chi
ph nhin liu trong hm mc tiu.
92
Shunt nt iu chnh c
Mc tiu l gim lng cng sut phn khng cn huy ng hoc cn b nhm ti
thiu ha chi ph thnh phn ny ca hm mc tiu. Trong qu trnh tnh ton OPF s
coi MVAr l hm s lin tc, tuy nhin c th s dng tu chn trong chng trnh
lm trn cc gi tr ny.
iu chnh ph ti
Mc tiu ny nhm tnh ton n nh hng ca s thay i ph ti, thm ch sa thi
ph ti do nh hng ca in p c th xy ra trong mt s trng hp.
Tr khng nhnh iu chnh c

Mc ch ca thng s ny l chng trnh c th tnh ton tr khng nhnh ti u.
Qua c th c th xc nh dung lng b dc.
Kh nng pht cng sut phn khng

Thng s ny tnh ton lng cng sut phn khng d phng ph thuc theo gi
thnh.
D phng theo thi gian ca my pht

Thng thng trong khi huy ng ngun h thng in ngi ta c gng duy tr mt
lng d tr cng sut trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. iu c th th hin
trong phng trnh sau:
min((P
i =1
max,i
Pgen,i ), T .Rampi ) RES
Trong
Pmax,i - Kh nng pht cc i ca t my theo yu cu d tr cng sut
Pgen,i - cng sut c huy ng ca t my.
Ramp - tc thay i cng sut ca t my.
T - thi gian yu cu.
N - S lng my pht tham gia trong yu cu d phng.
RES - lng cng sut d phng yu cu.
Trao i gia cc min iu khin c
Mc ch ca thng s ny l ti u tng hoc ti u gim lng cng sut trao i
gia cc min.
Phng trnh ph thuc rng buc tuyn tnh

Phng trnh ny cho php ngi tnh ton a rng buc tuyn tnh vo tnh ton
93
trong chng trnh.

NTERM
Ci .X i S = 0
i =1
S min S S max
Trong :
C - H s bin
X - bin s ca h thng in (in p, gc, tro lu cng sut...)
S - bin s c th thay i
Smin - Gi tr nh nht ca bin s
Smax - Gi tr ln nht ca bin s.
NTERM - S s hng trong phng trnh.
Phng trnh c th cha n 10 s hng bao gm cc bin s khc nhau ca
h thng in:
. Modul in p
. Gc lch in p
. Pht cng sut tc dng
. Pht cng sut phn khng
. T s bin p v gc lch.
. Tro lu cng sut nhnh.
. Tro lu cng sut thay i
. Shunt nt c th iu chnh.
. Shunt c th iu chnh
. iu chnh ph ti.
Cc gii hn bin ph thuc khc
Ngoi ra cc thng s sau y c th c cc rng buc: modul in p, tro lu cng
sut nhnh v tro lu cng sut trao i.
Rng buc tro lu cng sut nhnh c th cho theo cc dng khc nhau:
MW, MVAr, MVA hoc dng.
Nhng nhnh c tng tr bng khng th khng c xc nh rng buc v
cng khng c xt n trong qu trnh tnh ton OPF.
94
95

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Ti liu hng dn s dng chng trnh PSS/E

Chng I. Gii thiu tng quan v chng trnh PSS/E

Tnh ton tro lu cng sut.

Chng trnh c t chc theo s khi chnh nh sau:

Phng Phng Thc - TT iu HT Quc Gia

Ti liu hng dn s dng chng trnh PSS/E

Tnh ton tro lu

Ti liu hng dn s dng chng trnh PSS/E

Cc ti liu ca chng trnh PSS/E:

Phng Phng Thc - TT iu HT Quc Gia

Ti liu hng dn s dng chng trnh PSS/E

Chng II. M phng cc phn t trong h thng in khi

Thng ly S BASE = 100 MVA & VBASE KV = Ty theo cp in p

Ngoi ra in tr th t thun ca ng dy c th quy i v nhit 50oC theo

Ti liu hng dn s dng chng trnh PSS/E

Cng sut nh mc: S (MVA).

Phng Phng Thc - TT iu HT Quc Gia

Ti liu hng dn s dng chng trnh PSS/E

Ratio (kV) = (1 + qd*step)*Uh.

Ratiomax (kV) = (1+ sonac*step)*Uh

Ratiomin (kV) = (1 - sonac*step)*Uh

in khng th t thun (pu)

in tr v in khng th t khng (pu) c th c ly bng 0.8 ln in

Phng Phng Thc - TT iu HT Quc Gia

Ti liu hng dn s dng chng trnh PSS/E

: T s bin p t hin ti ca my bin p

Ratiomax : T s bin p t cc i ca my bin p

: in p nh mc ca cun cao p my bin p

Sdm (MVA): Cng sut nh mc ca my bin p

Ratio (kV) = (1 + qd*step)*Ul.

Ratiomax (kV) = (1+ sonac*step)*Ul

Ratiomin (kV) = (1 - sonac*step)*Ul

in khng th t thun (pu)

Phng Phng Thc - TT iu HT Quc Gia

Ti liu hng dn s dng chng trnh PSS/E

in tr v in khng th t khng (pu) c th c ly bng 0.8 ln in

Ti liu hng dn s dng chng trnh PSS/E

3. Tnh ton my bin p ba cun dy

Cc thng s cn thit m phng:

Cng sut nh mc ca tng cun: Sdm-h /Sdm-m/Sdm-l (MVA).

Phng Phng Thc - TT iu HT Quc Gia

Ti liu hng dn s dng chng trnh PSS/E

in p ngn mch cao-trung/cao-h/trung-h: U kh m (%),U kh l (%),U km l (%) .

in khng th t thun (pu)

in tr v in khng th t khng (pu) c th c ly bng 0.8 ln in

in dn tc dng GT(pu) v in dn phn khng BT(pu) c tnh nh sau

Cng thc tnh t s bin p (nu nc iu p c t pha cao p)

Phng Phng Thc - TT iu HT Quc Gia

Ti liu hng dn s dng chng trnh PSS/E

Ratio (kV) = (1 + qd*step)*Uh.

Ratiomax (kV) = (1+ sonac*step)*Uh

Ratiomin (kV) = (1 - sonac*step)*Uh

: T s bin p t hin ti ca my bin p

Ratiomax : T s bin p t cc i ca my bin p

: in p nh mc ca cun cao p my bin p

Ubase-h (kV): in p c bn ng vi in p cun cao p my bin p

in khng th t thun (pu)

in tr v in khng th t khng (pu) c th c ly bng 0.8 ln in

Phng Phng Thc - TT iu HT Quc Gia

Ti liu hng dn s dng chng trnh PSS/E

Cng thc tnh t s bin p (nu nc iu p c t pha trung p)

Ratio (kV) = (1 + qd*step)*Um.

Ratiomax (kV) = (1+ sonac*step)*Um

Ratio (kV) = (1 + qdstep)Uh.

Ratiomax (kV) = (1+ sonacstep)Uh

Ratiomin (kV) = (1 - sonacstep)Uh

Ratio (kV) = (1 + qdstep)Ul.

Ratiomax (kV) = (1+ sonacstep)Ul

Ratiomin (kV) = (1 - sonacstep)Ul

Ratio (kV) = (1 + qdstep)Uh.

Ratiomax (kV) = (1+ sonacstep)Uh

Ratiomin (kV) = (1 - sonacstep)Uh

Ratio (kV) = (1 + qdstep)Um.

Ratiomax (kV) = (1+ sonacstep)Um

Ratiomin (kV) = (1 - sonacstep)Um

Ratio (kV) = (1 + qdstep)Ul.

Ratiomax (kV) = (1+ sonacstep)Ul

Ratiomin (kV) = (1 - sonacstep)Ul

Ratio (kV) = (1 + qdstep)Uh.

Ratiomax (kV) = (1+ sonacstep)Uh

Ratiomin (kV) = (1 - sonacstep)Uh

Ratio (kV) = (1 + qdstep)Um.

Ratiomax (kV) = (1+ sonacstep)Um

Ratiomin (kV) = (1 - sonacstep)Um

Ratio (kV) = (1 + qdstep)Ul.

Ratiomax (kV) = (1+ sonacstep)Ul

Ratiomin (kV) = (1 - sonacstep)Ul