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Compensation of Reactive Power
Compensation of Reactive Power
3, MAY/JUNE 2008
867
AbstractThis paper describes an adaptive method for compensating the reactive power with an active power filter (APF),
which is initially rated for mitigation of only the harmonic currents given by a nonlinear industrial load. It is proven that, if
the harmonic currents do not load the APF at the rated power,
the available power can be used to provide a part of the required
reactive power. Different indicators for designing such application
are given, and it is proven that the proposed adaptive algorithm
represents an added value to the APF. The algorithm is practically
validated on a laboratory setup with a 7-kVA APF.
Index TermsActive filters, harmonics analysis, power-system
harmonic, pulsewidth-modulated inverters, reactive power.
I. I NTRODUCTION
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Fig. 1. General block diagram of a shunt APF connected at the PCC of an industrial plant.
than the harmonic power, and thus, the APF looses its initial
purpose, again with the same consequence of an increasing cost.
Nevertheless, the mitigation of the reactive power is attractive,
as this can be done without increasing the size of the dc
capacitor. Furthermore, reducing the reactive power together
with a reduction in harmonic currents provides higher power
factor, which consequently lowers the losses and improves
network stability.
This paper describes a new adaptive compensation algorithm
of reactive power to utilize the power inverter at maximum. The
proposed algorithm requires no hardware changes or increase
of the power rating. The APF is rated, according to the initial
design specifications, for mitigation of the harmonic currents
at full-loading conditions of a given industrial plant. When the
loading becomes lower and the harmonic currents do not load
the APF inverter at its full capability, then the reactive power is
compensated within the inverter limits [6].
A similar approach to adaptive compensation of reactive
power is described in [7], where the calculation is based on
empirical coefficients determined and readjusted as a result of
experimental results. Further work of [8] and [9] uses neural
networks to find optimal compensation of harmonic current distortion and power factor via constrained optimization problem,
based on simulations.
This paper describes an adaptive compensation algorithm
in synchronous dq-frame, thus accommodating an easy implementation that retrofits the existing hardware and control
of an APF. This paper proposes three methods of detecting
the available power left for reactive power compensation and
presents the underlying principle. The methods are modeled
with circuit simulators, and the most suitable one is validated
in practice. Several design steps are presented with respect to
the APFs inverter. The proposed algorithms are sustained by
practical measurements on a laboratory setup with a total rated
power of 7 kVA at 400 V.
S=
2 .
P12 + Q21 + DN
(1)
ASIMINOAEI et al.: ADAPTIVE COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER WITH SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTERS
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Fig. 3. Simulation of a front-end diode rectifier adjustable speed drive as a function of loading and the line impedance Lac . (a) Line current THDi . (b) Generated
harmonic power.
(2)
where the SASD and THDi are the apparent power respective of
the THD from an ASD.
Variation of the THDi with the ASD loading is simulated
in Fig. 3 for a typical three-phase diode-rectifier ASD as a
function of the front-line ac inductance Lac . The results indicate
that if the ASD loading decreases, then the THDi increases,
because the fundamental current becomes smaller. However,
the harmonic-distortion power DN is reduced, because the
apparent power drawn by ASD is lower. This indicates that the
APF is not used all the time at the full inverter capacity when
the ASD operates in a point lower than nominal. Fig. 3(b) shows
how the distorted power decreases almost linear with the ASD
loading.
If the APF is imposed to compensate both reactive and
harmonic powers, the total rated power of the APF inverter
becomes
SAPF =
SAPF =
SAPF
=
SASD
2
Q2LIN + DN
(3)
(4)
sin(LIN ) + (THDi )2
1 + (THDi )2
(5)
where QLIN and LIN are the total reactive power, respective
of the displacement angle given by the linear loads, DN is the
harmonic-distortion power from the nonlinear load associated
with the existing THDi .
One particular case of (5) often quoted in literature [10] is of
a plant consisting of ASDs only but no linear loads, i.e., SLIN =
SASD , which gives (6).
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Fig. 5. Calculation of the APF rating based on the existing cos(LIN ) and total power SLIN as in (5). The ratio SLIN /SASD is equal to (a) 0.5, (b) 1, and (c) 2.
Fig. 6. Control block diagram of APF in a typical dq-frame implementation. The proposed algorithm of adaptive compensation of reactive power can be easily
integrated into the existing control structure.
ASIMINOAEI et al.: ADAPTIVE COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER WITH SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTERS
current and resonant controllers (Rez sixth in Fig. 6), one for
each harmonic pair k = 6n 1 [6], [13][15] as in
H(s) = HPI (s) + HRez6 (s)
2K6k s
Ki
+
= Kp +
2
s
s2 + 6k
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iF =
(8)
k=1,2
idc
qF =
idc
qF =
where
iV (DC)
iac
Fd
iac
Fq
iF (max)
ac
idc
dF + idF
2
2
ac
+ idc
iF (max)
qF + iqF
(9)
2
(10)
ac 2 iac
idc
qF
dF + idF
2
2
iV (DC) + iac
iac
qF
dF
(11)
iF (max)
iF (max)
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Fig. 8. Examples of two possible cases. (a) APF compensates only the harmonic distorted power. (b) APF compensates also a part of the reactive power. For
both cases, the resultant current vector current must be lower than the maximum limit of the inverter current iF (max) .
Fig. 9. Generalized representation of the dq-frame currents for an APF current controlled with the algorithm of adaptive compensation of reactive power. Three
methods are proposed here to provide low-pass filtering function. (a) RMS-value case. (b) Peak-value case. (c) Maximum-value case.
ASIMINOAEI et al.: ADAPTIVE COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER WITH SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTERS
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Fig. 10. Simulated waveforms showing the APF capability to mitigate harmonic currents during a transient. The APF does not compensate reactive power.
(a) Line current from ASD. (b) Line current from linear load. (c) Compensation current from APF. (d) APF dc voltage. (e) Line current after harmonic
compensation.
Fig. 11. Simulated output from each proposed filtering method, rms-, peak-, and maximum-value cases. Each method gives a different reactive current reference.
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Fig. 12. Simulated waveforms of the line current after the harmonic current compensation. The reactive power is also compensated according the proposed
methods. (a) At 50% ASD loading. (b) At 80% ASD loading.
Fig. 13. General diagram of the laboratory setup. The APF compensate the harmonics and the reactive power from the ASD and the RL load.
IV. I MPLEMENTATION
The proposed topology and control method are tested on a
laboratory setup (see Fig. 13), where the APF is realized with a
Danfoss inverter VLT 5006 rated 400 V, 7.6 kVA. The original
control card dedicated for motor control was replaced with a
custom-made control card interfacing the IGBT gate commands
and protections.
ASIMINOAEI et al.: ADAPTIVE COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER WITH SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTERS
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Fig. 14. Measured waveforms during a change in the ASD loading from 50%
to 75%. The APF compensates the harmonic currents and the reactive power
with the proposed peak-value adaptive compensation method.
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Fig. 15. Snapshots from measured waveforms in Fig. 14 magnifying the time scale. (a) At 50% ASD loading. (b) At 75% ASD loading.
Fig. 16. Filter current trajectory in dq-plane when the APF uses the adaptive algorithm for reactive-power compensation. While the ASD loading is
increased from 50% to 75%, the APF keeps the total filter current lower than
the maximum limit.
ASIMINOAEI et al.: ADAPTIVE COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER WITH SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTERS
filters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 18261835,
Sep. 2007.
[19] L. Asiminoaei, C. Lascu, F. Blaabjerg, and I. Boldea, Performance
improvement of shunt active power filter with dual parallel topology,
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 247259, Jan. 2007.
[20] L. Asiminoaei, E. Aeloiza, P. Enjeti, and F. Blaabjerg, Shunt active power
filter topology based on parallel interleaved inverters, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 11751189, Mar. 2008.
Frede Blaabjerg (S86M88SM97F03) received the M.Sc.EE. degree from Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark, in 1987, where he also
received the Ph.D. degree from the Institute of Energy Technology in 1995.
From 1987 to 1988, he was with ABBScandia,
Randers, Denmark. In 1992, he was an Assistant
Professor, in 1996, an Associate Professor, and in
1998, a Full Professor in power electronics and
drives and, since 2006, he has been the Dean of the
Faculty of Engineering, Science and Medicine with
Aalborg University. His research areas are in power electronics, static power
converters, ac drives, switched reluctance drives, modeling, characterization
of power semiconductor devices and simulation, wind turbines, and green
power inverters. He is the author or coauthor of more than 400 publications in his research fields including the book Control in Power Electronics
(Eds. M.P. Kazmierkowski, R. Krishnan, F. Blaabjerg, Academic Press, 2002).
He has held a number of chairman positions in research policy and research
funding bodies in Denmark.
Dr. Blaabjerg was appointed to the board of the Danish High Technolgy Foundation in 2007. He has been an Associate Editor of the IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
POWER ELECTRONICS, Journal of Power Electronics, and of the Danish
journal Elteknik. Since 2006, he has been the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS. He was the recipient of the 1995
Angelos Award, for his contribution to modulation technique and control of
electric drives, and an Annual Teacher Prize from Aalborg University in 1995.
In 1998, he was the recipient of the Outstanding Young Power Electronics
Engineer Award from the IEEE Power Electronics Society. He was the recipient
of nine IEEE Prize Paper Awards in the last ten years. He was the recipient of
the C. Y. OConnor Fellowship 2002 from Perth, Australia, the Statoil Prize in
2003 for his contributions to power electronics, and the Grundfos Prize in 2004
for his contributions to power electronics and drives. From 2005 to 2007, he
was a Distinguished Lecturer for the IEEE Power Electronics Society.
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