D X U N T H I (ch hin) - NG VN C H Y T - N G U Y N V I T n g u y n

NGT]N V S S N - N G U Y N C T H U N - N G L T H Y - N G VN TO N

K THUT IN T
( c hci ng mn hc ca B G io d c v o to thng qua
dng lnm ti liu ging y trong c c trng i h c k thut)
( T i h n ln t h i n o i b y )

NH XUT BN GIO DC VIT NAM

Chng 1
M

Ki t h u t in t v tin hc l mt n g n h mi nhn mi p h t tri n . Trong mt

khong thi gian t ng i ngn, t khi I'a i tr a nz ito (1948), n c n h n g tin
b nh;iy vt, m a n g li nhiu thay i ln v su sc tr on g hu ht mi linh vc r t
kh' nhau ca i sng, d n tr th n h mt tr on g n h n g cng c quan t r n g n h t ca
tch m ng k t h u t tri nh cao (m im t r u n g t m l t ng ha t n g p h n hoc
hon t.on, tin hc ha, phng php cng ngh v vt liu mi).
D br u lm quen vi nh ng vn c bn n h t ca ngnh m a n g ngha i
cvng, chng ny cp li cc khi nim cs nhp mn v gii thiu cu trc
vi h thng in t
in hnh.
11, CC I LNG CO BN
l . l . l . in p v (n in l hai khi nim nh ng c bn ca m t mch in.
Chng cho php xc dih tr ng thi din n h n g im, nhng b phn
khc nhau
vo nhng thi i m khc n h a u ca mch in v do vy chng cn c
gi l cc
thng ri t r n g thi c bn ca nit mch in,
Kh nicni in p c r t ra t khi nim in th tro ng vt , ! hiu s' in
th xia hai i m khc n h a u ca mch in. T h ng m t im no ca mch c
chn lm im gc c in t h bng 0 (im t). Khi in t h ca mi im khc
trong mch c gi tr m hay dng c m a n g so vi im gc v c hiu l in
p ti im tng ng. T ng qut, hn, in p gia hai im A v B ca mch (k
hiu l .v^) xc nh bi:

Uah = v,x - v = - u,,.,

vi

v V| l in t h ca A v B so vi gc.

Kh ni m d n g din l biu hin t r n g thi chuyn ng ca cc h t m a n g in

tro ng vt c ht do tc ng ca tr ng hay do tn ti m t gradien nn g h t theo
khng gian. Dng in t r o n g mch c chiu c huv n ng t ni c in t h cao n
ni cd in t h t h p
v do vy ngc vi
chiu chuy n ng ca
in t.
.1

T cc khi nim nu trn,

cn r t r a m y n h n

a) in p lun c o gia hai i m

c xc nh ch ti mt im ca mch.

khc

xt qu an t r n g s au :

n h a u ca mch t r o n g khi dng in

b) bo ton in tch, t n g cc gi tr cc dng in i vo m t im ca mch

lun b ng t n g cc gi tr dng in i ra khi im {qu tc n t vi dng din)
suy ra t r n m t on m ch ch gm cc p h n t ni ni tip nhau, dng in ti mt
im l nh nhau.

() Din p
ki c in tr
nhau v bng
ni song song

gia hai im A v B khc nhau ca nich nu o theo mi n h n h bt

khc khng (xem khi nim n h n h l . l 4) ni gia A v B l ging
,\l- Ngha l in p gia 2 u ca nhiu phn t hay nh i u n h n h
vi n h a u lun bng nhau. (Quy tc vng di v din pi,

. . 2. Tinh chui in ca mi phn

. Dinh nghio : T n h
th hin qua mi quan
chy qua n v c
phn t. Ngha ! khi
dng in hoc ngc
a) Neu mi

cht (iin ca nit phn t bl k tr on g mt mch in c

h tng k giQ din p t' trn hai u ca n r diq (iii
nh ngha l din fr (h;iy in tr phc - tr khng) 'a
nim in tr gn lin vi qu;i trin h bin i in p th n h
li t dng in th n h in p.

quan h ny l ti l th u n, t a c nh lut m

u = R.I

l - 1)

y, R l mt h n g s ti l c gi l in tr ca
ng c gi l mt (in tr thun.

p h n t v p h n

t t n g

b) Nu in p tr n ph n t ti l vi tc bin i theo thi gian ca d n g in

trn n, tc l :
u

dl

.. ,
( y L l mt h n g s ti l)

(1-2)

ta c ph n t l m t cun d y c gi tr in cm l L.
c) Nu dng in t r n ph n t t l vi tc bin i theo thi gian ca in p
trn n, tc l :
d
I = c
ta c ph n

. . . .
( y c l m t h n g s ti l)

(1- 3)

t l mt t din c gi tr in d u n g l c.

d) Ngoi cc qu a n h nu trn, tr o n g thc t cn tn ti nhiu q u a n

h tng
h a d n g v phc t p gia in p v dng in t r n m t p h n t. Cc p h n t
ny gi c h un g l cc p h n t khng tuyn tnh v c nhiu tnh cht c bit. in
tr ca chng c gi c hu ng l cc in tr phi tuyn, i n hnh n h t l it, tranz ito ,
thiristo... v s
c cp ti cc ph n tip sau.
2. Cc t in h cht qu an trng ca p h n t tuyn t i n h l :
a) c tuyn Vn - Ampe (th hin qu a n h U(D) l m t ng t h n g ; in tr
l mt i lng c gi tr khng thay i mi
im.
b) Tun theo nguyn l chng cht. Tc ng
ring l ln nd.

t ng cng b n g t n g

cc t c ng

p ng tn g cng (kt q u chung) b ng t ng cc k t q u t h n h p h n do tc ng

th n h ph n gy ra.
c) Khng p h t sinh t h n h ph n t n s l khi lm vic vi tn hiu xoay chiu
(khng gy mo phi tuyn).
( i ) ( i h c h : k h i n i m )\v m t d;y l t o n g cLil. d i d i n c h o m l y u l C;'L1 l h ; m h m c h i n h;iy nit
l hOi nhiLi you t MI) n n m t h p h in

m.'ich i n .

)\ l) li, vi p h n t p h i tuvcn. ta c cc t i n h cht sau :

at Dc tuvn VA l mt n^ cong ulin tr thay i theo im lm vic).
b) Khng p d n g c nguyn l ('hng cht.
c) Ain pht, sinh tnn s l (u vo k h n g c) khi c tn hiu xoay chiu t c ng.
3.
sau ;

n g diig - Cc phn t tuyn tnh (R, L, C). cd mt s ng d n g quan trng

a)
Dn tr lun th ng s c tr n g cho hin tng tiu kao n ng ng (ch
yu di d ng nhi) v mt thng s k h n g qun t.ink, Mc tiu hao na ng lng
ca in tr c nh gi hng cng s ut trn n, xc nh bi:
p ^ u . = ' r = U-/R

(1-4)

khi c5, [*un dv v i din l cc ph n t v c bn khng tiu hao

n n g lng (xt l tng) v c qiin tnh. C hn g c tri ng cho hin tng tch luy
nan^' lng t tr n g hay in trng r a mch khi c dng in hay in p bin
t.hin qua chn. 0 y t(' bin i ca c' th ng s t r n g thi (in p, dng
i ( n )

C'C v a i

tr

( u y t

c n h

gi

tr

tr

khng

ca

chng,

ngha

c h n g c ( i n

tr

ph u hc vo tn .s (vo tc hipn i ca in p hay dng in tnh t r o n g mt

n v thi gian). Vi t in. t h thc ( L3). dung k h ng ca n gim khi t n g t n
0 v ngc: lai vi cun dy, t ( 1- 2 ) cm k h ng ca n t n g thoo t n s.
b Gi tr in tr t n g cng ca nhiu in tr ni tip nh au lun ln hn ca
t n g ci v c tnh c h t cng tuvn tnh. Din dn (gi tr nghch o ca in tr)
ca nhiou in tr ni song song nhau lun ln hn in dn ring r ca t n g ci
v cung (* tnh cht, cng tuyn tnh.
l i Cu i :

( th thc hin vic chia nh mt ii p (hay dng in) hay cn gi l thc

hin vic dch mc in t h (hay mc dng in) gia cc im khc nh au ca mch
bng cch ni ni tip (hay song song) cc in tr.
''M 'lYong cch ni ni tip, in tr no lB hn S* quyt nh gi tr chung ca
dy. Ngc li, t r o n g cch ni song song, in tr no nh hn s
quyt nh.
Vic ni ni tip (hay song ong) cc cun dy s dn ti kt qu tng t nh
i vi cc in tr : s lm t n g (hay gni) tr s in cTi chung. Di vi t in,
khi ni song song chng, in dun g tng cng t n g
:
c,, = c, +
c

khi ni ni tip,

+ ... c ,

(1-5)

in dung tng cng gim :

1/C^, = 1/Cj + I / C 2 + ... + 1/C^

(1-6)

c)
Nu ni ni tip hay song song R vi L hoc c s n h n c mt kt cu mch
c t i n h cht cin lc tan s (tr kh ng c h u ng ph thuc vo t n s gi l cc mch
lc t n s).
Nu ni ni tip hay song song L vi c s dn ti m t kt cu m ch va cd tnh
ch t chn lc t n s, va c kh n n g thc hin qu tr n h trao i qu a li gia hai
d n g n n g lng in - t trng, tc l kt cu c kh n n g p h t sinh dao ng
in p hay dng in nu ban u c m t ngun n n g lng ngoi kch thch, (vn
ny s gp mc 2.4).

\!wn in p v n^un dn din

a) Nu mt ph n t t n hay khi chii cc tc ng khng c bn c h t in (.
f kh n ng to ra in p hay dng in mt im no ca mch in thi n()
c gi l mt ngin sc din d n g (s.c.). Hai th ng s c t r n g cho ml ngun
s.. l ;
i tr in p gia hai u lc h
mch (khi khng ii vi bt k mt phn
t no khac t ngoi n hai u ca ngi l in p lc h mch ca ngiii k
hiu

Ul i ni -

Gi tr dng in ca ngun a ra
ton ; gi l gi tr dng in ngn lch

mch ngoi c mch ngoi dn in hon

ca ngiin k hiu l Inyni

Mt ngun s.. c coi l Iv tng nu ir p hav dng in do n cung

cho mch ngoi khng ph thuc vo tnh
c h t ca mch ngoi m ch
ti).

cap

b) Trn t.hr t. vi n h ng ti c g tr khc nhau, irn p trn hi u ngun

hay dng in do n cung cp c gi tr
khc nhau v phu t.huc vo ti. Diu
chng t. bn t r o n g n^un c xy ra qu trn h bin i dng in cu ng cp th n h
gim p trn chnh n. ngha l ln ti gi tr din tr bn t r o n g gi l din fr trong
ca igun k hiu
,,.

'' ~

I^riin

Nu gi v I * cc gi Ir in p v dng in do ngun cung cp khi c ti

hu hn 0 < Rj< 0- th :
R

hn, -

( 1-

8)

T (1-7) v (1-8) suy ra :

Innm

(1-9)

T cc h thc trn, ta c cc nhn xt sau :

1.
1. Nu
iNeu R..
0u th
ini t
t h
n thc
t.nc (1-8)
( i - ) ta
ta c
co u
khi ngun s.. l mt
ngun in p l tng. Ndi cch khc mt ngun in p c n g gn l t ng khi in
tr tr ong
ca n c gi tr c n g nh.
2. Nu Rng
mt ngun dng
ca n cng ln.

co, t h thc (1- 9) ta c I

Ingm, ngun s khi c
in l tng hay mt ngun dng in cng gn l t ng

d n g l
khi RniT

3. Mt ngun s... t r n thc t c coi l mt ngun in p hay ngun dng

in ty theo bi c h t cu to ca nd gi tr Rn. l nh hay ln. Vic ih gi
Rne ty thuc t n g qu a n gia n vi gi tr in tr ton p h n ca mch ti ni ti
hai u ca ngun
xut p h t t cc h
Rf
I
~o----->
thc (1-8) v (1-9)
I
c hai cch biu din
n
I

u u\ Rt
k hiu ngun (s)
R-^
thc t n h trn
-oo-----'
hinh 1.1 a v b.
6)
ln l

.
h ).

a ) l i r i(
h .(y

iic n

H ^ i

m ;

(/f\^

( (ii n .

/Ii!;u n

(i i

1,

Mt b phn ht ki ca mch c cha ngun, khng c lin h h cm vi phn

Cull li c ia m ach n chi ni vi p h n cn li ny hai i ii, lun c th th a y th
nt nii ng doig vi mt in tr tr on g l ii tr t n g ng ca b
phn larh in^ xt. Trng h) ring. nu b phn mch bao gni nhiu ngun in
ap ni vi nhiu in tr theo mt cch bat ki. c 2 u ra s c thay t h bng
rhi nt ngiin in p t n g ng vi mt in tr troig tng ng (nh l v
nguon tng i!g iia Tovnin)
. . 4 . B i i ivn

tach din hiti cc k iiu v hnh v

(s

i)

( () nhiu ct'h hiu dion mt inch in t, tron g n gin v t h u n li hn c

l cch hu dien b n g s d gni tp hp cc k hiu quy c hay ki hiu tng
ng ca ct' ph n t c ni vi nh au theo nt cch no * (ni tip, riong song,
hn hp ni tip soig song hav phi ghp thc^h hp) nh cc ng ni c in tr
bang 0- Khi bien dien nh vy, xu t hin mt .vi vu t hnh hc cn lm r khi
nini [ :

phn

Nhanh
(ca s mch) l nit b phn
ca s . tron g
t ni ni tip nhau, qua n chi c mt dng in
duy nht.
N l

mt im ca mch chung cho t

chi bao gm cc

ba nhnh tr ln.

Vng l mt, p h n ca mch hi\o gm mt s nt v nhnh lp th n h mt ng

kn ni dc theo no' mi n h n h v n t phi v chi gp mt ln (tr nt c chn
lm ini xu t phtK
Cv l mt ph n ca mch bao gm ton b s nt. v n h nh ni gia cc nt.
d nh ng khng lo nn mt vn^ kn no. Cc n h n h ca cy c gi l n k n k
c, cc n h n h cn li ca mch khng thuc cy c gi l b cy.
Cc yii t nu trn c s d n g c bit th u n li khi cn phn tch tnh ton
mch bng s .
NVi t a cn hiu din mch gn hn b n g Iit s gm nhiu kii c nh ng
ng lin h vi nhau. Mi khi bao gm mt nhdin cc phn t lin kt vi nhau
cin^ t.hc hin Iit nhim v k t h u t c t h c ch r (nhing khng ch ra c
th cch thc lin kt bn tr ong khi). ! cch biu din mch b ng s kki
r t gn, qua d d n g hinh du ng t n g q u t hot, ng ca ton b h th n g mch
in t.
1.2. TTN TC V TN H I U
Tin tc v tn hiu l hai khi nim c bn ca k t h u t in t tin hc, l i
tng m cc h t h n g mch in t c chc n n g nh mt cng c vt cht k th u t
nh m to ra, gia cng x li hay ni c hung n h m chuyn i gia cc d n g n n g lng
gii quyt m t m c tiu k t h u t n h t nh no .
. 2.. Tin lc c hiu l ni du n g cha ng bn t r o n g mt s kin, mt bin c
hay mt qu tr n h no (gi l ngun tin). Ti'ong hot, ng a d n g ca con ngi,
t lu hinh th n h nhu cu trao i tin tc theo hai chiu : v khng gian bin c
xy ra ti ni A th cn n h a n h chng c bit n h ng ni ngoi A v v thi gian ;
bin c xy ra vo lc
cn c lu gi li c t h bit vo lc
+ T vi kh
n n g T
oo^ nhu cu ny c tha mn v pht trin di nhiu hnh thc v
b ng mi ph ng tin vt cht ph hp vi tr nh ph t tr i n ca x hi (k hiu,
ting ni, ch vit hav b ng cc ph n g tin ti tin khc nhau). Gn y, do s ph t

trien v tn b n h a n h chng ca kl thut in t, nhu cu ny ngy c n g f iti(ia

man su sc' t r o n g iu kin ca mt
hng- n th ng tin rn Xi hi hin 'i.
Tnh cht quan rong nht ca tin tc l n m ang ngha ,vr S/ thig k. th'
hi(*n cc mt SUI :

a) Ni ciun^ flua tr on g nil s kin cng CC) nghia ln (ta ni s kin c lng
tin t c' (,ao i khi I1) x y ra t'nt h nc, c n g t c (;h i. N ^ h a l lng tin c

ln ti l vi hat ng hay fi IC vi xc suat xut hn ca s kin v c

th diin^ xac SU i nir (O lng tin tc.

b) Mac' di nh n c ni dung" ca mt s kin no , ti'ong h u ht ni

trng hp. ngi ta chi khn^' nh ( tnh th' chan, xc thc ca n vi nit
tin c-y no . Mr chic chn cng cao khi 'ng mt. ni d u n g c lp li
(v c bni nhiu lan. nha l tin tc cn c tnh chr tvmg binh h ng k ph thuc
vo Iic* hn o;in (*ua ngun tin, ca i tii n ^ (knh) truyn tin v c vo ni
nhn rin, vo t t r kh n a n ^ ^v sai nhm c Th ca mt h th n g th n g tin. Ngi
ta C- th d ng En tr opy nh gi lng Un th ng qua C(! gi tri ('ntropy 'if'Hg r
ca ngun tin. knh t.i'uyon tin v nci nh n tin.
O Tin tc khng t nhin sinh ra hoc m t i in *hi l lt biu hin ca cc
qu trnh chuy n ha n a n g lng hay qu tri nh tra o i n n g ln^ gia hai dng
vt cht v trng. Phn ln cc CU trinh ny l ning t.nh ngii nhin tun thoo
cc quy lut phn h ca Ihuy't xc. sut thn ng k. Tuy nhin c t h thy r n g nu
mt h th ng c n a n g lng n nh, Iic t r t t cao thi cng kh th u th p c
tin t.c t n v ngc li.
C s ton hc nh gi nh lng cc nh n xt trn c tri n h by tr on g cc
gio trinh chuvf^n ng n h v li thuyot. thng tin [ 10,] ] ].
/ . 2

. 2 .

T i n

i u

n i

c c

b u

k i n

v t

c i a

t i n l . c .

i u

hin ny a d n g v th ng c phn chia th n h hai nhm : c bn c h t in t

v khng r bn cht in t. l\iy nhin, d n g cui cng th ng gp l.rong cc h
thng in t. the hin qua ih n ^ s tr n g thi cli(n p hay dng in, l c bi cht
in t.
C th coi tn hiu ni chung (d di d ng no) l mt, lng vt l bin thin
theo thi gian v biu din n di d n g mt h m s hay th theo thi gian l
thch hp hn c.

Nu biu thc theo thi gian ca mt tn hiu l s(t) tha m n iu kin :

s(t) = s(t. + T)

10)

Vi mi t v y T l mt
hn g s th st) c gi l mt
tn hiu tu n hon theo thi
gian. Gi tr nh n h t tr ong tp
{T} tha mn (1-10) gi l ch
k ca s(t). Nu khng tn ti
mt gi tr hu hn ca T tha
mn I -IO ) th ta c s(t) l mt
tn hiu khng t u n hon.
Dao ng hnh sin (h.1.2) l
dng c trng nht ca cc tn
hiu tun hon, c biu thc dng :
n h

s(t.) = Acos(jt - ( f )

10

(1-11)

1 . 2

h u / n

:
s

't i
d c

h i t

h i l t

n c n \

A ,

s i n
,

V / i
<I ) ,

If.

c c

\'on\ 1-1 1 t A, (!.>. <p l c;( hn<^'

s \'\ lan lit ditU xo l bii
. tii s g' v g(K' pha b'in
u cu:\ H(t). (' ('c mi lin h
gia i->. ' v f nhif sau ;

2;r
1
; f ^ T

h' C h i a tn hiu
theo t;ch kh;u' th nh hai dn4
c bi n l hin ihin lin tc
thi't) ihi gian It n hiu tcng
t - anaioj;) hay hif'Mi thin
kii lin tc lh(() thi ^ian
(tin liiu xun^'so - digital). Thoo
ili
; ('ih
o' S( co' hai d ng mat'h in
( r f;\n lm vic (gia cng, x li) vi t n ^ loi trn.

Min-^ i/tifni; I^p.

(c' da n g tn hiu va nu trn, nu c hiu thc stt

nh, c gi l ioi tn hiii xc nh r rng. Nfnohi ra,
mang tnh ngu nhin v chi xc nh c c h ng qua cc
v nh cc (uy lut ca phn b xc sut th ng k, c
n hi n.

hay th biu dion xc

cn mt lp cc tn hiu
php ly m u nhiu ln
gi l cc tn hiu ngu

. 2.3. (Yc lin chi aui tin ii lco cch hiu (lin ihi ^iin
- a ) d i v

r (nnifj( biih ca it tin hiu

D di ca t n hivi l khong thi ^ian tn ti ca n t lc bt u xu t hin

n lc* mt cit. D di m a n g ngha l khon g thi Jian mc bn vi tn hiu ca
nit nvch hay h thn^ din l. N'u tin hiu st) xut hi('n lc
c di l r th
gi tr tr u n g bnh ca s(tl, k hiu l s(t), c xc nh bi :
1
s(t) =

/ s(t)dt
l

(1-13)

b) N a n g ig, cng s u t v tr hiu d ng ;

N ng lng

ca tn hiu st) c xc nh bi :
(1-14)

Cng sut t r u n g bnh ca s(t) tr o n g thi gian tii ti ca n c nh ngha bi :

(1-15)
Gi tr hiu d n g ca s(t) c nh ngha l :

Shcl =

1
^ s' )dt

= ^

rE7
s"(t)

Ci Di d n g ca tin hiu l t s giia cc gi tr ln nh t v nh nht cia cng

sut. tc thi ca tn hiu. Nu tnh theo n v logarit (clexibel), di ng c nh
ngha l :

min {s(t)

mins(t )

thng 30 ny c trng cho khong cng d hay khong ln ca tn hiu tc cng

ln mch hoc h thng in t.
d Thnh p h n m t ckieii v xoay chit ca tn hiii,

Mt tin hiu s(t) lun c t h phn tch th n h hai th n h ph n nit chiu v xoay
chiu rfao cho :
s(t.) = svi s

(1-18)

l th n h p h n bin t.hin theo thi gian ca st) v c gi tr t r u n g bnh theo

thi gian bng 0 v

l Ihnh phn c nh theo thi gian (thnh phn 1 chiu)

Theo cc h thc (1-13) v (1-18) c :

c :
v

s-

= s(t) s(t)

s-

= s(t) - s(t) = 0

( 1- 2 0 )

e) Cc th nh p h n chn v Ic ca tn hiu.
Mt tin hiu s(t) ninfi; lun c th phn tr h cch khc t h n h hai t h n h ph n chn
v l c xf nh nh sau :
s^,|,(t) = s^.|,(-t) = | [ s ( t ) + s ( - t ) ]
(1-2 1 )

S|^,(t) = -S|^.(-t) = [ s ( t ) - s ( - t ) ]

t suy ra
s^.|,(t) + S|^.,(t) = s(t)
v

s,.|,(t) = s(t) ;

= 0

( 1- 22 )

f) Th n h p h a n thc v o ca tn hiu hay biu din phc ca m t tn hiu

Mt tn hiu s(t) b t k c th biu din t n g q u t di d n g m t s phc :
s(t) = Res(t) + jlnis(t)

(1-23)

y Re s(t) l p h n thc v Im s(t) l ph n o ca s(t).

Theo nh ngha, lng lin hp phc ca s(t) l :
s*(t) = Reset) - jlms()

.12

(1-24)

Khi cc thnh phn thc

Vi\o ca s(t) l.hno (1-23) v

=

Resm

(1-241 c xc nh bi :

r si) + S{t )
(1-25)

Ims( t) = i

Trng hp ring, nu s(t)

Ls{t) -

ta c cng thc Ole

= COS + sna
, " y'

I
cori jsinrl

(1-26)

Suy ra cch biu din cc hm iu ha di dng mt. hm s ni nli sau

COSc
(1-27)

Cc* cch biu din (1 26) v (1-27) c bit th u n li cho vic tnh ton cc hm
lng gic khi c h u y e n c h n g v d ng tnh ton CC hm s ni. Vi d, xt biu thc
i vi hm iu ha s(t) = Asin(/-'t + fp) (1-1 l , p dng h thc (1-27), co' t h vit
li s(t) di d ng
s(t) = A.Im
= Ini I

(1-28)

= I n iA e' '"

Vi A = Ae'^ l bin phc ca s(t).

Gi tr mod un ca A b n " :
= Ai COS (f + sin^y^) = A
tc l chnh bng bin ca s(t) biu din dng biu thc l l l ) \ Nu st.) cho di
dng biu thc hm COS (1-11) thi khi d ta c cc kt qu tng t he^ thc (1-28) :
s(t ) = ARe
+'^'1

J
= Re A e ^ '^ . e"'"!
-

Re I A . o'

(1-29)

Ta c th tm mi lien h tng
q u t _ia hai cch bpu din phc
ca s(t) nh coi s(t) n h 1 vect biu
din trn m t p h n g phc ta
Decc c chiu di A (gi l modun
ca s(t) v gc nghing^vi trc honh
l (p (argumen) ca s(t). T h thc
(1-23) vi quy tc t a m gic lng
SU}^ ra cch t nh m o d u n A v gc
pha (f cia s(t) theo Re s(t) v Im s(t)
nh sau :

Hnh .-

13

Nu s(t) = a + j b th A = / a + b
v <p - RYitg--

1-30)

tron g o' a = R es (t) ; b = m s ( t )

Theo quy t.c' n h n chia cc so phc ta c cc h thc sau :
Sj(t) s-,{t.) = A|A-> Gxpjiyi + tp^

i^(t)
Aj
^ l =
trong r Aj.

-./;) 'A, .

01

ln lt l mdun v argumen ca Sj{t) v

<p^ c xc nh t.hf 0

n-30).
1.3. CC H TH N G I N T DIE N H N H
H th ng n t l mt tp hp cc thit b in t nhm thc hin m t nhn
v k thut nht, nh nh gia cng x l tin tc, truyn thng tin d liu, o lng
thng s iu khin t chinh...
V cu tr c mt h t.hng ctin t c hai d ng c bn : d ng h kn thng
tin c gia cng x l theo r hai chiu nhm t ti mt iu kin ti u iiih
trc hay h h thng tin c truyn chi theo Iit hng t ngun tin ti i-:i
nhn tin.
(hi (iini (in hu - pht
C nhim v tr u y n m t tin tc d liu theo khng gian (trn mt k h o n g cch
nh t nh) t ngun tin ti ni n h n tin.
1 . ('ru trvic s C6 k h i :
Anten pht

Thit b pht

Thit b thu
Chon loc
Nrii

Di du

ch

/
khi

Gia cng
thng

thng

Nhn tin

tin dn dng.

2. Cc c im ch yu :
a) L d n g h t h n g h.
b) Bao gm 2 (i tr in h c bn.
Qu tr n h gn tin tc cn gi i vo m t ti tin t n s cao b n g cch bt. dao
ng ti tin c mt th ng s bin thi n theo quy lu t ca tin tc gi l qu trnh
ciicu c h ti th i t b pht.

14

(u;i I rnh tch

tin tc khi li tin ly li ni du ng tin tc tn s t h p ti thit
thu gi l qu tri nh <i cicu ch.
c)
Cht lng v hi u ( U ;\ cng Iih rc c' im ca h dc) 3 u t quy nh :
ac in ca thit b pht, t' dim ca thit b thu v mi tr n g thc hin qu
trinh truyi'Mi tin ia hnh, thi tit, nhiu...).
Ba y'u ny ctic ni bo n ng cao cht lng mt cch
Cii t h n g tin cao, ( r o n g o'

ring

r t hiu

ti n g u n t i n l c c i u ki n c h n g ,

h ai y u t cn

i:ii l yO\i t b ng.

d ('(' t'hi tifni CUaii tr o n ^ nht c\i\ h ;
I);in^ iu
cach V' iu

c-h' lAM, KM. analog, digital), C-n sut bc' x ca thit b pht, khong
kin lii tnfn^^ truy on , n h y v chn lc ca t h i t b thu.

! ito itrn^ (n
loai ny c nhini vu
thu thp tin lc' d liii VP mt i
nao d() c' anh o-i th n ^ s hoc t r n ^ thi 'a chng.

tng hay qu trnh

1 ( u t!'c khi :
I tng
do

Bn i
u vo

Chi thi
kt qu

Gia cng
I

l i m i t '.' S u d k i n i' i/inn i (ht

2. Cc ac im t [ln :
a) l. h t:u tr c tiling h
l) C hai phng php ('( ln thc
b

au

vo

tip

XU'

l.rt t i p

vi

hin qu trinh o ; phng php tip xc

tu i n ^ o

n ^ u n tin)

phng

phip

(thit
khig

tipp xc.
B bi'n i u vo l iian trng nhl. co' nhi(Mi v bin i thng s i lng
cn o (h n ^ d n g III ct lng vl l) v d n g tn
hiu in t c th a m s t
l vi ai lng cn o. (V d : p sut hi'n cli thnh in p, nhit hoc m
hiy vn tc hin i ; th n h in p hnc dng in...).

c) S can thip ca bt
thit b o no vo i t ng o dn ti h qu l i
tng cn khng cn ng c !p v do xy ra qu tr in h mt th ng tin t nhin
dn n riai s o.
d) Moi c g n g n h m n n g cao chnh xc ca php o u lm t n g tnh phc
tp ; tng chi ph k thut v lm xut hin cc nguyn nhn gv sai s mi v i
kh-i lm gim tin cy ca php o.
e) V nguyn tc c th thc hin gia cng tin tc o lin t.c theo thi gian
(phng php analog) hay gia cng ri rc theo thi gian (phng ph p digital). Yu
t ny quy nh cc c im k t h u t v cu tr c : c t h l ph ng php a na log :
i lng o c theo di lin tc theo thi gian cn phng php digital i lng
o c ly mu gi tr n h n g thi i m xc nh v so vi cc mc cng
chun xc nh. P h n g php digital cho php tit kim n n g lng, n n g cao chinh
xc v kh n n g phi ghp vi cc thit b x l tin t ng.

15

f) C kh n n g o nhiu th ng s (nhiu knh,) hay o xa nh kt, hp Ihit

vi mt
h th ng t h n g tin triiyn d liu, o t ng nh mt chng tr n h
sn o iu khin bng //p)...

bi do
vac

. 3.3. H i (fu chnh

H c nhim v theo di khng ch' n)t hoc vi th ng s ca lt q u tr n h sao
cho (hng s ny phi c gi tr nm tron g
lit gii han fi nh trc
(lOU' ngoi
gii hn
ny) tc l c nhim v n nh th n g s U n^) mi tr s hay mt
di tr s cho trc.
1. S cu tr c :
Ch hi krl

^icn i

So

c n k h nri! c h e

d u v;-K

snnh

Khoi chai h a n h

Khiicch ;.n
sat Icch

)i

I; m h n

n
ch

liOu c l u i n

Al --= u.x - u.h

N I 1 . 7 : S(f (' k ; (UiU h ( il n ^ (licit c l n i n ii i (t.

2. Cc c im ch yu :
a) L h dng cu trc kn : thng tin truyn thoo hai hng nh cc mch phn hi.
b) Thng s cn o v khng ch c theo di lin tc v duy tr lc hoc
gii hn nh sn.
V d : T' (cn theo di khng t:h) c bin
i Irk: tin thnh Ux sau , s
snh Ux v ch c p h t hin ra du v in ca
sai lch (ch tng ng vi nuc
chun Tch c nh sn n i t ng cn c khng ch ).

Sau khi c khuch i lng sai lch

h nh iu kh i n t n g hoc gim
theo
3 kh n n g :

Au =
~
c a ti khi ckp
yu cu ty du v ln ca Au. S c

Khi Au = 0, ta cd
(^ = u^.^) i tng a n g t r n g thi m ong mun,
nhnh thng tin ngc khng hot ng
Khi Au > 0 (^ >
- Khi Au < 0
ngng khi Au = 0.

> Tj.|, h iu chnh

ln gim

h iu chinh lm t n g

q u trnh iu chinh

ch

c) mn (chnh xc) khi iu chnh ph thuc vo

chnh xc ca q u trn h bin i t

th n h

phn di ca p h n t so s n h ( nh ca Au)
D chnh xc c a qu tr n h bin i Tj^ t h n h
Tnh cht qu n t n h ca h.
d) Cd t h iu chnh lin tc theo thi gian (analog) hay gin on theo thi gian
min sao t c gi tr trung bnh m o n g i.

16

IMnng' php digital cho php, tit kim n n g lng ca h v ghp ni vi h

thn^' l ng t.nh ton.
t'i 'h rang thng thng n u chn mt. ngng U(h. ta nhn c k't (|u l
h du khin ('() hnh ng hay khng ty th ' 0 Ux ang ln hn hay nh hn Uch
(v (lo o' hani s vt ] cn theo di a ng ln hn hay nh hn gia tr nging nh
s,in l trM. Khi chn t hai mc ngng Uch! v UcUl h s hnh ng mi khi
l \ nnn lol vo troig khong hai gi tr ngng hoc ngc . iu nv man g V
nghia lic l hn ca Iit h t ng iii chinh cn ting hp vi mt mc ngng
h mang- ngha dng iu khin trng thi ihnh vi) ca i tng.

2- KT01A

17

Chng 2
K THUT
TNG

2.1 - CHT BN DN DIN - P?N T MT MT G I P P - N

2.7 ./. C h i hn dn tvn ch i v ch i hn (ln tap ch i

a - Cu trc v/ng n n g ng ca

ckf ran tnh th

Ta bit cu tr c n n g lng ca mt nguyn t, ng c lp c d n g l cc mc

ri rc. Khi a cc nguyn t i gn nhau, do tng tc. cc mc ny b SIIV bin
t h n h nhng di giii nhiu mc s t nhau c gi l cc ving niig lng. y l
dng cu trc n n g lng in hnh ca vt rn tinh th \2].
'Piv theo tnh trng cc mc n n g lng trong mt vng c b in t chin h
hay khng, ngi ta ph n bit 3 oi v n g n n g lng khc nhau :

Vng ha tr (hay cn gi l vng y), tro ng t t c cc nic n n g lng

u b chim ch, khng cn t r n g thi (nicl n n g lng t do.
Vng dn (vng trng), tr o n g cc mc n n g lng u cn ht r n g
b chim ch mt phn.

hay

ch

Vng cm, t r o n g khng tn ti cc mc n a n g lng no in t c th'

chim ch hay xc sut, tm ht ti y bng 0 .
Ty theo v tr tn g i gia 3 loi vng k trn, xt theo tnh cht dn cin fia
mnh, cc c h t r n cu tr c tinh t h c chia t h n h 3 loi xt o K) t h hin t r n
hnh 2 .1.

/ / / / / / / X'

///

V///

l//7C^

b)

)
n h 2 . : H n o V! ran
u )

( ' h

C i k h

then c u in k ' v i; n m : \; :
/:'

>

2 c i '

h )

( h J i

( l n d i c n

2 f V

c i

( 'K J I

( n

iiO ii.

Chng ta bit, mu n to dng in tro ng vt rn cn hai qu tr nh ng thi :

qu trnh to ra h t dn t do nh c kch thch n n g lng v qu tr n h chuyn
ng c hng ca cc h t dn in ny di tc d ng ca trng. Di y ta xt
ti cch dn in ca c ht bn dn nguyn cht (bn dn th u n ) v cht bn d n tp

18

2-KTO-B

t !i il in iin kh;t nlau t:h yu lin (iian ti (]ii trinh sinh U;ui) *' hat t (l)
n.mg linh th'.
) - Ch b(

(i hn)

ai 1hal an dn thiian ci'n hinh l ('r(nianiuiii K(.'i v Siiriun (Si) to' cu ti'c
vun: nan^;' ln^'
hinh 2.11' vi K., " (),72V v
thuc nho'm hn
hang tun hon Mik I(I(''[i . M hinh ('u trc ma ng tinh th'
(1 t'hiou) (n c hu ng (()
hinii

2 . 2 :\

vi

h;\n

c h t

cc

lin

k 't

^ h p

cn

h a

tr

v n h

n goi.

(5

0 K chn l rac r h t ('ac'h (in. Khi dic lt ngun nan^ in^ ngoi kich thiVhx ; \ Ia hin tin^^; i o n lua cae n < ; u y n
t l ii t Mai^^ v s i n h n ^ (I ht d n ( cio :
dien t h\khi ln k('\ <>h('*p di tr th n h hat l do v c('* lai 1 lif-n kt li khiiy't
( l o t r nn j : ; ) . 'I Vn t h viU X n a n ^ l n ^ h i n h 2.2h. dic' U n y t n ^ n ^ v i s c h u y n
i(;n t t 1 lc n a n g ln^ tron^ vung h()'a tri l*n 1 mc tr nn g v n^ dan li 1
iuii' U co MrnX) trong vn^ hoa tr. (-;U cp hi dn t do nv. di tac d ng ra
1 ti-ni n^oi hay mt (racliM nn^ c kh n a n g dch chuyi t'f) hn^ tron^'
nii^ t ih

K('I C|u
I ' C1; :

kich

h l o ln CII^ (in tro n g Cht

l : li Mun tao ht dn t df)tr on^ t'ha h;n

thich

i i

cn v nang

.r

i'

I I

.*

...

2e

l
, r

dn thvin

ki

:r:i

han dn th u a n .

:*1

'1

tf
i-/

. r

'/z:Zy/^-

lu h

2 . 2 ; (i) C n i r m
h)

f)

ili

/ntit/^ Ii/th i h r m i n ( i i r u c t t h i ' i i hiii //// i h i i n -V/

v h :

()i

l i i t l

t lt-

^ iii

s in h

ri!-^

c p

h it

(l(h i

fl/.

2) Dng in t r o n g cht hn dan thiin gm hai t.hnh ph n t n g ng

qua tri nh pht sinh l.ng c-p hat. dn to ra
(n, = P | ) [2, 8].

nhau do

c ~ ('hat hn cin tp cht OI n

Ngi t a t.in h nh pha thm cc nguyn

t thuc nhrm 5 bii4 Mendeleep vo
m n g tnh th c h t bn cln nguyn cht nh cc cng ngh c bit, vi nng
khong l o " n
nguyn l/cnv\ Khi cc nguyn t. tp c h t th a mt in
t vnh ngoi, lin kt yu vi h t nhn, d dng b ion ha nh 1 ngun n n g lng
yu to nn 1 cp ion dng tp cht - in t t do. iu kin binh th n g (25''C)
ton h cc Iifuyn t tp cht a b ion ha. Ngoi ra hin t n g ph t sinh ht. ging
nh c ch ca cht bn dan th u n van xy ra nh c m t tr n hinh 2 .-3a. vi
mc ycu hn. TTi'n th vng n n g lng. cc Uc n n g lng t p cht loi ny
(gi l t.p ch t loi n hay loi cho in t - Donor) phn b' bn tr o n g vjig cm.
nain st y vn g dn (khong cch c vi C' eV).
O

K't qu l tr o ng m n g tinh th tn ti nhiu ion dng ca lp cht bt n^ v

dng in t r o n g c h t hn cln loi n gnni hai th n h phn khng b ng n h a u lo ra :

;
H n

2 ..< :

f)

f ( t \ ; (rf^^

V) C ( f

( //{

SI/I

j} liii n

lia i

lii

iru i: l i

han

l n

itp

li i

hi hnu )

in t c gi l loi ht dn a s c nng l
nng
(chnh nh au nhiu cp ; 1|^

l tr ng - loi thi u s t

d - Cl. bi d n tp cht loi p

Nu tin hnh pha tp cht thuc n h m 3 bng t u n hon Moncleloep vo m ng
tinh th cht bn dn t h u n ta c c h t bn dn t p cht loi p vi c im ch
yii l nguyn t tp cht thiu mt in t vnh ngoi nn
1 lin kt hca
.r ([h(*p
i) b khuyt, ta gi l l trn g lin kt, c kh na ng nhn in t, khi nguyn
t tp cht b ion ha s sinh ra ng thi 1 cp : inn m tp cht - l trng t do.
Mc n n g lng tap ch t loi p nm t r o n g v ng ci st inh vn^ ha tr. l in h 2.3b
cho php gii thch cAch sinh ht dn ca cht bn dn loi ny. Vcy trong m n g tinh
i.h ch- hn cl tp cht, loi p tn ti nhiu ion i tp chi ('() tnh (h;it nh x
l n g vng v dng n tr on g cht bn d n loi p gm hai th n h phn khng tng
ng nhau : l t r n g c gi l cc ht. dn a s, in t ht. thiu s, vi cc
nng t n g n g l Pp v np (Pp Tip).
c ~ Vai hin tig vt l thng gp
( ach sinh h t dn v to th n h dn g
trc tipp t.i cc hin t ng vt l sau ;

in tr ong cht bn

in tng ioi IO nguyn t (ca cht

lp cht) l hin t n g gn lin vi qu trn h
n n g lng ca cc ht. R r n g s' h t sinh
trong vng dn hay s mc b tr ng i t r o n g
k lng t cho php tnh nng cc loi h t
[2 , 8 ] :

n = / N(E)F(E)dE ;
^'c

dn th n g

bn dn thun hay ca cht bn dn

to h t dn t do hay chuyn di nic
ra bng s mc n n g lng b chim
vng hda tr. Kt qu ca vt. l th ng
ny da vo hm th n g k F e r m i - D ir a c

p = / N(E)F(E)dE
^ 'min

vi n, p l n n g in t tr on g v n g dn v l t r n g tro ng vng ha tr.

E^, l mc n n g lng ca y vng dn,

20

lin qu an

(2-1)

Fj^. l mc nn g lng ca inh vng hda tr,

[p trng thi nan g lng cao nht c in t,

l t r n g thi n n g lng th p n h t ca trng,

N ( . j l h m mt t r n g thi ht theo n a n g lng,
F(|,J l hm ph n b th ong k h t theo n n g lng.
Thoo o' ngi ta xc nh c :
Kc - E.
n = N,,exp ( ----- ) ; p =

Ej.. - E,
xp ( ------------------ )

*2-2)

vi N^., N^, l mt t r n g thi hiu dng tr o n g cc vng tng ng, E|,- l mc th

ha hoc' ti^ Formi.
Kt (lu phn tch cho php c cc kl lun, ch vu sau ;

bt

() t r n ^ thi cn hng, tch s nng hai loi h t dn l mt h n g s (trong

k C'h;. b n

dn

loi

no)

= N^.N,,0xp ( -

Pn =

) = co nst

(2-3)

ngha l vic t n g nng 1 loi h t ny lun km theo vic gim nng tng
ng t*a lo;.ii ht k ia.

Ti'ong ('ht hn dn loi n c

> > i >>Pn tlo d s' in t t do un bng
s ln<;' ion dng tp cht : Hj-, = N Y Tng t, trong cht bn dn loi p c
P|, > >

Hj > >

do d rf trng lun bng s lng ion m tp c h i : Pp =

h.n i/nng tai

hap ca car ht (i

ln t n g riinh h t dn p h hy t.rng th i cn b n g n h i t n g cia h h t

(n.p

n^. Khi ngi ta th pg qua n

tii ti s gia ta n g nng ca cc ht

thiu s vi c hng c vai tr quyt, nh ti nhiu c ch pht sinh dng in trong

cc dung' cu hn dan. I'in tn^' ti h]) ht dan l qu trinh ngc li, lin quan
ti r(' chuvn di in t t Iic n;m^ lng cao tr ong vng dn v mc th p hn
trong vng ha tr. Ilin t.ng ti hp lm lit i ng thi 1 cp ht dn v a
h h t v li ] t r a n g thi cn bng mi.
Khi d, t r o n g cht bn dn loi n, l s
iu kin nng in t cao :
Ap(t) = Ap(0)exp
y

:Ap(t)

ti hp ca tr n g vi

~ y: )

in t trong

(2-4)

l mc gim ca l tr ng theo thi gian

Ap(0) l

30 lng l tr n g lc t 0 (c c sau 1 q u tr nh sinh ht)

lthi gian sng ca l trng tro n g cht bn dn loi n (l khong thi'

gian trong nng l trng d gim i e lniTng t, tr o n g

c ht bn dn loi p c
An(t) = An(0)exp^ ~

r~ )

(2-5)

21

('c thnn^^ so
ciui;^- (U \vAn (.ln,
-

( t y c

Di i
t ai }
tu a

(; i '

v r,, quyt nh ti c;u' linh cht tan s6 (tac ng nha nh 1 ra cnc

clunf

nf *n 1 d n o trng'

i i a

<tnM t

cin

i)a

trng.

lu l

h;il

(n

dn

d n ^ tri)

troi,

(]() 1 h u y ' n

vi

(cn

vn

tr

tn o L g

di^

nh

lin^

trun^^ tinh

t i (-

v j (U f n j ;

^:

toe

p,

Vih = //K

Suy ra

v,h,

= -//,1^^

(2-i

'\i'on^ o' //,,, //|, l cc h rf li gi l cl linh dng ca cc hl (ln tifn-- ln;^

(vi 1 'ht han dan tp chl ch to l CV c
= ;],S()() c n r Vs : // = ISOO c u r Vs
t Si I-
'r

o ',

=
mt

i ; 3()0 r m - V.S ;

hai

dnf

tri

gm

11 111 II =

C , n . V| |if

hioi

q p . V||,p

SOOcn r V s ) .
ihnh

Jihan

vi q l in tch cc hat
lin>'

clon^

t 1 t ( . n
li

phan

'

) K ( n

I ..

i'M
+

1 ..

Itiun

(2 - 7

+ 1

p//|,

2 - 8

- Chi/vc (ng lnrch tn ca (c ht (n

I)( ('.() s chnh lch v nng thfC) khn^'

C*U' hit cln tlii* hin ('huyn
ng khufh tn t ip co' nng CVO ti lp C( nng th'p. Mt cln^ khuch
lan th(*) phng ^ini ci nng c dng' : fJSl
cl n

= ->1 n ( -

I = q n

- q

cl n

vi ) v D l cc h s 6 ti l gi l h s khurh ln ca
(])j^ = 32 cm-Zs ;
= 12 cmVs)

.2-101
cc'

ht. t n ^

Ngi ta ch n g minh c cc tnh cht sau :

#

KT
' -

i = U .,//

q '

(h t h ( E i n s t ( in)

'

Trong IJ'|- l th nhit <| ^ 25mV nhit phng T = 29C Ki

. T,, =

D,, r,, = L^,

'lYong L^, L|, q u n g ng khuch tan ca ht (l khong cch t r o n g nng

ht khiich tn gim i c ln thoo phng khuch tn) c ng chnh l q u n g
ng t r u n g binh ht dch chuy n khuch tn c tr on g thi gian ring
ca n.
2 . . 2 . M( f*hp p -n

v in chnh

a - Mt ghp p - i

hhi- cha c din p ngoi

Khi cho hai

n h a u , c c h i n

tinh th

22

iit hn dn

bn dn tp cht loi n v loi p tip xc cng ngh vi

t n g v t li x y r a

bn dn in hin i [2, 8 ].

tru ca

t i n i t i o p x c l C s c h o h u

ht c c d n g c

 linh 2.4 biii dion

hoa nt lit ^h p - n
ap n^oi t vo, Vi
phng, cc ngiiyn t
ha

hon

ton

(n,-j

m hnh l tn^!
khi chia c in
gi thit nhi
tp cht b ion

N|^

; Pp

Cc hin t n g xv ra ti ni lip xc
- th' 1 t toi t t n h sau ;
Do c s chih lch ln v nng
(n,, Hj, v
P n ^ ti vung tp xc
(() hi(ti tng khuch tn cc ht a s
(ua ni tip g ip , x u t h i n 1 d n g i n

khufh t;n |^J hng t p sa n g n. Tai

1 vin^' ln cn ,, hai bn mt. tip xc,
xu;'U hin nit lp in .ch kli do ion
t;ip cht to ra. trong ngh-o ht dn
a s v co in tr n (hn nhiu cp
so

vi

C K'

th(i xu

v n g

hin

cn

liK

1 in

co

ng

trng ni b

hng t ving N (p ion dng Npi

san^ vng p (lp ion ni N,^^ ) gi l

i('n tr n g ti'p xc

(h. 2.4c.

Ngi la ndi i xut hin ] hng

ro in th' hay mt hiu th tip xc
Uix- B day lp ngho n ph thuc vo
nng t p tht, nu N,\ - N|) th 1,1
i x n g qua mt tip xc : lon ~ Kip ;
th ng N,\ N n nn 1,U1 hii v phn
Ih yu nm bn loi bn dn pha tp
ch t t hn (c in tr sut. cao hn).
Din trng E(X cn tr chuyn ng
ca ng khuch tn v gy ra chuyn
ng gia tc (tri) ca cc ht. thiu s
({ua min tip XIC, c chiu nt^c li
vi dn g khuc'ch tn. Qu trinh ny
ti'p din s dn ti 1 trng thi cn
bang ng : ki Iir v khng c dng
in qua tip xc p - n . Hiu th tip
xc c gi tr xc p, c xc nh bi

n h

; \f

p - n k i c h ira (7/

(iOn irina:,
d M h in h c ii tri i h C ii :
h) r iu h f('fi; <! lu i theo p h i< fn \; X
I ) V///;' d i'n l i d k in i l p fii^hco
( v i o ih it y c ff i'f) ff /\;[} :
(h U i u ilic Cp xc lid v itii^ ro h c
U ii n i cf} vc :
C} K l i i (ny c d in t hn ii)n.

[2 , 8]

KT
Pp
KT
n
= - ln ( ) =
ln (
)
q
'v Pn /
q
\ n,, /

(2 - 11 )

Vi n h n g iu kin tiu chu?, nhit phng, Uix c gi tr kho ng 0,3V vi

loi tip xc p - n lm t Ge v 0,6V vi loi lm t Si, ph thuc vo t s nng
h t dn c n g loi, vo nhi t vi h s nhit m i-2mV/K).
b - Mt gh p p - i kh i c din trng tgoi
'IVng thi cn b n g ng nu trn s b ph v khi t ti tip xc p - n mt in
trn g ngoi. C hai tr ng hp xy ra (h. 2.5a v b) :

23

+_
/

p
'

____.................................... J

-------^ 1-------------4-^^^ ti
/ / 1

'l

/ /

^)

\ n h 2 5 M i i;hcp p - n k h i p h n c c ihtin a ) v p h n c c ng irc (b).

Khi in tr n g ngoi (Eni:)

chiu vi Etx (tc l c cc tnh dng t
ti p, m ti n). Khi do Erv- ch yu t ln vng ngho v xp chng vi Etx nn
cng tr n g t n g cng ti vng 1,, gim i do d lm t n g ch uyn ng khuch
t n Iki T ngi ta gi l hin tng phun ht a s' qua min tip xc p - n khi
n c ni. Dng in tri do Ext gy ra gn nh gim khng ng k do n ng
h t thiu s nh. Trng hp ny ng vi hinh 2.5a gi l phn cc t h u n cho tip
xc p-n. Khi d b rng v n g ngho gim i so vi I(>.
Khi Eng cng chiu vi E|X ngun ngoi cr cc dng t ti n, m t ti p), do
tc dng xp chng in tr n g t.i vng ngho, dng ki gim ti khng, dng Iir c
tng cht t v nhanh n mt g tr ho hH gi l dng in ngc bo ha ca
tip xc p- n. B rng vng ngho t n g ln so vi t r n g thi cn bng. Ngi ta gi
l s ph n cvc ngc cho tip xc p-n.
Kt qu l m t ghp p - n khi t
tro ng 1 in tr n g ngoi c tnh
cht van : dn in khng i xng
theo 2 chiu. Ngi t a gi l hiu
ng chinh lu ca tip xc p - n :
theo chiu phn cc t h u n (U,\K >
0 ), dng c gi tr ln to bi dng
ht a s phun q u a tip gip p - n
m, theo chiu ph n cc ngc (Usk
< 0 ) dng c gi tr nh hn vi cp
do ht thiu s tri q u a tip gip
p - n kha. y l kt qu tr c tip
ca hiu ng iu bin in tr ca
lp ngho ca m t ghp p~n di tc
ng ca tr n g ngoi.

(/T7/)
i

Sz

c ~ c tuyn V o n - A m p e v cc
th a m s c bn c it bn dn
it bn dn c cu t o l mt
chuyn tip p - n vi hai in cc ni
ra pha min p gi l ant, p ha min

24

th 2.6 : D c luyn V o n -A m p e ca i t hn dn.

n Xi la catt. Ni tip it bn dn vi 1 ngun in p ngoi qu a 1 in tr hn

rh dng, bin i cng v chiu ca in p ngoi, ngi ta thu c c tuyn
Von-Ampe ca it c d n g hnh 2.6. v l 1 ng cong c d n g phc tp, chia
lm 3 vng r r t : Vng (1) n g vi tr ng hp phn cc thu n, v n g 2) tn g ng
vi tr n g hp ph n cc ngc v vng (3) c gi ] vng nh t h n g tip xc p -n .
Qua vic phn tch c tnh Von-Arnpe gia l thu y t v thc
t ngi ta rt c
cc kt un ch yu sau :
- Trong v n g (1) v (2) phng trnh m t

Ia

tro ng o

I,(T)[

-xp{

T) = q .s . (

^po

ng cong cd d n g xeni [8])

-

(2 -

12 )

I^pPn .
L
)

gi l dng in ngc bo ha c gi tr g n nh khng ph thuc vo U^J^, ch ph

thuc vo nn g ht th i u s lc cn bng, vo di v h s khuch t n tc l
vo bn c h t cu to c ht b n dn tp c h t loi n v p v do ph thuc vo nhit
.
U| =

gi l t h nhit ; T = 300"K vi q = 1,6.10' ^c, k = L38.10'"- J/K

U | c gi xp x 25,5mV ; m = (1 -- 2) l h s hiu chinh gia l thuy t v thc

t.
Ti vn g m (phn cc th u n ) : u - v
c ph thuc vo nhit nn dn g
ng cong ph thuc vo nhit vi h s nhit c xc nh bi o hni ring
theo nhit .
____, mV
,')T
ngha l khi gi cho dng in t h u n q u a van khng i, in p t h u n gim t l
theo nhi t vi tc -2mV/K.
- Ti vn g kha (phn cc ngc) gi tr dng bo ha
nh (10
A/cm^ vi Si
v 10'^* A/cm vi Ge v ph thuc m n h vo nhit vi mc +10% gi t r / ' K :
AI^ (AT = 10^K)
tc l dng in ngc tng gp i khi gia s nhit tng
lo"C.
- Cc kt lun va
thuc m n h vo nhit
dn hoc tr a n z it o sau
s n nh ca c h n g
gy ra.

nu i vi
v
ch r hot ng ca it bn dn ph
v tr o n g thc t cc mch in t c s d n g ti it bn
ny, ngi ta cn cd nhiu bin php nghim n g t duy tr
khi lm vic, chng (b) li cc nguyn n h n k trn do nhit

- Ti vng n h t h n g (khi
< 0 v cd tr s ln) dng in ngc t n g
t ngt troig khi in p gia a n t v ka t t khng tng. Tnh cht van ca it khi
b p h hoi. Tn ti hai d n g n h t h n g chnh :

nh t h n g v nh i t do tip xc p - n b n u n g nng cc b, v va chm ca h t

thi u s c gia tc tr o n g t r n g m nh . iu ny dn ti qu tr nh siih ht t
(ion h a nguyn t c ht bn d n t.hun, c tn h c h t thc l) lm nhit ni tip
xc tip tc tng... dng in ngc t n g t bin v m t ghp p - n b ph hng.

25

 nh t h n g v in do hai hiu ng : ion hra do va chm (gia h t th i u s

c gia tc t r o n g tr n g m n h c lo'^v/cni vi nguvn t ca c h t bn d n t h u n
thng xy ra CC m t ghp p - n rng (hiu ng Zener) v hiu ng xuyn h m
(l\i nen ) xy ra cc tip xc p - n hp do pha t p cht vi nng cao lin q u a n ti
hin tng nhv mc tr c tip ca in t ha tr bn bn d n p xuyn q ua ro th
tip xc s a n g v ng dn bn bn dn n,
Khi phn tch hot ng ca it t r o n g cc mch in c th, ngi t a th n g s
dng cc i lng (tham s) c trng cho nd. C hai nhm tham s chnh vi mt
it bn dn l nho'ni cc th a m s gii h n c t r n g cho ch lm vic gii hn
ca it v nhm cc th a m s nh mc c t r n g cho ch lm vic th n g thng.
-

Cc t h a m s gii hn l :

in p ngc cc i ' it cn th hin tnh ch t van (cha b nh th n g) :

thng gi tr
chn khong 807f gi tr in p n h t h n g j),

Dng cho php cc i

qua van lc m :

Cng su t tiu hao cc

i cho php trn van ch a b hng v nhit ; p

T n s gii h n ca in p (ng in) t ln van nd cn c tnh c h t van

-

Cc th a m s nh mc ch yu l :

in tr 1 chiu ca it
U
=

ak

'

"( L

in tr vi ph n (xoay chiu) ca it :

AK

rd = )I a
u-r
vi n h n h th u n
/\
ca

^ Ia

do

; vi n h n h ngc

u-l-

= 7r
r~FT
( I a + Is)

(2-14)

ln nn gi tr I'j nh v gim n h a n h theo mc t n g

^ -~ ln v t ph thuc vo dng gi tr

c n g chnh lch nhiu th t n h ch t

van c n g t h hin r.

in d u n g tip gip p - n : lp in tch khi

l in d u n g ca m t ghp p - n : Cpp = C^J +
tr on g
chc pF) v

l t h n h p h n in

t ng ng n h 1 t in

gi

dung chi ph thuc vo in p ngc (vi ph n

l t h n h p h n ch ph thuc

vo in p t h u n (vi pF).

n h n g t n s' im vic cao, ngi ta phi ti n h hng ca Cpp ti cc

tnh cht ca mch in. c bit khi s d n g it ch kh a in t n g m
vi nhp cao, it cn m t thi gian qu hi phc li tnh c h t van lc chuyn
t m s a n g kha. Din p m v a n U ) l gi tr in p t h u n t ln van t n g ng
dng t h u n t c gi tr
Ngi t a ph n

loi cc it b n dn theo nhiu qu an i m kh c n h a u :

Theo c i m
dn g : Ge hay Si.

26

cu to c loi it tip im, it tip m t, loi v t

Theo t n s gii h n

c loi it t n s cao, it t n s thp.

liu s

 Theo cng s ut p.^^. c loi it cng su t ln, cng s u t t r u n g bnh hoc cng
s u t nh (I^ I < 300 niA)
Thoo nguyn l hot ng hay phm vi ng d ng c cc loi it chinh lu, it
n nh in p (it Zener), it bin du n g (Varicap), it s d ng hiu ng xuyn
h m (it Tunen)...
Chi tit hn, c t h xem th m tro ng cc ti liu chuyn ngn h v d n g c bn dn
in [1, 8],
Khi xt it tr o n g mch thic
t, ngi ta th n g s d ng s
tng ng ca it tng
ng vi 2 t r n g hp n v
kha ca n (xem h.2.7)
t ta c

^/7fC
.

0)

7C

=
dih
-

UHiIC

vi
T in
baz ca it hay
binh ca vng (1)
(2) ca c tuyn

Vh 2 . 7 : S ( t ( i h

tr p h n
dc t r u n g
c tuyn Von-Ampe, V
Von-Ampe.

( m ^ c i t h n lt l c m< ( a ) r
' u k i i (h ).

. l dc t r u n g bnh ca n h nh ngc

2 , . 3 . Vi ri dut in hnh ca hn dn

T*ong p h n ny, c h ng t a xt ti m t s ng d n g in hnh ca it. t r o n g cc

mach chinh lu, hn ch bin , n nh in p.

-L

4-

n h 2.8 :Cc mch chinh int

cti^ Mi nh ihng (I
) Mch chnh Kit hai nira chu k,
h) Mch chinh lu Cdti^
c) Mch chnh lu ch( in p ra d i xn;, () Mch chinh lu II ci cin p.

27

a - B c h n h ii cng s ut nh
S dng tinh cht van ca it bn dn, cc mch chinh lu in
suat nh , c cho tr n hnh 2 .8a, b, c, d.

hnh n h t u-ng

n gin cho vic

phn tich hot ng v rt ra cc kt lun chnh vi cc
mch trn, c hng ta xt vi tr ng hp ti ca mch chinh lu l in tr th u n , sau
d c lu cc c im khi t,i c tnh cht in dung hay in cm v vi gi thit
cc van it l l tng, in p vo c d n g hnh sin ph hp
vi thc t in p
m n g 110V/220V xoay chiu, 50 Hz.
- Mch c n h I hai na chu k : Nh bin p ngun, in p m n g a ti s
cp c bin i t h n h
hai in p hnh sin U;> v >-) ngic pha nhau t r n th
cp. Tng ng vi na
chu k dTig (Uij > 0, U-,^ < 0) D| m D-,kha, ''rvn R
dng nh n c c d n g 1 chiu
l in p na hnh sin
do U^Iqua D m to ra.
Khi in p vo i du na chu
k m) U-.
< 0,
> 0) D kha t m v trn
Rj n h n c dng do . to ra,
(h.2.9).
I

Gi tr t r u n g bnh ca in

p t r n ti c xc nh theo h thc

(1.13) :

(2-15)
vi U t l gi tr hiu d n g ca in ap
trn 1 cun ca th cp bin p.

Gi tr t r u n g bnh ca dng t r n
ti i vi tr n g hp ti t h u n tr
I, = ~
R.

(2- lG)

Khi dng q u a cc clit D| v D

l

_ ,
^al ^a2 ~ 2

(2-17)

v dng cc i i qua it l
am ax =

71,

I, = f I, (2- 18)

: Cii d h diCt p c a h

nh gi b n g p h n g ca / / / i /
c h u k
in p tr n ti sau khi chinh lu,
(J) ) n p l c p
th n g s d n g h s p mch (gn
b ) ) i i p ircti l i .
sng), c nh ngha i vi t h n h ph n sng bc n ;

qn =
Trong d
tr n ti.

.n m

(2- 19)

l bin sng c t n s n.t ;

u Im
u.

l th n h ph n in p 1 chiu

vi m l s pha chnh lu

q, = 0,67 (vi m c h hai n a chu k ni = 2).

28

c h n h l u 2 t i

in p ngc cc i t vo van kha hng tng in p cc i tr n 2 cun

th cp ca bin p:
= 2\T2 U , = 3,14
Khi cn chn van D|,

u ngcc l

> u

(2 - 2 0 )

c in p ngc cho php

H icm ax

Khi d n g ti l t lc c
(ng t nt trn hinh 2.8a) ch xc lp, do
hin t ng np v p h ng in
ca t c mch lc o' lm vic ch khng lin
tc n h tr n g hp vi ti in tr. Trn hinh 2.9b vi tr n g hp ti in dung, ta
thy r khc vi tr n g hp ti in tr c ny mi van chi lm vic t r o n g kho ng
thi gian O -4(vi van n) v
~ (i vi van O) nh hn n a chu ki v thng
mch np cho t t ngun
. v 2 ]
IVong khong thi gian cn
li, cc van u kha (do in p trn
t np n
hn gi tr tc thi ca in p pha tng ng u . 1 v T ), Lc t c ph dn g in
v cung cp in p ra t,rn R.

Cc th a m s chnh ca mch tr on g tr n g hp ny c thay i, khi

u = 1,41 .
v

(2-21)

qj ^ 0,02
(khi chn h n g s thi gian mch phng ca t r = R..C ln) cn u

khng

i so vi trc y.

Nu xt mch hnh 2.8a vi tng na cun th cp bin p ngun lm vic V! 1

van tng ng v mch ti ta cd 2 mch chinh lu Iit na chu k l d n g s n
gin nht, ca CC mch chnh lu. Da vo cc kt qu phn tch trn, d dng suy
ra cc tha m s ca mch ny tuy nhin chng chi c s d n g khi cc yu cu v cht
lng ngun (hiu sut n ng lng, chi tiu bng phang' ca U...) i hi thp.
-

Mch chin h Ui c

Mch in nguyn l ca b chinh

lu cu cho tr hinh 2 .8b, tr on g
cu gni 4 van it c k hiu thu
gn ; nu v y cu chinh lu ta
c hnh 2 ,10.

+I ^ 0

Trong t n g na chu k ca in p
th cp , m t cp van c a nt dng
n h t v ka t t m n h t m, cho dn^
mt chiu ra R, cp van cn li kha
v chu 1 in p ngc cc i bng
bin
V d ng vi na chu kl
t\^u\'cn li h chnh hat cu /ni pha.
d ng ca -,, cp van DjD^ m, -.4 kha. R r n g in p ngc cc i t ln
van lc kha c gi tr b n g m t n a so vi tr ng hp b chinh lu hai na chu ki
xt trn, y l u i m quan tr n g n h t ca s cu. Ngoi ra, kt cu th
cp ca bin p ngun n gin hn. Cc thaii s chnh ca m ch l :

in p 1 chiu lc h mch Rj.

= \2 U;; - 2 U,)

(2 - 2 2 )

vi U|) l in p t h u n t r n cc van in.

29

in p 1 chiu lc cd ti R, :
u,,oo =

(1 - f ^ l )

(2- 23)

vi R l ni tr t ng ng ca ngun xoay chiu

T7 [ 7

- 1

cc gi tr U:)I t l in p v dng in cun th cp bin p.

l in tr t n g ng ca ti Ry = ^
^ra

Cng su t d a n h nh ca bin p ngun

Pb. = 1-21,, ( U , , ^ + 2U|,)

(2-24)

in p ngc cc i tr n van kha :

Ungcn = ^ ^ 2

^2-25)

Khi c ti in dung, m ch lm vic ch xu ng lin qu an ti thi gian ph ng

ca t c lc cc van u kha v thi gian np lc mt cp van m gig nh
ph n tch vi m ch chnh lu hai n a chu k. Lc , dng in x u n g qua cp van
m np cho t c l :
-

<2-26)

RiRv

c ph thuc vo ni tr Rj ca ngun xoay chiu v c n g ln khi R| c n g nh. in

p ra ti thi u lc ny xc nh bi :
U n.,n= u , , t r o n g

(2-27)

l in p gn sng cc i :

U g ssnm. . x

(1

(2 - 2 8 )

Mch hnh 2,8c, cho php n h n c 1 in p ra 2 cc tnh i x ng vi im

chung, cd t h p h n tch n h hai m c h hn h 2 .8a lm vic vi hai na th cp ca
bin p ng u n , cd i m gia ni t.
Mch hnh 2.8d cho php n h n c in p 1 chiu c gi tr gp i in p ra
t r o n g cc mch xt t r n v cd tn l mch chnh lu bi p. n a chu ki u
(na chu k m) ca 2, van j m np cho t C( ti in p
- 2^ - A2U-,.
n a chu ki tip s au (na chu k dng) 2 m v in p np cho t C2 cd gi
tr nh :

u,2 = u + 2^ =.

= 2V2 U ,

(2- 29)

Nu cc iu kin thc t (khi ln ca C|, C2 hu hn) gi tr in p 1

chiu sa u b chnh lu bi p c ln c hai ln gi tr ny b chnh lu c u ti
in dung.
Ngoi n g d n g t r o n g cc m c h chnh lu n h k trn, it cn c s d n g
tron g lnh vc chnh lu cng s u t ln (xem chng 4).

30

b - Cc m c h g h i m
Mt ng dng in hnh khc ca it bn dn l s dng trong mch ghim (mch
hn ch bin ).

^ -/T7

E
m x

/X / / / / /0 / / /

ki

n h 2. 7/ ; ('n ii h n c h e n i licp.
Mch hn ehe irCn m c (a) v d'n ih ihi i^ian minh h (h) :
M ch

h/

ehe

H n h 2.11 l cc mch hn

dtri

m c

c ) T) c n

ih

ih

^ian

m ih

( c ) .

ch ni tip. (it hn ch nic ni tip vi mch ti).

Xt tr on g t r n g hp n
gin khi l m t in p hnh sin kh n g c th n h
p h n 1 chiu v gi th i t it l l t ng (ngng m kha xy ra ti gi tr in p
gia 2 cc ca nd b n g khng U j = 0).
Khi

^ 0 it m v in p r a b n g :
Ural =

R
__ Rl h Rng
. E
. Uv +
R + Rth + Rng
R + Rth + Rng

vi R,(^ l gi tr trung bnh ca in tr thun it,

(2-30)

l in tr trong ca ngun vo

Khi Uj_ < 0 it kh a in p ra b n g :

Ura 2 =

Rngc ^+ Rng
R
__
-i-^ncc
-
^ng
. E
. Uv +
R + Rngc + R ng>
R + Rngc + Rna
ng

(2-31)

hl

vi Rngcl gi tr t r u n g bnh ca in tr ngc it.

31

Nu thc hin iu kin

R

do

R ^Rn.^c
R

0 v

,ai -

^ng

U,,,:

PU kin U j = 0 xy ra khi = E nn ng ng hn ch ca mch b n g E

Tc l vi mch hn c h trn la) thc hin ciu kin :
(Khi u,, ^ E , ,, < 0 cd u ,,,2 = E
Khi U, < E , U , > 0 cd
v vi

= IJ,,

mch hn ch di (ci c :
'Khi U^, &
Khi L\, <

E , u,| > 0 . IJ,, = , ,

E , u|i < 0 ,

= E

Khi thay i gi tr E, ng ng han ch s thay i tro ng 1 di rng t - vmax

< E < vniax vi vm.iN
hin ca in p vo.
Ti*ng hp rin g khi chn E = 0 ta c mch h n ch mc 0 (mch ghim ly 1
cc tnh ca tn hiu vo hav mch chinh lu na chu k xt trc).
Cng ct h mc it s o n g song vi mch ra
hn ch kiu song song.
T iu kin : R||^ ^ R,

; R, ^

n h hnh

khi u , 5 E , ^,
Vi mch hnh 2.12a

2.12, lc t a c mch

> 0,

khi u < E , u|,

= E

< 0 , U,

khi II,, s E , U^I < 0 , U,.^, = u,

Vi mch hnh 2,12b

ikh i l

< V.
0

Lu r n g nu n ngng m
ca it thc t h (loi Si c + 0 ,6V v
loi Ge c + 0,3V) th n g n g hn ch' ca
cc mch tr n b th ay i i 1 gi tr tng
ng vi cc mc ny.

11

c - On dnli di n p b n g di t Zener
0-

it n p lm vic nh hiu ng nh
t h n g Zener v hiu n g n h th n g thc
l ca chuyn tip p - n khi ph n cc ngic.
Trong cc it. th n g t h n g hin tng
nh t h n g ny s lm h ng it, nh n g
tro ng cc it n nh, do c ch to
c bit v khi lm vic m ch ngoi c
in tr hn ch dng ngc (khng cho
php n t n g qu dng ngc cho php)
nn it lun lm vic c h nh t h n g
nh n g khng hng. Khc vi it thng
dng, cc it n nh cng tc ch
phn cc ngc. N h n g t h a m s k th u t
ca it Zener l :

32

y-

<5;
0-

'c/

0-

z l

n h 2 . 2 : Cc mch hn c h trn a ) r d ^
kiu soi; son.

- Din p n nh Uy (in p Zener) l in p ngc t ln it lm ph t sinh

1ii hin tng n h thng, Trn thc t i vi mi it n p chi cr lt, kho ng r t
hp ni n cr t h n nh c, K h o n g ny b gii hn mt m t bi khong c
tuyn ca it t p h m vi dng bo ha s an g ph m vi nh t h n g lm dng t n g t
ngt, m t khc bi cng sut tiu hao cho php. Hay dng cc i cho php.
- Din tr ng
ca it Zener c nh ngha l dc c tuyn tnh ca
it ti im lm vic;

d./dl,

(2-32)

Cn c vo ( 2 - 3 2 ) c th thy rng dc ca c tuyn phn nh thng c

tc d n g quyt nh i cht, lng n nh ca it. Khi in tr ng b ng khng
(lc phn c tuyn nh th n g song song vi trc tung) th s n nh in p
t ti mc l tng.

Nh hnh 2.13a, thc hin chc n n g n nh ngiri ta th n g mc ni tip vi

it Zener lt in tr v tc d n g n nh c ch ng minh b ng th t r n hnh
2.13h.
C th thit lp q u a n h hm s gia in tr ng v in p n nh ca it.
V d i vi it Zener Si, cng s u t tiu hao 0,5W c d ng th nh hinh 2.13c.
T th ny th y in tr ng cc t i u khi in p vo khong 6 n 8V. V trong
khong in p ny x u t hin ng thi hin tng n h t h n g Zener v n h th ng
Ihc l lm cho dng
ngc t n g n t ngt.
- in Ir tnh R, c
ti nh b n g ti s gia in
4 p t vo v d n g in
i qua it.
R, -

,/,

/
~

(2 - 3 3 )

Dng in v in p
k tr n c xc nh t
im cng t c ca it
(h.2.13bj. in tr tn h
ph thuc r t nhiu vo
dng chy q ua it.
H s n nh c
nh ngha b n g t s' gia
cc bin i t n g i ca
dng in qu a it v in
p ri t r n it do dng
gy ra :

ln h 2.7. ; a) n cni (tin p hfi^ (it /.rncr

h) rtn lch (lo ih dc lnh n cinh
c) S ph mc ca din tr (ti vo
in i (lnh.

(2-34)
C hn g ta thy h s ny chnh b n g t s gia in tr tnh v in tr ng ti
i m cng tc ca it.
D t h s n nh cao, vi m t s bin i dng in q u a it cho trc,
in p ri, t r n it (do dng ny gy ra) phi bin i nh nh t. Cc it n dnh
3- KT0T-A

.S3

Si thiing cd Z ^ 100. Trd k h ng r a ciia mach dn dinh c ng l mt th ong so ch you

dnh gi chat lung ca mach :
Rr:i =
dy AU, j l gia so ca dien p ra, gay ra bdi gia so AI,.., ca dng ti.
R ra n g t{ so ve phAi c n g nh thi cht lung mach 6 n dinh cng cao, vi th e
mach n dinh d n g dit Zener cd dien tr ra cng nh cng tot (dieu ny ph
vi vai tr mot nguon dien ap li tifng).
He so nhiet dp ca
ca din p dn dinh khi

dien p n dinh he so ny cho biet s\i bien

nhiet d thay doi l C ;
=(1 / Uj(du^ / dt)

cc
hp

doi tUng

doi

(2-35)

I.. = ('i)nsi

He so ny xc dinh bdi he so nhiet dp ca dien p dnh th n g c huyen tiep p -n .

Sii phu thupc ca dien p dn dinh vo nhiet dp cd d a n g
(2-36)

U, = U, [1 + -, (T - T,,)]
Trong dd :

l din p dn dinh ca dit Zener nhiet dp

He so nhiet dp
cd gi tri a m neu
hien
tiing
d nh
th n g ch yeu do
hieu n g Zener gay
ra. Nd cd gi tri
diidng
neu
hien
tUng d nh th n g
ch yeu do hien
tiidng thc l gay ra.
He s 6 nhidt dung
ca dit Zener cd
the b t r cho he
U hih
so nhiet dp a m ca
^o/n
dit chinh lUu d
nhiet dp th ng thiidng v he

ff/1
S///C
r*

Af
Pf

B, a f
lener

2.14 : To h(rp b nhici d

2 idt m c n o i fiep nhaii.

Hkih 2.15

so nhiet ca c to hd p cd t h e dat den 0,0005%/^^C (h.2.16).

Cn ch y l he so nh ie t dp ca dien p dn d i n h tai 1 gi tri di^n p no dd tr on g

khong t 5 den 7V, b n g khng. S di nhii vay l vi t r o n g khong nh ie t d ny tn
tai c hai hien tUng d n h t h n g l Zener v th c l v he s nhiet c a hai hieu n g
ny lai ngUc du cho nen cd ch c h ng tri et tieu ln nhau. Dy l mt dc die m r t
d n g quy, chi x u t hien tai diem cng tc ca t n g dit Zener tr on g kh o n g t 5 den
7V. Tren hinh 2.15 tr i n h by dc tuyen ca 3 dit do d hai nhiet dp khc nh a u . N h n g
vng trn d n h d'u die m cng tc c a dit tai dd he so nhiet b n g khng.

2.2. P H N T HAI MT G H E P P - N
N^u tr n cng m t de b n dn ln lt tao ra hai tiep gip cng ng he p - n gn
n h a u thi t a dUc m t d u n g cu bn dn 3 cc gpi l tr a nz ito bipolar, cd k h n n g
khuech dai ti n hieu dien. Nguyen li lm vic ca tra nz ito du a t r e n dac t in h dien ca
t n g tiep gip p - n v tc d u n g tUng h6 gia chng.
34

3 r.lT.b

2. 2-/ . ( a u ao, nutyn it l vict\ d c luyen v iam s ca r u n tito bipo la r

a) Cu tao : T*anzito c cu to gni cc min bn dn p v n xon k nhau, ty theo

trinh t sp xp CC min p v n m ta c hai loi cu trc in hnh l pnpy npn nh
trn hnh 2.16. D cu to ra cc cu trc ny ngii ta p dng nhng phng php cng
Af/7
ir

Mt/r
i
o-

/o' F

^ . . y . ^ 1.'.

M//'/
f/n/fT

o
/

/ l/ f7

C/^c^

\\ '\V

frr? f/ 7 '

: 7 ^ -^ ,

//

/7
N\

.
N' . ^ /
M/ /7
/r;//i/
o

M/rr
[t// C / '

^ C/ec/

? /ec/r

----------o

Sc?r

ih

2.()

: \f

liinl

!i nrirfi\^ l d

r k i i i

ia

Viiiiii p n p

()

I'f) H y t

ih)

ngh khc nhau nh phng php hp kim, phng

php khuch tn, phng php epitaxi...

Min bn dn thv nh t ca tranzito l liin eniit

vi c im l c nng tp cht ln nht, in
c
cc ni vi min ny gi l cc emit. Min th hai
' // . \
o------l min baz vi nng tp cht nh nht v
1
N -X
O
\ \ \ \ \
dy ca n nh c //m, in cc ni vi min ny
gi l cc baz. Min cn li l min coloct. vi nng
t.p cht tr ung bnh v in cc tng ng
coloct. Tip gip p - n gia niin emit v baz gi
>1
l tip gip emit (J| ), tip gip pn gia min baz
v min colect l tip gip colect J(0. V k hiu
tranzito cn ch l mi tn t gia cc emit
'ih
l . ' ^ : P n h t c h K ( n ru H z in
v baz c chiu t bn dn p sang bn dn n. V
t h n h h i i i l i o l v ti c i Itr tii^ l
mt cu trc, c th coi tranzito nh 2 it mc i
nhau nh hnh 2.17. (?U ny hon ton khng c ngha l c mc 2 it nh hnh
2-17 l c th thc hin c chc nng ca tranzit.0. Bi vi khi khng c tc
dng tng h ln nhau ca 2 tip P 1. Hiu ng tranzito
ch xy ra khi khong cch
gia 2 tip gip nh hn nhiu so vi di khuch tn ca ht dn).
>

b) Ngiiyn l lm vic : D tran zito lm vic, ngi ta phi a in

p 1chiu
ti cc in cc ca n, gi l phn cc cho tranzito. i vi ch khuch
i th
J| phn cc t h u n v
p h n cc ngc nh hlnh 2-18.

% }

Vm h 1 8 : S o p h n c c ca ira n io //V ) rt) )np b ) J t c h ii c h i.

35

 ph n tch nguyn l lm vic ta ly tra nz ito pnp lm v d. Do J. p h n cc

thu n cc h t a s (l trng) t min E phun qua J|. to nn dng emit (I| ). C h ng
ti vng baz tr t h n h h t thiu s v tip tc khuch t n su vo vng baz hng
ti J('. 'Trn ng khuch tn mt p h n nh b ti hp vi h t a s ca baz to
nn dng in cc baz (I). Do cu to min baz mn g ni gn nh to n b cc
ht khuch t n ti c b ca
v b tr n g gia tc (do Jj;' phn cc ngtc) cun
qua ti c min colect to nn dng in colect (I( ). Qua vic phn tch t r n r t
ra c h thc c b n v cc dng in tr on g tran zi to (h thc gn n g do b qua
dng ngc ca J(') :
2. 3 7 >

I,-: = I b

nh gi mc hao h t dng khuch t n trong v ng baz ngi t a nh ngha

h s tru y n t dng in a ca tranzito.
a =

Ic

(2-38)

II.

h s a xc nh c h t lng ca tra n z it o v c gi tr cng gn 1 vi cc tra n z it o

loi tt.
n h gi tc d n g iu khin ca dng in I|^ ti dng colect I(', ngi ta
nh ngha h s khuch i dng in ^ ca tranzito.
(2-39)
th ng c gi tr t r o n g khong vi chc n vi t r m . T cc biu th c (2-37),
(2 38), (2-39) c t h suy r a vi h thc hay c s d n g i vi tr a n z i t o :

Iii

1b

(1

(2-40)

+ )

(2-41).

c) Cch mc t r a n z it o v th a m s ch tn hiu nh
Khi s dn g v nguyn tc c t h ly 2 t r o n g s 3 cc ca tran zi to l u vo v
cc th 3 cn li c ng vi m t cc u vo lm u ra. Nh vy c t t c 6 cch
mc mch khc nh au. N h n g d mc t h no cng cn c mt cc c hu ng cho c u
vo v u ra. Trong s 6 cch mc y ch cd 3 cch l tranzito c t h khu ch i
cng s u t l cch mc c hun g emit (EC), c hun g baz (BC), chung colect (CC) nh
hnh 2.19. Ba cch mc cn li khng c ng dn g t r o n g thc t.

o-

/7

k
c

n h 2.19 : Phng' p h p m c iranzito trong hc t.

T tri sang ph i : Chung emita, chung haza, chung colecta.

36

T cch mc c d n g t r o n g thc t ca tranzito

v nit s c t h coi tranzito l mt phn t 4 cc
gn tuyn tnh c 2 u vo v 2 u ra (h.2 .2 0 ).
C th vit r a 6 cp phng tr nh m t quan h
gia u vo v u r a ca m n g 4 cc tr ong
dng in v in p l n h n g bin s c lp. N hn g
tro ng thc t tnh ton th ng d n g n h t l 3 cp
phng trnh tuyn tnh sau :

nh 2.20 : Irunziio nh mi mi;

bn cc.

Cp phng tr i n h tr k h ng c c khi coi cc

in p l hm, cc dng in l bin c d n g sau :
U| - f(I| , I2) - r, I . I) + r j 2 . I2 -

ii ri2

^2 = f(ll ) I 2 ) ~

>"21

^21

^1 * ^22 ^2 =

Cp phng trnh dn np c c khi coi cc dng in l hm ca cc bin in p :

I,

f ( , ,

I2

f(U |

U 2)

U i

g,2

U-

ii i

U i)

21

U |

g22

U.

21 22

u,
u.

Cp phng t r n h hn hp ;
U i

f(Ii ,

2)

'h u

h i 2^

fll

h 2 1 h22
h22
2
' 2
2 =
= f(Il , 2)
2) ~
h21
2
^
\ //
l\
/
tro ng d Tjj, gj v hjj t n g ng l cc th a m s tr khng, dn n p v hn hp ca
tranzito.

Bng cch ly vi p h n to n p h n cc h phng tr nh trn, ta s xc nh c

cc th a m s vi ph n t ng ng ca tranzito. v d :
ri2 =

g2l =
ni =

h2i =

iU2
dh

I] = consl

dh
dUi

U2 - const

dUj
911

I2 = const

dh
dh

2 = const

gi l in tr r a vi phn

(2-42)

(2-43)

= s c gi l h dn tr u y n t

hii l in tr vo vi phn

(2-44)

l h s khuch i dng in vi p h n (2-45)

Khi xc nh c tuyn tnh (ch cha c tn hiu a ti) ca tranz ito, dng
h phng t r n h hn hp l t h u n tin v khi dd d d n g xc nh cc t h a m s ca
h phng tr n h ny.
d)
c tuyn tn h d a vo cc h phng tr n h nu t r n cd t h a r a cc tuyn
tnh ca tr a n z it o khi coi m t i lng l h m 1 bin cn i lng t h 3 coi nh
mt t h a m s. Trong tr n g hp t n g qu t c 4 h c tuyn tn h :
c tuyn vo

u , = f(I,)
U-> = const

c tuyn p h n hi

Ui = f(2)

(2-46)

37

Dc tuyn truy-n t

I, = 1(1,)
l ^ - C iu is l

Dc tu vn ra

1, = f(i^ )
1, = c o n s i

'y th(u rch lic tranz ito m CC qua n h ny c tn gi c t h dng in v

ir-n p iduic nhau, v d vi kiu mc EC
c tuyn vo l q u a n h
hay dc tuyn ra l quan h I(- = f(Uc.)
I. = CDHSl

lnx ' 2 . 1) di y cho cc phng trnh ca h c tm-n t ng ng suy ra r

h phng trinh hn hp tron g c tr n g hp inc nuich BC, KC v c c .
B n q 2 . L Quan h hm xc nh h c tuvn tnh ca tr a n z ito
Tng qut.
= l J 1)
^| = [UJ.I
1, = f(I|)

l ) .

C( Misl

lj

Cinsi

u,-

= nUr)

J3C

EC

1.

1, =

L'unsi

u,,.

1',
li'

= fCUci;' ,
'li
f
(
I
,.
lc =

Ic = f<U(,

1,

i'

il

I, = UJ,,.

11 consi

cc
U|,(. = f(In)
U h(. = f < u , ,

.)

||>

C'd th xy d n g s tng ng xoay chiu tn hiu nh ca tra nz ito theo h

phng trnh th a m s hn hp
AU

AI-,

= h-,|Al| +

HAI

h p A l

( 2 -4 7 )

,AIj\

d n g nh trn hinh 2 .2 1 .

//

4/

AU^

H t h 2 . 2 : S ( l i ltrni ii'^ ftni^ 4 c c n y n l n l ( l a lCi) i h a n s .

Ch : i vi cc s EC, BC, c c cc i lng AIj, A U ,

AU-> t n g ng
vi cc dng vo (ra), in p vo (ra) ca tng cch mc. Ngoi r a cn c t h biu
th s tng ng ca tran zi to theo cc tha m s vt l. V d i vi kiu
mc
BC c s hnh 2.22
y : - rj; l in tr vi phn ca tip gip emit v phn cht bn dn lm cc E.

38

rn in tr khi ca vng baz.

I'('(l) in tr vi phn ca tip gip colect.
Cc(i) in du n g tip gip colect.
al\-: ngun dng tng ng ca cc emit a ti colect.

Mi lin h gia cc t h a m s ca hai cch biu din t r n nh sau : Khi AL-,

vi mch u vo t,a c : A U = Al| [T| + (1 - a) r|]
hay

hii =

AUi

= [n; + (1 - a)rn]

CJB)
-------- 1I ^ L
re
I

1---------o

>-

ih 2.22 : S( '() n (tn^ tham s vt ca rtizio on,

Vi m ch u ra : AI-, =

a .A

do

AU.
Dng mch ra

l m c BC.

= h 2 i khi AI = 0.
A2

AI, =

h22 =

S (/

^C(H)

do

1
rc(B)

A = A h . r n

nn ta c h i 2 =

A2 = AI2 . rc'(B)

TB

rc:(B)

2.2.2. Cc dang mc mach c han ca ranzito

a - Mch c h u n g e m ito (EC)
Trong cch mc EC, in p vo c mc gia cc baz v cc emit, cn in
p ra ly t cc colect v cc emit. Dng vo, in p vo v dng in ra c
o b ng cc mili am pe k v vn k' mc nh hnh 2.23. T m ch hn h 2.23, cd th
v c cc h c tuyn tn h q ua n tr n g n h t ca m ch EC ;
/< /

0 70-

nh 2.23 : S o tranzito m c chung cm it dng

d xc nh cc h c tuyn.

n h 2,24 : H d c tuyn vo ca tranzito m c

chung cmii vi cc gi tr
khc nhau.

\)

 xc nh c tuyn vo, cn gi nguyn in p U('., thay i tr s in p

|,
ghi cc tr s |^ tng Lng sau o' dng th quan h ny, s thu c kt
qu nh hinh 2.24. Thay di ( n 1 gi tr c nh khc v lm li tng t s
c ng cong th hai. Tip tc lm nh vv s c mt h c tuyn vo ca
(ranzito mc chung emit.
T hinh 2.24, c nhn xt c tuyn vo ca tranzito mc chung eniit ging nh
c tuyn ca ch uyn tip p - n phn cc thun, v dng I| trong tr n g hp ny l
mt phn ca dng t n g | chy qua chuyn tip emit phn cc th u n (h.2.23). n g
vi nit gi tr ( .; nht nh dng ^ cng nh khi ( |. cng ln v khi t n g U c ,
tc l tng
( y cc gi tr in p l gi tr t u y t i) lm cho m i n din
tch khng gian ca ch uyn tip coloct rng ra ch yu v pha min baz pha tp
yu. in p Uc c ng ln Ihi ti l ht dn n colect cng ln, s ht dn b ti
hp trong m i n baz v n cc baz to thnh dng h;iz cng t, do dng
baz nh i.

v c tuyn ra ca tranzito mc CE, cn gi dng I| mt tr s c nh no

, thay i in p C|. v ghi li gi tr tng ng ca dng
kt qu v c
ng cong s ph thuc ca !( vo (-|. n g vi | cho trc. Thay i I|^ n cc
gi tr c nh khc v lm tng t nh trn s c mt h c tuyn biu th
khi coi dng I|^ l tham s nh hnh 2.25.
quan h gia in p ra ( . vi dng
T h c tuyn ny c nh n xt sau ; ti min khuch i dc ca c tuy n kh
ln v trong cch mc ny dng khng gi c nh. Khi tng U( . rng hiu
d ng nin baz hp li lm cho
J c f j^
ht dn n colect nh i u hn do
//>//!
c /^u^er?rc
/ r i/ y / 7 ^ /c /
dng
tn g ln. Khi U(-|, gim
xung 0 th
cng g i m xung
0 (cc c tuyn u q u a gc ta
). S d nh vy v in p ghi
trn trc honh l U(-. = U('| +
+ U|. nh vy ti ii un ca
c tuyn, (| gim x u n g 0 , tip
tc g im U('. s l m ch o c h u y n

tip colect ph n cc th u n . in
p ph n cc ny y n h n g ht
/ u / 7 4 0 Z 0 - /
-J -4 - 5 - s
d n t h i u s to th n h d n g colect
quay tr li min baz, kt qu
khi U( .; = 0 th
c n g b ng 0.
lnli 2 2 5 ; D c uycn ra v d c luyen iruyti di ca irruiio
Ngc li nu t n g (|, n qu
nc chum; Cii.
ln th dng I(' s t n g ln t
ngt (ng t on t r n hnh 2.25), l min n h th n g tip xc (it)
ca
tranzito. (Tng t n h c tuyn ngc ca it,
khi U(|, t n g qu ln tc l in
p phn cc ngc
ln ti mt gi tr no , ti
chuy n tip colect s xy ra
hin tng n h t h n g do hiu ng thc l v hiu ng Zener lm dng
t n g t
ngt). Bi v khi t r a n z i t o lm vic in p U(^. ln cn c bin php h n c h dng
phng tr a n z it o b ph hy bi dng
qu ln.
c tuyn tr u y n t biu th mi quan h gia dng ra (I) v dng vo
U(|, c nh. c tuy n n y c th nh n c bn g cch gi nguyn in p
thay i dng baz ghi li cc gi tr tng n g !( t r n trc ta , th a y i
gi tr ca U(;. lm t ng t n h t r n c h c tuyn tru y n t, cn g c t h
ra h c tuyn ny t c tuyn
ra (h. 2.25). Cch lm nh sau : Ti v
tr

40

khi
cc
suy
U q :

ch) trc tr n c tuyn ra v ng song song vi trc tung, ng ny ct h c

tuyn ra n h n g im khc nhau. Tng ng vi cc giao im ny tm c gi tr
. T'n h ta If-, I|^ c t h v c nh n g im tha mn cp tr s
va
tim c, ni cc im ny vi nhau s c c tuyn tru y n t cn tm.
b - Mch ch u n g bazo

Tranzito
v u ra.
cc colect
cc h c
von k v

ni mach theo kiu chung baz l cc baz d ng c hung cho c u vo

Tn hiu vo c t gia hai cc emit v baz, cn tn hiu ra ly t
v baz. o in p v dng in u ra v u vo t xc nh
tuyn tnh c bn ca tranz ito mc ch ung baz (BC) ngi ta mc n h ng
miiampe k nh hnh 2.26.

rc

()

n h 2 . 2 : S<J lo .Vic li n i li c tuycfi

nh 2.27 : H (c uycn

l a iriinziii) tnc !C

chui; haz(/.

Dng c tuyn vo trong trng hp ny l

xc nh quan h hm s I|, = f(U|;^)
khi in p ra
nh. Mun vy cn gi (
mt gi tr khng i, thay i
gi tr IJ|,H sau
ghi li gi tr
dng I tng ng. Biu din kt qvi ny trn trc
ta |. (|.|^) s nhn c c tuyn vo ng vi tr
bit. Thay i cc gi
tr c nh ca ( lm tng t nh ,trn s c h c tuyn vo nh hinh 2.27.
Vi chuyn tip emit lun lun phn cc t h u n cho nn c tuyn vo ca mch
chung baz c b n ging nh c tuyn th u n ca it.
Qua hnh 2.26 cn th y r ng
ng vi in p vo U|.|^ c nh dng vo Ij.- cng ln khi in p U(
cn g ln, v.
in p
p h n cc ngc chuyn tip colecto khi nd t n g ln lm min in tch
khng gian rng ra,
lm cho khong cch hiu d n g gia chuyn tip emit v colect
ngn li do lm
dng I ; t n g ln.

c tuyn ra biu th qua n h I^.

nh. Cn c vo hnh 2.26, gi dng
ca U('^ ghi li cc gi tr
tng
^ ( B
c c tuyn ra. Thay
hnh 2.28.

= f(U('|j) khi' gi dng vo l: mt gi tr c

I]. mt gi tr c nh no bin i gi tr
ng, sau biu din kt qu tr n trc ta
i cc gi tr I . s c h c tuyn ra nh

T hnh 2.28 c n h n xt l i vi l. c nh, 1^- g n b ng I|,. Khi

t n g ln
I( ch tn g khng n g k, iu ny ndi ln r n g h u h t cc ht d n c phun vo
min baz t mi n emit u n c colecto. D nhin dng
bao gi cng phi
nh hn dng I . . Khi
t n g lm cho rng min in tch khng gian chuyn
tip colect ln ln, rng hiu d ng ca min baz hp li, s h t dn n c
min colecto so vi khi
nh nhiu hn, nn dng Ij. ln ln. Cng t hnh 2.28
cn nh n xt r n g khc vi tr n g hp c tuyn ra mc CE khi in p ra
gim ti 0, dng ra . vn cha gim n 0. iu ny c t h gii thch nh sau ;

41

Khi din p ngoai

gim don 0. bn thn chuyen tiep colectd vn con din the
ticp xvic, chnh dien the tiep xc colecta da cuon nhufng hat dn tu baza sang colecta
lm cho dong
tiep tuc chy. De lni ding han
thi chuyen tiep colecta phi diac
phn CAC thun vi gi Iri nh nht la bng din the tiep xc, khi y din the tren
chuyen tiep colecta se bng hoc d u an g ln, lm cho cc hat dn t baza khng the
ang diac col(*cta (1^ = 0).

ffdC /a^er?

Uc

/77/V

^a7/r7 \4

J-^ =V/77/?

- " > ,7

Jrr7/i

I
I

- /

- 1-

'8

ffn h

i i u \ h J.JS : i ) c f i i v r n ri. ir a n z ilt n \ c c h u m ;

-4-5-6

//7 /7 4

; f ) c inven i r u y c n lI i d t f / c \u v ra ir
(tac inven ra ca iran:itn rnuc BC.

2 .i y

Min dc tu y e n t r o n g do' chuy en tiep colecta ph an cUc th u n goi la min bao hoa.
Nu t n g dien p n g u a c U(-|^ den mo t gi tri n h t dinh nao do (gpi la din p dnh
thng) d ng
t n g ln dgt ngpt cd th e d n den lm hng tranzito. Hien tiang dnh
th n g ny do m p t t r o n g hai nguyn n h n ; Hoc la do hiu ling thc l hoac hieu
n g Ze n e r nhi tricng hdp dit, hoac do hien tu p n g xuyn th n g (do dien p ngidc
16n lm m i n dien tch khng gian ca chuy en tiep colecta md rn g r a ti nuc
tiep xc vi mi n din tch kh ng gian ch uy en tiep emita, ket q u lm dng
tng
ln dt ngot).
Dac tu y n t r u y n d a t ch ro q u a n he h m so gia dng r a v dong vo
= fdj.;)
khi din p ra gi c6 dinh. D ve dac tuyen ny cd the lm b ng 2 cch : hoc bng
thuc ng hi m p d u n g sa d (h.2.25), gi nguyn dien p
th a y doi dng vo I|.,
ghi lai cc k e t q u ti dng n g dng I(', sau do biu din cc ket q u th u diac t re n
toa do
- I. s d u a c dac tuyen t r u y n dat. Thay doi gi tri c dinh
s duac
ho dac t uye n t r u y n d a t nhi hinh 2.29. Hoac b n g cch suy ra ti dac tuyen r a : ti
diem
cho trUc t r n dc tuyen t a k ding song song vi t ru c tung, ding ny
s ct hp dac tu y e n ra tai cc dim n g vi If. khc nhau. T cc giao diem ny cd
the tim d u a c t r n t r u c t u n g cc gi tri
t u a n g ng. Can c vo cc cap gi tri
ny cd the ve dac tuyen truyn dat n g vi mt dien p
cho trUc, lm tuang
tu vi cc gi tri
khc nhau s duac hp dac tuyen truyn dat nhu hinh 2.29.
c - M a c h c h u n g colecto (CC)
Mach c h u n g colecta cd d a n g hi n h 2.30, cUc colecta duac d n g c h un g cho du vo
v d u ra.
D do din p vo, dng vo, d n g r a q u a do xc dinh cc dac tuy'n tinh ca bn
cua m a c h CC d n g cc von ke v miliampe ke duac m c n h u hinh 2.30.

42

/?
7\ ----

uC =4
n

W'

()
T"^

\
J,

4-

^0

'

_____ - - L - ^ - i
_

I60\

-y
0

'.iih

2..'ii) : S ( i

\',v c

i!i /ii ,'h' l t c l u y i ' n l i n i

i n l 2. M : i o (ic n i v r n \-(}(>

C(J r u n z i i n k irtJi:H(> / N i c ( ' ( ' .

Dc tUYn vo ca mch c hu ng colect

(CC) | = f(U(-|^) khi in p ra U(-.
khng i c d n g nh hinh 2.31 n c
dng khc h n so vi cc c tuvn vo
ca hai cch mc mch EC v BC xt
trc y, D(5 l vi t r o n g kiu mc mch
ny in p vo
ph thuc r t nhitu
vo in p ra (- I (khi lm vic ch
khucch i in p U|^|. i vi
tr anzito silic lun gi khon g 0,7V, cn
tranzito Ge cm a ni vo kho ng 0,3V trong
khi d in p U(-. bin i tr o n g khong
rng). Vi d t r n hnh 2.31 hy xt
trng hp U| ( = 2V ti I| = 100//A

n-

'- i

J ] c fu y {7

/ruyr/ /

/7 7 ^

^ k

c iJ

rranzilo f f i j c C(

J J ^ C / y /T r

_ - /7/7'-^

Ig
6 4 0
------

- "- - - 4 -

CH = Uci : - U ri , = 2V - 0,7V = 1,3V

ih 2..'f2 : l d c m v c n ra v h
d c uycn iruyCn (l ca iranziio m c

Khi in p vo
t n g in p
^, gim lm cho |^ cng gim.
c tuyn r a ca tr a n z it o nic c c
khi dng vo 1|^ khng i. c tuyn
h gia d ng ra |. v dng vo khi
coi
= I|. cho nn c tuyn r a v
coect) t ng t n h t r n g hp mc

m t q u a n h gia d ng I|. v in p U ( - .
tr u y n t t r o n g t r n g hp n y m t quan
in p ( . khng i. Trong th c t c t h
c tuy n t r u y n t ( tr ng hp m c chung
c h u n g emit (h.2.32).

2.2.3. p h n cc v n nh nhi t i m cng l c ca i r a nz i t o

a - N g u y n tc c h u n g p h n cc tranzito
Mun tr a n z it o lm vic nh nit phn t tch cc th cc t h a m s c a tr a n z i t o phi
th a m n iu kin thch hp. N h n g t h a m s ny ca t r a n z i t o n h m c trc
bit, ph thuc r t nhiu vo in p p h n cc cc c h u y n tip colect v emit. Ndi
mt cch khc cc gi tr t h a m s ph thu c vo i m cng lc c a tran zi to. Mt
cch t ng qu t, d tra n z it o c mc m ch theo kiu no, m u n nd lm vic ch
khuch i c n c cc iu kin sau ;
- C h u y n tip emit - baz lun ph n cc th u n.
- C huyn tip colect - baz lun ph n cc ngc.

43

C th minh ha iu ny qua v d xt tranzito, loi pnp(h.2 33 ).N u gi |. , |^,

Uc ln lt l in th' ca cc emit, baz, colect, cn c vo cc iu kin phn
cc k trn thi gia cc in th ny phi tha in iu kin :

K > u > u,-

(2-48)

-o

i^ -

ln h 2 . . U : / ) / t 7 p r iir^ p h n c c ircJ/i2 o
Ilin h

j\\u v c n

p n

c c

l m ^

(n ii

ru n z ih t.

fn c

HC.

Hy xt iu kin ph n cc cho t ng loi mch.

- T m ch c h u n g baz hnh 2.34 vi chiu mi tn l hng dng ca in p
v dng in, c t h xc nh c cc tinh ca in p v dng in cc cc khi
tr anzito mc CB nh sau :
I.H = K - Ui > 0

h,

UcB = Uc - Uii <

Ic < 0

>0
(2-49)

Cn c vo iu kin (2-48) in p
m, dng
cng m c ng h a l h ng
thc t ca in p v dng in ny ngc vi hng mi tn tr n hnh 2.34.
- T mch c h u n g eiiit h nh 2.35, l lun t n g t nh trn, cd t h xc nh c
cc tnh ca in p v dng in cc cc n h sa u :
U hi-: -

ii - |.; < 0

Uci-: = U ( - 1-; < 0

<

I('

<

(2-50)

/.

c
0---------------

lth

------0

ln h 2. ; Din j7 r dti; din p h n cc

iranzito m c CC.

; f)in p ') (dti^ ph n cc tranzili)

m c EC.

Vi mch c h u n g colect hnh 2.36, cn c vo chiu quy nh t r n s v iu

kin 2 - 4 8 c t h vit :

41

u c

u ,

U e

>

I ,

<

U ^ ,|,

U |.;

U e

<

Ir.

<

(2-51)

)6 i vi tr;inzil.o npn iu kin phn cc n lm vic ch khuch i l

U|. < | < LV

(2-52)

T bt ng thc (2-52) c th thy r n g hng diig in v .in p thc t

trong tr a nz ito npn ngc vi tranz ito pnp.
b Dng ti tnh v. dim cng c tinh
)Lfng ti tnh c v trn c tuvn ra tnh ca tranzito nghin
in v in p khi n mc tro ng mch c th no (khi c ti). im
(hay cn gi l im tnh, im phn cc) l im nm trn ng ti tnh
dng in v in p trn tranzito khi khng cd tn hiu t vo, ngha l
iu kin phn cc tnh cho tranzito.

cu dng
cng tc
xc nh
xc nh

hiu r v ng ti tinh v ini cng tc tinh, ta xl tr ng hp tranzito

lo:. npn in;'ic c h u n g oniit nh hnh 2,37. Ping trinh quan h dng v p mch
C() dn g

2-r33)

Uc,.; = Ef.(. - L.R,

Nu nh in p phn cc U lm
cho tranzito kha, khi v 1^. = 0 v
u ^..
-= E,.,,.
:.,-,. u,.
(0.R,) ^ E r r = 20V.
Nh vy cin a5 ta ( I . - 0, U^.. = 20V.)
l im A trn c tU3'n ra. Gi thit
r n g . ; t n g m cho tranzito m
v I,, = 0,5niA lAi y IJ -|, = 20V - 0,5niA.
.lOkQ = 20V - V 15V, trn c
tuyn ra l im B c ta
(,5mA ; 15V) b n g cch t n g |.;,
lm tng t nh tr n c th v
c v d cc di m ng vi ta
sau
im

/T 7 /

ng vi ^. = ImA ;

('].; = lOV
Diii ng vi

l,5mA

U (,, = 5V
im n g vi

= 2mA ;

U(>|; = o v Ni cc im tr n y
vi n ha u ta s c mt ng t h n g
d l ng ti tn h vi Rj = lOkQ.

ni 2.J7 : V i/iffV/zi; i lnh

(i t i c h c h n i s ; CKI c l i

) S ( /
h)

f ) c liyc ra l n h

C th v c b ng cch chn 2
i m c bit, i m
ct
trc t ung
E(U^.|, = 0 ;
= 2niA) v im ct tiTic honh A (U^.|. =

v cii^ l i l n h .

= 20V

;= OV).

Qua n h n g i m ph n tch tr n thy r n g ng ti chnh th bin thin ca

dng 1^, theo in p U^..; ng vi in tr ti
v in p ngun
n h t nh. lYong
3 gi tr
l v U(.|. chi cn bit mt ri cn c vo t n g gi tr ti xc nh hai
gi tr cn li. Cn n h n m n h l ng ti v tr ng hp tr n ch ng trong
tr n g hp E^.^, = 20V v R( = lOkQ. Khi thay i cc iu kin ny phi v ng
ti khc.

45

Khi th i t k mch, i m cng tc

tn h l i m c chn ti*n n g
ti tnh. N h ti'n ni, i m nay
xc ih gi tr dng
v in .p
^.|. khi k h ng c tn hiu t vo.
Khi c tn hiu t vo, d n g I ^ bin
i theo s bin i ca bin tn
hiu, d n ti dng
bin i, kt
qu l in p ra t r n ti bin i
ging n h quy lut bin i c a tn
hiu u vo.

//

Vi s nguvn li n h h n h 2.37a
t r n ng ti tnh lOkQ gi th i t
chn i m cng tc tn h Q n h hnh
2.38. n g vi icM Q ny I|^ =2 0// A ;
L. - I m A : .., = 10V.
t n g t 20//A n 40//A,
t r n hnh 2.38 th y
cd gi tr b n g
l , 9 5 n i A v u,,. = ^.,. =
n h 2..^H : C h n d i tn cni, lc linh.
= 20V - l,9 5m A .1 0k Q = 0,5V. C t h
t h y r n g khi A1| - + 20//A d n
t i AU^^^, = -9,5V. K hi I| g i m t 20//A x u n g 0 t h 1^. g i m x u n g ch cn
0 , 0 5 m A v u^.. = 20V - ( 0 , 0 5 m A . 1 0 k Q ) = 19,5V, tc l khi I^ g i m i m t lng
l Al = 20iiA lm cho u^, t n g ln m t lng Alj\. = + 9,5V.
Khi
xviii

X^
I

Tm li, nu chn i m c n g tc t n h Q n h tr n th
n h n c s bin i cc i in p A^^.. = 9,5V. Nu
khc. V d Q ti c
= 0,525 mA ;
= 14,75V.
t r n ta cd A =
10,//A v AU^. = 4,75V. Ngha l
in p r a m bo k h n g m o d n g lc ny ch l 4,75V.

u ra ca m ch c th
chn i m cng tc tnh
Tnh to n t n g t nh
bin bin i cc i ca

N h vy vic chn i m c n g t c t n h t r n hoc di i m Qs d n ti bin thin

cc i c a in p r a t r n t i ( m bo kh ng mo dng) u nh hn 9,5V, hay
c bin in p r a cc i, k h n g lm Iio d n g tn hiu, i m cng tc tnh phi
chn gia n g ti tn h. C n g c n ni th m l khi in p ra kh ng yu
cu
ng hi m n g t v mo th i m c ng tc tn h c t h chn n h n g i m thch hp
t r n n g ti.
c - n n h d m c n g tc tnh khi n h i t d th a y di

T r an z ito l m t linh ki n r t n h y cm vi nh i t v vy t r o n g n h n g s tay

h n g d n s d n g ngi t a t h n g cho di nh i t lm vic cc i ca tranzito.
Ngoi gii h n nhit k t r n t r a n z i t o s b hng hoc khng l m vic. Ngay c
t r o n g k h o n g nh i t cho ph p t r a n z i t o lm vic bnh th n g th s bin th in nhit
c n g n h h n g n t h a m s ca tran zi to. Hai i lng nh y cm vi nhit
n h t l i n p e m i t - b a z ^P v d ng ngc
(xem p h n 2 .1). v d i vi
t r a n z i t o silic, h s n h i t c a U |. (A U ./A T) l ~2,2mVAC, cn i vi tran zi to
g e cm a ni l - l , 8 mV/^C. i vi
ni c hung khi nh i t t n g ln 10' c gi tr dng
ngc n y t n g ln hai ln.

46

Khi tran zi to lm vic, dng nguc

chy qua c h uy n tip ny n h bit rt
nhy cm vi nhit , khi nhit t n g s p h t x cp in t, J t r n g t ng, d ng
tng, t qu a n h gia
v
nu p h n tr c :
I,. = I| + (o +
C th thy r n g ^,^, t a n g lm cho ij,. t n g (d cho gi thit r n g v a khng
i). Dng
t n g ngha l ut cc h t d n q u a c h u y n tip coect t n g ln m
cho s va chm gia cc ha vi m n g tinh t h t ng . Nhit t a n g lm cho
tng
chu k li lp ]i nh trn lm dng ^. v nh i t ca t r a n z i t o t n g mi. ?Iin t n g
ny gi l hiu ng qu nhit. Hiu ng qu nhit a ti : Lm t h a y i i m cng
tc tnh v nu khng c bin php hn ch thi s t n g nhit c t h lm h ng
tranzito. S thay i nhit cng lni cho U ^ . ih a v i v do lm t h a y i d ng
1^, d n ti thav i im cng tc tnh. Trong n h n g iu kin t h n g th n g n h h ng
ca dng
n 1^. nhiu hn so vi
Bi vy khi ni n h h n g ca nh i t
n im cng tc th n g ch qu a n t m n d ng
N h vy s n nh nh i t
y hm chi s thay i dng ^. khi dng
tha y i c t h nh n g h a h s
n nh nhit ca tr a nz ito nh sau :
^ / .

(2- 54)
^IVong :

= h.,,

+ (1 + h.],.)

(2 -5 5)

T nh ngha ny thy r n g s cn g nh thl t n h n n h n h i t c n g cao, t r o n g

tr n g hp l t n g s = 0 , (tron g thc t k h n g c s n n h nh i t tu y t i).
xc nh h s n nh nhit s vi m t s t r a n z i t o cho trc, gi th i t do
nh i t tha y i, dng bin i m t lng l
bin i m t l ng l Alg
v
bin i mt lng l AI^,
Qua mt s bin i t biu thc (2-55) t a c :

s = -

2-56)

Khi bit cc gia s dng in cn c vo ( 2 - 5 6 ) c t h t n h c h s n nh

nhit. Biu thc (2-56) l biu thc tn g q u t t n h h s n n h n h i t c h u n g
cho cc loi mc mch.
d - P h n cc tranzito bng dng c dinh
Nu tra n z it o c mc nh hlnh
2.39, dng t ngun mt chiu
cu ng cp cho tra n z it o s khng
i, bi vy ngi t a gi diu kin
p h n cc ny l p h n cc b ng
d ng khng i. C t h c hai
cch to r a dng c nh, tr n g
hp th n h t nh hnh 2.39a d n g
m t ngun m t chiu
Dng
I| c c nh b n g
v Rj.
T hnh 2.39a tn h c ;
^cc

I-------------- J ------------------------------------------------

n h 2 , ?y ; M ch p h n c c dng khn d i.

a) Mch m Hun : b Mch hai n^n.

Up

(2- 57)

47

Ti*ng hp th hai nh hnh 2.39b ngi ta d ng hai ngun mt chiu Hai mch
ny hon ton t ng ng nhau. Nu E^.^. = V thi hlnh 2.39b c t h thay b ng
hnh 2.39a.
Cn c vo s nguyn l hnh 2,39a. c th suy ra n h ng biu thc cho vic
tnh ton th i t k mch phn cc dng c nh p d ng nh lut Kickhp (KirchhoT)
cho vng m ch baz v ch r n g y V = E^.,, c t h vit
(2-58)
Khi lm vic chuy n tip emit lun p h n cc th u n cho nn
th n g rt nh
(t 0.2V n 0,7V) v tro ng biu thc (2- 58) c th b qua. nh vy c t h vit :
| |

(2-59)

Ecx -

Iu ==

Ecc
R

(2-GO)

tro ng mch colect c t h vit :

Ec<. = IcR, + u,;

( 2 -6 1 )

Biu thc (2-61) thng gi l phng trnh ng ti, y gi tr

v
nh, t (2-61) c th thy rng
I^. tng th u^., gim v ngc ligim thi

Rj c
u^.|.tng.

T cc biu thc trn c t h tnh c iu kin phn cc tnh khi bit h s

khuch i dng tn h
v gi tr cc phn t ca mch.
By gi xt
theo kiu m c

ti tnh n nh nhit ca loi s ph n cc hnh 2.39. N h bit

m ch ny th I|
lun lun
khng i cho nn :
Mu
'^ = 0
AI

(2-62)

T ng th c (2-62) tnh c h s' n nh nhit b ng

s =

+ 1

(2-63)

T biu th c (2-63), r t ra kt lun sau :

S p h n cc tra nz ito b n g dng c nh c h s n nh nh i t s ph thuc
vo h s' kh u ch i dng tnh h 2^,, ng ha l khi d n g loi mch ny m u n thay i
n nh n h i t ch c m t cch l t h a y i t r a n z it o hn na v
ca tra nz ito
th ng ln cho n n h s s ca loi m ch ny ln v do n nh nhit kni.
Trong thc t cch ph n cc cho tr a n z it o n h hn h 2.39
ch d n g khi yu cu n nh nh i t kh ng cao.
e - P h n cc cho tranzito bng din p p h n i
fphn cc colecto - baz)
tr n bit m ch phn cc tr a n z it o b n g d n g n
nh c n n h n h i t k h n g cao, n g o i ra khi d n g
t n g lm in p U^.,; gim. Cd t h li d n g hin

t ng ny lm cho dng I gim do n nh c

dng
T h t vy dng
ph thuc vo hai yu t
v Ij do n h h ng ca nhit dng
t n g ln
khin 1^. c n g t n g ln. N h n g nu li d n g s t n g ca
dng L. n y l m ^ m dng L khin dng L, gim bt
th kt qu l dng 1^ tr li gi tr ban u.

48

ccaa~baza.

\ lc mc tr a n z ito nh hlnh 2.40 s tha mn iu kin trn, Cch phn cc tr a nz ito

nh vy gi l ph n cc b n g colect. Nh thy trn s , in tr R c ni tr c
tip gia cc colect v cc baz. S khc nh a u c bn gia mch ph n cc bng in
p phn hi v b n g dng p h n cc c nh l : t r o n g mch p h n cc b n g in p
phn hi bao hm c c h dng I : cm bin theo in p (hoc dng in) m ch ra,
cn tr ong mch phn cc dng c nh th khng cd iu ny. im cng tc tn h
c xc nh n h sau ;

T hnh 2.40, q u a n h in p t r o n g mch ra cd d n g :

E , , = (I, + I) R, + ,,.;

(2-64)

cn q u a n h in p tr o n g mch baz c th vit d n g :

Ecc = d c + I r) Rt + I b -Ri + ii:

(2-65)

Nu coi nh, c t h b qua th

Ecc = (Ic + Ib) R + I r R b

(2 - 66 )

T 2 - 6 4 VP 2 - 6 6 c t h suy ra :
c. Thay

nR n

(2-67)

vo biu thc (2-66) ta tm c

Ecc = (h2ic + 1) Ib.Ri + IiRb

(2 - 68 )

r t rar :
Ecc
Ib = TT-----.
(h2ic + l)Ri

, p
+ Ri

(2-69)

Sau tnh dng coect n g vi i m cng tc tn h Q

IcO ^ ^ 21o-Ibq

(2-70)

V in p gia colect v emit ng vi i m cng tc tnh Q cn c vo (2 67)

tnh c :
d - o = I b o .R b

(2-71)

Nu bit h2iL. ca tr a n z it o c th p dng biu th c (2-70) v (2- 71) tnh c

iu kin p h n
cc tnh tranz ito.
By gi
ph n hi.

hy xc nh c t n h n nh nh i t ca m ch p h n cc d n g in p

T biu thc (2-66), tm c :

Ecc

Ri
r

Ly vi ph n biu 't h c (2 - 72) theo

dlR

R,

dlc

R| + Rt

c :
(2-73)

Thay biu th c (2-73) vo (2-56), c :

4-KT-A

49

Ct th bin i (2-74) v d n g t h u n li cho vic tnh ton hn.

O^Ilc
1)(^B ^ K-l)
(h2,^.+ 1)R, + R,5

(2-75)

T biu thc (2-75) co n h n xt r n g h s n nh nhi t s tr o n g m ch p h n cc

bng in p ph n hi khng c nh m ph thuc vo gi tr cc in tr R^ v
R(. Trong t r n g hp R R j th s g n ti 1 n v, iu ny ndi ln r n g d cd
m n h R: th h s n nh nhit s khng gim xung nh hn 1.
in p phn hi m qua in tr R tro ng
nhit ng thi li lm gim h s khuch i
Nh t r n ndi t n g tn h n nh nhit ,
h s khuch i ca m ch cng gim i, y
ca m ch v h s khuch i.

mch p h n cc lm t n g n nh
tn hiu xoay chiu (xem m c 2.3).
phi gim in tr R|^ n h n g khi
cd m u t h u n gia n nh nhi t

C mt cch cho php t c n nh nhit

cao m khng phi t r gi v h s khuch i d
l cch mc mch nh hnh 2.41. in tr R|^ tro ng
t r n g hp ny c chia lm hai p h n Rj v R-,,
i m ni 2 in tr ny c ni vi t qua t c.
Di vi in p v dng 1 chiu th t c coi nh
h m ch do kh ng ih hng g n ch 1
chiu. Ngc li vi tn hiu xoay chiu th t c coi
nh ng n mch xng t khng cho ph n hi tr
li u vo.

/
8

Qua phn tch tr n thy r n g mch ph n cc in

n l 2.4 : Ph(/f}i p h p loi ir
p ph n hi c n nh nhi t tt hn mch
phn hi xoax chicu trom^ m c h phn
p h n cc dng c nh, tuy nhi n hai mch ph n
cc hni (in p ph n hi.
cc ny khng t h t n g n nh nhi t ln cao
v im cng tc t n h v n nh nhi t ca m ch ph thuc ln n h a u, d chnh
l mt nhc i m l kh kh n cho vn thit k loi mch ny.
g. P hn cc tranzito bng d ng emit (t pi n cc)
Mch p h n cc tr a n z it o b n g dng emit cd d n g n h
to t h n h m t b p h n p c nh to Uj t vo baz
in tr R.; m c ni tip vi cc emit ca tr a n z i t o
Uj. = IeR:- Mt khc cn c vo hnh 2.42 cd U; = Uj3
vy

Nu th a m n iu kin

hn h 2.42. in t r R p Ro
tr a n z i t o t in p ngun
c in p ri t r n nd l
- Ur

( U b - U,,,.)/R,,

(2-76)

Uf3 ^ .- th If;; U/R.;

(2-77)

Ie -

v r t n nh. tin cho vic ph n tch tip theo cd t h v s t n g ng ca

hnh 2.42 nh hn h 2.43 b n g cch p d n g nh l Tevenin t r o n g :
R | . R2
R j + R2
=

^ 2 ^cc

R + R 2

(2-78)

(2-79)

Vn cn ch y l phi chn R v R2 t h no m bo cho 3 n

n h T hnh 2.42 th y r c n chn R v R 2 sao cho R 3 kh ng ln hn nhiu so
50

4- KTI-B

~T~~^
^ th

R.

u,C

--L

.c c

4 /^

_ t __ -1
H in h

2 - 4 2 : S / cio n iiyn l ff i u c h p i i i i n l c h m ;

/n h

2 . 4 . . S (T>

d m ; c n iiif i pi c c ).

( h r n l n C t n c h
h n h 2.4 2.

vi R , nu kh ng th s phn cc ca mch li tng t nh t r n g hp phn cc

dng c nh. c | n nh cn chn R| v R-, chn cng nh cng tt, nhn g
m bo cho in tr vo ca mch ln th
R| v R-,li chn cng ln cng
tt. dung ha gia hai yu cu mu thun ny trong thc t thng chi R = R|..
Cn c vo s tng ng (h.2.43) phn
T n g in p ri tr n mch baz b ng

u,
Tlong d tha^ I|, u,

tch mch ph n cc dng eniit.

(2-80)

+ |,.; + (I,, + |)R|.;

+ I| nu nh bit
+

I)

R .]

U . +

c t h bin i (2-80) t h n h
lo

1)

(2-81)

TiUc khi ph n tch hy ch l in p U| ^| . tron g tr ng hp ph n cc ny khng

""the b q u a nh n h n g tr n g hp khc. Trong qu trnh lm vic chuyn tip emit
' l u n p h n cc t h u n cho nn tn g i p mt. chiu u vo ca mch ny l U|.
Trong h u h t cc t r n g hp nh hn
nhiu ln. Trc y c th b qua
|^|, vi n qu nh so vi
nhn g t r o n g tr n g hp ny U| . c ln vo c U^
cho n n kh n g t h b qua c. S h n g cui cng tro ng (2-81) cha
thn g c
b qu a vi t r o n g thc t dng ngc ny r t nh vi tra nzi to silic dng ny ch c
vi na n o ampe)C n g t s t ng ng hnh 2.43 c in p gia emit v t b ng .. Rj..
Dng e m it I|. =
+ l = (h2t> + 1)I| (b qua dng ngc
Nh vy in p
gia em it v t c t h vit U . =
R.. i lng (h [^> + 1) l i lng
khng t h nguy n nn n c t h lin h vi l to t h n h dng (h2i^, + 1) hoc lin
hp vi R|. to t h n h in tr
+ 1)R . hoc lin hp vi R. to th a n h in
tr
+ 1)R .. Nu q ua n nim nh vy th c t h ni r n g in p gia emit v
t l in p do dng (h2j^- + 1)I ri t r n in tr R, hay do dng ri t r n in
tr
+ 1)R|..
2

N u t h n h p h n in p
biu th c ny c t h mi n h
R. t r o n g n h n h eiiit bin
t n g qu t, b t ki mt in
m ch baz b n g cch n h n

gy ra bi
tr o n g biu thc (2-81) c th b qua th
ha b n g s tng ng hnh 2.44. y, in tr
th n h in tr (h2i^. + 1)R|. t ro n g m ch baz. Mt cch
k h n g no t r o n g m ch emit u c t h bin i sang
nd vi (h-,,. + 1).

T hn h 2.44 v biu thc (2-81) c t h tm c dng baz ti im ph n cc.

51

,i - u,.

I,
'J

(2-82)

R h + ( h , + 1)R~

T tnh ra c

T-

-I-

^88

(2-83)

li

T s t ng ng hnh 2.44 t r o n g mch

coect c t h vit ;
E,, -

Nu thay

I,R^ +

I[, =

|._

+ l.R.

+ l

( 2 -8 4 )

n l

2 . 4 4

Str i n

{ fi\i

ih ff f i^

f h

hZif

i sir ( hinh 2.4.

(2-85)

vo (2-84) s c :
E^.,. = I^,(R, + R|.) + U(.|. + I|,R|.

(2 -

86)

Bit r n g
th ng ln hn I |5 r t nhiu ln cho nn y c t h b q ua th n h
ph n in p do I| gy ra t r n R.. Nh vy (2- 86) c vit t h n h :
E,, -

I, + ci.

(R, + R ,)

(2-87)

Biu thc (2-87) chnh l biu thc ng ti tnh ca mch ph n cc b n g dng

emit. Nu dng
v ^,.Q l dng in v in p ng vi i m cng t c t n h th
c t h vit li (2-87) t h n h d ng
^cc

(2 - 88 )

Cn c vo biu thc (2-88) c t h tnh c iu kin ph n cc tnh ca tr a n z it o

khi bit h s khuch i h 2iL v loi tranzito.
Sau y xt n nh nhit ca mch p h n cc b n g dng eniit, c t h vit li
(2-80) d n g :
U h U||, - I| (R h + R ,)
Ic

Do

In

R,.
U b - U b i -,
Rg + R[/

R,
L

(2-89)
R | J

R i .

Ly o h m ri ng biu thc ny theo Ij, v m t l n n a ch r n g |^|. khng

i s c :
li
II-,

R.

R| + R|,

(2-90)

Theo nh ngha ca h s n nh nh i t th t r o n g tr n g hp n y :

s =

h 2i c + 1

(2-91)

T (2-91) thy r n g h s n nh nhit tin ti cc ti u ( n nh cao nh t)

khi l2 co' gi tr nh nh t. iu y c ngha l cho mch n nh, phi th i t k
sao cho R. c gi tr c n g ln cng tt, v gi tr R j cn g nh c n g tt. H s k2
khng bao gi nh hn 1, gi tr ny ch d n ti 1 (n g vi tr n g hp R. r t ln
v Rg r t nh) t suy r a r n g h s n nh s chi c t h gim nh ti gii h n

52

nh

J.4>

: DII l p h n

mch d

l i Ni ^ i u n l i h n / i

s^n h i i p I X D u y c h c c n
K/ : h ) ; \ \ i n

lii

R ,:

m a c h /ni pln.

l 1. Mt n h n xt q ua n tr ng na l h s n nh s khng ph thuc vo Rj ngha

l

khng ph thuc vo im cng lc.

0 trn ndi ti vn n n g cao n nh nhit ca loi mch ny b n g cch

t n g R|, v gim R^. Bn cht ca s n nh nhit tr o n g loi mch ny chni l
dng phn hi m qua in Ir R| , T n g R . c ngha l t a n g phn hi m do lm
gim tn hiu khuch i xoay chiu ca Iich. D khc phc mu thiin ny thc t
c th dng hai loi mch mc nh hnh 2.45a, b. Dng kiu mch ny c th loi
tr hoc gim nh tc d ng phn hi m i vi tn hiu xoay chiu (xem ph n 2.3),
do khng lm gim h s khuch i tn hiu xoay chiu ca mch. Gi tr C|,
phn mch y phi chn ln sao cho i vi tn hiu xoay chiu th tr khng
ca nd gn nh bng 0 , ngc li i vi dng mt chiu th coi nh h mch.
Thc to thvng gp tr n g hp phi thit k mch phn cc khi bit
phn cc c ng nh h s khuch i ca tranzito.

cc iu kin

n h n g ph n tr n mi chi xt n h hng ca nhit, n dng

Sau y s
trnh by nh h ng cia nhit n dng U^i v h s khuch i
i vi c
hai loi tranz ito, lm t silic v gecmani, khi nhit t n g gim, cn
li
tng. nh hng ca nhit n cc th a m s ca tr an zito silic cng tc tr o n g khong
nhit t - 65 ^C n + 175c cn tranzito th t - 63 c i + 75^*c. S khc nhau
na l tr s
v |^|, ca tranz ito silic v tranz ito gecmani bin thin ngc nhau
khi nhit th ay i. Bng (2-4.) lit k n h n g gi tr in hnh ca
. v
[.
ca tr a nz ito silic v gecmani n h n g nhit khc nhau.
2

Bng 2-4
Gi tr in hnh ca mt. s th a m s chu nh hng nhiu ca nhi t
V'I l i u l m I r a n / i i o

Icof A )

b -:(V)

h :ic

Si

K)-'-

0.8

20

-6 .5

ClL'

10^

0 .4

15

-6 .5

Si

10

0.6

50

+ 25

(c

0^2

50

+ 25

100

+ 175

95

+ 75

Si

30

0.25

(e

30

0.51

53

T bng 2 -4 c n h n xt : nhit phng i vi tr a nz ito silic

chi c nano
ampe, cho nn nu nr thay i th c n g khng gy nh hng ng k n I^_. v nh
hng ca nhit n im cng tc tinh ca tranz ito
ch yu t h n g qua |^|.. khc phc nh hng ny
trn th c t th ng mc ni tip emit m t it silic
phn cc t h u n c chiu ngc vi c hu yn tip emit
nh hnh 2.46. B n g cch mc nh vy c t h thy r ng
s t h a y i in p t hu n trn 2 cc it c t h b tr
s bin i
ca tran zi to do nhit gy ra. it
b n h i t s ny lun c phn cc t h u n bi
ngiin E)^ cho nn in tr t h u n ca n r t nh. S
ny hon ton tng ng vi s p h n cc bng
dng emit xt phn trn. i v t r a n z i t o gecmani
'
th ngc li, ti nhit phng
kh ln cho nn
khi nh i t thay i nh hng ca dng
n tha m
s ca t r a n z it o chim u th. n nh nhit, cho s
iitih2.4() : s<r (t (lni; lii le h
, ngi thit k phi ch ch yu n vic gim h
nliici la I
s n nh nhit s.
| ,

Qua b ng (2- 4) t r n y cd th th y r n g h s khuch i dng

ph thuc
rt nhiu vo nh i t . Hn na ng a v cng m t nhit , tr a nz ito c c n g loi k
hiu c ch to nh nhau) n h n g h s h^^. ca t n g chic cd th hn km nhau
vi ba ln. N h bit h s
nh hng nhiu n im cng tc tnh ca
tranzito. Bi vy n nh im cng tc tnh, ngi thit k phi ch n s
thay i h s
c t h co' ca loi tra n z it o d n g t r o n g mch in. nh lng
s ph thuc ca
vo
gi t h i t r n g cc gi tr ca
v Rj bit h s
khuch i dng ca tra n z it o bin thin t
n
b qu a
(gi I^.J l dng
ng vi tr n g hp h s khuch i
v 1^-, ng vi h-, 1,^.2) tnh c :
, - u,,;

(2-92)

U 3 - u,Ic2

h 2 , e2

1)R, ,

(2-93)

Ly hiu s ca (2-92) v (2-93), c :

Ic- =

(U b -

UBi:)(h21c2 -

h21cl)(Rl + R|-.:

(2-94)

[Rii + ( h 2 i c i + l ) R i , ] [ R i + ( h2i c2 + 1) R k]

em chia biu thc (2-94) cho (2 -9 2) s c biu thc cho s bin thin tng
i ca dng Ij,.
It

h2ici - h2ic2

Icl
h21el

1 +

lel
R|

(2-95)
Ri;

R |.;

N h n x t biu thc (2-95) th y nd c cha s h n g gn ging nh biu thc nh

ngha v n nh s ; c t h bin i v phi ca (2-95) t h n h :
^21c2
Icl

54

h21c2 + 1

^21el

^ 2 1 c l ( h 2 1 c 2 1 )

(1

^21e2)^

(2-96)

Nu gi

s,

l n nh nhit khi
Ic

= ^2\c^

(2-95) c t h vit t h n h

. S.

(2-97)
hzicl (h21el + 1)

c,

Trong AY^ =
Biu
lch h
k tnh
vi n h t

th n g gi l sai lch ca

th c (2-97) cho thy s b i n 'doi dn g colect ph thuc tr c tip vo sai

s khuch i h-)^. k trn. Ngoi r a biu thc ny cn cho php ngi thit
c gi tr ca in tr cn thit gi cho dng I,,, bin i tro n g mt phm
nh khi
th a y i.

2.2.4. Tranzito r n g (FET)

Khc vi t r a n z it o lng cc xt p h n tr n m c im ch yu l dng in

tro n g chng do c hai loi ht dn (in t v l tr ng t do) to nn, qua mt h
th ng gm hai m t ghp p - n rt gn nh a u iu khin thch hp, t r a n z it o tr n g (cn
gi l tra nz ito n cc FET) hot ng da t r n nguyn l hiu ng trng, iu khin
d n in ca n tinh t h bn d n nh tc d n g ca 1 in tr n g ngoi. Dng
in tro n g F E T ch do mt loi h t d n t o ra. Cng ngh bn dn, vi in t cng
tin b, F E T c ng t r nhiu u im q u a n tr n g tr n hai m t x l gia cng tn
hiu vi tin cy cao v mc tiu hao n n g lng cc b. P h n ny s tr n h by
trm t t n h n g c im quan tr n g n h t c a F E T v cu to, nguyn l ho t ng
v cc th a m s c t r n g i vi hai nhm c h n g loi ; F E T c cc ca l tip gip
p - n (J"ET) v F E T c cc ca cch li (M O S F E T hay IGFET).
o ~ Tranzito trng c cc ca tip gip (JF E T)
~ Cu to va k hiu quy c :

(f)

/(err?

5
-)

'^
(+)

n h 2.47: ) c u lo JFET v cch ph n cc hng inrn^ ri^oi

h) K hiu quy c vi Jt'E' vi hi loi knh dn n v knh dn p.

H n h 2.47a a r a m t cu tr c J F E T k i u k nh n ; tr n tinh t h bn d n Si - n
ngi ta to x u n g q u a n h n 1 lp b n dn p (c tp ch t nng cao hn so vi )
v a r a 3 in cc l cc ngun s (Source), cc m n g D (Drein) v cc ca G
(Gate). N h vy hnh t h n h 1 knh dn in loi n ni gia hai cc D v s, cch li
vi cc ca G (dng lm in cc iu khi n ) bi 1 lp tip xc p - n bao q u a n h knh

55

dn. Hon ton t n g t, nu xut ph t t bn dn loi p, ta c loi J F E T kni

p vi cc k hiu quy c phn bit cho t r n hinh 2.47b,
N guy n li ot d ng : phn cc JFET. ngi ta dng hai ngun in p
ngoi l
> 0 v
< 0 nh hnh v (vi loi knh p, cc chiu in p phn
cc s ngc li, sao cho tip gip p - n bao q u a nh knh dn lun c phn cc ngc).
Do tc dng ca cc in tr ng ny, trn knh dn x u t hin 1 dng in (l dng
Dig
in t vi knh n) h ng t cc D ti cc s gi l dng in cc m n g
I|;j co' ln ty thuc vo cc gi tr U).^ v (
v dn in ca knh ph thuc
manh vo c hai in tr n g ny. Nu xt ring s ph thuc ca I) vo t n g in
p khi gi cho in p cn li khng i coi l mt th a m s) ta nh n c hai qu a n
h hm quan tr n g n h t ca J F E T l :
1d -

= const

Id = f2((is)

u I)S

= const

Biu din fj n g vi vi gi tr khng i ca

ca JFET.

ta thu c h c tuy n ra

ng biu din
s gi tr khng i ca
cho ta h c tuyn
truyn t ca JF ET. Dn g in hnh ca cc h c tuyn ny c cho tr n hnh
2.48 a v b.
2

^
G/am /c/7
"
r/

- /

----------- ^----------- <y

-1 5 /

<y

Hnh 2.48 : ) H c Ittycn ra ca Ji'KT

h) D c luyn ruxcn di n^ vi tr
= ]0V.

c tuyn r a c a J F E T chia lm 3 v ng r r t ;
Vng gn gc, khi
nh, I [3 t n g m n h tuyn tnh theo
v t ph thuc
vo
y l v ng lm vic J F E T ging nh m t in tr t h u n cho ti lc
ng cong b un m n h (im A tr n hnh 2.48 a n g vi ng U q 3 = OV).
Vng ngoi i m A c gi l vn g t h t (vng bo ha) khi
ln,
ph thuc r t yu vo
m ph thuc m n h vo Q^. y l v n g J F E T lm
vic n h m t p h n t khuch i, dng Iq c iu kh i n b n g in p
Q ua n
h ny ng cho ti i m B.

56

 Vng ngoi i m B gi l v ng nh th ng, khi U-S

tr kh ln,
tng
t hin do tip gip p - n b nh t h n g thc l xy ra ti khu vc g n cc D do
in p ngc t ln tip gip p - n ti v ng ny l ln nht.
Qua d th c tuyn ra, ta r t

ra

my n h n xt sau :

Khi t tr s
ni dn, im un A xc nh r a n h gii hai v ng tuy n tnh
v bo ha dch d n v pha gc ta . H o n h i m A (ng vi tr s h a t nh
ca (S^
1
in p gi l in p bo ha cc m n g
(cn
gi in p t h t knh). Khi | ( -^ | tng,
gim.
Tng t vi im B : ng vi cc gi tr
m hn, vic nh t h n g tip
gip p - n xy ra sm hn, vi n h n g gi tr
nh hn.
Dc tuyn tr u y n t ca J F E T (h.2.48b) ging ht c tuyn an ot- l i ca n 5
cc chn khng, xut, p h t t 1 gi tr U q s j ti ^ = 0 , gi l in p kh a (cn
k hiu l p). ln U q ^(, bng
ng vi ng =
0 tr n h c tuyn
ra. Khi t n g
I ) t n g gn nh t l do dn in ca knh t n g theo mc
Gi tr | 3(, l dng^
gim phn cc-ngc ca tip gip p -n . Lc (-^ = 0, ^
= I|)(J
< I^(j v c xc
tnh cc m n g khi khng c in p cc ca. Khi c U qj^ < 0, I
nh bi
[4]
lo =

[)()

u ('iS
-

(2-98a)

-,

Uoso

C th gii thch t m t t cc c tuyn ca J F E T b n g gin cu to hnh 2.49

trong 3 tr n g hp khc n h a u ng vi cc gi tr ca
v |)^.

f7

X /

>

. y

, y

vxzzZ

n h 2.49 : Gii thch

VI

c iiyn ca JFET.

Khi
c gi tr ni t n g d n v
= 0, b rn g v n g ngho ca c hu yn tip
p - n rng d n ra, ch yu v pha knh dn n v tp ch t ph a yu hn nhiu so vi
vng p, lm knh d n b t h t li u dc theo phng DS (h. 2.49a). Ngc li khi
cho
= 0 v t n g d n gi tr ca in p m n g ngun J)^, knh b co li khng
u v c hnh phu, pha cc D t h t m n h hn do ph n b tr n g dc theo knh t
D tci s, cho ti lc
= l^^o knh b t h t li ti i m A. Sau , t n g
lm
in: th t A dch d n v pha cc s (h.2.49b). Qu tr n h t r n s xy ra sm hn khi
c t i m
< 0 n h hnh 2.49c lm gi tr in p t h t knh gim nh. R r n g
d i n in ca knh d n ph thuc c hai in p
v
cn s au khi c hin
tng t h t knh, dng cc m n g do cc h t d n (in t) p h u n t knh q u a tip gip

57

p - n ti cc m n g ph thuc yu vo )^ v ph thuc ch yu vo tc d n g iu
khin ca
ti c h u y n ti p p - n p h n cc ng c, q u a ti d n g i n cc
mng
Cc th a m s ch yu ca J F E T gm hai n h m :

Th a m s gii hn gm c :
Dng cc m n g cc i cho php
tuyn ra (ng ng vi gi tr U qs

dng in ng vi i m Bt r n
kh o n g ^ 50mA ;

in p m n g - ngui cc i cho php v in p ca ngun

U|:)Smax = |^/(l,2

1,5) (c vi chc Vn)

y U l in p m n g ngun ng vi im B.

(hay u ^ ) (bng gi tr

in p kha

ng vi ng (i;^ = 0)

T h a m s lm vic gm c :

in tr t r o n g hay in tr vi ph n u ra T =

MQ) r t h hin dc ca c tuyn ra

u ~ const

(c 0,5

t r o n g v ng bo ha.

H dn ca c tuyn tr uy n t :

s -

)I,D
TT

^IXS

= const

cho bit tc d n g iu kh i n ca in p cc ca ti dng cc m ng, gi tr in hnh

vi J F E T hin nay l s = (7
10)niAA^Cn ch gi tr h dn s t cc i s lc gi tr in p
ln cn
i m 0 (xem d n g c t u y n t r u y n t c a J F E T hn h 2.48 b) v c t n h bi

2 I,),,/U(.,so

[6].

in tr vi p h n u vo ;

do tip gip p - n quyt nh, cd gi tr khong

tn
(c

s l m vic cao, ngi t a cn qu an t m ti in

pF).

d u n g gi cc cc

b - T r a m ito trng c cc ca cch li (M O SF ET)

-

Cu to v k hiu quy c :

c i m cu to ca M O S F E T cd hai loi c b n c t h hin t r n hnh 2.50 a

v b.
Ki hiu quy c ca M O S F E T t r o n g cc mch in t c cho t r n hnh 2.51 a,
b, c v d.
Trn n n l n t in h t h b n dn t p c h t loi p (Si-p), ngi t a p h a tp cht
b n g ph ng ph p cng ngh c bit (plana, Epitaxi hay kh uch t n ion) t o ra
2 vng bn d n loi n+ (nng p h a tp cao hn so vi ) v ly r a hai in cc
l D v s. Hai vn g ny c ni th ng vi n h a u nh m t k n h dn in loi n c
t h hnh t h n h ngay tr o n g q u tr n h ch to (loi knh t sn hnh 2.50a) hay ch
58

t) G

.//.J

fr )

( f)

///

S i.p
d)

Cc

h ) \ Cc /

n h 2.>0 : ( ii lo C M O S i l i f
a) I.Oi kt'nh di Sih : h) .oi kt'iih fni n\;.

hinh t h n h sa u khi c 1in trng ngoi (lc lm vic t r o n g m ch in) tc ng

(loi knh cm n g - hinh 2.50 b). Ti p h n i din vi knh dn, ngi ta to ra
in cc th ba l cc ca G sau khi ph ln b m t knh 1 lp cch in mng
SiO-,. T M O S F E T cn c tn l loi F E T c cc ca cch li (IGFET). Knh dn
c cch li vi nh tip gip pn th n g c p h n cc ngc nh 1 in p ph
a ti cc th 4 l cc .
n

D
G

s
D
1--^

s
Hnh 2 5 7 ; K hiu quy c ca M O S F E T
a) j>i knh n i sn ; h) .o knh p d t sn ;
c) ^oi knh cm ; ; d ) j> knh p cm i;.

- N g u y n l ho t d n g v dc tuyn V on-Am pe.

p h n cc M O S F E T ng i t a t 1 i n p
t r n g hp :

> 0. C n p h n b i t hai

Vi loi k nh t sn, x u t hin dng in t t r n k nh dn ni gia s v D v

tr o n g m ch ngoi c dng cc m n g I q (chiu i vo cc D), ngay c khi ch a c
in p t vo cc ca
= 0).
Nu t ln cc ca in p
> 0, in t t do c tr o n g v ng (l h t thiu
s) c h t vo v n g
knh d n i din vi cc ca lm giu h t d n cho knh, tc
] l m gim in tr ca knh, do lm t n g dng cc m n g Ij). Ch l m vic
ny c gi l c h giu ca MOSFET.

59

Nu t i cc ca in p
< 0, qu trnh trn s ngc li, lni knh dn
b ngho i do cc ht dn (l in t) b v xa khi knh. Din tr knh dn t n g
ty theo nic t n g ca
theo chiu ni s lm gim dng I|). Dy l ch
ngho ca MOSFET.
Nu
H xc nh quan h hn s p -= ly)^),
ly
ly vi n h n g gi tr khc nhau ca
( iS bn g li thuvt hay thc nghim, ta t.hu c h c tuyn ra ca M OS PE T loi
r ft sn tT
K 11*u 1trn
V
o
knh n
nh
hinh
v 2.52a
\r

20 I

c/ ^d
C/? / /7 f/r

/?

f/j

a)

(n

/ n h 2 .52 : (lc l u v v n ra c a \ ( ) S i l '

o ) V i oi k t nii l i sn : h ) I V// lo i kci ctn /r/i;.

Vi loi knh cm ng, khi t ti cc ca in p

^ 0, khng c dng
cc m n g (|) = 0) do tn ti hai tip gip p - n mc i nhau ti vng m n g - v
ngun - , do khng tn ti knh dn ni gia m n g - ngun. Khi t
> 0,
ti vng i din cc ca x u t hin cc in t t do (do cm n g tinh in) v
hnh th nh mt knh dn in ni lin hai cc m n g v ngun. dn ca knh trig
theo gi tr ca
do dng in cc m n g l) tng. Nh vy M OS FE T loi knh
cm ng ch lm vic vi 1 loi cc tih ca
v ch c h lm giu knh.
Biu din qu a n h h m I|) =
ly vi cc gi tr
khc nhau, ta c h
c tuyn r a ca M OS FE T knh n cm ng nh trn hnh 2.52b.

T h c tuyn ra ca MOS FE T vi c hai loi knh t sn v knh cm ng

ging nh c tuyn ra ca J F E T xt, thy r cd 3 v ng phn bit : vng g n gc
I|) t n g tuyn tnh theo
v t ph thuc vo
vng bo ha (vng th t)
lc d l) ch ph thuc m n h vo
ph thuc yu vo
vn g nh th n g
lc
cd gi tr kh ln.

Gii thch vt l chi tit cc qu trnh iu ch knh dn in b ng cc in p

v
cho php d n ti cc kt lun tng t nh i vi JFET. Bn cnh hin
tng iu ch d n in ca knh cn hin tng m rng vng ngho ca tip
gip p - n gia cc m n g khi t n g d n in p )t;. iu ny lm k nh dn c
tit din hp d n khi i t cc ngun ti cc m n g v b t h t li ti 1 im n g vi
im un ti ra n h gii hai vn g tuyn tnh v bo ha tr n c tuyn ra. in p
tng n g vi i m ny gi l in p bo ha
(hay in p t h t knh).
60

}lnh 2 .53a v b l ng biu din qu an h 1|) =

ng vi m t gi tr c
nh ca
vi hai loi knh t. sn v knh cm ng, c gi l c tuyn truyn
t ca MOSFET.
( m /) /V

/ii

: f)c

--W V

I i i v c n

(/77 )

iriivCn (lt c a SC )S'-.

k i

diU sti a )

\' k c n h ctn n\; (hi.

Cc th a m s ca M O S FE T c nh ngha v
gm c : h dn s ca c tnh tru y n t, in
tr vo
v nh(5m cc t h a m s gii h n :
tr | ) ^ xc nh), in p t h t knh hay in p
vi U(S = 0), dng
,)S,;,XC|
Khi s d n g F E T t r o n g cc mach in t, c n
n h t sau y :

xc nh ging nh i vi J F E T
tr t r o n g r, (hay cn gi l
in p kha
(ng vi 1 gi
Iing - ngun bo ha
(ng
lu ti mt, s c im c hu ng

Vic iu khi n in tr knh dn bng in p

t r n thc t g n n h khng
lm tn hao cng s u t ca tn hiu, iu ny c c do cc iu khin h u nh cch
li v in vi knh d n hay in tr li
vo cc ln (10 ^ 10
Q), so vi loi
tr a n z i t o bipolar dng in d u vo gn
n h b n g khng, vi cng ng h CMOS iu
ny g n t ti l tng. N h n xt ny
c bit q u a n t r n g vi cc mch in t
an alo g phi lm vic vi n h n g tn hiu
yu v vi m ch in t digital khi i hi
cao v m t tch hp cc ph n t cng
vi tnh p h n ng n h a n h v chi ph n n g
lng i hi t h p ca chng.
a s cc F E T cd cu t r c i xng
gia 2 cc m n g (D) v ngun (S). Do
cc tnh c h t ca F E T h u n h khng thay
i khi i ln vai tr hai cc ny.
-- Vi J F E T v M O S F E T ch ngho,
d n g cc m n g t cc i I ) = I)rnax
lc in p t vo cc ca b n g khng
U qs
c h n g c gi c h u n g l

l n h 2 .5 4 : d c l n h ra c a
n h t i n t r i h u n i h c o

vi ;n
(dng i

n i c lu y n tn h h a).

61

h F E T th n g m. Ngc li, vi M O S F E T ch giu, dng I ) = 0 lc U(^ = 0

nn nd c gi l h F E T th n g kha. N h n xt ny cd ngha khi xy d n g cc
s kha (mch lgic s) da tr n cig ngh MOS.
Trong vng g n gc ca
h c tuyn ra ca F E T khi
^ 1,5V, dng cc m n g
I |3 t l vi
Lc d, F E T
tng ng nh m t in tr
th n c gi tr thay i c
theo UqsI ;j cng nh
khi
cng m vi loi knh
n, hoc ngc li I ) c n g nh
khi
> 0 c n g ih vi loi
knh p. Hnh 2.54 m t h
c tuyn ra ca F E T tr ong
vng gn gc.

^ / R

----- cz>

ra

K.

s
0-C

S d ng tnh c h t ny ca
FET, c t h xy d n g cc b
ph n p c iu kh i n n
gin nh hnh 2.55.
Kh

h s' chia p l

T ~

lnh i-5 5 . S ( 1 d)
a)

u ra

( 'h

n ^ iv c N
iu y c n

l
II

p l

h a

h)

f)

liic u
m y c /

k h i n

lnh

d n ^

Jil'.'l

ha .

ri)s(dic)

(2-98b)

Uv.o
ph thuc vo in p iu kh i n Uj|^, th ng chn R r | 5<^0 di l rng. Lu
l khi U|55; > IV tnh c h t tuyn tnh gia I|) v
(vi cc U(-^ khc nhau)
khng cn n g na. Nu s dng c v ng xa gc hn IV, cn tuyn tn h ha theo
mch hnh 2.55b. in tr R 2 a mt ph n in p U|;,; ti cc ca b s u n g cho
b li p h n cong ca
Khi chn R 2 =
'ns
(2-99)

Ugs =
v h c tuyn r a c tuy n tn h hda tr o n g m t on

t IV ti 1,5V.

T n g t n h vi t r a n z i t o l n g cc, t n ti 3 ki u m c F E T t r o n g cc
m c h k h u c h i l m n g c h u n g MC, n g u n c h u n g N C v c a c h u n g . Tuy n h i n
mch ca c h un g r t t gp tr o n g thc t. Hai d ng MC v NC cho t r n h nh 2.56 vi

L
b)

n h 2.56 : S o niiiyn l mch N C a) v M C (h).

62

cc th a m s t.m t t ca t n g loi tr ong ngha l mt t n g khuch i in p (xem

th m mc 2.3).
Mch ngun c h ung
H s khuch i in p

Mch m n g chung
1

( 2 - 101 )

( 2 - 100 )

in tr vo
in tr ra R,-., = (R)//r|)s)

R,., =

'(iS

00

R s / / ( 1/ S )

- Khi tha y t h cc F E T knh n bng loi F E T knh p t r o n g cc m ch in, cn

th a y i cc tnh cc in p ngun cng nh cc tnh cc it v t ha c s
d n g t r o n g . Lc cc chc n n g ch yu ca mch khng thay i, cng ging
nh vi hai loi t r a n z it o lng cc npn v pnp t ng n g xt.
2.3

KMUCH DI
2.3., Nhn vn e chut
a - N g u y n l x y d n g m t tng khuch di

Mt ng d n g qu a n t r n g n h t ca tra n z it o l s d n g n t r o n g cc m n g lm
t n g cng in p hay dng in ca tn hiu (m th ng gi l mch khuch
i). Thc c h t khuch i l mt qu tr n h bin i n n g lng c iu khin,
n n g lng ca ngun cu ng cp 1 chiu (khng cha n g th n g tin) c bin i
th n h d n g n n g lng xoay chiu (c quy lut bin i m n g th ng tin cn thit).
Ni cch khc, y l m t qu tri nh gia cng x l th ng tin d n g analog.
H nh 2.57 a ra cu trc
c bn l ph n t iu khin
in p hay d ng in t t.i
bin i dng in ca mch
ra bao gm t r a n z it o v in
tr R^, v ti li r a v d
ly gia 2 cc colect v
emit, ngi ta nh n c
m t in p bin thin cng
quy lut vi tn hiu vo
n h n g ln c t n g ln
nh iu ln. n gin, gi
t h i t in p vo cc iu
khi n c d n g hinh sin. T
s
hnh
2.57.
Ta

ngiiyn l xy dn g mt t n g khuch i. Ph n t
(tranzito) c in t r thay i theo s diu khin ca
cc iu khin baz ca n, qua iu khin quy lut
____
>

1-

y,
D

u 5 ^

A.

&

u.

1^
1
V

'Ur

1
= ii

th y r n g d ng in
v
in p
m ch ra (t l
n h 2.57 :
a ) N-iyn xv dg ti lan^' k h u c h d i ;
vi dng in v in p
h) Hiu th i gian ca din p v (ii* in
tn hiu vo) c n phi coi
ti nch r.
n h l t n g cc t h n h ph n
xoay chiu (dng in v in p) tr n n n ca t h n h ph n m t chiu I v
(h.2.57).
Ph i m bo sao cho bin t h n h p h n xoay chiu khn g vt qu t h n h p h n mt

63

chiu, ngha l
^
v
Nu iu kiii khng c th a nin th dng
in mch ra t r o n g t n g kho n g thi gian n h t nh s b n g khng v s lm nio
d ng tn hiu ra.
ni bo cng tc cho t n g khuch i mach r a ca n phi c th n h phn
dng m t chiu
v in p mt chiu
Tng t, mch vo, ngoi ngun tn
hiu cn khuch i, ngi ta t t h m in p mt chiii
(hay l dng in nit
chiu
T h n h p h n dng in v in p mt chiu xc nh ch tnh ca t n g
khuch i. T h a m s ca ch tn h theo mch vo
v th(?o mch ra (lj
c t r n g cho t r n g thi ban u ca s khi khng cd tn hiv vo.
b - Cc chi tiu v th a m s c bn ca m t tng khuch di
nh gi c h t lng ca 1 t n g khuch i, ngi ta nh ngha cc chi tiu
v th a m s c bn sau :

H s khuch i
K =

i lng u ra
Di lng t ng ng u vo

(2-

102 )

Ni chung v tng khuch i c cha cc phn t in khng nn K l mt s phc :

K = | K | exp(j^^)
P h n m u n | K | t h hin qu a n h v cng (bin ) gia cc i lng u
ra v u vo, p h n gc pha (p. t h hin dch pha gia c h ng v nhi c h u n g
ln ca I K| v
ph thuc vo t n s J ca tn hiu vo. Nu biu din I K| = o)
ta n h n c ng cong gi l c tnh bin - t n s ca t n g khuch i. ng
biu din
c gi l c tn h p ha - t n s ca n.
0

T h ng ngi t a tn h | K |
iK|

theo n v logarit gi l n v exiben (dB) :

(dB) = 2 0 1 g | K |

(2-103)

Khi ghp lin tip n t n g khuch i vi cc h s' khuch

th h khu ch i t n g cng ca b khuch i xc nh

i tng ng l k ... kp
bi :

K = k i, k 2, ... kn
hay

|K|

(dB) = | k i |

(dB) + ... + |kn|

(dB)

(2-104)

c tn h bin ca t n g khu ch i l ng biu din q u a n h

ly 1 t n s c nh ca di t n s tn hiu
D n g in hn h c a K = fi(c) v
p t n s t h p cho t r n hnh 2.58.

khuch i in
r

KI

K.

iO

LAJ
f=ZJI
/7^ Z . f ^ l t i z )

Hnh 2.58 : a) c tuyn hin - (n s v

h) D c tuyn bin ( f = k H z ) ca m t b khuych d i tn s thp.

64

= f3(Uv,o)

(m)

Tr kh n g li vo v li r a ca t n g khuch i c nh ngha
Zvao

; z,-n

*-vc>

(2 -10 5 )

r a

Ni c hung c h ng l cc i lng phc : z = R + jX

Mo khng ng th n g do tnh cht phi tuyn ca cc phn t nh tra nz ito

gy ra t h hin t r o n g th n h ph n t n s u ra l xut hin tn s l (khng c m t
u vo). Khi
ch c t h n h ph n t n s 0J, U,..J ni chung c cc th n h ph n
nuj (vi n = 0, 1, 2... ) vi cc bin tng ng l
lc d h 3 mo khng
ng t h n g do t n g khuch i gy Ia c nh gi l :
(n, +
7 = ---- --------- ----------------------- %
*^1111

(2-106)

TiVn y nu mt s chi tiu quan tr n g n h t ca 1 t n g hay (mt b

i gm nhiu tng). Cn c vo cc chi tiu ny, ngi ta cd t h ph n loi
khuch i vi cc tn gi v c im khc nhau, v d theo h s K c b
i in p (vi yu cu c bn l c
v z,.^
b
i cng s u t
^ ^ im a x

^VLIO

==

^ n g ii n

khuch
cc b
khuch
khuch

hay b khu ch i d ng in (vi

Cng cd t h phn loi theo d n g

c tnh I K| = f|(o), t ccc b khuch
i 1 chiu, b khuch i tn s thp, b khuch i t n s cao, b khuch i chn
lc t n s... hoc theo cc phng php ghp tng...
c - Cc ch lm vic c bn ca m t tng khuch i
p h n t khuch i (tranzito) lm vic binh thng, tin cy mt ch xc
nh cn hai iu kin c bn :
Xc lp cho cc in cc baz, colect v emit ca n n h ng in p 1 chiu
c nh, gi l ph n cc tnh cho ph n t khuch i. iu ny t c nh cc
phng ph p ph n cc kiu nh dng hay kiu nh p nh tr n h by ph n
2.2.3 khi ni ti tranzito.

ph n
iu
ti

On nh ch tnh c xc lp tro ng qu tr in h lm vic, ch ca

t khu ch i ch hon to n ph thuc vo in p iu khin a ti li vo.
ny th n g c thc hin nh cc phng php hi tip m thch hp (s ni
p h n tip sau).

Khi th a m n hai iu kin trn, im lm vic tnh ca tran zi to s c nh

v tr tr n h c tuyn r a xc nh c b ng cch sau :
T hnh v 2.57 c phng tr n h in p cho m ch ra lc
U cF .o

Khi

Ico R c

E ,

= 0 l :
(2 -1 0 7 )

U(; e.; + IfEc (2-108)

P h ng tr n h (2-107) cho t a xc nh 1 ng t h n g tr n h c tuyn r a ca

tra n z it o gi l ng ti 1 chiu ca t n g khuch i. Ph n g tr n h (2-108) cho xc
nh ng t h n g th hai gi l ng ti xQay chiu hay c tuyn r a ng c a t n g
khuch i (h.2.59).

5- KTT-A

65

im lm vic tnh p xc nh bi
cc ta
hay
U|^,).
Ty theo v tr ca p trn
ng t h n g ti, ngi ta phn bit
cc ch lm vic khc nhau ca
mt t n g khuch i nh sau :

H in i 2 .5 9 : f ) c t u y n ru (tn; ( n\; ti XOV c h ic ii) co

i ;

Khi p
AB v c p
yu ca ch
vo dng I^
tnh nh).

k uc c cii (C ) T) c c k h x c d i n h
i t i c m m vicc n h p.

Nu p nni kho ng gia hai

in M v N, t r o n g M v N l
n h n g giao im ca ng t h n g ti
vi cc ng c tuyn ra tnh ng
vi cc ch ti hn ca tranz ito
U|5|.:max <hay
v ,|. = 0 (hay
I ^ = 0) tr n hnh 2.59. ta ndi t n g
khuch i lm vic ch A. Ch
ny c hai c im c bn l :
vng lm vic gy ra mo '/ nh nh t
v hiu qu bin i n n g lng ca
t n g khuch i l th p nht.

dch d n v pha im N, t n g khuch i s chuyn dn s an g ch

t r n g vi N, t a ni t n g khuch i lm vic ch B. c i m ch
B l c mo
/ ln (do mt phn tn hiu mch ra b ct lc mch
0 ) v hiu s u t bin i n n g lng ca t n g tng i cao (v dng

Khi p n m ngoi N v ln cn di M, ta ni t n g khuch i lm vic ch

kha vi hai t r n g thi ti h n ph n bit ca tr an zi to : m bo ha nc p nm
gn M) hay khda dng (lc p nni di N). Ch ny th ng gp cc mch xung
xt ti chng 3.
d - Hi tip trong cc tng khuch di
Hi tip l thc hin vic tru y n tn hiu t u ra v u vo b khuch i.
Thc hin hi tip t r o n g b khuch i s ci thin hu ht cc ch tiu cht lng
ca nd v m cho b khuch i c mt s tnh
cht c bit. Di y ta s p h n tch nh n g
quy lut chu ng t h c hin hi tip tr o n g b khuch
i. iu n y c ng c bit cn thit khi thit
k b khuch i b n g IC tuyn tnh.
K
Hnh 2.60 l s cu t r c b khuch i
c hi tip. Mch hi tip cd h s t r u y n t
ch r mi q u a n h gia t h a m s (in p,
d ng in) c a t n hiu r a m c h d vi t h a m
s (in p, d ng in) li vo ca n ( tr o n g
n h 2.60 : S(7 d kh i h khiich i
t r n g hp h n h 2.61 c h n h l li ra ca b
c hoi tic ).
khuch i).
H s khuch i K v h s truyn t ca mch hi tip ni chung l nhng s phc
K = kexpj^.
=

66

5-KTJ-B

Xghia l phi ch n kh n ng di pha min t n cao v t n th p do tn l:ii

cc phn t in k h n g tr on g mch khuch i cng nh tron g mch hi tip nu b
khuch i lm vic t n s t r u n g bnh, cn tr ong mch hi
tip khng co' th n h
phn in khng, thi h s K v l n h ng s thc. Nu in p ra ca b khuch
i l t h a m s
thc hin hi tip th ta c hi tip in p, nu l dng in mch
ra thi t a c hi tip dng in. C th hi tip hn hp c dng in v in p.
Khi in p a v hi tip ni tip vi ngun tn hiu vo th ta c hi tip ni
ti'p. Khi in p hi tip t ti u vo b khuch i song song vi in p ngun
tin hiu th c hi tip song song.
tai c iii t r n xc nh mt loi mch hi tip c th ; hi tip in p ni
tip hoc song
song, hi tip dng in ni tip hoc song song, hi tip hn hp ni
tip hoc song
song. Hnh 2.61 minh ha mt s th d v n h n g mch ni tip ph
bin n h t t r o n g khuch i. Nu khi hi tip ni tip n h hng n tr s in p
vo bn t h n b khuch i
th khi hi tip song song s nh h ng n tr s'
dng in vo b khuch i. Tc dng ca hi tip c th lni t-ng khi
+ <P 2n.T
hoc gim khi
+ (P = ( 2 n + 1),T n l s ngiiyn dng, tn hiu t n g hp u
vo b khuch i. v tng ng c gi l hi tip dng v hi tip m.
Hi tip m cho php ci thin mt s' chi tiu ca b khuch ai, v t h n c
dn g rt rn g ri. f) nh gi nh hng ca hi tip n cc. chi tiu ca
b khuch
i ta hy xt thi d hi tip in p ni tip (h. 2 .6 la).
H s khuch i khi c hi tip
Kh, = r / v

(2-1 09 )

y = Uv + Uh,
Chia c hai v ca (2-109) cho p ta c :
Uy

Uv

Uh,

Ur

Ur

hay
k
y :

(2 -

110 )

Kht
l h s tru y n t ca mch

hi tip.
T (2- 110 ) t a tm c :
k
1 - k
n gin vic ph n tch ta a vo tr s
thc K v
Kht -

K
1

(2 - 112)

Theo (2 - 1 1 2 ) khi 1 > K/ > 0 thl h ' s

khuch i ca b khuch i c hi tip Kj,,
ln hn h s khu ch i ca bn th n b khuch
i K. ch n h l hi tip dng,
a ti
Utn
xi vo b khuch i c ng pha vi in p
vo U y , tc l Uy =
hl'

2. () : Mt .s mch hi icp {hn^

) i lie ) n i tip ( i i n p :
h) i tip rii; din ;
c) oi tip son son; din p.

67

in p ra ca b khuch i khi cd hi tip dng l :

u , = K(U^ + U^j) > K.

v do d K^( > K

Trng hp K/ ^ 1 (khi hi tip dng) c t r n g cho iu kin t kch ca b

khuch i. Lc ny u ra b khuch i xu t hin mt ph t n s khng ph
thuc vo tn hiu u vo. Vi tr s phc K v /3 b t ng thc \Ki\ ^ 1 tn g
ng vi iu kin t kch mt t n s c nh v tn hiu u ra gn vi d ng
hnh sin. B khuch i tr o n g tr n g hp ny lni vic nh mt mch to dao ng
hnh sin (xem p h n 2,5).
Khi

< 0 th Khi -

< K;

(2-113)

l hi tip m
ngc pha vi Uy) v Uy = U ngha l h s khuch
i ca b khuch i c hi tip m
nh hn h s khuch i khi khng hi tip.
nh gi n nh h s khuch i khi c hi tip, thc hin vi p h n biu
thc (2-113) cd :
,

1K( ^ K ^ ) d K , a
(l+ K /3 ) ^

(+K^f

Bin i (2-114) v ch n (2-113) t a n h n c biu thc c t r n g cho s

thay i t ng ng ca h s khuch i.
dK^t

dK/K

C ' l + K /

'

T (2-115) thy s thay i tn g i h s khuch i ca b khuch i khi c

hi lip m nh hn (1 4- K) ln so vi khi khng hi tip. n nh h s khuch
i s t n g khi t n g su hi tip, v d, gi thi t s th ay i t n g i ca h s
khu ch i dK/K = 20% v 1 +
= 100 th s t h a y i t n g i h s k h u c h
i ca b kh u ch i cd hi tip l dK^t/K^i = 0,2%. T nh c h t n y c b it qu
gi t r o n g iu kin h s kh u ch i th a y i do s t h a y i c a t h a m s theo
n h i t ( n h t l i vi tranzito) v s ha gi ca chng. Nu h s khuch i K
ln v hi tip m su th th c t c t h loi tr s ph thuc ca h s khuch i
vo s th ay i cc t h a m s t r o n g b khuch i. Khi tr o n g m u s ca (2 -1 13)
co t h b qua 1 v h s khuch i ca n do h s tr u y n t ca m ch hi tip
quyt nh :
Khi == l/y3

( 2 - 1 16a)

ngha l thc t khng ph thuc vo K v mi s th ay i ca n.

V d, K = 10^ v /3 = 10 ^ th K^I = ^ = 100
ngha vt H ca vic t n g n nh ca h s khuch i c hi tip m l
ch khi th ay i h s khuch i K th in p hi tip s b thay i d n n thay
i in p Uy (h.2.61a) theo hn g b li s
th a y i in p ra b khuch i. (Gi
s khi. gim K do s th ay i t h a m s b khuch i s lm cho U|,| gim v
gim
(h.2.61a), in p Uy = Uy - tng, d n n t n g Up chnh l ng n c n
s gim
ca h s khuch i K).
68

T n g n nh ca h s khuch i b n g hi
tip ni c d n g r n g ri ci thin c tuyn
bin t n s (h.2.62) ca b khuch i nhiu
t n g ghp in d u n g v min t n s th p v cao
h s khuch i b gim.
Tc dng ca hi tip m min t n s k
t r n s yu v h s khuch i K nh v s dn
n t ng h s khuch i bin di t n v m
r n g di th n g Af ca b khuch i (h.2.62).
Hi tip m c ng lm gim mo khng ng
t h n g ca tn hiu r a v gim nhiu t r o n g b
khuch i.

lnh 2.62 : nh htrrn ca hi i p

d e n (c luyn hin (l - ln s.

Di y ta s kho st nh hng ca hi tip m n in tr vo b khuch

ai R,, =
Hinh 2.61a thc hin hi tip m ni tip
Uv

Mt khc ta c

U y

= K/)^. V vy :
= i l + KP) u , = R ^ il + m

Nh vy thc hin hi tip m ni tip lm t n g in tr vo ca b khuch i

ln (1
Ki) ln. iu ny r t cn thit khi b khuch i nh n tn hiu t b cm
bin c in tr t r o n g li hoc b khuch i d n g tra n z ito lng cc.
Tng t, in tr ra b khuch i l :
= R,/fl + K(i)
ngha l gim i (1 -1- K/i)
thuc vo s thay i in

( 2 - 1 16b)

iSn.
Diu ny m bo in p ra b khuch i
tr ti R,.

T n h n g phi tch trn, c t h rt ra n h n g quy lu t c hun g

tip m n ch tiu b khuch i l :

ph

nh hng ca

hi

Mi loi hi tip m u lm gim tn hiu tr n u vo b khuch i (Uy hay

v do lm gi m h s khuch i K^I lm t n g n nh ca h s khuch
i ca b khuch i.
ly)

Ngoi ra hi tip m ni tip (h.2.61a, b) lm t n g in tr vo.

Hi tip in p ni tip (h.2.61a) lm n nh

in p ra, gim in tr ra
Cn hi tip dng in ni tip (h.2.61b) lm i nh dng in r a Ip
t n g in
tr ra

Hi tip m song song (h.2.61c) lm t n g dng in

vo cng n h in tr r a

vo

lm gim in tr

Cn ndi th m l hi tip dng thng khng d n g tr o n g b khuch i n h n g n

c th x u t hin ngoi mun do ghp v in bn t r o n g hay bn ngoi gi l hi
tip kl sinh q u a ngTin cu n g cp chung, q u a in cm hoc in d u n g k sinh gia
m c h ra v vo ca b khuch i
Hi tip k sinh lm thay i c tuyn bin t n s ca b khuch i do lm
t n g h s khuch i cc on ring bit ca di t n hoc th m ch c t h lm
cho b khuch i b t kch, ngha l x u t hin dao ng mt t n s xc nh.
69

 e loi b hin t n g trn c th dng cc b lc thot (mch R,, C|) d ng d;

dn bc kim. v b tri cc linh kin hp l,
Di y l (,h d v nhng mch hi tip m thng gp (h.2 63).

r-

^ '1

y \

t-

f ...........-

/f
^
c,

U h i
^
r
\ n

-^-4

/S

/7

b)
Hnh
: S a l cc ndili ioi ic) /n
a) 'i ticp (n; din irc <\ ; h Hfi licp (ii p nh khu lc .

Mch hinh 2.63 c ni ti phn 2.2.3.

Ti'ong mch hnh 2.63b, ta thy nu xt. ring bit t ng t n g th in tr R i, R |.1
u thc hin hi tip m dng ni tip, ging nh tr n g hp hinh 2.63a. T xt
th m tr n g hp mch hi tip t colect ca tranz ito T-, v emit ca tra nz ito T|
qua C v R. Theo nh nghia th y l mch hi tip in p ni tip. Xt v pha
ca tn hiu th l mch hi
tip m. Nh vy trn in tr R^- c c hai loi hi
tip m dng in v in p. Kt qu l h s khuch i ca ton mch s b gim.
2.3.2. Khuch i dng tranzito ln cc
Di y s tr n h by phng ph p phn tch t n g khuch i dng tra nz ito lng
cc theo ba cch mc mch : emit chung (EC), colect c hu ng (CC) v baz chung
(BC). Gi thit tn hiu vo l
hnh sin t n s t r u n g bnh v vy tr k h n g ca t
coi nh b ng khng, n h hng in dung k sinh cng nh s ph thuc h s a ca
tranzito vo t n s coi nh khng ng k.
a T ng khuch di (EC).
Mch in nguyn l 1 t n g khuch i EC
cho trn hnh 2.64.

ct

Trong s ny C p|, Cp2 l cc t phn ng

(ni tng). T Cpj loi t r tc d n g n h hng
ln nha u ca ngun tn hiu v mch vo v
dng mt chiu. M t khc n m bo cho in
p
tr o n g ch t nh khng ph thuc vo
in tr tr o n g ca ngun tn hiu R^. T Cp2
ng n khng cho t h n h p h n 1 chiu v ch cho
t h n h p h n in p xoay chiu ra ti. in tr
R|, R 2 xc nh c h tnh ca tng. Bi
2.f,4
v tranzito lng cc iu kh i n b n g dng, nn
dng in tnh ca P K (trong tr n g hp n y l dng

ho

A^ fftt

70

Ur

: TSn khu ch d i E chun;.

c to t h n h do dng

tnh emit |, th n g qua s iu khin ca dng baz I|, in tr R|. xt 2.2.3

v hnh 2.45.
Nguyn l lm vic ca t n g EC nh sau : Khi a in p xoay chiu ti u vo,
xut hin dng xoay chiu baz ca tranz ito v do xu t hin dng xoay chiu (dng
colect ca tranzito) mch ra ca tng. H p tr n in tr
to nn in p
xoay chiu tr n colect. in p ny qua t Cp-> c a n u ra ca t n g tc
l ti m c h ti. C t h th c hi n b n g hai p h n g p h p c b n l p h n g p h p
th v phng php gii tch (s tng ng) i vi c h xoay chiu tn
hiu nh.
Phng php th da vo cc c tuyn vo v ra ca tr a n z it o cd u im l
d dng tm c mi qua n h gia cc gi tr bin ca th n h phn xoay chiu
(in p ra
v dng in ra I^.^) v l s liu ban u ti n h ton. Trn c
tuyn ra hinh 2.65a, v ng ti mt chiu la -b ) nh m t p h n 2.2.3.b. S
ph thuc
c t phng tr nh cn bng in p mch
ra ca t n g :
co

R|-:

(2-117)

V h s a gn bng 1, nn c th vit
-

E^.

(R^. 4- Rj,-)

(2-118)

Biu thc (2-118) l phng trnh ng ti mt chiu ca tng. Da vo c tuyn

vo baz) I, = ^(U.) ta chn c dng baz tnh cn thit
chnh l xc nh
c ta i m p l giao im ca ng =
vi ng ti mt chiu trn
c tuyn ra hnh 2.65a.

nh 2.65 ; Xc dnh c h tnh va tan^ EC

q ) Trn c luyn cocc t cc uvn ra) ;
b Trn c uvcn b a z ( c tuyn vo)-

xc nh t h n h p h n xoay chiu ca in p r a v dng colect ca tranzito

phi d ng ng ti xoay chiu ca tng. Ch r n g in tr xoay chiu tro n g mch
71

emit ca tra n z it o b n g kh ng (v c t C. mc song song vi in tr R^^), CI ti

c mc vo m c h colect v in tr xoay chiu c a t Cp r t nh.
Nu coi in
tr xoay chiu ca ngun cung cp E^,. b ng khng, th in
tr xoay
chiu ca t n g gm hai in tr R^. v
mc song song, ngha
l
Rj//R^,. T
thy r in tr ti mt chiu ca t n g
= R^, + R|. ln hn in tr ti xay
chiu
Khi c tn hiu vOj in p v dng in l tng ca t h n h p h n mt
chiu v xoav chiu, ng ti xoay chiu i qua im tnh p (h.2.65a). dc ca
ng ti xoay chiu s ln hn dc ca ng ti m t chiu. Xy d n g ng ti
xoay chiu theo t s gia s ca in p v dng in A ( |. = AI^,.(R^.//Rj). Khi cung
cp in p Uy vo u vo ca t n g (hnh 2.64) th tr on g mch baz s x u t hin
th n h phn dng xoay chiu i ^ c lin quan n in p Uy theo c tu y n vo ca
tr a nz ito (h.2.65b). V dng colect ti l vi dng baz q ua h s
t r o n g m ch colect
cng c t h n h p h n dng xoay chiu
(h.2.65a) v in p ra xoay chiu
iiB
h vi dng
b n g ng ti xoay chiu. Khi ng ti xoay chiu c tr n g
cho s thay i gi tr tc thi dng colect
v in p tr n t r a n z i t o
hay l
ngi t a ni l s dch chuyn im lm vic. Nu chn tr s tn hiu vo thch
hp v ch tn h n g th tn hiu ra ca t n g khuch i s khng b mo d n g
(xem mc 2.2.3b). Mun vy, cc tham s ca ch tnh phi tha m n n h n g iu
kin sau (h.2.65a).

u, > u , , -f

(2-119)

^CO ^ ^cm

(2- 120)

^coL'.)

y :

l in p colect ng vi on u ca c tuyn r a t r a n z i t o CTI gi

l in p
bo ha) ; I^(E)l dng in colect ba n u ng vi n h i t cc i
chnh l cao ca ng c tuyn ra tnh ng vi dng I|^ = 0,
v
l bin
p v dng ra.

Quan h dng

vi in p ra c d ng :

t n g h s khu ch i ca tng, tr s R^, phi chn ln hn Rj

Da vo dng

t 3

ln.

chn, tnh dng baz tnh :

t da vo c tu y n vo ca tranzito hnh 2.65b, tm c in p U ^.^^ ng vi

tnh c.
Dng emit tn h cd q u a n h vi dng
I eo =

(1 + / ) I bo + IcK) =

v 1^,^^ theo biu thc ;

(1 + /3) +

(2 -1 2 3 )

Khi chn E(, (nu n h khng cho trc), cn phi theo iu kin
E,
y ;
72

= ,, +

Uf.(, = Igo. Rp

+ u,,

(2-124)

Khi xc
t n g
hi tip m
E^.. V vy

nh tr s U.^^ phi x u t p h t
nh n h i t cho ch t n h ca
m t chiu ca tng), tuy nhin
m E.^, t h n g chn b n g (0,1

t q u a n i m t n g in p U|.J, s lm
t n g (vl khi R. ln s ln t n g su
lc cn t n g in p ngun cung cp
-- 0,3)

Ch n biu thc (2-124) ta c :

co + I c A

in t r R|. c t h tnh t

R,; = u,,yi,

(2-126)

Khi t n h cc p h n t ca b ph n p u vo ngoi n h n g i m ni ti mc
2.2.3g cn lu : vi q u a n im n nh nhit cho c h t n h ca t n g th s thay
i ca dng baz tnh
(do khng n nh nhit ca in p
phi t nh
h ng n s th a y i in p U\^y Mun vy thi dng Ip q u a b p h n p R v Ri
phi ln hn d ng
q u a in tr R. Tuy nhin vi iu kin Ip > >
th R, Rt
s phi nh v c h n g s gy ra mc r mch n mch vo ca tran zito. v t h khi
tn h cc p h n t c a b ph n p vo t a phi h n ch theo iu kin ;
Rb = Rj//R2 = (2 -

5).

Ip = (2 ^ 5)I^,,

(2-127)
(2*128)

y : Ty l in tr vo ca tranzito, c t r n g cho in tr xoay chiu m ch baz

~ emit (Ty = A|^|./AI|^).
in tr Rj, R 2 (h.2.64) c th t n h theo :
R ,.
p
= 1 ^ 4 ^

(2-130)

Khi chn t r a n z it o c n ch n cc t h a m s gii h n n h : di t n s cng tc

(theo t n s
hay f) c ng n h cc t h a m s v d ng in, in p v cng sut.
D n g in cho php cc i I^,
phi ln hn tr s tc thi ln n h t ca dng colect
t r o n g khi lm vic, ng h a l
(h.2.65a). V m t in p ngi
t a th n g chn tr a n z i t o theo
> E^.. Cng s u t tiu hao t r n colect ca tra n z it o
^co
cng s u t cc i cho php ca tr a n z i t o P^;cp- ng cong
c ng s u t gii h n cho ph p l n g hypecbol. i vi mi i m ca n t a c
Uccci- Icci - Pc.cp (h.2,65a).
Tm li vic t n h c h 1 chiu
ca t n g khuch i l gii
hp l cc p h n t ca s n h n c n h n g t h a m s cn
t r n ti.

quyt nhi m v chn

th i t c a tn hiu ra

Cc h s' khuch i dng Kj, in p

v cng s u t Kp c ng n h in tr vo
Ry v in tr r a R,- l n h n g ch tiu qu an t r n g ca t n g khuch i. N h n g ch
tiu c t h xc nh c khi tnh to n t n g khuch i theo d n^ xoay chiu.
P h n g php gii tch da tr n c
s th a y t h tr a n z it o v t n g khuch i b n g s
t n g ng d ng xoay chiu ch tn hiu nh. S thay t h t n g EC v
t r n hnh 2.66, v tr a n z i t o c t h a y b n g s thay t h t h a m s v t l. Tnh
7.3

ton theo dng xoay chiu cng c th thc hin

c khi s d n g s thay t h tran zi to vi cc
th a m s h, r hay g.
n gin ta gi thit t n g khuch i
tnh min t n s t r u n g bnh, tn hiu vo l
sin v in tr ca ngun cung cp i vi dng
xoay chiu bng khng, Dng in v in p tr ong
s tnh theo tr s hiu dng, nd c qu an h
vi tr s bin qua h s 1/V^,

c
hnh

iTi tr vo ca t n g :
I
=

(2-131) i i

R //R ^//ry

2.f)6 : S( f d

tiv i

fn<^ k h u c h

- y ha i ^ u r n .\> v l l.

V in tr trong ca ngxin dng l hinh 2.66 rt ln, cn

> > r|. nn

BI-: = ^H^\ + I|;r|, hay l

BI

= Ib-

+ (] + /^)r,.]

(2- 132 )

chia c hai v ca phng tr nh (2-132) cho I| ta cd :

IV = r + 1 +
Tnh gn n g bc 1 ca Ry theo Ty v gi tr c th ca
(i, I' vi iu kin
Rj//Ri ^ {2 ~ 3)ry ta s c
ca t n g EC khng vt qu 1 -- 3kQ.

Xc nh h s khuch i dng in ca t n g Kj = l/Iy, t s 2.66 c :

h

< 2 -13 3 )

IV

Khi xc nh dng Ij qua l th khng tnh n Ty v n r t nh so vi in tr

ca cc ph n t mch ra.
r^:JRJR^
I, = li- lv
R

(2- 134 )

n biu thc (2-133) ta cd :

^

^c(F /^ J ^ i

,2-135,

v h s' khuch i dng xc nh bi :

K =

(.

(2- 136 )

H s khuch i dng K t l vi ca tra nz ito v ph thuc vo tc d n g mc

r ca b p h n p v in t r R^., R(. Biu th c (2 - 1 3 6 ) cho t h y c n phi chn
R | / / R 2 > Ty v R^. > R^. Nu t a coi Ry = y v
R^y/Rj th biu thc tn h h
s khuch i dng g n n g s cd d n g
K =

(i,

Nh vy tng EC c h s khuch i dng tcmg i ln, v nu

74

(2-137)
th

/.

Xc nh h s khuch i in p ca t n g K^I = U^/E^

Ii.R t
Iv(Rn

= k,

Rv)

R.

(2-138)

Rn + Rv

Thay (2-137) vo (2- 138) ta c :

R^. // R,
R + R,

(2-139)

T (2-139) ta th y nu cng ln, v in tr mch ra ca t n g c n g ln so vi

in tr mch vo th h s khuch i cng ln. c bit, h s khuch i in p
s t n g khi in tr t r o n g ngun tn hiu gim. H s khuch i in p tr o n g s
EC khong t 20 H- 100.
T n g khuch i EC thc hin o pha i vi in p vo. Vic t n g in p vo
(chiu dng) a lm t n g dng baz v dng coect ca tranzito, h p t r n
tng,
s lni gim in p tr n colect (hay l xu t hin u ra ca t n g n a chu k m
in p). Vic o pha ca in p ra tr on g t n g EC i khi c biu th bng du
tr ong biu thc
H s k h u c h i c n g s u t K
(0,2 - 5). 1 0 \

= Pj./Py =

K, t r o n g s EC k h o n g

in tr ra ca t n g
R, = Rc//rc(i:)

(2-140)

R c( ;) > > Rc, nn Rr = Rc-

b - T n g khuch di colecto c h u ng

cc

(lp emito)

Hnh 2.67a l s mt t n g khuch i c c , cn

gi l t n g
lp E vin p ra
c a n ly E ca tranzito, v tr s gn bng in p
vo (U(=
Uy= Uy)
v t r n g pha vi in p vo.
in tr R|

tr o n g s n g vai tr nh

tr on g s EC. T Cp-> c nhim v

Hnh 1 6 7 :
a) S an k h uch di c c ; h) S (t hav th.

t r u y n ra ti t h n h p h n xoay chiu ca tn hiu ra. in tr R|, R2 d n g xc

n h ch tnh ca tng. t n g in tr vo, c t h khng mc in tr R 2. Vic
t n h ton ch m t chiu t ng t nh lm vi t n g EC. kho s t cc th a m
s' ca t n g theo dng xoay chiu, cn chuy n s a n g s th a y t h (h.2.67b).

75

in tr vo ca t n g Ry = R |// R 2//ry.
Ta c u,, = ^[r| + (1 +

) { Y y

+ R.;//R,)]

Chia Uy cho l^ ta c
+ (1 + )(r^.

+ R y/IR ,)

(2 -14 1)

T biu thc (2- 141) n h n th y Ty ca tra n z it o t r o n g s CC n hn tr o n g s

EC. V T, th n g r t nh hn R.y/Rp cn Y nh hn s h n g t h hai v phi ca
biu thc (2-141), nn in tr ca t n g lp li E b ng :
R,, -

R //R2//(1 + / ) (R .;//Ri )

( 2 -1 4 2 )

Nu chn b p h n p u vo c in tr ln th in tr vo c a t n g s ln. v
d, = 50 \ R].//Rj = I k Q th
= 51 kQ. Tuy nhin khi in tr vo tng, th khng
th b qu a c in tr I*c{i )
r vi mch vo ca t n g (h.2.67b). Khi in
tr vo ca t n g s l :
R,. = R,//R2//[(1

( 2 -1 4 3 )

in tr vo ln l m t tr o n g n h n g u im qu a n t r n g c a t n g CC, d n g
lm t n g phi hp vi ngun tn hiu cd in tr t r o n g ln.
Vic xc nh h s khuch i dng Kj cng theo ph ng p h p ging n h s
E^. Cng thc (2-133) n g i vi t n g CC. V dng
y ch l mt p h n ca
dng l,;, nn biu th c (2-134) s c d ng
RJR.

Il

= (1 +

(2-144)

v xt n (2-134) t a c
I,

(1 + )

ti

Ty.

(2-145)

H s' khuch i dng tr o n g s CC

Kj

= {1 +

IZ
Ty

ngha l n cng ph thuc vo q u a n h Ry v Ty , R.- v Rp gi t h i t Ry =

(2-146)

th

R .7/R

= (1 + ).

( 2 -1 4 7 )

Khi Rj. = R^, v in tr Rj ging nhau, th h s khuch i dn g in tr o n g s

CC v EC g n b n g nhau.
H s khuch i in p K^J theo (2- 138 ) t a c ;
R,//R,

K,

= (l+ /3).

(2-148)

tnh h s
ta coi Ry > >
v Ry tnh gn ng theo (2.142) : Ry = (1 + y3)
(R|.//Rj), khi
^ 1. T n g CC d n g khuch i cng s u t t n hiu t r o n g khi
gi nguyn tr s in p ca n.
V
76

= 1 n n h s khuch i cng s u t Kp xp x b n g K v tr s.

in tr ra ca t n g

cc

c gi tr nh (c Q), c tnh

bi :

t + R,y/R|//R7
= R,- // /r,; +

l+

(2-149)

T n g c c c d n g bin i, tr k h ng phi hp m ch r a ca t n g khuch i

vi ti c in tr nh, c vai tr nh 1 t n g khuch i cng s u t n ch A
khng c bin p ra.
c - T n g kh uch d i baz chung (BC)
Hnh 2.68a l s t n g khuch i BC. Cc ph n t
xc nh dng
tnh l,. Cc ph n t cn li c ng cd chc n n g ging s EC. V nguyn thc
hin s BC t a c t h ch dn g m t ngun E^..

f
R.

1_____ _ rC L
l_L
>

_V

/ B
)
Hnh 2.6H :
a) S(f li khu ch di BC : h) S (t ihay th.

kho s t cc t h a m s ca t n g khuch i RC theo dng xoay chiu

t n g ng
hnh 2 .68b.
- R,//[rj.; + (1 - a)rj^].

t a s dng
(2-150)
V:
v

T (2-150) ta th y in tr vo ca t n g c xc nh ch yu bng in tr
v vo kho n g (10 -- 50)Q. in tr vo nh l nhc i m c bn ca t n g BC
t n g s l ti ln i vi ngun tn hiu vo.
a

i vi t h n h p h n xoay chiu th h s khuch i dng in s l a = I^./I|.

< 1. H s khuch i dng in K tnh theo s hnh 2.68b s l
R,y/R,
= ,

(2-151)

R.

H s khu ch i in p
y/R .
Ku =

(2-152)

Rn +Rv

T (2-152) t a thy khi gim in tr tr o n g ca ngun tn hiu vo s lm t n g h

s khuch i in p.
in tr r a ca t n g BC
Rr =

Rc//rc(B) -

Rc

(2 -1 5 3 )

77

Cn ch r n g c tuyn lnh ca tra n z it o mc BC c vng tuyn tnh r n g nht

nen tran zi to cd t h d n g vi in p colect ln hn s EC (khi cn cc5 in p
u ra ln), Trn thc t t n g khuch i BC c t h d n g lm t n g ra ca b khuch
i, cn t n g CC d n g lm t n g trG cui. Khi t n g CC s l ngun tn hiu v
c in tr tr on g nh (in tr ra) ca t n g BC.
d ~ T ng khucch i o p h a

T n g o pha ( t n g phn ti) d ng nh n c hai tn

hiu ra lch pha
nhau
180\ S t n g o pha
v
trn hinh 2.69a. N c th nh n c t
s EC hnh
2.64 khi b t C|. v mc ti th hai R p vo R qua
Tn hiu ra lTy t coloM
v emit ca tra nzito. Tn hiu ra ^--, ly t. eniit ong pha vi tn hiu vo L\
(h.2.69b, c) cn tn hiu ra J . | ly t cdloct (h.2.69c) ngc pha vi tn hiu vo
Dng tn hiu v t r n hnh 2.69b, c, d.

Hnh 2.69 : a) Si

(it/ p h a ; h), c), () lin o h i i;uf.

in tr vo ca t n g o pha tn h t n g t nh t n g CC :
= R|//Ry/[r|^ + (1 + ^)(r,.

+ Rj-Z/Rj.)]

(2-154)

hoc tnh g n n g
= (1 +/?)(rj: + R,.;//Ri2)
H s khuch i in p u ra 1 xc nh t ng
ra 2 xc nh t ng t n h s CC.

(2-155)
t nh s EC, cn u

(2-156)

(2-157)
Rn +Rv
Nu (1 + i)(R.lfR^ ) = /3(Re//R|i) th hai h s khuch i ny s ging nhau.
2

78

T n g o pha c ng c t h dng bin p, s

nguyn l nh hnh 2.70.
Hai tn hiu ra ly t hai na cun th cp c
pha lch nh au 180' so vi im 0 . Nu hai na
cun t h cp c s vng b ng nhau th hai in
p ra s b ng nhau. Mch o pha bin p c
dn g v d d n g thay i cc tnh ca in p ra
v cn c rc d n g phi hp tr khng.
2.3.3. Khuch dai tn iranzlio tr (FET)
Ngiiyn l xy d ng t n g khuch i d ng tranz ito
tr ng c n g ging nh t n g dng tr a nz ito lng
Unh J.7(i : S(r (In
d o phu (m^
cc, i m khc nh a u l tranz ito tr ng iu khin
hicn i ) .
bng in p. Khi chn ch tnh ca t n g dng
tra nz ito tr n g cn a ti u vo (cc ca) mt in p mt chiu cd tr s v cc
tnh cn thit.
n ~ K huch di cc ign ch un g (SC)
S khuch i sc d ng MOSFE T c knh n t sn cho tr n hnh 2.71. Ti R|)
c mc vo cc mng, cc in tr R|,
dng xc lp
ch tnh.
Din tr
s t o nn hi tip m dng mt. chiu n nh c h tnh khi thay
i nhit v do tnh t n mn ca th a m s tranzito. T
kh hi tip m dng
xoay chiu. T Cj^| ghp t n g vi ngun tn hiu vo. Nguyn tc chn ch t.nh
cng ging nh s d ng tra nzi to lng cc (h.2.64. Cng thc (2.119) v (2.120),
y c t h vit di dng.
|)so

>

rm

A )S

2-158)
(2-159)

ni

iii lm vic tn h p dch

chuyn theo ng ti mt chiu s qua im a v b
(h.2.71). i vi im a, l) = 0, ,^ = +E), i vi im b, )^ = 0, 1|) = E|y(R() + R^).
ng ti xoay chiu xc nh theo in tr R,~ = Rj)//R,. Trong b khuch i nhiu
t n g th ti ca t n g trc chnh l mch vo ca t n g sau c in tr vo

ln. Trong n h n g t r n g hp nh vy th ti xoay chiu ca t n g xc nh ch yu

hng in tr
(c chn ti thi u c ng nh hn Ry mt bc na). Chnh v vy
i vi t n g tin khuch i th dc ca ng ti xoay chiu (ng c-d) khng
khc lm so vi n g ti mt chiu v tr o n g nhiu t r n g hp ngi ta coi chng
l ch tnh c :
DSO

Eo

I) o (R ) + Rs)

(2 - 160 )

t r o n g d I[)() l dng m n g tnh.

u DSO

l in p cc m n g - ngun tnh.

in p
(h.2.71).

chnh l th a m s ca c tuyn ra tnh (mng) i qu a im tn h p

D a vo c tuy n ca F E T ta th y ch tnh, in p ph n cc c t h c cc
tn h dng hoc m i vi cc ngun v t h m ch cd t h b n g khng.
Kho s t t r n g hp

< 0
79

in tr
v R q (h,2.71) xc nh in p
< 0 t r o n g ch tnh, Tri
s v cc tnh ca in p t r n in tr
l do dng in
= I|5Q chy q u a n
quyt nh, in tr
c xc nh bi :
-

(2-1 61)

U(', so /I do

n h 2.71 : a) S lang k h u ch i s c : h) D ih xc n h ch: tnh.

in tr R q dn in p
ly t r n
ln cc ca ca FET. in tr R(
phi chn nh hn in tr vo vi bc na. iu ny r t cn th i t loi t r nh
hng ca tnh kh n g n nh theo nh i t v tnh t n m n ca cc t h a m s mch
vo n in tr vo ca tng. Tr s
th n g chn t 1
5MQ,
Ngoi vic m bo in p yu cu
dng
1 chiu t r o n g t ng, n g n cn s th a y i dng I p o do tc d n g c a n h i t v tnh
t n m n ca t h a m s tra nz ito v v t h n nh c h tnh ca t ng . t n g tnh
n nh th cn t n g
n h n g phi m bo gi tr Uqj5q. Trong t r n g hp n y phi
b in p U<5Q b n g cch c u n g cp cho cc ca in p U q q q u a in tr R|.
U o s o = U so - U g o = Id o . Rs - E d .
E d

. R g

U so -

( 2 - 162 )

(2-163)

- Rg

Ri =

Rc; + R |

U gso

in p ngun cu ng cp
Ed =

s o

+ Uso +

(2-1 64)

Tr s R ) c n h h ng n c tn h t n s c a t ng, n c tn h theo t n s
tr n ca di t n. Vi q u a n i m m r ng di t n th phi gim R[). Sa u khi chn
in tr t r o n g ca tra n z it o r, th t a c t h chn R q = (0,05 -- 0 , 15)r.
Vic chn in p U^Q c ng theo n h n g iu kin ging n h in p U[,(, tr o n g
t n g EC, ng ha l t n g in p UjQ s l m t n g n nh c a i m lm vic tnh
do Ri tng, tuy nhin khi cn tng E q . v th
thng chn khong (0,1 -H 0,3)E|).
Cng t ng t (2- 125) t a c :
U do

Ed =
80

Id o R d

0,7 ^ 0,9

(2- 165)

Klii 1\,S()
1) [ihi mc in I r
' ct yu cu v n i n h ch tnh,
i . u c d ht buc ) h i mc R . Chn cc phn t da vo cc cng thc (2-162 n
<2-()5t. khi cng thc (2-K)2), (2- 163) cn phi hoc cho
= 0, hoc l thay
i du Irc din ap Ch 11(,S() > 0 l ch in hnh cho MOSKET c
knh fii ng loi n. Vi th' nu thc hin vc i du t.rvc ( so
f'ng thc
( 2 - ] 6 2 i . (2-163 c th d n g c hn g tnh nicch thn p ca tan^ ngun chung,
Chi loi P"KT phi ch n C C th a m s tng' t nh tron g t n ^ E(^ F^hi tnh
n cing niig crc: dai
in p I'c i
. v (ng suat liu tn cc ai
tmn<r tran/.ito
(h 2,71i. v
.
Cion' nh sct F/C du n g tran/.ito lng tc\ t n g n^un chung Hng lm o pha
lin hi(u khuVh i, Vi dn a vo u vo na (hu ki in p clcng (h. 2.71) so
ln
dng m n g v giii din p Iiang ;
c au ra so nhn t* na chu kidin

p fc tinh m,
Di y ta

se phn tch A'n^ khurh

S(J I hay
th t n ^ s c v trn hinh
(*iic ('ii a tra nz ito |G,8 |

(:ti

v niat xoay rhiou.

2 72a (*() lnh n in

diing gita

cicin

S( thay th da Irn c s ri dun^ n^'un cloii^ mch ra. Din tr R|), R|

niac- song riong mch ra xc nh ti \i
= R|;j '/
Din tr K| v
cng c
ma(' son^ song. Vi in I ' vo thng ln hn in tr
nhiu, nn in p vo
'acoi nh iang 1^,^. T phn ng C'|,,
v t
khii -ln nn in tr
xtay^ cliitHi Ci nhi bng khng. Vi th trong s thav th khng v nhng t. .

H s khuch i in p tn so t r u n g hinh
l,
Kn = ^
u

SUv(r,,./Ri
...........
: ..... .
= S ir ,// R r )
LJ

(2-166)

hay
K. =

Sr,.R,-

(2 -1 67 ,

Tch s STj gi l h s khuch i tnh ( ca FET. Thay // = Si'| vo (2.67) ta c ;

//.RK., =
'^-168.
Da vo (2-168)
h,2.72h).

C.6

th v s thay th ca 1a n g s c vi ngun in p //L\,

Trong tr n g hp nu t n g s c l t n g tin khuch i t r o n g b khuch i nhiu

t n g thi R,~ = R|^/7Ry = R-). Nu nh tnh n R|) r, th h s khuch i in
p ca t n ^ c tnh gn l :
K,, = SH,)

(2-169)

Din tr vo ca t n g s c l :

Ry = R/7R(;

(2-170)

in tr ra ca t n g s c l ;

Rj. = R[y.Vj ~ R )

(2-171)

Khi chuyn s a n g min t n s cao th phi ch en in d u n g vo v r a ca tng,

n^^hla l cn ch n in du n g gia cc in cc
C q ) ca tr a n z it o (h.2.72a),
t ung nh in d u n g lp r p mch vo C
(in du ng ca linh kin v dy dn mch
vao i vi cc m ca ngun cu ng cp).
G- r, iL' -A

81

^0.
r.

r.

-~^GS
s^

'1

f "
rS

<

Vi/ .^^

0
M lj,

iV
-

o)

l l 2 . 7 2 : S ( r ( f u i u y il i c

^s

Hi^ s e

a ) N i ^ i i o n (i /ii i : I)) \ -^it'n p.

t n s cao n h n g in dung k tr n s to nn th n h ph n k h n g ca d ng in
mch vo.
^cv = Iccis

^COD

^(!.

(2-172)

Dng I('(}S) I('i

bng in p vo Uy, cn dng I(Ci) xc nh b n g in
p cc mig - ca. v in p cc m n g ngc pha vi in p vo, nn in p gia
cc ca v m n g s bng :
u , + , = (1 + K,,) u ,

Dng in vo in dun g ca t n g
icv = jw(;c^ , ,, + jwC(.-|)(l + K^,) ,

Ivc -

J ^ ^ U ,[ C o s + (1 + K , ) C o o + c , ]

+ jwC| . ,,

y Cy l in du n g vo ca t n g
Cv == Q s + (1 +

Coi3 + Ci,

(2-173)

in du n g ra ca t n g ph thuc vo in du ng gia cc in cc kho n g m n g

- ngun v m n g - ca, cng nh in dun g lp rp mch ra. Tnh in d u n g ra
cng theo phng php n h tnh i vi in dung vo, c kt qu ;
1 + K,,
Cr =

(2-174)

Cgd + c ,

e. K huch i cc m n g ch u n g DC (lp li cc ngun)

Hnh 2.73a l s DC d ng F E T c knh t sn. in tr R |, R q c ng vi
dng xc nh ch lm vic tnh ca tranzito.

+/4.
V/P,

I ___T I

____ X j : ___,

ji-M

llinii 2.73 : a) S a D C dt -ET c knh d t sn ; b) S ihay h Siig DC.

82

6- KT-B

Vit' chn v m bo ch tnh c tin h nh tng t nh t n g

chiu ca t n g l
cn ti xoay chiu
= R^//R,

sc.

Ti mt

Di vi t n g DC th in p t t r n g pha vi in p vo
,

, - (-,s

(2-175)

Theo s thay t h th J li l hm s ca
u , =. SU,,s UVVR,-|,
hay

tc d n g ln u vo ca tranzito

u<-,s =

(2^ >

H s khuch i in p ca t n g tnh theo :

K

^ ^
v

V Ii R j ^

.
1 +

(2-177)

S ( i // R i^ )

nn

<2-178)

H s khuch i K^J ph thuc vo h dn s ca tra n z it o v ti xoay chiu ca

tng. H s khuch i s tin ti 1 khi t n g s v R ^ . v vy i vi t n g DC nn
d ng tran zi to c h dn ln.
tim c cc t h a m s t n g ng ca s thay th, bin i cng thc
(^-177) sau khi th a y vo nd s = // / Tj v khai t r i n ta c :
r, // R,-- =
v

r, + R,~
. R~

__

= -------------- ----------r, + (1 + /OR,-

(2,179)

Chia c t s v m u s v phi ca cng thc (2-179) cho 1 + /< v thay

= j/ ^, ta c

Da vo (2-180) ta v c s thay t h ca t n g (h.2.73b). m ch ra ca s

thay t h cd ngun in p t n g ng
1 +
vi in tr t n g ng r il + /Li). Mch vo ca s th a y t h (h.2.73b) gm 3
ph n t ging n h a u nh s th a y t h sc.
Da vo s hnh 2.73b xc nh c in tr ra ca t n g DC.

= " =
's

7 ^ 7

ii tr ra ca t n g DC nh hn t n g

sc,

v vo kho n g 100 ^ 3000Q.

83

V (MMI ii)
ir- i-i ('iVa v cc n<;iu')n ca tranzito trong s lp li cc ngui
bang hiu l \
nn dng in v) bn thn t'a ranzilo s nh hn trong s
SC. v d khng 'n nh nhit ca in Ir khong ^ia ta v ^un nh() Do (i
fhc) ph('p la cliin^
I.
ln Vi vy t n g D(! c din Ir vo l^, ln (ti vi
t
h(n tno' SC .
lin dung vc ca t n g n c s nh hn ca ta ng s c .
)i vi t n ^ 1;>P l;ii cc ngun th cn thit phi tnh on t hn h ph n dng in
u n g vA) Iii;uh ('a v ca - nunn (Ha t r a n / it o , (Utn: nhu' t h n h phn tngclun.i:: l a ) c;ip Iii;ich vi\() c:\ ln^*'. V i in p t'Uf Iiaig kh ng (i. t h n h phrm
dong din dving ( \ , | ) v C| c' xc n h h n ^ in p vo b\.. T h n h ph n dng in
in (I u i ;
phu h ii c vo in ap

l\,s -

, - u, = <1 - K , 1U,

Doiiu '.:UJ OI.'; i

cv

- k) + (

l (o

= c:,,|) +

(\.

C(;s (1 - K) +

(2-!iS2)

vSo snh (2-1S2 vi (2-17.']) thy in dung vo (a ta n^ I)(' nh hn t r o n ^

s c . T 2 - 1 8 2 ' tion^ f n u 1)C n'u K^J 1 thi ;nh hng 'a di'ii d u n g
in dung' vo S('

Si

d
on

2 . 3 .4 . Ci hp i a c c k i u c h ai

Mi b khuch i th n g
gm nhiii t n g mc ni tip nhau
thc 16 mt n g khuch i
khng m bo h s khii'ch i
lin hiu ra ca t a n g au hnv
t n g t r u n g gian bt k s l tn hiu
n v ti ca nit t n g in tr vo ca l n g sau n, Din tr
vhvich ai se c tinh thf'O l n ^ u v t n g cui.
z/

/ / , -- u
r f

-C3--r

]
1

1V -

_-CL_

- i - i -

...

nh

nh hinh 2.74 (v
Cn thit), y
vo cho t.ng sau
vo v ra ca b

2 . 7 4 ; ST ( n k i h k h i i c c h

I
U
-(J- J

d i / i Cu l^.

Thf?o h thc (2.104), h s khuch i ca b khuch i nhiu t n g bng t.ch h

.s<) khuch i ca mi t n g (tnh theo n v s ln) hay bng t n g ca c h n g (tnh
theo n v clB)

u,|

U,.

u rN

- = K 111

'vN

1^,2

jN

K,,(dBl = K,,|(dB) + ... + K^N<dB)

Vic ghp gia cc t n g c th d n g t in, bin p hay ghp tr c tip.

84

(2-183)

a - (hep liiif bng (ii diig

1)0 kuci i nhiii
ghc'p din d u n g V( tri hinh 2.7'j, ( .'i' l' M f:' ih.-!': \\<'h
trong 2-.i.2 ini:^ (ho II t n g (run< gian h;t ki nu h a y R, cho W,. Sv aii-;
h k h u c h i

l h i e i i t i n XU' n h

phi'w

l l i 0 n^' t h ' r 2 - 1 8 . ' i x u a t

*v'

vu c u . V i c ' tinh ton f c t i g ' ( c h r i n v i i h ; i c j ' h d i i ! v i t a ' l ; i i K :ii)h

ri' xoay ('hiiO phi theo th t t ttig cui c n g v t a n g ;'ui ti-n

CM

/ ;J

*,
rf

"

"

_ .J -.

to-ii.

-0s - :.

-o-

n j

-p
/___ ,

^ P f

N : _....

i -"'i
llin

Trc ht
tn hiu yu
tin hiu vo
cho ti tng'

2.

S(

ln

I
i'n

k h i i r i l i

" I
ihii

nhii'il

( / / / MC

ta tinh t n g (^ui rng, Ting ny pliJU c;'iin >;'u (la !';i i

iig suAt
(au. Da vo h s khuch i trin^ (Ui. ngi a xc: nl c r tliam s
ca n. V chinh ?: liu han u tinh t n g IIC (Ui. \I v.v. .
u tin (t a n g voi ca b khiKH'h ai.

')u
a .inh tn s t r u n g binh r b (un nh hn;;' .a tu in tro ng b
khuch di va khng iiih on s phu thuc' I'a
aii s lanzit) vao ta n s. IVong
Iring hp cn thit phi ch n (' tnh ca tranz ilo v nh hng :a t
bin tn ca tn hiu cn khuch ai. diu ny st lm r.hc in p au ra b khuch
i thay i c bipn n pha khi t.n s tn hiu vo hay i. min t s thp,
khi l ; u Ihuan tr t'h'i n h n g s ph h u c ' k ( ' r n ;' do tu i n tron[^ S( d Cuyt
inh, cn mli^n t n s cao th ch yu do cic than ,s6 ca tranz ito quv^t nh.
Trong thc t, th ng ngi la co' th nghin C'ii nh hng ca cc vii t t.rn mt
c c h c: lp hai min tn s thp v cao.
Di y ta xt d r im cg tc* a b khiich i nin tan thp,
Tong 2.3.2. khi tinh h s khuch i ca t n g n gi thit in tr xoav
chiu ca t b n g khng. N h n g gi thit nh vy ch n g di t n t r u n g bnh.
Khi t n s gim thi d n in ca t ghp t n g Cp s gim. Do c h p trn
t nn in p t ng un tn hiu t vo t n g u len hay in p l'a t n g trc
t vo t n g sau so b gim. H p tr n t s lm gim bin tn hiu u
ra mi t n g v c a c b khuch i ni c h u n g tc l lm gim h s khuch i
niin tn l.hp (h.2.76a).
Anh hng ca t c t h hin r t r r n g tro n g b khuch i ghp in dung
ch h s khuch i
0 khi f
0. Nhx vy l tr s ca t
c nh hng
n h s khuch i min t n thp.
T in C, cng n h hng n h s khuch i min t n thp. V khi gim
t n s s lm gim tc d n g mc r ca t i vi in tr R|. v do lm tng
mc hi tip m ng xoay chiu trn R. v do lm gim h s khuch i.

85

Vic gim mu n h s
khuch i min t n s thp
Kj c c t r n g b n g h s
mo t n s t h p ca b khuch
i.

M / / /7 /r a /T ' / / 7/?

M, = K/K,
chnh l tch h s mo t n
s ca mi t tr o n g b khuch
i
)
M =

...

(2-184)

H s mo t n s ca t
tnh theo

nl 2.76 : a)
(III (ic tuyc hicn (l ln \ o ca h
k hucch i hp din lui; ; h) Anl </fii ca !i if\, d e n
d c uycn tn /p.

M,

(2-185)

i vi t Cp (h.2.75) th h n g s thi gian r =

t r o n g d R^,| l in
tr vo ca t n g u tin. Tng t n h vy, t a xc nh c h n g s thi gian cho
n h n g t khc t r o n g s .
T n s t h p n h t ca di th n g s c chn lm s liu b a n u khi tnh b
khuch i min t n thp. H s mo t n s ng vi t n s t h p n h t c a di thng
c gi tr ty thuc vo nhim v ca b khuch i, v d i vi b kh u ch i m
th a n h th ng chn b n g '{ .
2

Nh t r n gi thit, min t n s t r u n g bnh, cc t in k h n g gy nh hng

g v s dch pha ca tn hiu u ra b khuch i i vi tn hiu u vo s l
nTt, y n l s t n g khuch i lm o pha tn hiu. T t n h i n chi cd t n g EC
(hay SC), cn t n g BC v CC (hay GC v DC) khng lm o p h a t i n hiu.
min t n t h p v t r o n g m ch cd t in n n dng in n h a n h p h a
p. Nh vy s dch pha ca in p ra b khuch
i so vi in p vo min t n t h p cd c tnh
vt trc. Gc dch pha ca b khuch i bng
t n g gc dch pha ca mi t, v gc dch pha ca
mi t
(p = are tg

(2-186)

c tuyn bin t n s v pha t n s ca b

khuch i min t n t h p v t r n hnh 2.77. ng
nt lin l c tuyn khi xt n n h h ng ca mt
t, cn ng cong nt t t r n hnh 2.77 l c
tuyn khi xt n n h hng ca t t c cc t t r o n g
b khuch i.
c i m cng tc ca b khuch i min t n
cao l s ph thuc h s p ca tra n z it o vo t n s

86

so vi in

l n h 2 . 7 7 : n h h n i CQ I n i
tang n c tu yn
a) Bin - ln s ;
h) P h a ~ tn s.

v s tn ti in d u n g m t ghp coect
J (i vi t n g EC) n h n g
nh n t ny
nh hng n c tu y n t n s ca b khuch
i min t n cao. 0 min ti
cao,
s gim m u n h s i ca tr a nz ito cng nh tc dn g mc r ca in d u n g Cc(|.)
s lm g i m h s khuch i. Xt v m c gii h s p ngi ta a ra khi
nim v t n s gii h n tc l ti h s p b gim } [ 2 ln so vi gi tr

t n s t r u n g bnh.
H s m o t n cao
M^, = V 1 + ( w T ^

(2-187)

y :
h n g s thi gian tng ng ca
t n g m i n t n cao.
Gc dch p h a do m t t n g kh u ch i gy
ra l
= - avctgwT^.

(2-188)

Dc tu y n bin t n s v pha t n s
mi n t n cao v t r n hinh 2.78. T th ta
th y khi t n s t n g thi h s Iio t n s t n g
v h s k h u ch i gim. Dc tuyn bin
t n s v p h a t n s min tn cao ca mt
t n g khu ch i bi u th b ng ng nt lin
tr n hnh 2.78, cn ca c b khuch i th
c biu th b n g ng n t t vi h s mo
t n s t n cao b n g tch h s mo ca mi
tng ;
M, = M,, .
Cn gc dch

pha

'nh 2. 78 : Anl hieni tnh chi ln s ca

tranzito d e n d c luyn
) lin - ln s
h) Pha - tn s.

... M , ,

(2-189)

c ng b n g tn g gc dch ph a ca mi t n g
Tc = f c + fc2 +

(2-190)

Tnh t o n b kh u ch i min t n cao phi m bo t n s bin t r n

ca di
th ng b k h u c h i (h.2.76a). Vi m t di th ng cho trc, v nguyn tc khng b t
buc ph i ly hai h s mo t n s bin di v bin t r n b n g nh au . Tnh
ton
dn ti vic ch on loai tra n z it o theo t n s
v xc inh T m bo h s mo
(i

p
cn th i t c a t n g .
Mo bin v p h a ca b khuch i l loi mo tuy n tn h v n khng l m thay
i d n g c a t n hiu hnh sin c khuch i. Khi tn
hiu cn
khuch i cd d n g
phc t p c t r n g b n g ph cc t h n h p h n iu ha th mo bin v pha ca
b khuch i l do s ph v ' t n g qu a n t l gia cc t h n h p h n iu ha v bin
v p h a c a in p r a v vo.
Di y t a k h o s t c tuyn bin ca b khuch
c t u y n bi n ph n
i bin in p vo
(v vi tn hiu vo l hnh
cd th t h a y i t n hiu ra

i.

n h s ph thuc gia bin in p r a

v s thay
D n g in hnh ca c tuyn bin v t r n hnh 2.79
sin t n s t r u n g bnh). c tuyn ny cho bit gii h n
v vo ca b khuch i.

T th t a t h y on 1-3 q u a n h in p r a
bin k h n g i q u a gc ta v u r a c in

v vo l t
l th u n . c tuyn
p
nhiu v
n ca b n t h n b
87

khuch i. )on di iii 1 ca d r luyrn khng

J u n g vi cy tti hi('u (() ch ri kh() phn lit
vi iM ap nhiLi v n bn thn C'a b khiH'ch
ai Da v tri s
ngi la nh gi mc
(lin p lin hiii vo ti thiu ( nhiy f a h
khiut'l ;ii.
Khi a dt c gi tr tn hiu vo
no ,
ig vi in 3. th s ph Ihuc ti gia in
p ra v vo b ph v. Nguyn nh n l s hn
ch' n p ('c i ca Iit hoc t: hai na chu
ki t.in hiu vo mt mc khng i. S hn ch
ny thng t n g cui b khuch ai lm vc vi
tn hiu vo ln nht^ Mun <- bin in ap ra
ln nht th phi chn im ni vic' tnh f a n g
ra gia ng ti xoay chiu.

r\^rr

^.

khicrii llar

Ti s' giH bin in ap ra cho phf-p cc i v cc tiu goi di ng ca h

khuch i. v irc k hiu l ;

Khi tn hiu vo \n hinh sin thi tn hiu u ra b khuch i khng t h CO l

hinh sin t.hun ty. Do tnh khng tnig th n g ca c luyn V - A vo v ra ca
tran zito s lm mo d n g in p ra. gi l mo khng ng thng, (xcni 2.3.1).
b Ghp tng bng bin p
phn tr n ta trinh by b khuch i ghp t n g b ng in d ung mt cch chi
tit v l t r n g hp chu ng n h t c s d n g rng ri nht, ph n ny chng
ta ch nu n n h n g c im khc bit ca t n g ghp bin p so vi t n g ghp in
dung. Hn n a vn ghp bin p cn c
cp ti p h n khuch i cng sut.
Hinh 2.80a l s b khuch i ghp bin p. (linh kin ghp t n g l bin p).
Cun s cp ca nd (Wl) c mc vo baz tr a nz ito T 2 q u a t Cp-,. Ghp t n g b ng
bin p khng n h n g cch li cc t n g v dng mt chiu, m con lm t n g h s
khuch i
ch un g v in p (dng in) ty
thuc vo bin p t n g (hay gim) p.
Do in
tr mt chiu ca cun s cp bin p nh, h p 1 chiu tr n n nh,
ngha l h u n h to n b in p ngu n cu n g cp c a ti colecta ca tr an zito.
iu cho php d n g ngu n in p th p , ngoi r a t n g ghp bin p d d n g
thc hin phi hp tr k h n g v th a y i cc t n h ca in p t n hiu t r n cc
cun dy. Tuy nhi n n c nhc i m l c tuy n t n s kh n g b n g p h n g tro ng
di tn.
Trong ch phi hp tr k h n g gia cc t n g th ci xoay chiu ca t n g c
t nh theo :
R\ -

R,J

(1 ) - ' rong phn ny. cc k hiu c d;1u

cp v sc cp (t|ua h s hin p).

88

(2-191)
trn hiu th ml di lng nio . d d c ph;'in nh lil Ih

-,'! linh I hu n tr ing chii chm trn hlnh 2 .80a tr o ng khi o' cii khang (;i
t-vin S(t cp ta n s tin hiu l
I R j ( y Lj in cni cun S(J cp).
Meo .n vS Irong b khuT'rh ai ^hp bin p l do cun dy bin p cc t
^(1
ra.
Sn o ttng ng ca b khuch d:ii ve trn hnh 2.80b nh hng t n g u b
khuch ai c th hin t ron^ s tng cng b n g in dung C('.. Cn t n g hai
c th hin b n ^ R \. o l ti phn nh t th cp v s cp.
Hinh 2 .8 C V(^
trun^' binh h s
in cm d nh
dung khang
|.
i vi niach ra
n chiing.

ao luyfMi t n s ca h khuch i ghp bin p, 0 min t n s

khuch i t h C ' t k h ng )h thu' vo t n s v tr k h n g ca
nn k hng nh h ng n vic t r u v n tn hiu ra ti. N^oi ra
c . c n g n h cm k h n g L ln. tc d n g m c r ca c h n g
c a t n g u v ti k h n g n g k, v vy co' t h kh n g tnh

R-:
I

C/
a)

_____
V

.,

j n hnp I

'

T n S

, ,

Tf cao

trung binh :- -----

---- -----______ N

c)
/i7/.'; k i u c c l
ti S
h)

di

(l fi'^nyi

i;licp h i c n

1P

!i ;

S( (l n rc /n i ( < /ii; :

L ) ) c itycN Un s.

Vi nhg gi thuyt nh trn, ta cd t h chia s tng ng ca mch ghp

t n g th nh ba s ng vi ba khong t n s t r u n g bnh, t n s t h p v tn s cao
(h .2 81).
Theo s hnh 2.81a th t n s truig binh, tng tr ti
R - = R \ +
vi
hn
t n
Vi

+ r\

(2-192)

min t n s thp cm khng ca Lj b gim se gv tc d n g mc r n g k

v lm cho h s khuch i gim. Ngoi ra du ng khng ca c^.|, v c \ ln
v cm k h n g ca
v
nh hn so vi tr s tng ng ca c hng min
st r u n g bnh. Cho nn s tng ng ca mch ghp cd d n g nh
hnh 2.81b.
int
v
cho trc, ta c t h tm c in cm Lj ti thi u theo
Lj ^

R()/( o7, \/m -, -

1)

(2-193)

} :
R,J = [(R^J +

+ R ,)/(R., + r, + !. + RV'l

89

----- L---------- J--------------1

Q_------ 1------1-------------------- L

n h J.(S7 ; S (f i; (tirni; c a ii^ k h u c h d i i^i^p h i n p

a a n \ runi^ hi : h) "n i h p : c Tfi cao.

min t n cao in cm d tng, nn in p t T hiu a ra ti R \ b gim.

Ngoi ra t n cao s lm gim ng k d ung k h n g ca C( , v C :>, do lm gim
in p xoay chiu t r n colect T| v R \ , v h s khuch i gim, mi n t n cao
s t n g ng ca b khuch i v t r n hh 2.81. Vi mt
v J^. cho,
th in cm d t n g xc nh theo.

. { ["- 1

(2-194)

Cn ch r n g t r o n g t n g khuch i ghp bin p cd R \ ln th m t t n s

no min t n cao c t h x u t hin cng hng (ng 2 hnh 2.80c) do mch
quyt nh, lm c tuyn vng ln.
2.3,5. Khuch i cn sul
Tn g khuch i cng s u t l t n g cui cng mc vi ti ngoi v n h n c cng
sut ti u theo yu cu trn ti, cn phi c bit ch n chi tiu n n g lng.
T n g khuch i cng s u t cd t h d n g tr a nz ito lng cc hoc IC khuch i cng
sut. Theo cch m c ti, ngxi ta chia t h n h t n g khuch i c bin p r a v t n g
khuch i khng bin p ra.
Ba ch lm vic th n g d n g t r o n g t n g khuch i cng su t l : c h A,
ch B v ch AB (xem 2.3.1). H nh 2.82 d n g min h ha c im ca cc
ch b ng v d t r n c tuyn ra ca tra nz ito theo s EC.
Ch A c dn g tr on g t n g khuc.h i cng s u t n, m bo tn hiu ra
mo t n h t n h n g hiu s u t nh n h t kh o ng 20%, v cng s u t ti kh ng vt
qu vi w.
Trong c h B i m lm vic tn h chn
im m t phi ng ti mt chiu. Ch
tnh t n g ng vi in p . ; = 0. Khi
cd tn hiu vo, dng colect chi x u t hin
ng vi na ch k, cn n a chu k sau
tran zi to ch kha. Khi hiu s u t n n g
lng ca t n g r a cao (60 ^ 70%) v c kh
n n g cho 1 cng s u t ra ti ln, tuy nhin
mo y vi ch ny ln cn khc phc b ng
cch mc tra n z it o thch hp.
Ch AB l t r u n g gian gia c h A
v B t c b n g cch dch ch uyn im
tnh ln pha t r n i m B (h.2.82). Mo khng
ng t h n g s gim khc nhiu so vi ch
B.

90

n h 2.82 : V tr cim lm vic

ith trn d c tucn ra rortg c h d A, By AB.

a - Tng khuch di cng sut c bin p ra lm uic ch A (h.2.83).

Dng in mch ra kh ln v th cn phi lu khi chn in tr R|.;. in tr
K|. thng khng vt qu vi chc Q, nn kh kh n t r o n g vic chn C|, kh hi
tip m dng xoay chiu. Tk s kho s t t n g khuch i khi R|. = 0.
Phng php th gii tch c d ng tnh ton t n g khuch i cng s ut
S liu ban u tnh to n l cng s u t r a Pj v in tr ti R,.

Ic-Y

inh 2.84 : Xy dn CT) ih lnh lon /5/11'

khiicch i lm vic chc A, ghp hin p.

Hnh 2.H.- ' Ta; cn s u in vic chc d A

i>hc hin p.

T th hnh 2.84 ta thy ng ti m t chiu qua im

h u nh t h n g ng
VI in tr ti mt chiu (h.2.83) tng i nh, (l in tr t h u n ca cun s cp
bin p). in tr ti xoay chiu ca t n g quy v cun s cp s l
R t ^

n^(R t

r2)

Y\

n ^R i

IVong : n = WjV2 l h s bin p, vi W , W2 l s vng dy, cn T , r-. l

in tr t h u n tng ng ca cun s v th cp bin p.
chn ta ca i m tnh cFo, Ico theo cng thc (2-119), (2-120) th cn
phi xc nh tr s cmlcmCc th a m s cd t h tm nh sau : Cng s u t xoay chiu ra Pj- trn cun s cp
bin p (cng s u t t r o n g m ch colect ca tranzito) v cng s u t a ra ti
c
q u a n h :
Pi

?Zb-a
y : Tib-a l hiu s u t ca bin p (khong 0,8 -- 0,9).
Trng hp tn hiu l hnh sin, th cng s u t r a ca t n g cd q u a n h vi cc th a m
s Ucm, Icm theo
U c m I c m

Pr

Ucm

U cm

(2-195)

2n^.Rt

t ta c
uL

Ucm-?2b,a

(2-196)

2 .P t.R t '

91

Chn din p L' III t h ('0

liang
ih.2.82t, Tv s U
l tht0 (2 - 120). tr on g

tr s6 IJ(
(2-119) sao ('ho ci vi t a n g ny
v h s bin p n c th' (iung (lng ti nt t'hii'U

gn
ha\

Sau khi tim c im tnl, Ih qiKi n ta k ng ti xoay chiii nghing mi

gc xat' nh hang Al\- 'Al
= |^'
Chn oitranzito

cn phi ch y n C\r thaii s {\(' hnn ca no' llia man iii kin :
l..M> > *r.n,:,x = .-u + I.n,

.p

> ^

Ic

th hinh 2.84 thy tch s Ly,^j ni'^

din ch t a m gic cim, sut PQR,
Th'0 gi tr
R,. R..

tni t.

Xic*

nh I

'

cng s u t ra ^a t n g Fp c h in h la

sau () theo cng t.ic: (2-129), (2 i()i tinh

Hiu sut ca t n g x r nh bi : =

l hiu s u t mach clcct.

Cng sut, ra ca t n g
p,

. l/2

(2 -2 0 0 )

Cng ut tiu th ca ngun cung cp

==

(2 - 2 0 1 )

Hiu s u t ca mch coect

n = p -=
^0

9U J
^'-'ci .Aco

12-2021

T (2-202 ta th y nu tn hiu ra t n g th hiu svit t n g v s ti ti gii hn

bng 0,5, khi

Cng s u t tiu hao t r n m t ghp colect

p , = p - p , =
T (2-203)
hiu th

. I, ,, - ,,, I,,,,

(2-203 )

ta thy cng s ut p^, ph thuc vo min tn hiu ra, khi khng c

nn ch nhit ca tr a n z ito phi tnh theo cng s u t

tn

b - Tng khuci di cng su t d y ko c h d B k a y A B c bin p

S t n g khuch i cng sut, y ko c bin p ra v t r n hnh 2.85, gm hai
tr anzito T v T-,. T c mc vi t n g khuch i qua bin p ra BA^. Mch colect
ca mi t r a n z i t o c m c ti m t n a c u n s c p bin p ra. T s bin p l
n.

= W 21 / Wj = W 22/W^.

Bi p vo BAj, c h s bin p l i = WyAVj = WyWj-i, m bo cung cp tn

hiu vo mch baz ca hai tranz ito. Trong t r n g hp b khu ch i nhiu t n g th
b\, ca bin p B A c mc vo m ch colect ca t n g trc theo s khu ch
i n ghp bin p (h.2.83). T n g y ko cd t h lm vic ch B hay AB. Trong
ch AB th i n p t r n baz ca hai t r a n z i t o c ly t n g u n
b n g b p h n
92

ap R,. R., 'VroBx ch B thin

p ban u
khn^ c,
nn khng cn . Khi in
tr
c d n g m bo cng tc cho mch
vo C M tra n z it o t r o n g ch gn
vi ch' ngiin dng.
)ii tin hay X ( ' t s khi n lm vic ch B. Lc khng c tn hiu vo in
;ip trn baz ca c hai tr a n z ito i vi (^miK ca c hn g u b n ^ khng. Nu khng
tnh on dng in ngc coloct thi c th' coi dng in t r o n g t a n g khuch i bng
khng. Din p trn ti cn ^ l)n^ khng. Trn coloct mi tra n z it o s c in p
nit chiu b ng in ;ip ngun E,.Khi c tin hiu vo. bt au t na chu k dng, lc rn cun th cp W |
ca bin p ^A. s c na chu k ii p in i vi ini c hu ng ca C C cun dv.
cn rn cun \\' ^ S( c na chu ki in p dng. Kt. qu l tra n z it o Tt vn tip
tiu' khoa ch c dng
chy qua tranzito T| in, IVn cun w^] s t.o nn in

ap l

R,. Trn ti

C'l

'

co na sng in p d n^ l \ = U:>|/n2

I I

IJ
L->

----------
^'crr

--'!

, /(///>, i h

ki-<>

h i t p .

nh

2.S( : h i/i l n h

i'f[^' ( n \ ; MK .

K)i tn hiu vo chuyn s an g na chii k i, c(! tnh ca in p cc cun th

cap hin p vo i du. Lc o' T| kha, T i n. 'Vn cun
s c d n g in
chy qua (chn i - i^ = i) to nn in p cd c ng tr s n h ng cc
tnh ngc li cun ti W|. lYn ti s r na sng in p m. N h vy qu trinh
khuc'ch i t.n hiu vo c thc hin th'0 hai nhp na chu k : na chu k u
chi c mt. tra n z it o ni vic, na chu k th hai th tra nz ito cn li lm vic. Qu
trinh im vic ca n g khuch ai nh vy ch cn giAi thch b n g th hnh 2.8G
i vi m t na chu k. v d i vi tran zi to T|. ng t.i mt chiu (h.2.86) xut
pht t im c ta (0 .
hu nh song song vi tr c dng in v in tr mch
coloct chi gm in tr t h u n ca cun s cp bin p ra BA 2 r t nh. v t r o n g ch
tnh U|| ,, = 0, dng colect xc nh ch yu b n g dng in ngc ca n. ng
ti xoay chiu ct ng ti mt chiu ti im cd ta
(, = E^.). Dng ti
xoav chiu c v vi R-~ = n Rj cho xc, nh cc qu a n h c t r n g cho ch tiu
n n g lng ca t n g cng sut. Tn hiu cun s cp bin p ra xc nh b n g din
tch t a m gic gch cho (h.2 .86).
p , = u ,,,, 1,^/2

2-204)

93

Cng s u t a r a ti c tnh n cng su t tn hao tro n g bin p

p, = r,,,,, p ,

(2-205)

Ti' s t r u n g bnh ca dng tiu th t ngun cung cp :

lo = J J
()

(2-206)

Cng s u t tiu th t ngun c un g cp

p ,. =

I2 '2 0 7 )

Hiu s u t ca m ch colect
Pr
p,

4 E

v hiu s u t ca t n g
;r TT
u ,cm
,
b-i2 4

Hiu s u t ca t n g s t n g khi t n g bin tn hiu ra. Gi thi t

v
'h-i2 = 1 th
= 0,785. Ch r n g gi tr bin
khng vt, qu E(^. AU( |
v ?2ha = 0,8 -T- 99 th hiu s u t th c t ca t n g khuch i cng s u t y ko khong
0,6
0,7 v ln gp 1,5 ln hiu s u t ca t n g n.
Cng s u t tiu th tr n m t ghp colect ca mi tranzito.
2E

Pc = Po - Pr =

.u

(2-209)

hay

Theo (2-210) th cng s u t

^cmax>
hm
theo

ph thuc vo bin tn hiu ra

v cho .bng khng.

dP,

2E ,

dUcm

xc nh

U ,^
R(-

= 0

n g vi Pcmax

t ta t m c tr s

= 2 E J n = 0,64

(2-211)

Thay (2-211) vo (2-210) t a tm c cng s u t tiu hao cc i t r o n g tra nz ito

p

cmax

^
9 ?
Jl .
^
9

(2- 212)

Vic chn t r a n z it o theo in p c n phi ch l khi hnh t h n h 1/2 s n g in p

tr n 1/2 cun W2 th 1/2 cun W2 cn li cn g s hnh t h n h m t in p nh vy
v c cng vi in p ngun
xc n h in p ngc cho t r a n z i t o kha. Tr
94

s in p ngc t tr n tr a nz ito khi d l 2E^..

tra n z it o t h e o in p.

Xut ph t t tr s ny

chn

Trong c h B, dng in chy qua tr a n z it o ch tr o n g 1/2 chu k thch hp v

chn t r a n z i t o theo dng in da vo
(h.2.84). Do vi cng m t loi tra nz ito
th t n g y ko m bo cng s u t ti ln hn t n g n.
Tuy nh i n ch B, V I thin p ban u b ng khng nn mo khng ng th n g
ca in p ra ln. Nguyn n h n l tnh khng ng t h n g on u ca c tuyn
vo t r a n z i t o khi dng baz nh, l hin tng mo gc v c v trn hinh 2.87.
y c tuyn vo ca c hai tra nz ito
v c hun g mt th. T hnh 2.87 thy r
khi U y l hn h sin th d ng
i|^j v i^-, b mo ph n gn gc ng vi dng I
nh.
Do d n g dng i ^ . ,
v in p r a cng b mo. Trong ch A nguyn n h n ny
khng x u t hin v dng baz tnh ln loi t r v ng lm vic on u ca
c tuyn vo ca tranzito.

lih 2 .8 7 : Ani h<ni d khn^ dtrti^ hn, ca

d c (uyn vo tranzito d e n m o (lns; tn hiu
iroti* C I C B .

lil

Ci/n

m o
ch c

k h n

i^

ih ii

iro N ^

Mun gi m mo t r o n g m ch baz ca hai tranzito, ngi ta a th m in tr ph

(v d Ri t r o n g hnh 2.85) c huyn ch cng tc ca ngun tn hiu gn ti ch
ngu n dng v chnh l lm gim nh hng khng tuyn tn h ca c tuyn
vo tr a n z it o . Tuy nh i n v c h p tr n in tr ph do dng i[ chy qua nn s lm
gim h s khuch i ca tng. gim mo tr i t hn t n g y ko c chuy n
s a n g lm vic ch AB. Thin p ban u c xc nh nh cc in tr Rj, R 2
(h.2.85). c tuyn vo ca hai tr a n z it o c ch n thin p
v c h un g t r n
th hnh 2 .8 8 .
Chn
v cc dng
kh ng ln lm, nn thc t c hn g kh ng n h hng
n ch tiu n n g lng ca s so vi t n g lm vic c h B. V t h cc cng
thc d i g t r o n g ch B u n g cho c h AB.
c - T h n g khuch d i cng s u t y ko kh n g c bin p
T n g cng s u t y ko cd t h lm vic theo s khng bin p ra, nh s
gim kch thc, t r n g lng, gi th n h , n n g cao cc ch tiu c ht lng cng nh
d d n g tro ig vic d n g vi mch.
95

Si t a n g ra khng bin p cho trn hnh 2.89. (, hai phng ph'Ap

lirdng ng l hai phng php cung cp n p n chiou ;

mnr t;i v:i

Theo phng php th nht (h.2.89a, c) n g c cung cp b n g hai ngun

v E^.', co' im c hu ng gi l kiu cu ng cp song song, ('n ti (lr Iic i i'm

ni E v c ca cc tr a n z it o
v i m c hun g ngiin
cung cp. lYanzito T |,
Ti lm vi
ch AB do cch chn cc in tr R
R thch hp.
Diu khin cc tra n z it o
bn g hai ngun tn hiu vo ngc pha L\,J v L\,. t}' t t n g o pha trc
cuoi.

rhiing
khng
th t

Theo phng php th hai (h.2.89 b,d), t n g c cu ng C ''p b a n g nit ngun

(gi l cu ng cp ni tip), cn ti c Iic qua tu r in duuX ln. Khi
r tin hiu thi tu c t' np in li tr s (),r>K,,.
S('U 'r, lm V(C. ' \ la
c o'ng vai tr ngun (ho ti. Cn khi
lm vic thi clnng ti chay cua ngun
C ' u n g cp E^.. Khi dng
rh y C UM t c ch tr na ng
(ho nci v [ u lai
ph n n n g ng a vo ti t r o n g n a chu k tnc.

ti
r..

i---------- 4

-h

9
Vxh

2,cS'<^ ; Mch

d(1\'

ko

kli i^ h i n p ra.

Trong cc s (h.2.89c, d), ngii ta d n g hai tra n z it o khc loi pnp v npn. nn
kh ng cn hai tn hiu vo ngc pha nhau. IJ^ng vi 1/2 chu k dng cua tn hiii
th T lm vic, T-> kha, cn ng vi 1/2 chu k i ca tin hiu th ngc li.
Nu so s n h vi s t n g cng s u t c bin p ra, th thy r n g t r o n g hinh 2.85
cng s u t r a l

gn b n g tr s ^.n'(2nT R(). Ni khc i, y b n g cch

thay i h s bin p, mt cch t ng i n gin, ta c t h n h n c cng s ut

yu cu cho trc t r n ti chn. Cn t r o n g cc s (h.2.89) iu kh thc
hin vi cng s u t tr n ti xc nh b ng ^,-j(2R). Kh n n g duy n h t c cng
su t yu cu, vi in tr R| cho trc, tr o n g tr n g hp ny l do
quyt nh,
ngha l phi ch n in p ngun cu ng cp. Khi
nh th khn g ti v in
p, cn khi R ln th khng ti v dng in.

9r>

Tt c c/Ac S t n g ra y ko yu ('u chn cp tra nz ito C th a m ri ^ing nhau,

c hit l h rf t.ruvn t 3.
Vi cc mch hinh 2.89 c) v d), cn ch ti vi nhn xt thc t quan trng sau :
) xc lp c h AB cho cp tr a nz ito T], T-) cn c hai ngun in p ph 1
chiu | v
ph n cc cho chng nh trn hnh 2.90. Cc in p ny c to ra
hng cch s d n g hai in p thu n ri trn 2 it. D , D t loi silic c t n g in
p gia im B|B-> l ^^T = + (1,1 -- 1,2)V v c h s
nhit m (-IniV/^CiVic duy tr dng in tnh I,, n nh ( ch
AB) tr on g 1 di nhit rng t c nh t('
d ung b nhit ca cp |? vi h s nhit dng
ca dng tnh T v T - . v nh s d n g thii cc
in tr hi tip m R|, R;^ < R,. Ngoi ra, do in
tr vi phn lc m ca D^ nh nn mch vo
khng lm tn hao cng s u t ca tn hiu, gp
phan n n g cao hiu sut ca tng.

Khi cn c cng s u t ra ln, ngi ta th n g

s d n g t n g ra l cc cp tran zi to kiu Darlingtn
nh hnh 2.91 (a) v (b. Lc . mi cp Darlingtn
c coi l mt tra n z it o mi, chc n n g ca mch
do T|

v T:> quyt nh cn T| , T-> c tc d ng

khuch i dng ra.

Hnh
: ian^ r y ko khnN
h irn p vhC d A l <ni^ cc (lii un
dti nlit.

Cc th n g s c bn ca mch hnh 2.91a l :

H s khuch i dng in
in tr vo rii. = 2rni;i
Din tr ra rci. -

2/3r(i;i.

Ca mch hnh (2.91b) l : i = ^-^ ; r|^|. = r|,7 ; r( , = l/2rc|.-'>

y in tr R a vo c tc d n g to 1 st. p ^

0,4V iu khin m

T^ T-, lc dng ra ln v chuyn c h ng t m s a n g khda n h a n h hn.

o
3

1-----I

nl 2.^^ : ('c cp irmin /nc kiu !)ar!/(n

() )ni S ( d o Dar/if</n lurni ; h) )n; .V/ (io )ri(rn h.

bo v cc tr a nz ito cng s u t t r o n g iu kin ti nh hay b ng n m ch ti,

ngi t a th ng d n g cc bin php t ng h n ch dng r a khng qu 1 gii hn

7- K I D - A

97

cho trc Ir^max (c hai cc tnh). H nh 2.92

a r a v d m t m ch n h vy th n g
gp t r o n g cc IC k h u c h i cng s u t
hin nay.
Bnh thng, cc tra n z it o T 3 v T 4
ch kha cho ti lc dng in r a cha
t ti gi tr ti h n
dng in
mch ra q u a Rj v R 2 t ti gii h n
ny, gim p tr n R v R2 do n gy ra
y ti ng ng m ca T 3 v T 4 (c 0,6V)
lm T 3 v T 4 m ng n s gia t n g tip
ca I,.,, nh tc d n g ph n dng I:j, lp
ca
v T 4.
T d c t h ch n R v R-, theo iu
kin :

lnh 2/J2 : Mch ho v qu dn\^ ch o tHi* ra ca

cc C k h u ch di cti^ sut.

Ri -

R, =

J+
*ramax

ramax

Cc in tr R 3, R4 h n ch dng, bo v T 3 v T 4. Thc t lc
ln, RsR,
khng c t c d n g vi T 3T 4, khi py gim nh, cc ph n p c R 5 v
s n h hng
ti gi tr ng ng Imax
ramax

Ri

Ri . R 5 ^

tc l gi tr ngng dng in h n ch s ln n h t khi in p ra t ti gi tr xp

x in p ngun cu ng cp.
2.3.6. K huch i ln h iu b in hin chm

a - K hi n i m chung. M ch khuch di ghp trc tip

B khuch i tn hiu bin thin c h m (tn hiu
mt chiu) l m vic vi n h n g tn hiu c t n s
g n b n g k h n g v c c tu y n bin t n s nh
hnh 2.93.
Vic ghp gia ngun tn hiu vi u vo b khuch
i v gia cc t n g kh ng t h d n g t hay bin p
v khi c tuyn bin t n s' s c d n g nh
hnh 2.76a, tc la f = 0 khi K = 0.

A.

tr u y n t tn hiu bin i c h m c n phi

Vmh
: D c luvci hin c lan
ghp trc tip theo dng m t chiu gia ngu n tn
s ca h k h uch d i m i cliu.
hiu vi m ch vo b khuch i v gia cc t n g vi
nhau. V ghp trc tip nn vic chn i m lm vic tn h ca tra nz ito cd n h n g c
im ri n g so vi cc b khuch i kho s t trc y. C h n g hn, t r o n g b khuch
i ghp in d u n g th ch m t chiu ca mi t n g
(ch
tnh) c xc nh
ch do n h n g p h n t ca t n g quyt nh v cc t h a m s ca nd c tn h ring bit
i vi t n g tng. T in ghp t n g s cch ly t h n h
p h n nit chiu theo bt k

98

7-KTT.B

it nguyn n h n no ca t n g ny s khng nh hng n ch mt chiu ca

t n g kia.
Trong b khuch i ghp trc tip, khng cd ph n t cch ly t h n h phn mt
chiu. V vy in p ra khng n h n g ch c xc nh bn g tn hiu ra c ch m
cn c tn hiu gi do s thav i ch m t chiu ca cc t n g theo thi gian, theo
nhit hay 1 nguyn n h n l no khc. T t nhin cn c bit quan t m n nh ng
t n g u v s th a y i ch m t chiu y s c cc t n g s au khuch i
tip tc.
S thay i mt cch ngu nhin ca in p ra tro n g b khuch i mt chiu
khi tn hiu vo khng i
= 0 gi l s tri im khng ca b khuch i.
Nguyn nh n tri l do tnh khng n nh ca in p ngun cung cp, ca t h a m s
tra n z it o v in tr theo nhit v thi gian. Gia s ca in p tri u ra AU,,.^
c xc nh khi g n mch u vo b khuch i e^ = 0 ).
Cht lng b khuch i mt chiu c nh gi theo in p tri quy v u
vo ca nd ; Atrv = Air.r /K, y K l h s khuch i ca b khuch i.
tri quy v u vo c t r n g cho tr s tn hiu gi u vo b khuch i c h
s khuch i l K. Khi xc nh di bin i ca in p vo en phi ch n AI( r
sao cho AUir.r l mt. ph n khng n g k so vi tn hiu ra c ch. 'riy thuc vo
yu cu ca b khuch i m tr s nh n h t cng phi ln hn AUir.v h ng chc
hoc h n g t r m ln.
Vic ghp trc tip cc t n g tro n g b khuch i tn hiu bin thin chm quyt
nh nhng c im tnh ton ch tnh ca n (in p v dng in khi Gn = 0 ).
Tnh ton t h a m s ch tnh ca t n g phi ch n cc ph n t thuc v mch
ra ca t n g trc v mch vo ca tig sau ;
Di y ta s kho s t mch khuch i mt chiu hnh 2.94 gm 3 t n g ghp
trc tip.

nh 2.94 : khu ch di [fn hiu hin tlicn chtn ;hp trc l p ;ni J l/ii:.

99

'Yong
sau. Khi
ca ni
tranzito.

s ny colect ca tr a nz ito trc c ni trc tip vi baz ca tr a nz ito

in t.r R|. nh dng to nn in p cn thit U||.^ cho ch tnh
tng. Diu t c b ng cch t n g in t h ni t r n emit ca liii
Ch n g hn, i vi t n g th hai
Um-.c,: = U ^.,,1 - |.J,2 =

. R |.;2

(2-213)

mch vo b khuch i (h.2.94a) ngi ta mc mt ngun in p b u vo

G|,^, ni tip vi ngun tn hiu vo sao cho khi
= 0, dng qua ngun b n g khng.
Mun t h phi chn in p b
bng
C th to ra in p b

nh R|^J v R i theo s (h.2.94b) y

^B 2
^ B o l

-D

Tng t tr n mch ra, ti

(h.2.94a) mc vo ng cho mt m ch cu gm
cc phn t mch ra t n g cui v cc in tr R3, R4. Khi s m bo iu kin
J = 0 khi
= 0, in tr R3, R4 ng vai tr mt b phn p to nn in p
b bng
cho mch r a ca t n g khi
= 0.
(2-214)
Di y s kho s t cc ch tiu c t r n g cho b khuch i v dng xoay chiu
(i vi gia s in p tn hiu vo).
Nu chn R v R2 ln, th in tr vo ca t n g c t h tnh c t :
+ (1 + /) (r 4- R..) ^ ^R^:

(2-215)

D xc nh h s khuch i ca mi t ng ta gi thit
//
khi cc h s khuch i tng ng ca mi t n g SG l ;
R(' // R\/2
K, = ,
^1
R e z //R v 3

= ^3

R,,
Rci
= , . 7^ =
, . R,.;,
R|;i
R,2

R c2

2 Re2

Rk2

= --

= R^. ;

(2-216)

'2-218

R r ng h s khuch i ca t n g t n g t l nghch vi in tr eniit ca n.

in tr R .;| tnh theo ch n nh nhit ca t n g u c tr s' t vi t r m Q
n vi kQ. in tr R . ca ihng t n g sau va n nh nh i t , va m
bo tr s
yu cu t ng ng t r o n g ch tnh. Khi ghp tr c tip (h.2.94a) th
in p t r n emit cng n h t r n colect ca mi t n g sau phi t n g d n ln (v tr
s tuyt i t r o n g tr n g hp dng tra n z it o pnp). iu dn ti phi t n g
mi
t n g sau cd c
yu cu v do theo cc h thc (2-216) -- (2-218) lni
gim h s khuch i ca c h ng (K3 < K2 < Kj) v h s khuch i chung.
Thiu st ca s h nh 2.94a cd t h khc phc b ng cch dn g cc s (h.94c,d).
Trong s (h.94c) in tr Rg cd t h chn nh i v in tr Rp, to th m mt dng
in ph chy qu a R ^-.
100

Thoo cng thc 2 - 2 l 3 ) ta c :

i vi s (h 2.94a)
co ,

2-219)

I|.o
i vi

(h.2.94c)
(2 - 2 2 0 )

Ciing c th thc hin theo s (h.2.94d) bng cch mc vo m ch emit mt

it n p mc 11^, khi ;
R, , =

,2-2211

C'r lich khuch i mt chiu ghp trc tip c c im l n gin, n h ng h

s khuch di khng cao khong vi chc ln) chi d n g khi tB hiu vo tng i
ln 0.05 O.IV v tri di hi khng cht ch.
Mun c h s khuch i ln hn (hng t r m v h n g nghn ln) th cch ghp
t n g nh trn khng t h c v s xu t hin tri khng cho php v vic b nhit
cng kho' khn. Cc mach khuch i vi sai xt di y s khc phc c cc
nhc in va nu.
b~ Tng khuch di vi sai
Hnh 2.95a l cu trc
in hinh ca 1 t n g khuch
i vi sai li vic theo
nguyn l cau cn b ng song
song, ai n h n h cu l hai
in tr R^. v
cn ha
nh an
nn
n n
h Kia
kia la
l cac
cc t r a n z it o Ti |
v T-, c ch to t r o n g cng
1 iu kin sao cho R^.| v T| v Ti cd cc t h n g s
ging ht nhau. in p ly
ra gia hai colect (kiu ra
i xng) hay tr n
mi
colect i vi t (kiu ra
khng i xng). Tranzito
lm ngun n dng gi n
nh dng I|, (l t n g dng
emit I . v l . - , ca tra n z it o
T |, T). Trong s ngun
n dng cn c cc in tr
R|, R-), R 3 v ngun cung cp
E^., T4 mc t h n h it lm
p h n t b nhit n nh
nhi t cho T 3. Mun xc nh
dng I . cn xc nh in p

L
u.

<h-

u.
__ J

t / '
.
c;
nh 2 ^ 5 ; 'na, kiiicc/i <i vi sai.
) Mch Hiiycn ; h) S iT) (<rn i;in a c,d) ('c phrt php
d a lin hiu vo kicu
kt' d i xi;).

101

gia i m
1:3 ~

1 - 2 t r o n g s . N u b qua d n g l.T rt nh hn d n g I|
II.

v coi

U |l,3

^ i;

r^.

I;

(2 - 2 2 2 )

U |.;4

y
I. =

T phng t ri n h (2-222) tm c
I|

L. =

2+

(U ^|.;4

^|.;3J

(2-223)

Tr s IjR t t r o n g t s ca (2-223) r t ln hn hiu in p

ca cc tranzito
T,4 v T^. V t h dng I| c xc nh ch yu b n g in tr R , R-), R 3 v dng l.
V U |^|,4 v ,3 tr o n g cng thc (2-223) ph thuc vo nhi t d n g hiu s nn
ph thuc nhit ca dng I|. l r t nh.
Trong s r t gn (h.2.95b) p h n ngun n
dng l..

dng d ng T 3 c thay b n g ngun

Tn hiu vo t n g vi sai c t h t hai ngun ring bit (Uyj v

hoc t mt
ngun (h.2.95c,d). Trong t r n g hp sau tn hiu vo t ln baz ca mt tr o n g hai
tranz ito hay gia hai baz ca chng. Cc u vo Uy| v yT ni theo s nh
hnh 2.95c,d c gi u vo vi sai.
in p mt chiu cu ng cp cho t n g vi sai l hai ngun
v E ^2
khc
nh au hay b n g n h a u v tr s. V hai ngu n ni ti p n n in p c u n g c p t n g l
E,, = E^., + E^,..
Do c
n n in t h eniit ca tr a nz ito T| , T-> gim nhiu so vi t r o n g s
hnh 2.94a v iu ny cho php a tn hiu ti u vo b khuch i vi sai
m
khng cn th m mch b in p u vo.
Hy xt c t h tr o n g mt s tr n g hp in hnh sau :
- S t n g vi sai yu cu dng tranzito T , Tt c th a m sging nhau v R(-,| R^2
(h.2.94b), do khi tn hiu vo b ng khng (h.2.96a). Cu cn bng, in p t r n colect
ca hai tranzito bng nhau v in p ra
ly trn ng cheo cu
= U,. -Ur'> = 0.
S c n nh cao i vi s thay
i in p cung cp, nhit v cc yu
t khc VI tri theo hai nhnh ging
nhau, in p trn cc colect thay i cng
'Cf
mt gia s v tri u ra gn nh b
trit tiu. (Trong thc t, do tnh tn mn
ca cc tham s tranzito hay s thay i
ca chng khng ging nhau theo thi gian
nn u ra vn c mt tri no d,
nhng nh hn kh nhiu so vi nhng s
trc v tr s tri y c xc
nh bng hiu tri ca hai nhnh cd
n h 2.96
tham s gn ging nhau.
a) S(f k h u ch d i vi si khi tn hiu vo hm; 0 ;
h) icii d ca n hiu ra.

102

Dng em it - I|.; chia u gia hai tra nz ito ngha i I|.[ = I [.;2 nh bi d ng baz tnh ;
I :

Ih/2 v c xc

= Iv o

I|oi - |o2

Dng baz l mt p h n dng emit chy tr o ng m ch c ngun n dng I|. v in

p
Cc dng colect b n g nh a u vi cc dng emit b ng n h a u :
Icl - Ic2

v in p tr n colect l
Uci = U,o = E ,, -

I,; . R,
2

(h.2.96b)

y R,,, =
Ti'ng thi ny ca s c tr i ng cho ch cn b n g ca t n g v gi l ch
cn b n g tnh.
- Khi c tn hiu a ti 1 t r o n g cc u vo (gi s Uyj > 0, Uy2 = 0)
c^

E.Ci
Ur
C,
b)
h i
C2

JL+

ln h 2.91
a) S d ri \' si khi c tn hiu vo vi

Uv\

0 J\Z 0

h) iu h in ihc.

Do t c d n g ca tn hiu vo, x u t hin dng in vo ca hai tranz ito. Vi gi

th i t Uyi > 0, Uv2 = 0, dng vo ny lm t n g dng baz ca t r a n z it o T[ v . l m
gim d n g baz ca tra n z it o T 2. Khi d dng I| I v 1^1 tng, cn dng Ip 2 v
gim.
S t h a y i dng in ca cc tr a nz ito xy ra ngc chiu n h a u v vi c ng m t
gia s, v th' t n g dng in I|.| + I],-. = I|. gi nguyn khng i.
in p t r n colect ca tra n z it o T] l Uj-I = Epi - IfiRci gim, m t lng AUci
ngc d u (o pha) vi in p vo. in p Uc-2 t n g v to r a gia s in p +AU(;2
cn g d u (khng o pha) vi in p tn hiu vo.
Nh vy vi cch a tn hiu vo nh s a n g kho s t u r a ca t n g ly
tr n colecto T (Uri) gi l u ra o, cn u r a ly t r n colect T 2 (Up2) gi l
u ra k h n g o. Tn hiu ly gia hai colect gi l tn hiu vi sai.
u , = u ,,2 - U,,J = AU,_2 + AU^I = 2AU,. = 2 | A I J .
103

'Vi\ s xc nh h s khuech i in p ca t n g vi sai. Khi hai tr a n z it o

s ging nhau thi dng in vo r a t n g l

l + 2 iv

c tha m

+ 2 h n + ( +/5i ) i y 1

y \. l din tr vo ca tranzito.
Dng in vo to gia s dng in colect AI^. = ]^, v gia s in p trn
colect.
\..R ,

AU,J . = Al,.l, -

(2-225

Sau kh tha y ly t (2-224) Vio (2-225) v chia cho 0,^, ta s xc nh c

khuch i in p ca t n g (thc'o hai u ra
IJ,.|
v Uj.->ring r).
in \.

^
V

h s

.R.

^+27:

( 2 - 2 26 1

R,; + 2[r + (l

Khi R = 0 th

AU,.,,
K, . =
0

(iR^.
2 r,

R^
-----.
2 [ r ,,+ ( +)R,1

H s khuch i ca t n g theo u ra vi sai (U^) khi R|

T/

2All,,
_
en

<2-227

-,

2 .R ,,
2 /i .R ,,
_____ ___________[____ ______
R ,+2r,

00 l :
(22^8 )

R , + 2[r + (1 + / i ) r ,]

Nu tnh n Rj thi

khi R, 00,

0, th
.R ,

.R ,

K . =
Cng thc (2 228), (2-230) d ng tnh h s khuch i ca t n g vi sai : H s
khuch i theo u ra ,.J v ,.) khi
= 0 v Rj = 00 s gn b n g K/2 v h s
khuch i in p theo u ra vi sai iCyj. gn b ng tr s h s khuch i K ca
t n g n m c EC.
Tn hiu cung cp cho t n g khuch i vi sai c th thc hin ng thi trn hai
u vo (h.295b). Khi tn hiu vo Uy, yT c cc tnh khc nhau, th in p vo
vi sai s l Uy = Uy| + Uy->, cn in p ra vi sai l
= K^j.(y| + Uy^)T s kho s t tr n g hp tn hiu vo c cc tnh ging nhau, ngha l hai tin
hiu vo ng pha. T t nhin tro n g tr n g hp ny th in p vi sai s ti l vi hiu
Uvi :
u , = K,, (U^I -

(2-231)

Xt tr n g hp Uy| v Uy2 ng pha v b n g nh a u v ln, khi mch khuch i

hon ton i xng th in p ly ra tr n hai colect ca t n g vi sai s b ng khng
v h s khuch i i vi tn hiu ng pha K j s b ng khng. Tuy nhin, khng
104

\hv i' mch i x n g l tng v ngun dng in l tng nn h s k hu ch i

dii;, pha lun kh;lc khng, v thng rt nh hn 1. C h t lng ca t n g vi sai c
;u' irn^ bang t so
ch r kha n ng ca t i g khuch di phn bil tn hiu
vi :,ai n h ti'n nc*Mi in ;\p ng pha ln.
( tlv

a a ' a khi niin h s nn tn hiu ng pha ca t ng vi sai c

k ru l N v c tnh nh sau :
n

N = 20 Ig (K^j/v,i idB)
Trong cac l n g khuch i vi sai hin nav, tr s N c gi tr t - 6 0
-

Trong
K.^ l n

iron:;' khi

hcn

thit

nhu

ln

SQ vi s

kr* > k h i i c h

mt

V- t r n h n h 2 . 9 8 . ' I V a n z i t o

vy

c m c

nh;iu.
ivn
;'ip

i vi .sai c a c c 1C t h u t t o n , n g i t.a t h n g t h a v i n

khuch

ban g t r a n z i t o tic: h i n c h c n n g t i n g c a t n g . S l y c h s k h u c h

tiT l
;

tang

- 1 0 0 dB.

(X 111 t h m

U ||

J ,, T n

x;U -

thnh

it.

2.G.4.b).

Dng

nh in p vo

h itU vi s a i

Cch

k h o s t c t i

chiii

nhiu

tng.

Mt

iu
trong

I^.| c a

,- vi

tranzito

T s

T|

cng

v T^ c t h a m

Ts

to

ln

s gi n g n h a u

chy qua

nn

I.,,

in
gin.u

y t col cct c a

Gi hit tn hiu vo c cc tnh nh

2.98. Di tc dn g ca ngun
dng
,'o s lm
lii t n g dng
vo
l v lm gim
ip.
S
thay
i
dng
baz
m thay i
'u:
*()1(h:( :
*()1
=

rt quan

T d n g n i t i n g c a t n g c t h i m s g i n g
l i c nh v y c n c c g oi l 3 g n g d i :

Khi (,1 = 0 s tr ong ch lnh (C n

lingi Dng L, = 1^., = I,,, = l|./2. Dng L,
chy c u a Ti, dng li
= 0 v , = 0 .

ic i

ny

n h ng s n h

ll./^

hnh
in
dng
dng

[ k |<VgJ
1 -

r
^
^ vl/ ^

^ ^

/
JlT

+ IK

0+

I,,. = I,.V2 - /il

3i VI dng
= I^. nn 1^.^, = I|,/2 + f^ly.
Kh dng ti Ij =
- I^.-) = 2Iy. in p
u I'i J- = 2/iIv-Rj. Nu tn hiu vo i
d u l,h s lxni i chiu dng in ly, I( v
cc tnh in p ra U[..

l/ih

: S d o tao; vi s a i c l i d /a ;
k i i S(n\ lni^ ciii.

s khuch i in p ca t n g
u

2 /i.R,

2 /i.R,

Rn + 2 r ,

R , + 2 [ r + ( l +/i)r,.]

K =

(2-232)

khi R 0 th
i . R,
K =

(2-233)
i + (1 +/^) ^I.

Ti-ong t s ca (2-230) c in tr R(, (h,295a), cn tr on g t s (2-233) c

tr ti
IVong b khuch i nhiu t n g th R( l in tr vo ca t n g sau.

in

S hnh 2.98 c u im c bn l kh n n g chu ti cao v ti c im ni

t, thm vo h s khuch i
tron g t n g vi sai ti l R(.. kho ng vi chc,

105

cn tr o n g t n g c ti ng kh o ng vi tr m , v c
tuyn vo ca tr a nz ito khng tuyn tn h n n n u chn
ch tnh thch hp, c t h t c in tr vo h n g
chc hoc h n g tr m kQ.
T n g in tr vo (ti h n g chc MQ) c t h t
c khi chn T| v T-, l F E T (h.2.99) v ngu y n l
s ny khng khc s (h.2.95).
c - Khuch di m t chiu c bin i tr u n g g ia n
Hnh 2,100a l s khi mt phng ph p k h c
xy d ng b khuch i nit chiu (kiu gin tip).
in p mt chiu Uy c a ti b iu c h lm
bin i mt tr o n g n h n g th ng s ca mt in p xoay
chiu (bin hay t n s....) theo qu lut c a m nh
(thng thc hin theo nguyn l iu bin t khi d n g
i n h J .f v v
.SV/ d n i a n ' VI s t
iu t n v iu pha). Lc ti u r a c a b iu
irH^.
ch ta c in p xoay chiu vi bin ti l vi in p vo Uy bin i chm.
T n hiu iu bin c a ti b khuch
i xoay chiu 2 cd h s k h u c h i
ln. Tr ong b kh u ch i n y th t h n h
p h n m t chiu c a mi t n g c cch li
b n g cc ph n t in k h n g (in dung, in
cm), v t h tri i m "0 " k h n g c.

n h 2.100a : S iio k h i h kiucch i

rnt chicu c hin d i nni an .

in p r a s a u khi kh u ch
s d n g b n g b gii iu c h
in p t n s m a n g . N h
b kh u ch i t a c in p
c kh u ch i m a n g quy
c a in p vo Uy.

Hnh 2.J00h : S(7 o k h i b kh u ch i

m t chieu hai n g c hin i trung gian.

i c tch
3 v lc khi
vy u ra
nit chiu
l u t bin i

H nh 2 . 0 : S b dieu
c h n g tranzito.

B iu ch l khi ch yu co t h gy r a tri i m k h n g t r o n g b khuch i

mt chiu loi ny. B iu ch c t h d n g p h n t c in, t i n h a y b n dn.
V d m t b iu ch n gin dn g kh a b n d n cho t r n h n h (2.101). in p
Uy c tr u y n ti im A, n u nh tr a n z i t o t t, v b n g 0, n u n h t r a n z i t o m. v
t h khi t ti u vo t ra n z it o m t x u n g in p c h n h t , th i m A c n g c
106

in p x u n g c bin ti l vi Uy. in p ny qua t

i xoay chiu.

t ti u vo b khuch

C t h d n g ng u y n l h n h 2.100b khi thit k b khuch i m t chiu cd bin

i t r u n g gian. in p vo m t chiu
ng thi t ln hai n h n h song song. Mt
tr o n g cc n h n h l b k h u ch i m t chiu theo s hinh 2 . 100a cn n h n h kia
l b k h u ch i m t chiu ghp tr c tip c h s khuch i K . in p ra ca
hai b kh u ch i c c a vo b cng v sau d a vo m t b khuch i
c hun g tip sau. N u t n h n in p tri AU do b khuch i m t chiu ghp trc
tip gy ra, th in p a vo b cng s l :
+ Kj(U^ + AU) = (Kj + K2)U^ + Kj.AU

, =

( 2- 2 34 )

Khi tr i i m "khng" t n g i ca c b khuch i m t chiu l :

Kj . AU
h =

(K, +

K.
K, + K.

.h

y : h' = AU/U^ l tri ca nh nh khuch i mt chiu trc tip.

T biu thc trn ta thy r n g n nh ca b khuch i m t chiu cng cao
khi ti s K^/K c n g ln.
Vi
nhiu
trong
nht,

t h a m s ca b khuch i m t chiu hai nhnh c bin i trun g gian tt hn

so vi b kh u ch i m t chiu loi tng t khc, cho nn ch n g c dng
n h n g tr ng hp khi cn h s khuch i cao vi tri i m "khng" nh
v d nh t r o n g m y tnh t n g t v cc thit b o lng khc.

2.4.

K H U C H I D N G VI M CH T H U T TON

2.4. . Khi nim chung

D an h t : "khuch i t h u t ton" (operational amplifier) thuc v b khuch i
dng m t chi u c h s k h u ch i ln, c hai u vo vi sai v m t u r a chung.
Tn gi n y c q u a n h ti vic n g d n g u tin ca c hng ch yu thc hin
cc php tn h cng, tr , t c h p h n v.v... H in nay cc b khuch i t h u t t o n ng
vai tr q u a n t r n g v c n g d n g r n g ri tr o n g k t h u t khuch i, to tn hiu
hnh sin v xu ng , t r o n g b n p v b lc tch cc v.v...

l n h 2. 02 : K hiu k h u c h d i ihiii lon

irori; s d i n l.

^7/

C2

n h 2 . 0 3 : S(y d o n iyn l tnci khiicch ci

ihut ton h

107

K hiu quy c Iit b khuch i th u t ton (OA) cho trn hinh 2.102 \;i u
vo L\.^ (hay
> gi l u vo khng o v u th hai
hay
) gi l u
vo o. Khi c tn hiu vo u khng o th gia 30 tn hiu ra c ng du (cng
pha) vi gia s tn hiu vo. Nu tn hiu c a vo u o th gia s tin hiu
ra ngc du (ngc pha O vi gia s tn hiu vo. u vo o th ng c d n g
thc hin hi tip ni bn ngoi cho OA.
Cu to c s ca OA l C C t n g vi sai d n g lm t n g vo v t n g gia .-a b
khu'ch i, T n g
ra OA thng l t n g p oniit (CC) m bo kh n a n g ti yu cu
ca cc s . V hskhuch i ca t a n g emit gn b n g
1, nn h s khuch i
t c nh
t a n g vo v cc t n g khuch i b su ng mc gia t n g vi sai v tng'
CC. Tiy thuc
vo h s khuch i ca OA
m quyt nh s lng t n g gia. lYong
OA hai t n g (th
hmi) thi gm mt t n g vi sai vo v mt t n g b sung, cn tr on g
OA ba t n g th
hC ) th gm nit t.ng vi sai vo v hai t n g h riung. Ngoi ra
OA cn c cc t n g ph, nh t n g dch mc in p mt chiu, t n g to ngun n
dng, mch hi tip.
S nguyn l ca OA ba t n g v trn hinh 2.103, c cung cp t hai ngun
p\.| v
> c th khng b ng nhau hoc b n g nhau v c i m chung. T n g khuch
i vo d n g T| v T t v t n g hai d n g
v T, mc thoo srt vi sai h. 2.195a).
T n g th ba gm T 7 v
u ra ca n ghp vi u vo T(^ nc theo t n g CC.
Diu khin T 7 theo mch baz bng tn hiu ra t n g hai, iu kh i n T,. theo mch
emit bng in p tr n in tr R .7 do dng omit Tg chy qua n.
t h a m gia vo
vng hi tip dng m bo h s khuch i cao cho t n g ba. Tc d n g ng thi
ca T 7 v Tx
hoc l lm tng, hoc l lm
gim (ty thuc vo tn hiu vo T^,in
p vo t n g CC. T a n g in p t r n baz
l do s gim n tr mt chiu ca T 7
cng nh do s gim in tr ca
v ngc li.
Ti'anzito
n g vai tr ngun n dng, cn tra n z it o T 4 c m c th n h it
to in p chun, n nh nhit cho T c ni ti 2.3.6b.
Khi in p vo OA Uy. =

= 0 thi in p u r a ca OA

= 0.

Di tc d n g ca tn hiu vo (h.2.103) c d n g na s n g
in p trn colect
ca
tng, s lm dng I| v l. ca T 7 u tng. iu ny dn n lm t n g dng
I v I , ca Ty. in p t r n R 2 t n g s lm gim d ng l v I - ca T , Kt qufi

lii 2 . 04 : Dc' (UC triivcn i ca

h khiic/ d i hui oi.

108

lih 2.0> : )'c lvcn bi d v

d c inycn ph a ca K''().

l u ra OA c in p (c* dong u, > 0. XOu tin hiu vo ng vi na ring "

thi u ra OA c din p cc tinh i l.'j < 0 .
Dar tuyn quan tr n g nh t ca OA l ac
hai ng cong tng ng vi cc u vo
mt on nm n g a ng v mt on dc, on
t n g ra (t n g CC) th ng bo ha hoc cat
in p tn hiu t vo, in p ra ca b

luyn truy n t in ap (h. 2.104), grn

do v khng io. Mi ng cong gm
u:\rn nga ng tcng ng vi ch' tranzito
dng. T'n
n h n g on khi thay i
khutrh i khng i v c xc nh

bng cc gi tr Urtn.-ixm.-tx'
'M**
bng
ca ngun cung cp (trong C C C thut ton mt in ap bo ha ny thng
thp hn gi tr ngun
t 1 n 3V v gi; tr). )on dc biu th ph thuc ti l
ca in p ra vi din p vo, vi gdc nghing X C nh h s khuch i ca OA
(khi khng c hi lip ngoi).
K = AU/A,,
Tr s K. tv thuc vo t ng loi OA, C(i th f vi t r m n h n g tr m nghn ln
ln hn. (}i tr K ln cho php thc hin hi tip ni su nhm ci thin nhiu tnh
*ht q ua n rng ca OA.
Dng cong li tng (h. 2.1041 i ({Lia gc toa . 'IVng thi IJ,. = 0 khi u^,
0
gi l t r n g thi cn bn g ca (3A. l\v nhin, di vi n h n g OA thc t th ng kh
t c cn bng hon ton, ngha l khi l\: = 0 th J, c th ln hn hoc nh
hn khng. Nguyn nh n mt cn bng l do s tn mn cc th a m s ca nh n g linh
kin tro n g khuch i vi sai (c: bit, l tranzito).
S ph thuc vo nhit ca tha m s OA gv nn tri thin p u vo v
in p u ra theo nhit . v vy cn b ng ban u cho OA ngi ta a vo
mt tr o n g cc u vo ca n int in p ph t.hich hp hoc nt in tr iu
chinh dng thin p mc:h vo.
Din tr ra l mi. trong nhng tham s qua n Irng C ' a OA. OA phi co in tr
ra nh (hng chc hoc hig t r m Q) m bk) in p ra ln khi in tr ti
nh, iu o' t c bng mch lp eniit d u ra OA. T h a m s tn s ca OA xc
nh theo c tuyn bien t n s ca n ih. 2.105a) b gim min t n s cao, bt
u t t n s ct
vi dc u (-20cB) trn 1 khong mi (1 cc) ca trc
t n s. Nguyn nh n l do s ph thuc cc thaii s ca tr a n z it o v in dung ki
sinh ca s OA vo tn s. Tn so f| ng vi h s khuch i ca OA bng 1
gi l t n s khuch i n v. T n s bin
ng vi h s khuch i ca OA b
gim i y[2 ln, c gi l di thng khi khng co' mch hi tip m, f(. th ng th p
c vi chc Hz.
Khi d ng OA khuch i tn hiu, thng s dn g hi tip m u vo o. v
c s dch pha tn hiu ra so vi tn hiu vo tn cao nn c tuyn ph a t n s
ca OA theo vo o cn c thm gc lc^h pha ph v tr nn ln hn 180* (h. 2.105b).
m t t n s cao f* no , nu tng gc dch pha b n g 360 th x u t hin hi tip
dng theo u vo o t n s lm mch b m t n nh (xem 2.5.1.) t n s
ny. khc phc hin tng trn, ngi ta mc thm mch hiu chinh pha RC ngoi
c huyn t n s f* ra khi di thng ca b khuch i. Th a m s mch RC v v
tr m c c h n g tr on g s IC kh t kch do ngi sn xu t ch dn.
Di y ta kho s t mt s mch ng d ng c bn d n g OA ch lm vic
tr o n g mi n tuyn tnh ca c tuyn truvn t v c s d ng hi tip m iu
khin cc t h a m s c b n ca mch.
109

2.4.2. B khuch o
B khuch
i o cho t r n hnh 2.106, c thi'
hin hi tip
ni song song in
p ra q u a u
vo khng o c ni vi i m c h u n g ca s
(ni t). Tn hiu vo qua R t vo u o ca
OA. Nu coi
OA l lt ng th
in tr vo c a nd
v c ng ln
Ry ^ 00, v dng vo OA v c n g b
= 0, khi ti n t N cd ph ng tr n h n t dng
in :
= Ih,.
T t a cd :
Uv Ri

lini 2. (f : S(T I' khucc (lui tio.

R|U

Khi K 00, in p u vo

= J./K

0, v vy (2 - 23 5) c d n g :

U,/R, = -U,/R,^

(2-236)

Do h s khuch i in p K j ca b khuch i o c hi tip m song

song c xc nh b n g t h a m s ca cc p h n t t h ng t r o n g s :
(2- 237

Kd = Ur/Uv = -R h l/R l

Nu chn
= R|, th K j = -1 , s (h. 2.106) c t n h c h t t n g o lp li
in p (o tn hiu). Nu R| = 0 th t p h ng t r n h ly =
ta ct
hay
= -ly, R|^J tc l i n p r a t l vi d n g i n v o (b bi n i d n g
t h n h p).
V

u,

0 n n Ry = R|, khi K

oo th R, 0.

2.4.3. B khuch ai khri o

B khuch i khng o (h. 2.107) gm c m c h hi tip m in p t vo u
o, cn tn hiu t ti u vo kh n g o ca OA. v in p gia cc u vo OA
b n g 0 (Uj, = 0) nn qu a n h gia
v Ur xc nh bi :
Ri
R i + Rhi
H s khuch i khng o c d n g
Kk =

ra
Uv
VKI

Rhi + R i _
Ri

Rhi
R,

(2-238a)

'ht

nh 2. )7 : a) S(7 d o kh u ch i khng d o

110

b) S l p in p.

A U

khi n

tr gia li

vo

li ra tc

thay t h

b ng

ngc

li t r o n g s (2.107a), t a cd b suy gim in p :

vo
(Rh,
'hl +' R
^''1i )

Khi

= 0 v R| -

(2-238b)

R,

00 thi ta cd s b lp li in p (h. 2.107b) vi

= 1

Din tr vo ca b khu ch i kh ng o b n g in tr vo OA theo u o v

kh ln, in tr ra
0.
2.4.4. Mach ct
a - Mch cng .o :
S hlnh 2.108 c d n g b khuch i o vi cc n h n h song song u vo
b ng s lng tn hiu cn cng. Coi cc in tr l b ng nh au :
Rht

R l

^2

Rn

Rv-

Khi L, = 0 th

hay

Ih i

I +

Iz

-I

In

(2-239)

Cng thc (2 - 2 3 9 ) ph n n h s t h a m gia ging nhau ca cc s h n g tr o n g tng.

T n g qut :
Khi R, * ... ^

c :

( " ^
R|^I

= -

R| I

s,-

R|,|

(2-240)

" R.

R
= - R ht

.
'-
u. KZ}

C 3

//

s C

nh

; s<r d o

Hnh 2. 09 : S iiT) cti khni (io.

(vV^ ( o .

h - Mch cng k h n g o :
S nguyn l ca m ch cng k h n g o v tr n hnh 2.109.
Khi ^, = 0, in p hai u vo b n g n h a u v b ng
R,
R,

+ Rh,

111

Khi d n g vo u k h n g o b n g k h n g (1^. = oo, ta c :

u, - u,_
-hay

R- " '

u, ^ ^

, -

R -

^ ^

, + 1 1 . + ... + = n

u, =

^ (U ,

'

= ^

R -V H,;

J\|

-T- I\(,J

+ u , + ... 4- U J = ^

(2-241

l.

'

--

Chn cc th a m s c a s thch hp s c th a s u tin ca v phi cng

thc <2-240) b n g l
(R| + R,) / ( n R | = 1 v ,,, -

U | + u . + ... + L%, =
=

2.4.5. M a c h i r

Khi c n tr hai in p, ngi t a c t h th c hin theo s h n h 2.110. Khi

in p u ra c tn h th e o :
,

(2-242)

K jU j + K .U .

C t h tim K v K i th e o p h n g p h p s a u : Cho
b k h u ch i o, t c l

= 0. m ch lm vic nh m t

Ra,,
o ----

Vy K| = -a.^. Khi = 0 , m ch nv
chnh l m ch k h u ch i k h n g o cd
ph n p. Khi

- - V ----------i

o
u,

Ub
u ., =

R , + R,ya,
Rb

H S khuch i c a m ch khi l

a,
I

Vy :

U,- = U,-.J + u,.., = [(,/( 1 + C^)] (1

2 . 0

: S(r d o

tnch

tr

C^:,)U2 - ;,U|

N u in tr t r n c h ai li vo l n h n h a u , t c l
a.j =

vy

= a th K

= a ( U , - U j)

2 =

a, K

-a

(2-24 3 )

T n g q u t, s t r v n n n g d n g ng thi ly t n g v ly hiu ca m t s
in p vo b t ki c t h th c hin b n g m ch h n h 2 .1 1 1 .
r t r a h th c c n th i t, t a s d n g quy t c n t i vi ca vo A ca b
kh u ch i :
Uj - u a
u..
: - u
4= 0
2
R.,
(R,/aO
i= 1

112

H 11 1 ra ;

- u, \

a, + 1]

4- u . ,

I------ ^

= 0

1 - 1

------- o ^
1

a ,U, - u
1

l a\
i -

+ 1] = 0

CZZZJ

1--------------------

o ly^ o-

I---------0 ^ /

o--------1"ZZ)

nu = |, v th a m n thni
iu kin :
n

z/

I------ 0^/

T ng t i vi ca vo B ca
b khuch i

I -

^ /
o------ czrz3-

p .
]------ '

////i 2. . S u ii' x h ic ii I s

C' J (

i iin

thi sau khi tr hai bieu th c tr n ta s c

n
U

i= 1

, u

(2 -2 4 4

1= 1

2.4.6. B tch phn

S b tch p h n c m t tr n hnh 2.112. Vi p h n g p h p tn h n h tr n ,
t iu kin cn b n g d n g n t A, i|^ = i(- ta cd
dU ,
'
u. -

dt

R
/

(2 -2 4 5 )

u . d t + u ,,.

y : U|,, l in p tr n t c khi t = 0 (l h n g s
tch p h n xc nh t iu kin b a n u).
T h ng khi t = 0, Uy = 0 v
u, =

= 0. N n t a cd
(2 -2 4 6 )

/ u ,d t
o

y : r = RC gi l h n g s tch p h n ca m ch.

/?

Un,'. . 1 1 1 2 : S i r d h b lcl ptm.

Khi tn hiu vo th a y i t n g nc, tc th a y i ca

in p ra s b n g
AU.

u.

At

RC

ngha l u ra b tch phn s c in p t n g (hay gim) tuyn tnh theo thi gian.
i vi tn h iu h n h sin, b tch p h n s l b lc t n th p , q u a y p h a t n hiu
h in h sin i 90^^ v h s k h u ch i c a n t l nghch vi t n s [4].
8- K T O T A

113

2.4.7. B vi ph n

B vi p h n cho tr n hnh 2.113. B ng cc tn h ton tng t cc p h n tr n cd in

p ra ca n t l vi tc th a y i ca in p vo
dU ,
(2-247)

dt
y X -

RC gi l h n g s vi p hn ca mch.

Khi tn hiu vo l hnh sin, b vi phn lm vic nh

mt b lc t n cao, h s khuch i ca n t l th u n
vi t n s tn hiu vo [4] v lm quay pha
1 gc
90^\ T hng b vi ph n lm vic km n nh t n cao
v khi z^. =

cuc

nh

2 .L : S d o h \'i phN

0 lm h s hi tip m gim nn

khi s dng cn lu c im ny v b s u n g 1 in tr lm n h t R |.
2.4.8. Cc h h n i h m s

Trong thc t th n g cn to ra m t in p U t l h m s no o' ca in p U |,

tc l 2 = F ( j) . y F l m t quan h hm n h h m logarit, h m m, hm
lng gic, sin, COS... ca V .
Di y hy xt m t v d vi F c d n g hm logarit, tc l cn n h n c m t
s ph thuc c d n g
2 = a ] l n ( a 2j)
Mun vy, c th d n g biu thc dng ca it c p h n 2.1 :
l o = 1,
(trong : Ij.

- 1)

dng ngc tn h

in t h n hit KT/e^

h s hiu chnh (1 < m < 2 )

ak

in p tr n it).

Trong m in lm vic (tha m n iu kin I ) I^ ) c th coi :

T ta c
u , , = m U Tln(I/I,)

(2 -2 4 8 )

chnh l h m ^ o g a r t c n tm.
thc hin q u a n h ny, cd th s d n g m ch nh hn h 2.114. Nu coi vi m ch
khuch i th u t to n l l t ng t a c th tn h c n h sau :
-

114

1
R

8- KTT-B

rut fa :

r -

---- -I III-

= - mlJ|.|nl01g(U|/IsR)
nhit phng s c :
u , = -(1 -

(2-249)

2)601g(U,/I,R> [mVl

iix 2 - 4 :

s<f ('

n v c n l tn c h o^arii

n /

liin.

2 .7 /5
(/^

Di in p lm vic c th
it. Do c in tr k sinh nn
tn h lo g arit. Ngoi r a h s m
cn th i t ch c th n h n c
2 ecac.

S(

(th

ra n iiio

Hi^iycn
ro

k i u

nic

lturii

(it.

ca mch b hn ch bi hai tnh c h t c bit

vi dng ln, tr n n c s t p v d n n mo
cn ph th u c vo d ng in. V vy, chnh
mch ny khi thay i in p vo tro n g phm

ca
c
xc
vi

C th loi tr n h hng ca h s m v m rng di ra phm vi 6

8 ecc
bng cch thay it D bng m t tra n z ito T (h. 2.115). i vi dng cc colet tra n z ito
= 0 ) nghim n g vi h thc :
-

1)

y s ph thuc ca cc th a m s a v m vo dng c b cho nhau, v vy c

th vit :
Ic = / I |; s

1)

Lc ny y ph thuc ch yu vo dng v tr s ca n g n b n g 1. Khi Up > 0

c th vit
(2-250)
hay

u ,

-U

,.; =

- rln ( j/Ij.s -R )

C h t lng s logarit s c n n g cao, c bit i vi n nh it khi dng

hai s 2.115 m c kiu s khuch i vi sai, l cu tr c c bn cc cc IC
ly iogarit.
2.4.9, Cc mach lc
Mch lc l m t m n g bn cc, d n g t ch t m t tn hiu phc t p n h n g th n h
p hn c t n s nm tro n g m t di n h t nh v loi i n h n g th n h p hn ngoi di
t n s . Di t n s m m ch lc cho tn hiu i qua c gi l di thng ca n.
Mch lc c n g d n g h t sc rng ri tro n g mi di t n s. C h n g th ng c
d n g t ch tn hiu hu ch khi t p nhiu.
115

Ph thuc vo v tr ca di th n g tro n g c di t n s ngi ta th n g d n g cc

mch lc sau :
- Mch lc t n th p

c di th n g t 0 n mt tn s

no y (h. 2 .1 16a).

~ Mch lc t n cao c di th n g t gi tr uj n v hn Ih, 2 .1 16b). - Mch c

thng di c di th n g nm tro n g khong tn s t oj n U-. (h.
- Mch lc chn di cd di th ng chia lm hai vng : 0
>1 v t
^ (tro n g
d W 2 >
cn vng t n s t |
/V-.
tin hiu b trit tiu h. 2 . l 6d
0 0

Gi K l h s tru y n t ca mch lc tc l K| = Uf/Uv tro n g

l tn
hiu u ra, Uv l tn hiu u vo mch lc, c tuyn bin tn s K Uu) ca
bn loi trn d n g l t ng cho tr n hinh 2 .1 16a, b, c, d.

'li

^ 2

K
Li

<2.;

u/

L...
7

iinh

fy :

t u v e t

hici li - UH

()

M ch

c)

S c h

Ittc

it

sn

iK) hn IfXii n\(uh hn li nrir/i^.

t y : h
di : d)

M a ci

S o c h

l(fC a n

(fC c h t ( d i .

Mch lc c th xy dn g t cc lnh kin th ng RLC. Tuy nhin loi ny th n g

c suy gim ln, v vic s d n g cun cm L lm cho mch lc tr nn cng knh
kh ch to di d n g viIich, c bit l di t n thp. Vi vy tro n g di t n s
di vi tr m kHz ngi ta th n g s d n g m ch lc c xy d n g da tr n cc
linh kin th ng RC k t hp vi cc phn t tch cc (thng th n g l cc m ch
khuch i th u t ton) v loi ny c gi l mch lc tch cc.
Trong thc t ngi ta th n g s d n g cc mch lc cd hm tru y n t bc hai
[4] v ch ng cdnhiu u im nh tng i n gin,
h s p h m cht c th t
c ti vi tr m , d iu chnh, lni
vic n nh. H m tru y n t.bc hai c
vit
di dn g ton t nh sau :
b^ap"

b |P

(2-251)
+ a ,p + a,
0 y p = jwRC l bin phc ch u n hda.

IK

Di vi bn loi mch lc nii trn, nu s d n g loi mch bc hai th hm tru y n

dt ca chng c d n g c th nh sau :

m ch lc t n th p bc hai (bi = b2 = 0 )
bo

K(P) =

^
----------a 2p" + aip + ao

(2-252)

m ch lc t n cao bc hai (bi = b(i = 0 )

K(p) = ,
a 2p" + aip + ao

Mch lc th n g di bc hai (hl

K(p) =

B2P

(2-253)

= 0)

bip
^ ----------

(2-254)

+ a ip -t- ao

v lch lc ch n di bc hai (b| == 0 )

b2p" + b

Kp)

(2-25 5 )

+ aip + a,,

IVn hnh 2.117 a ra v d v 3 d n g mch lc tch cc c th tng ng vi

c d n g mch lc t n thp, t n cao v th n g di.

o --------[

R.
,

llhh 2.7 : S( li niiyCn li ttch lc Tt hcip a. ich lc i! cao h). ich lc thn di (c.

2.5. TO DAO DNG l U HA

2.5.I.Ngmn l chung to dao ng u ha
C ba phng ph p chnh to ra tn hiu hnh sin l :
-- Dng h t dao ng gn vi h bo ton tuyn tnh.
- Bii i m t tn hiu tu n hon t m t d n g khc th n h d n g hnh sin
- D ng b bin i s t n g t (DAC).
117

Phng php th n h t c ng d n g kh rng ri tro n g cc my t o dao n g

hnh sin c in. P h n g trn h vi phn ca nt h dao ng c n t n h sau :
,
dx ,
T
+ F (x ,
+ A = 0

e
I

r -1

.-

'~A

( H
/

nh 2.H : s</ (o k h i i a mch I( lu iii

nh sin dH\i h l d a o (ng n vi h ho
ton tuyn lnh.

Ilnh l . l ^ : S(I d o k h i ca y piii d a in hiu,

dx
Trong F ^ X , ^ ^ l m t h m phi tuyn
iu kin

^X,

dx

My to dao ng hnh sin loi ny th n g c xy dng

da tri cc m ch chn lc RLC. Loi m y

S
h s
thuc
tuyn

khi ca
khuch i
vo t n s.
d n g n

c h n g c
K ; w l
M ch ny
nh bin

l h s nh, ng thi th a m n

p h t ny n gin, cd h s m o nh.

d n g nh hnh
2.118. y AE l p h n t tch cc c
mch hi tip tuyn tnh c h s tru y n t l ( ph
xc nh t n s dao ng ca h. B l m ch hi tip phi
dao ng.

Phng php th hai c s d n g tro n g cc oi Jiiy p h t a chc n n g (my

p h t hm). Loi m y p h t ny c n g lc ct th cho nhiu d n g tn hiu cc u ra
khc n h a u nh tn hiu hinh ta m gic, tn hiu xu ng ch n h t V . V . . . Tn hiu hnh
sin n h n c nh m t b bin i "xung ta m gic - hnh sin". Loi m y p h t ny
gn y c s d n g rn g ri nh tnh a chc n n g ca nd. Tuy nhin tn hiu
hnh sin y th ng cd h s mo ln hn so vi phng p hp trn . M t tro n g
n h n g s khi in hinh ca loi m y p h t ny c m t tr n hnh 2.117, tro n g
: I l b tch phn, R l p h n t rle, F l b bin i "xung ta m gic - h n h sin".
Mch kn I - R to nn m t h t dao ng, sinh ra hai loi tn hiu c d n g xung
ta m gic v x un g ch n ht.
Da tr n tin b k th u t ca n h n g n m
sau ny, c bit tro n g lnh vc k th u t
s, ngi ta c th xy d n g m y p h t tn hiu hnh sin da tr n nguyn t c xp x
hda t n g on kt hp vi y m u u theo thi gian (h. 2,120). S khi m y to
dao ng hnh sin b n g phng php s c m t tr n hinh 2.121. Trong T l
khi to ~ x u n g nhp ; c l b m th u n nghch dng m theo thi gRi gi tr

118

tc thi ca i s ; DFC l b bin

i s - hm to cc gi tr ca
tn hiu hnh sin ( dn g s) ; DAC
i b bin i s - tng t bin
tn hiu t d n g s (u ra ca DFC)
th n h tn hiu t ng t (hnh sin).
mo tn hiu hnh sin ph thuc
vo s ng m u ly tro n g m t chu
k'i. Nu s ly m u cng ln (c
xc nh bi t n s xung nhp) thi
h in h sin c chnh xc cng cao.
Tuy nhin iu ny ph thuc vo
gii hn t n s lm vic ca cc b
DFC v DAC. V vy phng php
ni 2.120 : X p x i ha li^ on n hiu hnh sin
ny khng th
ng dn g t n s
hn; cc n hiu hc thang.
cao to tn hiu hnh sin vi h
s mo nh c. Trong ba phng php nu trn , hai phng php u c s dng
rn g ri hn. V vy di y kho st k hn hai phng php ny.

Hnh 2.121 : S( d o k h i m\' to tn hiu hnh sin cltii; phHi; ph p s.

2.5.2. My phi dao hnh sin dng h t dao ng n vi h bo on luyn lnh

My p h t dao ng hnh sin thc hin bin i n n g lng ngxin dng m t chiu
th n h dng xoay chiu cd t n s yu cu. C hng c cu to tr n c s b khuch
i cd hi tip dng m bo ch t kch n nh t n s yu cu. N u khng
x t n p h n m ch phi tuyn d n g n nh bin , s khi m y p h t dao ng
hinh sin v li tr n hnh 2.122. H s khuch i ca b khuch i v h s tru y n
t ca m ch hi tip l s phc, ngha l cd tnh n s ph thuc ca chng vo
t n s. Tn hiu vo s m y pht l m t p h n ca in p ra c tru y n v theo
m ch hi tip dng.
s lm vic tro n g ch p h t sdng th cn cd hai iu kin : iu kin cn
l t n g cc gc dch pha ca tn hiu tro n g b khuch i
v tro n g m ch hi tip
(pp (theo m t vng kn) l bi s ca 2ji.
yk +

= 2n;r

(2-256)

y ; n = 0, 1, 2, 3,..,
Cng th c (2-256) xc nh iu kin cn b n g pha tro n g b khuch i c hi tip
dng. iu kin th hai gi l iu kin v bin c xc nh bi b t ng thc
|K |.|/5 |

> 1

(2-257)

Mun u ra ca my p h t c in p d n g hnh sin th cng th c (2 -2 5 6 )(2 -2 5 7 )

ch n g m t t n s. ngha vt l ca bt ng thc (2-257) l : Tn hiu c
khuch i ln I K| ln v b suy gim m ch hi tip \f\ ln, khi tha m n iu

119

kii (2-157) thi tn hiu xut hin li u vo b khuch i r n g pha n h trc,

nhng bin ln. Ni cch khc i, bt ng thc |K |. |/ | >
1 xc nh iu kin
cn my pht t kch khi c n h n g thay i u tin ca dng in v din p
tron g s khuch i. Dng thc i K |. |p '| = 1 tng ng vi vic chuyn my pht
san g ch cng tc xc lp. khi s ta n g ca bin
dao ng ko theo h s
khiich -K gin do c tyn ca tra n z ito khng tuyn
tnh (vi bin tn hiu
ln). ''IVong ch xc lp th tn hiu u ra v vo my ph t tng ng vi mt
gi tr n nh no r. d l v suv gim do mach hi tip gy ra c b hon
ton nh b khuch i (iu kin cn b n g bin ).
Gi tr in p xc lp ty thuc vo h s khuch i ca b khuch i K i
vi tn hu nh, cng nh vo kh n g tuyn tnh ca c tuyn tra n z ito . S ph
thuc h s khuch i vo nhit v in tr ti l nguyn n h n gy ra khng n
nh bin in p ra. n nh bin ny, ngi ta mc thm vo m ch mt
phn t n nh khng tuyn tn h, c n g nh thc hin hi
tip m ph n thc.
My pht dao ng hinh sin th n g d n g mch dao ng
LC
v mch RC ph thuc t n s. My p h t d n g LC to ra tin
hiu cao t n (t n s cao hn vi chc k H z ^ cn my ph t dng
RC to ra tn hiu t n th p (ti vi Hz).

_____
___

to ra dao ng hnh sin, cc biu thc (2-25 6)(2-25 7)

c tha m n i vi t n s iu c h u n
v tr k h n g ca
mch dao ng phi l th u n tr. S th a y i gdc di pha ca
b khuch i khi lch khi t n s cng hng l iu kin
hon th n h biu thc (2-256) i vi t n s
v tr khng inh :^S L
ca mch s khng phi l th u n tr, m m a n g tnh ch t in
k h n g (in cm hay l in d u n g ). T n h c h t n g n c a biu th c (2 -2 5 7 ) i
vi t n s cng hng c xc n h b n g tr s cc i ca h s khuch i t n
s
1

2 2

Mch in ca my pht LC r t a dng. Chng c th khc nhau do phng php

mc mch dao ng LC trong b khuch i v vic thc hin hi tip dng. S my
pht v trn hnh 2.123 thc hin hi tip dng nh cch ghp bin p thch hp.
Cc th a m s ca nich dao n g ny l in d ung c v in cm L ca cun s
cp bin p. Trong s khuch i
m t t n g ti th u n tr th tn hiu ra ngc pha
vi tn hiu vo. V th m bo
iu kin cn bng pha (2-156) th mch hi tip
dng t n s cng hng phi th c hin o pha tn hiu a ti u vo b
khuch i. Tn hiu hi tip d n g y t cun
qua t phn ng Cp t ti
u vo tranzito. S di pha cn th i t ca m ch hi tip thc hin bng cch m c u
dy cun th cp thch hp. v in p hi tip nh hn in p ra nn ti s vng
dy n = j^/o>| < 1.
T n s dao ng to ra gn vi t n s cng hng ca m ch dao ng
f = lr c
Tn hiu hi tip cng cd th ly tr c tip t colect m ch dao ng bng cch
lm cun dy hay t c nhiu u ra. Vi cc s p h t sng nh th,
m ch dao
ng c ba im ni vi b khuch i, v vy gi l m ch ba im.
Trong s p h t sng hnh 2.124 (ba im in cm), n h n h in cm qun hai
cun W|, W^. Tn hiu hi tip ly t cun W2 in p ly ra t colect qua t Cp2120

)in p tr n cun VVp w . i vi im c h u n g t) ngc pha nhau. Tn hiu t cun

W| qu a t C^i (Cpi C ) c ua ti u vo tra n z ito . Trong s hinh 2.125 (ba
im in dung), m ch dao ng gm in cm L v hai t ni tip C|, C-y c mc
riong so ng vi mch ra ca tng. Din p hi tip lv t t C-. t, ti u vo tra n z ito
qua l
)in p trn t ('| v
i vi im c h u n g (t.) ngc pha nhau v th
sO tao nen hi t.ip dng.

T
W
r

4
'

l n h 2.2.< : M v p h ;ip

i i n h 2. 24 : S( d n i p h i

ht ( l d i n c m
(S<T (ih a t t c y ) .

hCn (p fin i lie )

S ( / ( M a isn () .

H n h 2 . 1 2> : S (o tv plih
h a ( ic m d i n iiti^
S(

(ih

C api).

Diu kin t kch c m bo theo qu a n h

C,.

1V(B)

c r ,.77 r ,

(2 -2 59 )

0 y : \ (B) - in tr vo ca tra n z ito theo s BC ;

1

- in tr ti mch ngoi.
tn h ton t n s ta dng cng thc (2 -2 5 8 ) y
C ^ C jC . /

(Cj + co.

v tr s ca L, c tro n g m ch dao ng v th a m s' ca tra n z ito ph thuc vo

n h i t nn t n s f ca m y p h t to ra c n g s p h thuc vo n h it . Mun
t n g n nh t n s th phi t n g n n h theo n h i t cho ch tnh ca
tra n z ito , c n g nh d n g bin php b s th a y i c a t n s theo n h i t . Mt tro n g
n h n g p h n g php b d l mc thm vo m c h dao ng n h n g t in cd in
d u n g ph thuc vo t n s. Trong n h n g m y p h t c c h t ing cao, ngi ta dng
b cng hng th ch nnh, khi n nh t n s l ln nht.

di t n s th p (di vi chc kHz), ngi ta d n g m ch p h t s ng RC. y

khng d n g m ch LC v nd lm t n g kch th c v tr n g lng ca cc p h n t
tro n g m ch dao ng.
Mch p h t s ng RC da tr n c s d n g m c h ph thu c t n s gm in tr v
t in cd s khi t n g t nh my p h t sn g LC cho hnh 2.122. Trong
khi khuch i, tn hiu ra cd t h ngc pha hoc ng ph a vi tn hiu vo. Trong
tr n g hp u, m ch hi tip RC ph thuc t n s phi dch
pha tn hiu 180*
t n s p h t sdng, cn tr n g hp th hai th k h n g c n dch pha
tn hiu. Gii quyt
hai nhim v ny b n g nhiu s m ch RC kh c n h a u .
121

t
I

>4

i h 2 . 2 : ) Mch R C :
h)

n v c f i h icfi d lin s v p h a la n s

(f h i

io ) c a n c h 2 .I2 6 .

H inh 2.126a l s loi th a n g R song song th c hn dch pha tn hiu 180\ S

ny c h s tru y n t v pha tn
hiu ca m ch RC ph thuc vo
t n s. v
s dch pha cc i ca m t khu RC
t n s gn bng khng l vo khong 90",
nn c gc dch p h a l 180^, cn c t n h t
ba khu RC ni
tip
(th n g ngi ta
d ng m ch c ba k hu RC l ).
S ph thuc \f\ v (Pj vo t n s i
v R I = R2 = R3 v tr n hnh 2.126b

vi mch ba khu RC khi C1 = C2 = C3

vi biu thc :

[(1 - 5 " ) " + a (6

a (6 - a )
<p,. = a r c t g ---------- -- vi a = o>RC
1
-

T n s

n g vi gc di p h a b n g

180^ c xc nh theo [41

(t c lc a = 6 )
^2-260)
Ta th y t n s fo mdun ca h s tru y n
ca m ch hi tip \ /3 = 1/29. Do d my p h t
cd th t kch nu h s khuch i ca b khuch
i th a m n
29.
H n h 2.127 v s my p h t RC d n g khuch
i th u t ton. Mch hi tip ph thuc t n s c
mc gia u ra v u vo o. Mun c h s
khuch i theo yu cu (K ^ 29) th phi chn t
s Rhi/Rtd
29 y Rid = R 3 // Ro.

-C

t
ch
-b

nh 2. 27 : My phi hnh sin R('

{^ k h u ch i thut lo.

in tr vo b khuch i o b n g R() cn g vi R3 xc nh th n h p h n th u n
tr ca khu cui c n g tro n g m ch hi tip ph thuc t n s. v th tnh fo theo
(2-260) cn phi chn R = R2 = R 3 // Ro = R. Trn th c t m un c bin dao
ng c n th i t th phi hiu chnh in tr RhiH n h 2.128a v m ch hi tip RC khng lm dch pha tn hiu t n s fo-
chnh l cu Vin. c tuyn bin t n s v pha t n s cho tr n hn h 2.128b vi
cc biu thc d n g : /3 =

122

(^ )
= a r c t g ----------- ; ( a -

1
wRC )

(( = 1 hay
= 1/(2jRC) c
- 0 nn khi xy d n g b to s n g d n g khuch
ai th u t ton (h.2.129) th m ch hi tip ph thuc t n s h. 2.128a) c m c gia
u ra v u vo khng o ca khuch i th u t ton.
T h

1/31
^/j

i /,
T
o)

n h 2 . 2 S : li) S (n CIU VC : b) D c luyci

hicn il n .\ v p/i i'n s (d) ih Boi) c
nich

nh 2. 2Sa.

in 2.2^J : s<f d tny p h i nh sin kiu H('

dn^, cu Vin.

V t n s
h s truyn t ca mch cu Vin l 1/3 nn my p h t ch t kch
khi K ^ 3, ngha l phi chn ti s R u/R o ^ 2. T n s ca my p h t xc nh theo
1

27rVRjR;CjC.

1
2jrRC

(2-261)

y : Rj = R. = R v Cj = c . = c.
Bin dao ng c n th i t t c bng cch hiu
q u trn h iu chnh s .

chinh in tr R^J hay

tro n g

Cn lu m t im l nu chn t s
= 2 th ti t n s
in p hi
tip ly tr n ng cho cu gia 2 u vo o
v khng o ca OA bng 0, tc
l m ch khng t h dao ng c. V l do ny ngi ta th n g s d n g loi cu Vin

ng n nh bin dao ng hnh sin ti u ra ca m y pht.

D ng khuch i th u t to n c hi tip m su s lm n nh th a m s ca b
p h t s n g RC. v vy khng n nh t n s theo n h it tro n g b p h t sdng RC
ch yu l do s ph thuc ca m ch RC vo n h it . n nh ca n n m tro n g
k ho n g 0 J - 3%.
2 ,5 .3 ,

Tao t n h i u h n h s in hi p h n g p h p h i n i t m i d n g t n h i u tu n

hon khc

H nh 2.119 m t s khi ca phng php ny. y l d n g m y p h t vn

n n g hn, cd n h iu u im v hin nay c s d n g k h r n g ri. S cu tr c
ca mt m y p h t loi ny (my p h t hm ) c trn h by tr n hnh 2.130a.
323

-----1

/vA

+ .

JJifth 2. . 0 : s<r df i n rni

C iny pi tn i) ((J(
iVn iruycn di ca pn l
rti' {b) /)c n h iruycn d
C h b ie n ( "xun
^c - hnh S" (C) V('i cc
dn] ln hu ru I().

H kn bao gm mt mch tch

phn I, (mt mch khuch i thut, ton v hai
phn t RC), phn t rle R (mch khuch i thut, ton gni
1khu hi tip dng
R R-)) to thnh m t h t dao ng v cho ra hai dng tn hiu : tn hiu tam gic
( U ) v
tn hiu x u n g ch nht {2) (xem thm phn 3.6). H m truyn t ca phn
t rle U 7 = fi(U j) c m t trn hnh 2.130b.
Cn hm tru y n t ca b bin i "xung ta m ^ic - hnh sin" U 3 = f2(Uj) c
d n g nh hnh 2.130c. Nguyn tc lm vic ca c h th n g ny c t h gii thch s
b n h sau : Nu tn hiu vo c d n g tuyn tnh i xung (h. 130d) cho i khi t
ti mc - Uj s lm lt mch rle th n h + -> cn ch |-)| > | U 1 . T thi im
ny ti u ra ca m ch tch p h n
tn hiu cd d ng tuyn tn h
i ln cho n khi t
ti gi tr U | lm cho rle chuyn v tr n g th i ban u ( t ). Q u tr n h c tip tc
nh vy v u ra ca rle c d n g x un g ch n h t ln U-> v u ra c a mch
tch p hn c d n g x u n g ta m gic bin U(h.2.130d). Cc tin hiu ny c n g t n s
v cc khong cch x un g ( dy, rng...).
Nu c tuyn tr ca rle i x ng qua tr c X v trc Y cd n g ha l ngng lt
m ch nh n h a u ( ) v mc tn hiu ra ( U t) cng l nh nh au th t n s dao
AU,,
ng c tn h b n g cng thc sau : x u t p h t t phng trin h I(- = C|
I,
AU
suy ra At = c

124

2At

a .u .
do dd :

f =

(2-262)

4RjC|Uj

Ti'ong d a = R/R|, R l phn di ca in tr R (h.2.130a) ; RC| : h ng s

thi gian ca mch tch phn. T n s ca mch c th iu chinh nh th a y i R,
y At l rng xung.
Tin hiu hinh sin n hn c nh mt b bin i c bit c c tuyn truyn t
phi tuyn nh hinh 2.130c. nhn c hnh sin l tng, khi u vo c d n g xung
tam gic, c tnh tru y n t ca phn t. ny phi c d ng 1/4 chu k hnh sin tc
l u ^ - asin | . Trong a l hng s.
D ng ca ba tn hiu tr n c m t tr n hinh 2.]30d.
Yu cu i vi p h n t rle tro n g my pht hm c di tn s rng (t. di lH z
n 10MHz) l c tc chuyn mch phi rt nhanh. thc hin n, c th dng
mch so sn h (com parator) (xom thm 3.1.3. N hng cc vi mch so snh hin nay
th n g c thi gian chuyn mch tng i ln (0,03
nn chi s d n g chng
t n s khng vt qu 100kHz : V vy tro n g m y pht hm phn t rle thng
c x<v (-ng tr n c 3 mch ri rc d n g cc tra n z ito cao t n (tran z ito xung). (Thi
gian chuyn lch khng qi 20~30ns).
D nhn c tn hiu hnh sin t xung tam
gic, b bin i "xung ta m gic - hinh sin" cn
c hm tru y n t
= a sin U p D thc hin
hii ny* c hai phng php chnh l phng
php xp xi t n g on tuyn tnh v phng
php xp xi t n g on khng tuyn tnh.
Phng php xp xi bng n hng on tuyn
tnh l chia khong hnh sin th n h 4n phn nh
v thay th mi phn bng mt oan th n g c
nghing khc nh au (h.2.131).

lin/i 2 . M : X ip xi tltii; hnh \ii hn 4n

n h i r n ; ((>(jf i h i i ; (<>

ni ^ i i cni ^

ltV J n i .

S' n cn g ln thi chnh xc cng cao v h s mo ca hinh sin n h n c cng

nh. Mt tro n g n h n g s thc hin phng php ny c II t tr n hnh 2.132.
y n = 6 . Cc it D| ^ D|,J tr n g th i ban u l kha b ng cc m c in p

i n l

2 ..U

M c h

h c n

((1

x h

i/n

hnh

sin

(tii

p l r n i

p h p

xy

x i

l ti:,

d(tn

iiyc

tinh.

125

cho trc : 1 | I <... < I c;! <

y l bin xung ta m gic l i
vo. Khi Uy t n g d n th ln lt cc it m v sau khda (nhm it l lm vic
na dng v nhm it ch n lm vic n a m ca in p ta m gc) t o th n h
t n g on tn hiu tu v n tn h c dc khc nhau. D dc ca t n g on n y c
xc nh bi in d n t c ng ln t n g k h o n g thi gian t n g ng. Xt t r o n g 1/4
chu k u, khi s th t ca t n g k h o n g c n g cao ( 1, 2 ,... n n) th dc 3
cng gim . Nu gi in d n ban u (khi t t c cc it u kha) l
= 1/R \,
v d n ca t n g m ch c it m l Y| = 1/R| v Y t = 1/R-. V . V . . . .
th dc
ca on b t k l ;

R
IVong

(2-2 6 3 )

R.

l gc nghing ca on th n.

Ph ng php xp x ha bn g
lm nhiu on v mi on thay
Vn - Ampe ca it cd dng a
bng hm bc hai) hay c tuyn
a thc :

n h n g on khng tuyn tnh l chia hinh sin ra

b n g cc hm phi tuyn. Th d : ng c tu 3^n
thc bc hai y = ax + bx + c (xp x t n g on
V n-Ampe ca in tr bn dn (Varistor) c d n g

a,xj
i=l)
Xp X b n g on cong hoc d n g tranzito
tr ng (FET) m c tuyn Vn-Ampe c d ng
y = asinx t r o n g kho n g 0
jt/2.
So vi phng php xp x t n g on tuyn
tnh, phng php xp xi t n g on khng tuyn
tnh cho chnh xc cao hn. (H s mo hlh
sin nh hn nu cng s lng chia on n)
n h ng th c hin phc tp hn.

t
A

t n s
^ lM H z, ngi t a c th s
nh 2.3 3 : Mch
d ng F E T bin i xuig ta m gic th n h hnh
\;ic - hth
sin do c tn h c bit ca loi ny nh
ni trn. S b bin i ny c m t tr n hnh 2.133.

D-

h bien d i
sii" dng J'-'.'.

ta m

tn hiu hnh sin khng b mo cn m bo cc iu kin sau :

= 1,33U,.

in

y : Uy - bin in p

ta m gic.

- in p ct ca tra n z ito tr n g
p tr n cc ca b n g khng.

T ;~kn h c

Tuy n h in cc th a m s ca tra n z ito tr n g ph thuc n hiu vo n h i t . v vy

m bo cho b bin i ny lm vic tt cn cd cc bin php n nh n h i t
hay b n h i t b n g cc p h n t m c thm .

12G

2.6. NGUN MT CHlU

2 .6 . , K hi n im chun

Ngun 1 chiu cd nhim v cung cp n n g lng 1 chiu cho cc m ch v th i t b

in t hot ng. N n g lng 1 chiu ca n t n g q u t c ly t ngun xoay chiu
ca i in th n g qua 1 qu trn h bin i c thc
hin tro n g ngun 1 chiu.
Hnh 2.134 biu din s khi ca m t b ngun hon chinh vi chc n n g cc
khi nh sau :
- Bin p bin i in p xoay chiu J th n h in p xoay chiu -, c gi
tr thch hp vi yu cu. T ron? m t s tr n g hp c th dn g tr c tip U khng
cn bin p.
~ Mch chnh lu c nhim
v chuyn in p xoay chiu U t th n h in p m t
chiu khng b n g p h n g u, (c
gi tr thay i nhp nh). S thay i ny ph thuc
c th vo t n g d n g m ch chnh lu (xem 2.13).
- B lc c nhim v san bng in p m t chiu p mch J th n h in p nit
chiu
t n h p nh hn.
- B n p m t chiu (n dng) c nhim v n nh in p (dng in) u
ra ca n
lf) khi
b th a y i th eo s m t n n h ca
hay Ip Trong
nhiu tr n g hp n u k h ng c yu cu cao th k hng c n b n p hay n dng
1 chiu.

/?t

ih 2 . . U

Sf/ ( k h i

( I/IV

n\;non fn( chcu.

Ty theo iu kin v yu cu c th
m b chnh lu cdth lc
theo n h n g s
khc n h a u v d n g cc loi van chnh lu khc nhau.
B chnh lu
cng s u t va
v ln th ng d n g mch chnh lu ba pha. Di y kho s t c t h t n g khi nu
tr n tro n g b ngun m t chiu. Ring p h n m ch chinh lu xem (2.1.3) v (4.2).
2.6.2. Lc cc (hnh p h n xoay chiu ca d n din ra i

Trong cc m ch chnh lu ni tr n in p hay dng in ra ti tuy cd cc tn h

khng i, n h n g gi tr ca ch n g thay i theo thi gian m t cch chu k, gi l
s p mch ca in p hay dng in sau chnh lu.
Mt cch t n g q u t khi ti th u n tr, dng in t n g hp ra ti l :
00

00

= lo *" 2]

^ B^^cosmt

n ^l

Trong

(2 -2 6 4 >

n=i

l th n h p h n 1 chiu v
00

^
n ^ l

00

A^sinnot + ^

B^^cosmit

n=l

127

l tng cc sng hi xoay chiu c gi ti'. pha v t n s khc nhau ph thuc vo

loi mch chinh lu. Vn t ra l phi lc cc sng hi ny cho i t p m ach.
vi cc sng hi gy s tiu th n n g lng v ich v gy ra nhiu lon cho s lm
vic ca ti.
Trong mch chinh lu hai 1/2 chu kl th n h mt chiu 1^, t n g gp i so vi mch
chinh 1/2 chu k, th n h p hn sng hi c bn n = n b trit tiu, ch cn cc ricing
hi t bc n = 2 tr ln. Vy m ch chnh lu hai 1/2 chu k c tc d n g lc bt
sng hi. Ngvi ta nh ngha h s p mch Kp ca b lc :
Bin sdng hi ln n h t ca i, (hay U )
Gi tr tru n g binh ca ij (hay u.)
Kp cng nh th c h t lng ca b lc cng cao.
Ngi ta tn h to n r n g khi chinh lu 1/2 chu
na chu k K = 0,667[6].

k K = 1,58, khi chnh lu hai

thc hin n him v lc ni trn, cc b c sau y th n g c d n g :

a ~ Lc bng t in
Trng hp ny c nu tro n g phn b chnh lu ti d u n g tnh 2.1.3. Nh
cd t ni song song vi ti, in p ra ti t nhp nh hn.
Do s np v phdn g ca t qu a cc 1/2 chu k v do cc sng hi bc cao c r
qua mch c xung im chung, dng in ra ti chi cn th n h p h n m t chiu v
mt lng nh sng hi bc thp. Vic tnh ton h s p mch ca b lc d n g t
dn ti kt qu :

Kp =

2_
CR,

Ngha tc d n g lc cng
r rt khi c v R, cng ln
(Rj tiu th dng in nh).
Vi b chnh lu dng in
cng nghip (t n s 50Hz
hay 60 Hz), tr s t c
thng c gi tr t vi //F
n vi nghn F (t hda).

(2-265)

1
;

c -r J
0---------

Uo

b - Lc bng cun d y L
(cun chn)

Mch lc b n g cun L
Hnh
: S( c c(ic h loc
c cho hnh 2.135b. Cun
a) . c hni; l li : h) ,<K hci; cun chn ;
c) .(K hnh .
; () . c hth n.
L mc ni tip vi ti Ri nn
khi dng in it r a ti bin
thin p mch, tro n g cun L s x u t hin sc in ng t cm chng li. Do
lm gim cc s n g hi (n h t l cc sdng hi bc cao). V m t in khng, cc sdng
hi bc n c t n s c n g cao s b cun L c h n c n g nhiu. Do dng in ra ti
ch c th n h p h n m t chiu lo v m t ph n lng nh s ng hi. chnh l tc
d ng lc ca cun L.
t c

H s' p m ch ca b lc d n g cun L l
Kp =

128

Ri
3aL

(2-266)

Ngha l tc d n g c ca cun L cng t n g khi Rj cng nh (ti tiu th dng

in ln). V vy b lc ny thch hp vi m ch chinh lu cng s u t va v ln. Gi
tr cun L c n g ln th tc dng chn cng t n g ; tu y nhin cng khng nn d n g L
qu ln, V khi in tr m t chiu ca cun L ln, s t p mt chiu tr n n t n g
v hiu su t b chinh u giii.
c - B lc h n h L ngc v hn h 71
Cc b lc ny s d n g t n g hp tc d n g ca cun
2.135d), do cc sng hi cng b gim nh v dng
ti cng t n h p nh. t n g tc d ng lc c th mc
Jt vi nhau. Khi d dng in v in p ra ti gn n h

L v t c loc (h.2.135c v
in ra ti (hay in p trn
ni tip 2 hay 3 m t lc hnh
bn g p h n g ho n ton.

T-ong mt s tr n g hp tit kim v gin kch thc, tr n g lxg ca b lc,

ta c th thay cun L bng
R tro n g cc m t lc hinh
L ngc hay hnh 71(h.2.135c).
Lc R gy s t p c thih phn lit chiu tr n n dn ti hiu s u t v cht lng
b lc th p hn khi d n g cun L. Thng ngi ta chn gi tr R sao cho s t p m t
chiu tr n nd b n g ( 10- 2 0 )^> ,, khong vi Q n vi kQ.
d - B lc cng hng
lin h 2 .136a biu th b lc cng hng dn g m ch cng hng song song
mc ni tip vi ti Rj nh vy s chn sng hi c t n s bng t n s cng hng
ca n. Ngoi ra t C| cn c tc d n g lc thm .
H nh 2.136b biu th b lc cng hng d ng mch cng hng ni tip
song song vi ti R|.

mc

t n s cng h ng ni tip ca m ch L.C|., tr k h n g ca n r t nh nn

ng n m ch cc srng hi c t n s bn g hay gn b n g s t n s (ng hng.

LK

d)

Ck

Rt

b)

Hnh 2.S( : Mch li i'iJi h loc cm; ltnrm;.

Ngoi ra cun L cn c tc d ng lc thm .

2.6.3. c uvn noi cu h cinh lu
Trong m ch chnh lu do c in tr th u n ca cc cun dy bin p, ca cc it
v ca cc p h n t b lc m c ni tip vi t i nn khi dng in ti
tng, in p
1 chiu ra ti
gim.
ng biu th q uan h gia U-, v

gi l c tuyn ngoi ca b chnh lu.

T c th biu th gi tr ca in p r a
u = E - ( 2 a U +

n h sau :
+ IR,,)

(2-267)

U3 l gi tr t r u n g bnh ca in p h tr n cc it ca m t v chnh lu :
l g i tr t r u n g bnh ca s t p tro n g cc cun s cp v th cp bin p khi c dng
din qua 1 v,
l s t p tr n p h n t lc m c ni tip.
0- KTDT-A

129

H nh 2.137 biu th cc c tuyn ngoi

ca b chnh lu hai 1/2 chu k vi cc b
lc khc nhau.
so s n h cc tr n g hp trn, cd th
cn c vo ;

u ,(y )
4-00

- in p r a khi k h ng ti E q
- dc ca c tuyn v d n g ca
chng :

oc m h T
2Q 0..

ng 1 ng vi tr n g hp khng lc,
in p khng ti b n g tr s tr u n g bnh
ca in p chnh lu v nh nh t. Trong
cc tr n g hp khc, do in tr tro n g ca
van ph thuc vo dng in ti n n c
tuyn hi cong, dc ca c tuyn r t
t nn in tr r a ca b chnh lu nh.

Khng /c
LocC (Lngc)

LocRC
100

50

lo
{ m A)

ln h 2. 3 7 : c Liycn ngoi ca h chnh lu.

ng 2 n g vi tr n g hp lc t c.
Do c t lc n n in p khng ti t n g
ln khi dng
t n g , ngoi r a n h h ng ca van, bin p, s p h d n g n h a n h ca t
C q u a ti c ng lm cho U q gim n h a n h hn khi khng lc.
ng 3 n g vi tr n g hp lc RC. Khi
tng, s t p tr n in tr lc R t n g
n h a n h n n in p r a t i
gim n h a n h n h t so vi cc tr n g hp nu y.
ng 4 ng vi tr n g hp lc LC (hnh L ngc). P h n c tuyn gim n h a n h
do dng t h a cho cun L cha gy s t p cm tnh. Sau
c n g vi s
t n g ca dng t h da cun L, s t p cm tn h tr n cun L v nh hng
ca nd t n g
ln lm cho Q gim ch m n h n g v n cd dc ln hn khi khng lc do cun L c
in tr 1 chiu.
ng 5 ng vi b lc hnh 71 g n ging vi tr n g hp lc
nh hng ch yu ca t c.

do c tu yn chu

N hn chung, dc ca c tuyn ngoi phn n h in tr ra (in tr tro ng ) ca

b chnh lu. Do yu cu ch u n g i vi m t ngun p, ch n g ta m o ng m un in tr
ny cng nh cn g tt.
2 ,6 .4 O n n h in p v d n g in

a - n nh in p
N him v n nh in p (gi t t l n
S li in th a y i, khi ti bin i (n h t
thc t. in tr r a ca b ngun cu ng cp
gia cc t n g , gia cc th i t b d n g ch u n g
Vic
n h t l
in t
ti tiu

p) m t chiu r a ti khi in p v t n
l i vi b n dn) r t th n g gp tro n g
yu cu nh, h n c h s ghp k sinh
ngun chnh lu.

n nh in p xoay chiu b n g cc b n p xoay chiu cd n h iu h n ch

khi in p li th a y i nhiu. D ng b n p m t chiu b n g phng php
c s d n g ph bin hn c bit khi cng s u t t i yu cu khng ln v
th tr c tip in p 1 chiu.

Cc ch tiu c b n ca m t b n p l :
- H s n p xc n h b n g t s gia lng bin th i n t n g i ca in p u
vo v in p u r a khi gi ti m t gi tr khng i.
130

9- KTDT-

dUvcA^vo
dUr./IJra

R, = const

(2-268)

P h n bit h s n p theo ng dy
Kdy y

u ra

% l h s n p theo ti K^i =

c xc nh khi dU va

v o

AU r a 2

u ra

10%

AU,^2 c xc nh khi AI,.^ =

- in tr r a c tr n g cho s bin th in ca in p r a khi dng in ti thay
i (ly gi tr tu y t i v th n g AU^,J > 0 khi AI( > 0)

dl,

Uy = const

(2-269)

- H iu s u t : o b n g t s cng s u t r a ti v cng s u t d a n h nh u vo :
n =

(2-270)
Uv

Iv

- Lng tri (lng khng n nh) ca dng (in p) m t chiu ra ti :

Cc d n g b n p tr n thc t c chia th n h ba loi chnh : n p kiu th a m

s, n p kiu b tu yn tn h v n p k i u b xung.
- On p kiu th a m s. Nguyn l v c tuyn ca b n p kiu th a m s dng
it z e n e r c nu 2.1.3.
y, chi cn nhc li vi n h n xt

chnh sau

+ Khi in p vo \J bin
i lng AU k h ln, t c tuyn it n p silic,
t a th y in p n nh bin i r t t v dng in q u a it t n g ln
kh ln.
Vy to n b lng t n g gim ca U h u nh h tr n
in p r a ti h u nh
khng i.
H- T rng hp nu nh \] = const v ch cd dng ti Ij t n g s gy nn s phn
phi li dng in. Khi
gim xung. K t qu l dng in
h u nh khng
th a y i v 2 gi khng i.
+ H s n nh ca m ch t l vi t s Rhc/^i
(rj l i n tr t r o n g c a p h n t n n h lc lm
vic) n g h a l T c ng nh cn g t t v gii h n tr n
ca
do dng
c a p h n t n nh q uyt nh.
Khi ci n n h in p cao q u in p n nh
c a it c t h m c ni tip 2 h a y nhiu it n p,
khi cd t h n h n c n hiu m c in p n nh
(h. 2.138).
B n p th a m s cd u im l m ch n gin,
ti t kim, k hu y t ixn ca nd l ch t lng n p
th p v k h n g th a y i c mc in p ra U 2 theo
yu cu.

n h 2..B : M ch dng nhiu n

n p Silic m c n i lip cho r
n h u m c in p n nh.

131

- n p loi b d n g b khuch d i c dii khin (phng php b tu y n tnh).

n n g cao c h t lng n nh, ngi ta d ng b n p kiu b (cn gi l n
p so sn h hoc n p cd hi tip). Ty theo phng php cu trc, b n p b co'
hai d n g c bn l kiu song song v kiu ni tip.
S khi b n p kiu song song c cho h n h 2.139, nguyn l lm vic ca
loi ny t ng t b n p th a m s tro n g p h n t n p mc song s o n g vi t i
c thay b n g p h n t iu chnh iu ti t dng in tro n g gii h n ci thi t
qua iu chinh gim p tr n in tr
theo xu hng b li :
= Uj do d, in p ra t i c gi khng i. B to in p ch u n a E^-.^ vo so snh
vi in p ra -. b so sn h v sai lch gia chng c khuch i nh khi
Y. in p ra ca Y s khng ch p hn
t iu chnh D. S bin i dng in ti
t 0
Iimax
t n g
ng dng in q u a p h n t iu chnh t
0.
dmax
H nh 2.139b biu th s khi b n
p b mc ni tip, tro n g p h n t iu
chnh D c m c ni tip vi ti, do d
dng in qua ti c ng gn b n g dng qua
D. Nguyn l ho t ng ca b n p da
tr n s bin i in tr tro n g ca n
iu chnh D theo m c sai ch ca in
p ra (sau khi c so s n h v khuch
i). V d do nguyn n h n no lm
cho 2 bin i, q u a m ch so sn h v
khuch i Y tn hiu sai lch s tc ng
vo B iu chnh D lm cho in tr ca
n bin i theo chiu hng l
tr n
hai cc ca
n b li s bin i ca U .
c : U-, = U - Ujyj. (h. 2.139b) do c
s bin i cng chiu
gia U v
2 s n nh hn.

b)

Hh 2..9 : a) S c khi h n p fnc s o f i i ' ;

h) S d khi h n p /nc ni ticp.

Trong hai s tr n , p h n t iu chnh gy ra t n hao ch yu v n n g lng

tro n g b n p v lm hiu s u t ca b n p khng
vt q u c 60%.
Trong s mc song song, cng sut tn hao ch
trn
v trn n iu chnh D l :
Pth -

yu xc nh

bng cng su t tn hao

( | - U2)(It + I d ) + 2lD

= ( , - 2)I, +
Trong s m c ni tip, cng s u t tn hao ch do phn t iu chnh q u yt nh :
Plh = (Ut - 2)It
Vy s ni tip cd t n hao t hn s song song m t lng l Uild n n hiu
s u t cao hn v n c d n g ph bin hn.
u im c a s s o n g s o n g l k h n g g y n g u y h i m khi q u t i v n l m n g n
m ch u ra. S ni ti p y u cu ph i cd th i t b bo v v khi q u t i, d n g q u a
n iu ch n h v q u a b ch n h lu s q u ln g y h n g n h oc b in p.

132

H inh 2.140 a ra m ch nguyn li

ca m t b n p cc tnh m b mc
ni tip cu to theo s khi 2,139b
nu trn.
Gi th it | gim, tc thi T gim,
gy nn s gim ca
in p so
sn h U| = U |,1 = |5|1 ca T, gim.
V vy , . ^ . gim, ^ 7 m hn nn U | . - >
tng- dng T 2 tng. Do
gim.
T

U .

V /
T

?
I L 0

/?/
1
T

Nu gia s' gim ca Uj

n hau, thi 2 = const

hng

Nu dng ti t n g
dn n in p
U-, gim tc thi th m ch ho t
ng
t n g t tr n s gi n nh 2-

Jnh 2. 4 0 : St d
l b n p h kiu
n i ti p (ii hn dn.

Cc t C| v C3 lc th m v kh dao ng k sinh, C2 n n g cao c h t lng

n n h i vi ce th n h p h n m t n nh bin i chm theo thi gian.
R-, thay
i mc in p ra dch im tr t xung th I 2I tng).
Lu : Khi cn n nh in p cc tn h dng, cn th a y i cc tra n z ito l loi
npn, i chiu it Dz v cc t ha tro n g s 2.140.
H s n n h ca m ch c tn h theo cng thc : [2, 7]
R,
=
Ty . A + R

'Vong

T^, T .

(2-271)

R 1 //R2

r,: I

1 +

I-B

>

l in tr vo, in tr baz v in tr colect ?2

A = 1 + +

l h s iu chnh, tro n g ;
- in tr ng ca
p h n p ] -, - h s khuch i dng in ca T 2.

; R j v R2 - in tr b

H s A nu ln nh hng ca it n p, ca T 2 n cht lng n nh. A

th n g cd gi tr 1,5 -r 2.
in tr ra ca b n p :
ri-:. Rc . Tv . A
R ra

(2-272)

RcriiB + rvTcA

Trong
R 1/ / R 2

rB
H s n n h c t h t vi tr m .

t p h n chc i p h n tr m m.

n n g cao c h t lng n nh c th d n g n h n g bin php sau y :

-- T n g h s khuch i b n g cch d n g 2 hay 3 t n g khuch i hoc th a y T
b n g tra n z ito m c t hp cd ln c 10^^
10*^.
133

+ K h tri in p do vic d n g b khuch i ghp tr c tip b n g cch d ng

s khuch i vi sai cd b nhit nh hnh 2.141a. in p n nh do D to ra c
a vo Bi ca Ti : in p hi tip a vo B2 ca T 2, in p ra ca m ch khuch
i vi sai ly tr n colect ca T 2 (u ra khng i xng) a vo k h ng c h T 3. Do
mch vi sai c tri theo nhit r t nh nn ch t lng n nh c t n g ln.

C)

u..

n h 2 .1 4 1 : C c h n p c h i n ; c a o
a ) S o di; K f ) c n b m ; ;
i>^ S d n g H^ti n n h p h :

c)

S d

ii

vi m c h .

+ D n g ngun 1 chiu n nh ph U 3 cung cp cho Ti ngun ny n n h theo

s bin th i n ca t i v ngun n n ch t lng n nh t n g ln.
+ D n g b khuch i th u t ton. H nh 2.141c biu th kiu m ch n y d n g vi
m ch A 741 th a y cho n khuch i T- Do vi m ch c h s khuch i ln, n
nh cao n n c h t lng b n p tn g. Trong s , D 2 n nh in p m t chiu
cho u vo khng o 3. in p ra ca /A741 ly chn 6 c a vo khng
ch T.Di l n n p c t c d n g nh mc in p t u r a ca /A741 vo baz
ca tr a n z ito T.
u im chung ca cc b n p theo phng php b lin tc l cht lng n nh
cao v cho php thay i c mc in p ra trong 1 di n h t nh. T\iy nhin hiu sut
n n g l ng th p (di 50%) do t n hao cng s u t ca ngun 1 chiu tr n b n nh
t ng i ln. n n g cao c h t lng n p c bit l di iu chnh in p ra,
n n h ca in p r a c ng n h n n g cao hiu s u t n n g lng, hin nay ngi
ta s d n g phng php n p b khng lin tc (hay th n g gi l n p xung).
- n p x u n g
+ N gu yn l ch u n g :
c i m q u a n tr n g n h t ca b n p b tu y n tn h l s sai lch in p ra
c t lin tc ln m t tra n z ito cng s u t iu khin, b li sai lch ny v gi
tr in p ra sau b n nh :
^ra

vi u^rnin

134

^ n n h

^ v o m in

i tr nh n h t ca in p a ti b n nh.

 cc b n p xung, ngi ta
th ay tra n z ito iu khin b n g m t b c h u y n m ch
xung. Tr s t r u n g bnh (1 chiu) ca in p li r a c iu chnh n h vic ng
hay m chuyn m ch theo 1 chu k xc nh v vi thi gian ng hay m cd th
iu chnh c theo mc sai lch ca
Nu t b chuyn m ch in t
m ch th cp ca bin p ngun, ta n h n c b n p x u n g th cp. T ro n g tr n g
hp ngc li, nu m ch s cp, t a c b n p x u n g s cp.
gim nh cng s u t t n hao ca bin p, ngi t a chn t n s l m vic ca
chuyn m ch cao (vi kH z n vi chc kHz). B ng cch d, kch thc, tr n g lng
bin p gim vi l n v hiu s u t n n g lng ch u ng ca b n p c th t ti tr n
80%.
Cc ch uy n m ch in t l cc tra n z ito cng s u t lm vic c h ng x u n g (hoc
cc tra n z ito ). Vic iu k h i n ng m tra n z ito c th c hin nh 1 x u n g v u n g gc
a ti baz, c chu k x u n g khng i. Tn ti 3 k h n n g iu k h i n tr a n z ito ch uy n
m ch l :
Thay i xn g vung (tng n g vi thi gian m hay ni m ch c a tra n z ito )
theo mc sai lch ca
nh iu chnh c in p ra m t m c n nh.
T h ay i tr n g ca x u n g vung (tng ng vi thi gian khda h ay n g t m ch
ca tranzito)^
Thay i ng thi c r n g v tr n g ca x u n g iu khin. T n g n g
3 k h n n g tr n cd 3 d n g m ch nguyn l th c hin nh sau (kiu th cp).
+ P h n g php th a y i rn g x ung :
S khi ca phng php ny cho tr n hnh 2.142.

I____________________

/ukhn
Hnh 2.142 : B n p xung th c p theo p h n g p h p ieu chnh rn xung iLi khin.

c i m k t cu ca phng php ny tra n z ito ch u y n m ch T, cu n c h n L

v ti m c ni tip n hau, it m c song song vi ti.

T ranzito T lm vic nh 1 khda in t m hoc khoa vi t n s k h n g i

(khong 2 0 kH z) do khi to xu n g nhp ca p h n iu k h i n to ra. P h n iu khin
th c hin vic so s n h in p ra ya vi 1 in p c h u n
(do khi t o in p
c h u n t o ra), k t q u sai lch c khi K khuch i sau iu c h r n g xung
to r a x u n g vung c rn g th a y i (ti khi to x u n g iu k h i n ) tr c khi
a ti k h a tra n z ito iu ti t k h o n g thi gian m ca n. Trong k h o n g thi
135

gian ngh ca xu n g iu khin, dng in ra c m bo nh t lc c v cun chn

L. it D dng n g n nga vic xut hin in p t cm trn cun L q u ln lc
chuyn m ch tra n z ito chuyn t m san g kha v do bo v tra n z ito khi qu p
nh th n g
Mt tro n g n h n g phng n n gin
iu ch r ng xung l dng xung
tam gic c chu k v bin khng i
ao sn h vi in p cn n nh nh minh
ha tr n hnh 2.143.
Vic phn tch chi tit s khi
hnh 2.142 qua gin in p v dng
in (tm phng trn h (t) v I (t) qua
xc nh dng tuyn tnh I] (t) v AI )
cho php r t ra cc kt lun chnh i vi
phng php ny l :
+ T s
0

t l vi

v do

s: T nn 0

Tc l di iu chnh ca in p ra
n nh nm tro n g gii h n (0 -r
in p ra sau b n p lun khng ln
hn in p vo.

itii 2.4 S : MI ph(/n p h p ({'u ch (i rm^

xuii n h xum; chuti (/ti li iic.

+ Dng tr u n g bnh q u a tra n z ito chuyn m ch (l dng in vo) lun nh hn dng

ra ti :
< 1,.,^.
+ B n p n h n n n g lng ca m ch vo
di d n g khng lin tc v
chuyn n n g lng 1 chiu ra ti di d n g lin tc theo thi gian).
- Phng p h p deu c h in h d rng x u n g
S khi ca phng
php ny c cho tr n
hnh 2.144.
c im k t cu ca
phng php ny l cun
chn L it bo v v
ti mc ni tip nhau.
Tranzito chuyn m ch T
mc song song vi ti phn
cch qua it. Vic phn
tch nguyn l ho t ng
tng t n h tr n , q u a
c th r t ra cc n h n
xt chnh sau :

Ul

+ 0---l

-h

^------------------

---- p u ra

L
-------------- 1
Phn
UeI iu khh I
L _ _______ 1

r
T

hh 2.144 : Phirn;

ylip (iu

r^

4c

chinh (i rti^ xu;.

+ Do s d n g tn h ch t t cm ca cun chn L, c kh n n g n h n c
>
Uvo t s
t l vi
V u t^ha ^ T nn
< 00 tc l
phng php ny cho php n h n c in p ra ln hn in p vo b n nh hay
di iu chnh r n g hn. iu ny c th gii thch tm t t do c hin t ng tch ly
n n g lng t tr n g tro n g cun L lc tra n z ito m (tng ng vi k h ong thi gian

136

^nii ^
xung) khi khda, ng t ti khi mch vo. Khi tra n z ito kha (tng
ng vi khoig thi gian
n n g lng ca
kt hp vi n n g lng
ca U qua it (lc ny m) np cho t c v cung cp
cho ti.
-- N n g lng ca ngun Uy lin tc cung cp cho b n p (trn cun L) v vic
truyn n n g lng ra ti xy ra di d n g xung khng lin tc.
- Phng p h p diu c h in h ng thi rng v rng xu n g
S khi th c hin
phng n ny cho trn
hnh 2 145.

c im k t cu y
U\/o
l tra n z ito ch uyn nich
- ^
v it mc ni tip vi
ti cun chn L mc song
song vi ti phn cch qua
phn iu khin
it. Khi tra n z ito m,
dng do
cun g cp cho
cun L tch ly n n g lng
t trng. it lc ny
nh 2. 45 : Phng ph p it ii chnh m;
kha n g t p h n trc n
khi mch ti, t c c
np y t trc phdng in qu a m ch ti, cung cp j.y.

ura

h i

Khi tra n z ito kha (ng vi khong thi gian khng c x un g iu khin), tr n L
x u t hin sc in ng t cm chiu ngc li vi
lm it m gii phng
n n g ng t cun L n p cho c v cung cp cho mch ti.
Qua vic ph n tch c m y n h n xt sau :
+ in p J v
ngc cc tnh vi
do ti u ra ta n h n c in
p tr n ti ngc cc tnh vi
hay b n p c tc d ng o du in p vo
cn n nh.
+ in p r a c xc nh theo h thc :

u ra

^m

UvH

^kha

v
v
lun bin i t l ngc (do chu k T l h n g s), di cho php n h n
in p r a l 0 ^ lUp^l < O hay phng php ny cho kh n n g iu chnh
rng
n h t tro n g s 3 phng php trn h by.
+ N n g lng t m ch vo cung cp cho b n p di d n g xu ng vo b n p
truy n n n g lng r a ti cng di dn g xu ng.'
- P h ng p h p n p x u n g s cp.
S khi ca phng php n nh s cp cho tr n hnh 2.146.
Mch hnh 2.146 ho t ng nh sau : in p li c n n tr c tip nh 1 cu
chnh lu th n h in p 1 chiu 2 U^^, q u a b chia p chuyn th n h in p i x n g
(c 150V) cung cp cho 2 tra n z ito chuyn m ch Tj v T 2. Tj v ?2 ln lt
lm vic kiu y ko nh 2 dy x u n g iu khin ngc pha n h a u c t n
s cao
(khong 5 -- 50kH z) do khi ti v chia x u ng iu kh in to ra sau khi qua mch
p h n cch. Cc x u n g iu k h i n c r ng th a y i theo quy lu t sai lch c a in
137

<5

n h 2.146 : Phi; p h p n p xu n g k i u s cp.

p r a
(ging nh phng php n n h k i u thi cp ndi tr n ). N h Tj v T 2
in p
ln lt c a ti 1 bin p x u n g v t i th c p c a nd q u a m t
m ch chnh lu hai n a chu k, v 1 kh u lc LC, t a n h n c in p r a c
n nh. c im chnh ca ph n g p h p n y l y s d n g b i n p x u n g lm
vic t n s cao n n kt cu gn v t n h ao nh. M ch cch ly p h n cch in
th gia m ch th v s cp bo v khi iu k h i n khi n h h n g c a n p (th ng
d n g ghp bin p hay ghp option).
im lu cui cng l tro n g t t c cc p h n g p h p nu, cd t h th a y khda
c huyn m ch tra n z ito b n g cc khd a tir is to (xem p h n 2.7 ti p sau). Khi d, ch cn
iu chinh thi i m x u t hiu x u n g iu k h i n m cho tiristo (th a y v iu k h i n
rng ca xung vung iu k h i n k h a tra n z ito ) n h cc m c h to x u n g iu kh in
thch hp.
b - n n h d n g in
Trong n h n g th i t b in t c c h n h xc, n n h cao, ng oi yu cu n
nh in p r a ti cn c yu cu n n h d n g i n q u a m t m c h t i no . P h n
di y cp ti m t vi ph ng p h p n dng.
- n n h d n g in q ua m t m c h ti (khi in p n g u n h a y khi tr s ti
th a y i) ta c t h d n g p h n t n d n g n h b a re tte . D n g c n y g m c m t si
dy s t hay vo nfram t tro n g bdng th y tin h c h a hir. K hi c d n g in q u a b a re tte ,
si dy c n u n g n n g lm cho in tr c a n bin i. c tu y n c a b a r e tte c
v tr n hnh 2.147a. K^hu vc lm vic c a b a r e tte l o n AB tr o n g d khi i m lm
vic ca b a re tte bin i th dng q u a nd h u n h k h n g i.
H nh 2.147b b i u th m ch in d n g b a r e t t e n n h d n g q u a
gi s Uy
t n g th in tr c a B c n g t n g (do n b n u n g n n g hn), s t p tr n B t n g b
li s t n g ca u^, dng ni tip q u a B v Rj gi n nh. B a r e tt e m bo s n
nh dng in vi chnh xc 1% khi in p n g u n b i n i (10-15% ) cc
th a m s ca p h n t b a re tte l cc cp gi t r i n p v d n g n g vi cc i m A,
B, c tr n h n h 2.147a.
- Tranzito n h m t ngu n dng d i n
Mt phng ph p ph bin hn n n h d n g in l s d n g tra n z ito lm vic
on n m n g a n g c a c tuyn r a c a no. Khi d, in tr vi p h n c a tra n z ito
138

kh ln (l yu c u c n t h i t i vi 1 n g u n d n g g n vi l tng) tro n g khi in

tr 1 chiu li nh.

b)
^
Ugmin

^
U gd

/f

n h 2 .J 4 7 : a) D c lu v n V - A ca hareiie ; h) M ch di n dng harette d e n dng.

H nh 2 .148 a r a m t m c h n d n g n gin d n g tra n z ito m c theo s EC

c hi tip m d n g i n tr n Rp, i n tr t i c m c ni tip vi tra n z ito m ch
colecto.

----------c

+
Ura

Ub
T
R

S l ra
Ue

Re

^S

C)

t)

H n h 2 .1 4 8 : M ch n d n g iit^ r u n z iio ch d khni h o ha.

Khi
> U q p bo ha, d n g in m c h r a Ij, = 1^3 Ig g n nh khng thay
i cho ti khi tr a n z ito b bo h a ;
Ira -

Ie

Rr.E

Uj3 ~ U g g o
R,

(2-273)

in tr tr o n g c n g u n d n g khi c x c nh bi [4]
dU ra

V d vi

Ij-3 = Im A
R e = 5kQ
U e = 5V

= rcE

1 +

^E
( R j / / R 2 ) + r g j7 + R p

(2-274)

T(- = lOOkQ

= 300
139

25mV
-111A == 7,5kQ

R /7 R . = OkQ
ta nhn c gi tr ni tr ngun l
r, = 7,6 MQ
tr n h nh hng ca R| // R-* lm gim r,, R-> c thay bn g it n p Di
n nh in p U v cd tc d n g b nht cho U|, (h. 2.148b).
C th d n g F E T loi th ng m (JFE T )
2.148 c, d khi ni tr ngun dng c xc

lm
nh

phn t n dng
bi :

M.Rc^ = rj3^(l -+ SR^)

n h tr n hnh
(2-2 75 )

vi
l in tr m n g - ngun lc
= 0 v s l dc h dn) ca c tnh
truyn t, ca FET. Th ng gi tr ni tr ca ngun d n g loi ny th p hn 1
2 cp so vi loi d n g BST.
n n g cao c h t lng n nh ca dng in tr n Rp ngi ta s d u n g cc
mch dng kiu "gng dng in" nh biu th tr n hxih2.149 a
v b.
Vi m ch 2.149 (a) t n g t nh tr n , dng
I., = I|
Do U|, t n g 2mV/C
nn vic a th m it
vo n h n h cd R s b
in p U
ln 1 lng
tng ng (theo nh it ),
hay lc I) = t^.()>
r t ra :

ra c xc nh

Iv R2
R,

'

in

bi :

(2-276)

Iv

Ue

ra

3)

N gha l dng in
mch ra t l vi dng
mch vo (cng t l
do ny mch cd tn
"gng dng in".

ni 2. 14^) : S (

(U/ d<rn ii.

Trong m ch 2.149 b, it D c th a y t h bng T ni theo kiu it. C h ca

T l bo ha v U(-.|.;i = U|,.;, = U^Hbhoa
V
v

Ubi;i = Uji;2 n n I,| = I|32 = I r

Ici

Suy ra :

Ic2

= hi-

, =

+ 21,

Ira = z h V vi
ta c
140

ra

+ 2 ^

(2-278)

n gha tr n 2 n h n h vo v ra c s cn b n g dng in ; mch cho k h n n g im

vic c khi R|. = 0. Tuy nhin vic c th m R|,- s b sai lch gia T | v T-) cng
nh lm t n g ni tr ca ngun dng.
- lgun n dng d n g C tuyn tn h
Mt phng ph p khc n nh
dng in cd s d n g IC tuyn
tn h cuc cho tr n hnh 2.150.

2.

Mch hnh 2.150 cho dng in

ra ti khng ph thuc vo
in f.p r a U-) m ch c iu
chnh bi in p vo , nu
chn 'J =
th
n nh.
Ta hy xc nh dng 1-, :
T nt N c :
u ,-a

u .

u.
R

^2

= 0

Ti l t p c

2 - Up

R,

R,

Un, - ,

Ti lt. A c

R,

t iu kin Up = u
I. =

u , - u,,

2R:

= 0

u - u

R.

vi ch khuch i ca IC, U,..J = U-> + U^i gii tm

2R ,R ,

u, +

R, + R,

R + 2R-.

2 R | R 3

2 R |R 2

(2-279a)

b ng cch chn
t
=

C 1-,2 =

(R,

+ R,)

(2-279b)

tc l I2 khng ph thuc vo Un
u

Nu chn R 2 R j

(2-280)

th t 2.279b) c : R-) = R 3
khi , iu chnh chnh xc R3 c th t c tr k h n g ra r t ln v dng in
ra I2 k i n g ph thuc vo in p ra U 2. Tuy nhin I 2 cd ph thuc yu vo Rj v
kh: phc nhc im ny ngi ta d n g cc m ch phc t p c s d n g 2 hay
n hiu c tu y n tn h, hoc k t hp vic d n g IC v tra n z ito ngun dng.
2 .6 .5 B n p tu y n tn h IC

ihu nh kch thc c ng nh chun ha cc th a m s ca cc b n p m t

chiu k u b tu y n tn h ngi ta ch to c h n g di d n g vi mch, nh vic s
141

d ng cng d d n g hn. Cc b IC n p tr n th c t cng bao gm cc p h n chnh

l b to in p chun, b khuch i tn hiu sai lch, tra n z ito iu chnh, b 'h n
ch dng (tro n g p h n ln cc n p u c b h n ch dng).
Cc IC n p th n g bo m dng r a khong t lOOmA n lA in p ti 50V,
cng s u t tiu t n k h o n g 500 - 800 mW. H in nay ngi ta cng c h t o cc IC n
p cho dng ti lOA, in p t 2-50V. Cc loi IC n p in hn h th n g d n g l :
LM105, LM309, /^A723, LM323, LM345, LM350, LM337, LM338, Seri 78H00...
Ty thuc vo yu cu v cc th a m s k th u t nh in p ra, dng ra, h s n
nh in p, kh n n g iu k h i n in p ra, di n h i t lm vic, ngun c u n g cp,
n nh theo thi gian v.v... M ngi ta ch to ra n hiu loi (c cu tr c m ch
bn tr o n g ) k h c n h a u , vi 3 h o c 4 c h n r a g i p cho vic s d n g n h t sc
t h u n ti n .
a - Loi IC n p 3 chn ni (h.2.151) (u ra, u vo v t). Loi n y th n g
cho ra m t in p c nh. i din
cho loi n y l Seri 7800 hay 7900.
in p r a c ch bng 2 s' cui
cng ca k hiu, v d 7 8 0 5 (n p
(0 -//)
t^7Tj5v
5V) ; 7812 (+ 12V) ; 7815 (+ 15V) ;
7818 (+ 18V) ; 7824 (+ 24V).
0,1/ ( F
T in C
qu trn h q u
ra ca m ch
dng in ra,

= 0,1
v gi
nh
ph bin

ci thin
cho in tr
t n s cao,
^ lA.

lnh 2.757 ; S d ngun n p dng C lo i 7800.

Seri 7900 t n g t n h Seri 7800

n h n g cho in p r a m.
b - Loi C n p bn c h n ni :
(h. 2.152) : Loi n y c th m m t u
ra d n g iu c h n h (u Y).

Hnh 2.152 : S nguii n p 4 chn n i

(loi f.iA 78G).

Loi IC n p ny th n g d n g tro n g
n h n g tr n g hp yu cu in p u
r a c th th a y i c, hoc c n tin h
chnh cho t h t chnh xc.

c - Loi IC n p 3 chn ni ra c diu c h n h (h. 2.153) :

IZ

7 /l^/i5 ,

n h 2.153Q.C n p c ieii chinh.

142

Loi ny cn d ng khi in p ra cd th iu chnh c. Loi C ny th d n h

LM 317 khng c chn ni t, m th a y vo d chn Y. Nh c p h n p
R2.
Dng ra ti u Adj r t nh (50 - 100/yA). in p tr n R l 1,25V tc l dng qua
R | l 5mA. in p ra c th iu chnh tro n g k hong
(2-281)

1 ,25 (1

y m c in p c h u n
= 1,25V l do 1 ng n p kiu ngun gng dng
in to ra, n m bn tro n g cu tr c ca LM317 cd d n g tng t nh LM113X
Trong tr n g hp c th ny in p ra c th iu chnh tro n g ph m vi t 1,25V
n 25V.

/r - (/,25 : 2 5 ) V
I r a = j5 A ( c o t h t)

nh 2 . 5 j ) \ f C n p c cii chinh.

d ~ t n g d n g ti d u ra ngi ta cd t h mc th m tra n z ito iu chnh phi

hp vi IC n p (h.2.154a) hoc n n g cao in p u ra bng cch u thi 2
(h.2.154b), khi o :
U ra

Uv
o--

u .

Uvd
~-----1 1

I-J

sa

' 78 XX

_____ 1
(5 A )

Ura
78KK
...........
J

h
Hnh 2.154 : C n p dng thm tranzito ngoi lng n g s dng (a)
hay n^ di t zener (i nng m c ra (h).

e Cu trc in h n h bn trong ca C n p c cho tr n hnh 2.155 (loi

^/A7800, //A78G)

Vi loi cu tr c 3 ch n ra (khng c chn s 4) cc in tr hi tip R ,

c ch to ngay bn tro n g v IC (wA 7800). Cn vi loi c cu tr c 4 chn, cc

143

baz ca T 2 c ng a ra u R|, R-, t ngoi, khi d c th chn (hoc

iu chnh) mc in p ra ly ti chn 2 :
( 1 + 1

(2-28 2 )

chng hin t n g qu ti (ngn mch ti hay t n g qu nic in p vo)

ngi ta a vo cc khu mch bo v q u p (dng R;, Zn) v bo v q u dng
(dng R3, R^) kt hp vi tra n z ito T 3.

Uvao y-

U rd

Hnh 2.5 5 : S( d o ct trc (lien hnh C n p.

Dng cc baz ca cp tra n z ito iu chnh D a rling t n T 4 T 4 c du y tri khng

vt q u gii h n lnrax
dng
p h n dng ca
lc q u p hay
qu dng. T d dng in li ra :
^
Bnh th n g T 3 tr n g thi kha nh vic chn R3R4 thch
hp. Khi s t p
trn R3 t n g ln do q u dng t ti gi tr
^ 0,6V, T 3 chuyn s a n g m, ngn
ngCa s gia t n g tip t c ca dng T ^. T d mc h n ch dng ra xc nh bi :
^ram;ix

0,6V
R,

(ch r n g mc h n dng ny ch thch hp khi

gim i do nh hng ca R4R5).

(2 - 283)
nh, cn khi

ln n s

Cng s u t nh it tiu t n cc i tr n T*4T 4 xc nh t h thc

^ramax ( ^ v o T ~ ^ r a )

V n h n g nguyn n h n khng m on g mun, m ch ra b chp ( j-3 0) Ipy T hay

in p li vo t n g q u cao u d n ti kh n n g b qu n h it gy h hng cho
T ^T^. Mch d n g D Z2 v R 5 c t c d n g bo v T 4 khi cc nguyn n h n iy.

144

- Nu u,,.,,, - ,.,| < U ( l gi tr in p nh th n g Zener ca DZ-,), so

khng c dong qua R<; v chi mch hn ch
hot ng lc q u dng.
- Nu
- Uj-.,
Uy nhnh DZ-,,
dn dng, qua phn p R4.T5 t. 1 in
p dng ln
lm n m ngay c khi dng tr n
cha t ti tr
khng tha mn).
o' lm gim dng ra k c khi iu kin
2.7. PH N T N H I U MT G H P P -N
Mt n g d ng qu an tr n g khc l cc m ch chnh lu C khng ch cu to t cc
d n g c nhiu m t ghp p -n . Cc d n g c chinh lu c khng ch u c cu tr c
dng bn lp b n dn cng ngh p - n - p - n xp lin tip nhau.
2.7./. Nuyn l lm vic, c uyn v ham s ca tiristo
a - Tristo c ch to
t
bn
lp
bn
dn
P|-n-p-.-n-> t xen k nhau
(trn N in
tr cao, to
ra 2 !p

0^

p t , sau

< 1

tip N I ^ ). Gia cc !p bn
dn ny
hnh th n h cc
chuyn tip p - n ln lt l
J |, J->, J 3 v ly ra 3 cc l
a n t (A), kat t (K) v cc
khng ch G (h.2.156a.

D tin cho vic phn tch

nguyn lm vic ca tiristo,
hay t n g tng 4 lp bn dn
ca tiristo c th chia th n h hai
cu tr c tra n z ito Pip- v nip^n^
nh hnh 2.156b vi s ni th ng
cc min N | v P-, gia chng. T
c th v c s tng
ng n h hnh 2.156c. K hiu
quy c c a tiristo cho tr n hnh
2.156d.
b - c tuyn V n -A m p e ca
tiristo c d n g n h hlnh 2.157 v
chia th n h 4 vng r rt. Trc
tin hy x t tr n g hp phn cc
ngc tiristo vi
< 0. c
tn h on ny cd th coi nh
ca 2 it phn cc ngc m c
ni tip ( J | v J;). D ng qua tiristo
chnh l d ng d ngc ca it
(ging h t n h dng ngc bo ha
ca it). N u t n g in p ngc
d n n m t gi tr n h t nh th

10 - KIUT-A

yi'T

G ,

c)

i 2 . X ) : Cu rc ~ l p p - n t tiristo fi. h) :
Stf ( /ti dr<fn\^ c v k hicu luy (c ca iristo (().

ac n
1hu3n

?
i

Min dn
ihun

H Z lZ I Z E Z h

AK

^1
I
0 2

T
chn ngc
A-

r ~ r Vfb
Vi i/f

Min chn 1hun

a a

T -h
) V
-I- C 1uyn ngc

t
V

nh 2.157 : i)c lUYcn vnn-ampc ca tiristd.

145

2 ch u y n tip J | , J 3 s ln lt b n h th n g theo c ch th c l v c c h Zener,

dng nguc q u a tiris to t n g ln t. ngt (dng ny do c c h n h t h n g J;, quyt
nh). N u k h n g cd bin ph p n g n ch n th dng ngc ny s lm h n g tiristo.
Vng c tuyn ngic ca tiristo tr c khi b n h th n g gi v n g chn ngc.
Khi p h n cc th u n tiristo (vi
> 0), u tin hy xt tr n g hp cc G h
m ch (!(' = 0 )j c h u y n tip J j v
lc nv c p h n cc th u n cn
phn cc
ngc. Khi 4- u
cn nh, dng q u a tiristo quyt nh ch yu bi dng d ngc
ca J->. Xt. c h n g cho c tiris.to th d n g in chy q u a tiristo lc ny l dng d
th u n
Gi tr i n hnh ca dng d ngc ^) v d n g d th u n l^) khong
IOOnA. N u I(; = 0 th dng d th u n s gi nguvn gi tr ban u. Khi t n g
ti gi tr xp x in p n h th n g ch u y n tip J->. in p th u n n g vi gi tr
ny gi l in p n h th n g th u n ^I . Ni m t cch khc, khi in p t h u n t n g
n gi tr ny, d n g
tro n g tiristo ln dn ti lm cho Q | v Q t r c n g s
t ng n g (h.2.156c) m v lp tc ch u y n s a n g tr n g th i bo ha. T iris to chuyn
san g tr n g th i m. Ni tr ca n t ngt gim i, in p s t tr n 2 cc A v K
cng gim x u n g n gi tr U, gi l in p d n th u n . P h n g ph p c h u y n tiristo
t kha s a n g m b n g cch t n g d n
gi l kch ni b n g in p th u n .
Nu I(- khc 0, d n g
do (;^ c u n g cp s c n g vi d n g ngc vn c trong
tiristo
lm cho Q:, cd th m ngay in p u .XK nh hn n h iu gi tr kch m lc
1(1 = 0. D ng Q cn g ln th ,^^ cn th i t t n g ng m tiris to c n g nh. (
y c n g c n ni th m r n g cho d ngay t u in p
c u n g cp m t dng
ln hn d n g m cc ti u ca Q-., n h n g in p
vn ch a ln phn
cc th u n Q| v Q th tiristo cng vn cha ni),
. N h tr n h n h 2.157 mc dng k h ng c h I(- t n g t I(J n
t n g n g vi
nic in p
g im x u ng t | ti U4. y l p h ng p hp kch ni tir is to bng
dng tr n cc iu k h i n . in p d n th u n U, c th vit. U. = I + |,-> =
=
+ U ( ' . . i vi v t liu silic th in p bo ha ca tr a n z ito silic vo c
0,2V cn U |. n h b i t vo c 0,7V ; nh vy suy ra . = 0,9V. Trn p h n c
tuyn th u n , p h n m tristo ch a m gi l m i n chn th u n , m i n tiristo m gi
l m in d n th u n (h.2.157). Q uan s t m in c h n th u n v m i n c h n ngtc c a tiristo
thy nd cd d n g ging n h c tu y n ngc c a it chnh lu th n g th ng.
Sau khi cc iu kin kch thch m k t th c, m u n duy tr cho tir is to lun m th
phi m bo cho d n g th u n I|. ln hn m t gi tr n h t n h gi l d n g ghim I4
(l gi tr cc ti u c a d n g th u n I| ). N u tr o n g q u trn h tiris to m,
vn c
duy tr th gi tr d n g ghim t n g n g s gim i khi dng
t n g (h.2.157). Trong
cc s ta y th u y t m in h cc n h sn x u t cn k hiu I ] ( ' ch dng ghim khi cc
G h m ch v lix ch dng ghim c bit khi gia cc G v K c ni n h a u bng
in tr p h n cc c bit.
c - H a i cp th a m s q uan trng c n ch khi chn cc tir is to l d n g in v
in p cc i m tir is to cd t h l m vic k h n g b n h th n g ngc v n h th n g
th u n tr n h by
tr n . in p d n th u n cc i m bo cho tiristo c h a m
theo chiu th u n c h n h l ih p th u n , in p n y th n g c k hiu l
hoc
i vi
tr n g hp G ni vi in tr p h n cc. Vi ng h a t n g t,
ngi t a n h n g h a i n p c h n ngc cc i
v
d n g i n th u n
cc i. C n g s u t t n h ao cc i F.jjyj l c n g s u t ln n h t cho p h p khi tiris to
lm vic, in p cc k h n g c h U q l m c in p n g n g c n m tir is to khi
U ak = 6V.

N h n g th a m s v a n u tr n y th n g c cho tr o n g cc s ta y n h i t 25 c.

146

l-Ki-B

Vi cc tiristo lm vic ch' x u n g t n s cao cn phi (uan tni en thi Kan

dng ni tiristo
l thi gian c h uy n t tr n g th i n g s a n g tr n g thi m v t^
l thi gian chu yn t t r n g th i m s a n g tr n g thi ng ca tiristo.
2 . 7 .2 .

C c m ach

k K n i

c h i n hinh (ln^ iiriso

a - M ck c h in h u c k h n g ch ki p h a x u n g
^Tch khn g ch x u n g n gin n h t c trin h bv tr n hnh 2,158 Nu cc G
ca tiristo tro n g mch k tr n lun c phn cc ' cho tiristo th n g thi vai tr ca
tiririlo c n g ging n h mt V'an chinh lu th n g thng. Khi t vo ft' (i nit chui
x u n g kch thch lm tiristo chi m ti n h n g thi im n h t nh (cng vi chu ki
dng ca in p ngun t. vn :int) th d n g in p ra tr n ti ciia tiristo khng
phi l ton b ci'
na chu ki dng
nh cc mch
"1
/

i
chinh
lu
t.hng
Uk
th ng Ii tuy theo
20 U S
^
q u a n h pha gia
- *H K I
x u ng kich v in p
Ua k
l
ngun, ch c t n g
R
UR
p hn ca n a chu k
d ng
nh
hinh
3 I
2.158. m inh ha
hot ng hy xt.
/ n l 2.
e he V/H^ (trn -^Iin
S (/ iln
l : h) )fi^ ifit'n p.
Vi d : m ch chnh
lu c khng ch hnh 2.158a vi bin in p xoay chiu u vo l 30V, in tv
ti l 15Q, R = IkQ . Hy xc nh loi tiristo cn th i t cho s . tin h dng in
v in p m tiristo t vo cc G xc nh in p kich m t vo ant ca tiristo.
(ii : D xc nh tiristo thch hp cho m ch, trc
phi m bo lun n g khi ch a c x u n g krh thch t
c hn th u n Ga n
phi ln hn bin cc i
30V) ; chn tiristo c
= 50V. By gi xt ti iu

ht cn lu y t.iristo
vo C I C G. N gha l in p
ca in p ngun
>
kin dng ti cc i lp).

n g vi in p vo cc i, in p trn ti s l :
E,. - ,^^
Uk =

- ^ . \ K do I|, =

khi tiristo m, in p gia cc ant. v k at t ca tiristo

c th tnh :

i n hnh l IV, do

= (30V - 1VV15Q = 1,93A

Gi tr hiu d n g cc
i cho php ca d ng th u n tiristo C 6F l 1,6A. N h
d n g tiristo C6 F tr o n g tr n g hp ny
l thch hp.

vy

D xc nh c in p v d n g cc G, c n s d n g c tu yn V n-A m pe ngun
kch thch cc G n g vi t n g x u n g c a tiristo CGF cn c vo s tay tr a cu bit
ng vi r n g x u n g 20//S thi Uc, = 0,5V v l o 0,1A.
D ng kch m cc G cn c vo s nguyn l b n g :
h

Ig

r , v Ir . = Uc/R j

147

do :
Lj. =

+ (Uf-/Rj) = 0,01mA + (0,5V/kQ) = 0,51mA.

Vy in p kch m cc G l ( = 0,5V dng kch m cc G l L- = 0,51mA.

Nh tr n bit tir is to r ng khi d ng ti
nh hn dng Ij, theo s tay tra
cu i vi C6 F th = mA. T s m ch khng ch bit e^, = .^^ + IR =
= 1V - r (lmA.15Q> = 1,015V. Nh vy tiristo s ng khi Gy h xung nh hn 1,015V.
b - M.cfi kh n g ch p k a 9* (1.2A59)

CSX

T"

V k
H

A. J
90 \

! 90 \

-,L

L._

b)
a)
/ih

2. 5 ^

: M c h k h n n y , chC p h a

yc/'.

Dng kch m cc G c ly t ngun cu ng cp qua in tr R . Nu Rj c

iu chnh n gi tr in tr nh th tiristo s m h u nh ng thi vi na chu
ki dng t vo ant. Nu R| c iu chnh n
mt gi tr ln thch hp th
tiristo ch m na chu k dng lc e^, n gi tr cc i. Diu chnh in tr R|
trong khong 2 gi tr ny tiristo c th m vi gc pha t 0 - 90V N tai gc pha
90" m
khng m tiristo thi n cng khng th m c b t c gc pha no vi
ti gc pha 90" dng
c cng ln n h t
it j bo v tiristo khi n a chu k m ca ngun in t vo cc G.
T hnh 2.159 c t h th y r n g tro n g khong thi
qua Rj, Dj v R . Bi vy khi tiristo m cd th vit :

gian tiristo ni, d ng q chy

"* U p i +
M

- I qR

Uq
(2-284)

(}

\ /

V d vi s nguyn l ca m ch khng c h pha nh hnh 2 -1 5 9 , in p

ngun xoay chiu cd bin l 30V, in tr
ti 15Q. Xc nh khong iu chnh ca
R | c th m tiristo
ti b t ki gtc no
tro n g k hong 5 - 9 0 '. B it r n g dng m
cc G l lOO^A, v
in p cc G l 0,5V.
Gii : Ti 5 th
tn h c :

= 30sin5" = 30. 0,0872 = 2,6V. p d n g b i u th c (2 -3 7 0 )

= (2,6V - 0,7V - 0,5V - 100/<A. 15)/100^<A

R | = Ri^,n = 1,4V /100M = 14kQ
ti 90 th
148

= 30". sin 9 0 = 30V t n g t tn h c Rj = Rmax = 288kQ.

Nh v y gc m ca tiristo c th m t
ohinh t 14kQ 'n 288kQ .

- 90^' th in tr Rj ph iu

( - Mch kh n g ch piQ
Mch khng ch pha 180'' in hnh trn h by tr n hnh 2.160. Mch ny tng t
nh mch khng ch pha 90 bit hinh 2.159 chi khc l thm vo t t v
t in C|. Khong na chu k m ca in p t vo, t C| c np theo chiu
m nh dng in p trin h by tr n hnh 2.160. Q u trin h np tip din ti gi tr
cc i ca n a chu ki m. Khi im cc i ca na chu k m i qua it -, c
phn cc m vi ant ca
n c ni vi t in
C, CO
co' in
vi
U
in th
tne ni
m O VI
kat.t ), Sau t C| phng
!
in qua in t.r Rj. Ty
theo gi tr ca R| m C|
c th phng h t (in p
" 'D - c
trn hai cc ca t bng
____J
\
/ /en a piren C ,
0 ), ngay khi bt u na
chu k dng ca ngun
t vo tiristo, hoc c
.
th duy tri mt in p
m n h t nh tr n cc ca
n cho mi ti gc pha 180^ca chu
ki dng tip sau t vo tiristo. Khi t C tch
in theo chiu m th D| cng b phn cc ngc v xung ding khng th a vo
kch m cho tiristo. Nh vy bng cch
iu chnh R hoc C| hoc c hai c th
lm tirrito m b t c gc no tro n g khong
t 0 - 180"' ca na chu ki dng
ngun in p t vo tiristo.
t i l

\ i i u

csk
0 '/

Vfah
khngk

lni 2. 61 : Mach

ehe pha vi

(I I

chnh

Ifi.

C SK i

ro)e,.

CSK

Atch
khngth

Mch ,
khhoch

I
Rt

(1 C

p h u

"rrn c s s nguyn l
n gin hnh 2.160 c th
thay i i cht v kt cu
mch c dng in p
ra trn ti theo m o n g mun
(h.2 .1Gl), it
c m c
thm vo lm cho trn ti
xu t hin c na chu k m
ca in p ngun cung cp
s khng ch ch thc hin
i vi na chu k dng ca
ngun. Trn hnh 2.162 trinh
by s hai b chnh lu c
khng ch dng tiristo mc
song song ngc chiu. B ng
cch m c m ch nh vy c
th thc hin khng ch c
c n a chu k dng ln chu
k m.
T rn y mi chi nu
n h n g v d n gin ng
d ng tiristo cc m ch chnh

Il/I 2.162 : Mach khti; c h do mc x,m; sonf;.

khng ch.
149

2.7.,. l (lan cii chnh rii c c u iruc 4 lp

a " lYinc
(u to. s tUn dng v c tuvn
\on-A iiipe cua triac c trn h by trn
hiiih 2 1G3 T do' co' th thy r n ^ triac
lng ng vi hai tiristo !ic song ron^
'hiu. Cc cc ca n gi l A, A.
v G.Aj ng vai tr ant. A| n vai tr
catt, Khi cc G v A| c in th (+ t so
vi A->, tiristo. t ng ng Q| v Q-> m,
khi y A dng vai tr ant cn A t ng
vai tr catt. T o' thy r n g TRIAC c
kh ng dn in Iheo c hai chiu.
S khng ch d n g TRAC c' trinh
by trn hnh 2.164. Ch r n g ki hiu
quy c ca TRIAC l t hp ca hai k
hiu tiristo, lYong khong n a chu k dng
ca in p t vo, it. D| c phn
cc t.hun, it D-. phn cc ngc v cc
G dng so vi A^. iu chnh Rj 3 k h n r
ch c iii bt u m ca TRIAC.

A
.
n

p,.

1m
1

h
6

.'1

^
-

<>

I
1
___________________

/B~^^AzA,~

u BO

It

'

b~ V m t cu to DIAC hon ton ging

inh
: ('i trc u) S( t) im;
nh TRIAC n h n g khng c cc khng ch
\' (c tuyn ( ) ca RAC.
G.IAC c kich m bng cch n n g cao
in p t vo hai cc. K hiu m ch v
c tuyn Von-Ampe ca IAC c trn h by trn hnh 2.165.

0^1
,
.
J?ng n ap

f(/n (h

' --------------------

/V

rn i

"

'

'

1
"

lnh 2-/65
n h 2 . 64 : Mch khn\; ehe dt; TRAC.

C -

^ BO

)c mvr/
C f)i(

\' k hiu

it bn lp

it bn lp c gi l it SOV-lay, co cu to tng t nh tiristo n h n g khng

cd cc khng ch G, c kch m b n g cch n n g in p tr n hai cc it (vt
qu in p m th u n ). K hiu m ch v c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca it bn lp c
trn h by tr n hnh 2.166 ; in p ni th u n ca it 4 lp t ng ng vi in p
n h th n g th u n ca tiristo. D ng cc tiu chy qu a it m gi l dng m (I^)

150

/n d p
ahh hung
ngc
c
u _____

J ^ ii t i

^1
1h
i

T "

It!

iicu

n h 2. 67 : ;V/Jc7 (n (lH^ (HI

I t c h I' d u e l v n

c ( j (.ii h n

lc

/ in/ i J./(') ; Ki

ii hi p.

p.

Dng ghim d ii) v in p d n th u n U ca it bn lp cn g t n g t nh tro n g

tiristo. Mt tro n g n h n g ng dng ph bin n h t ca it 4 lp l to ra dao ng
ra n g ca (s nguyn l ca m ch nh hnh 2.167). Trong t C| c np qua
in tr R| t ngun E. Qu trn h n p tip din cho n khi in p tr n hai cc
ca t in Ci vt q u gi tr in p kch m cho it 4 lp lm it m, t Ci
phng in n h a n h q ua ni tr nh ca it lm in p tr n tu Ci gim xung. in
p t tr n hai cc it cng gim. Khi t nic lm dng qua it nh hn dng
ghim ii thi it li kha
v t c li b t u np. in p ra c d n g r n g ca nh
hnh 2.167. in tr R| tr n s phi chn khi it m dng chy tro n g m ch
phi c cng b n g dng m it Is- (Nu nh hn Is thi t s k h ng m). N h n g
R cng phi ln ngn khng cho dng qua it gim xung di gi tr dng
I |1 khi t. C phng in. N ghla l ngn nga kh n n g it ng ngay sau khi t Ci
phng in.
Vi du : S nguyn l to m ch dao ng r n g ca (h.2.167) it bn lp c cc
th a m 30 nh sau : s = lOV ; 1 = IV, Is = 500mA v l ! = l,5 m A ngun E = 30V.
Hy tnh gi tr cc i v cc ti u ca R| mch lm vic bnh thng.
Gii

Cn c vo m ch c th vit: : E = (IRi) + Uc v
E -U c
Ri =

T in p m it c ; Uc - Us v
t a suy ra :
Rl max

Imin

E - Us

3 0 V - lOV

Is

5 0 0 . 10~'A

= Is

= 40kQ

it m hon ton ta od U c = 1 v Umax = IiVy ;

Nu c it 4 lp ghp song song v ngc
chiu sau t ch n g vo m t v bc ta c
it bn lp hai chiu. N guyn l lm vic ca
loi ny t n g t n h it 4 lp m t chiu va
k trn. Do cch ghp tr n n dn in c hai
chiu. K hiu m ch v c tuyn Vn-Aupe ca
it 4 lp hai chiu trn h by tr n hnh 2.168.

n 2 .6 8 : K hiu nch v c U4ycn

y n - A m p c ca it 4 l p hai chieu.

151

Cng tc siic mt
ch l it 4 lp m t

chi v hai chiu c k hiu mch nh

chiu v hai chiu c thm cc ca G.

hnh 2.169. Tht* chi

Ngoi ra, cu tr c 4 lp tng t nh cu tr c tiristo n h n g

c 2 cc ca cu tr c
tiristo n h n g c 2 cc ca G v lm vic ch dng
nh cng c gi l cng
tc silic. V l cu tr c 4 lp cho nn s tng ng ca cng tc silic cng ging
ht nh tiristo. K hiu mch v s tng ng ca dng cng tc silic c trn h
by trn hnh 2.170. T s tng ng thy rng nu a m t x u n g m vo cc
G ant. Tng t nu t vo cc ca c at t xun g dng s lm cho Q t m v dn
n Qj tc l cng tc ng mch. Mun cng tc n g t mch tc lm cho Q v
Q:> ng ch cn cho cc xung ngc cc tnh vi cc xun g va trin h bv tr n vo
cc G an t hoc vo cc G catt nh hinh 2.170,

o -

Cc cd
a not

A
n i(unQ
I ing
} Xung m

[c c^
'a nt

ung
m
-

K
3)

o //
b)

u ng\
hg /
Cc cJa
b )

2.169

hiu

152

h)

H a i

ca Q

1i

S)

m c h

ca cn tc siic a) Mt
chicu

Ci/c c

chiu.

ih 2. 70 : K hiu nach a)
v s</ nr(rng un ca ci c .silic

b).