INTRODUCTION

Drawing operation is the process of forming a flat

piece of workpiece (blank) into a hollow shape by

means of a punch which causes the blank to flow
into the die cavity.
The
Th depth
d th off draw
d
may be
b shallow,
h ll
moderate
d t or

deep.
If the depth of the formed cup is up to half its

diameter,, the p
process is called shallow drawing.
g
If the depth of the formed cup exceeds its

diameter the process is called deep

diameter,
deep drawing
drawing.

Somebasicoperations

Somebendingand
g
formingdies

Some Terminology Associated with Drawing

SomeTerminologyAssociatedwithDrawing
Buckling/wrinklingattheouter(flange)portion
Neckingaroundthepunchradius
Ironing
g toreducethethicknessattheouterportion
p
Deep drawability: Deep drawability/drawing ratio of

the metal is defined as the ratio of the maximum

blank diameter to the diameter of the cup drawn from
the blank (usually taken to be equal to the punch
diameter)
Limited
Li i d drawing
d
i ratio
i
The usual range of maximum drawing ratio is 1.6 to 2.3

methodsof
h d f
retaining
metalindraw
dies

DesignConsiderations:
Radiusofdrawdie:
Punchradius:

Minimumpunchradius,rp=4timesthestock
thickness
Draw clearance: The side clearance between the
punch and die is usually taken as 1.25 times the
stock thickness i.e.
Punch dia = Die opening dia 2.5t
Drawing
g Speed
p
Calculating Blank Sizes
Number of Draws

 Drawing Speed

DrawingSpeed

Calculating Blank Sizes

WorkMaterial

Speed(mpm)

Number of Draws

Al i i
Aluminium

45to52.5
t

Drawing Pressure

Brass

52.5to60

Blank holding pressure

Copper

37.4to45

Ironing
I
i force
f

Steel

5.5to15

StainlessSteel

9o12

Zinc

37.5to45

PressCapacity=Drawingforce+Blankholding+
p
y
g
g
Ironingforce

Singleactiondrawdie

Metalflowduringdrawing

 RedrawDies:
Doubleactionredrawdie:

C l l i Bl k Si
CalculatingBlankSizes

Number of Draws
NumberofDraws
The stresses which can be imposed on the work

material during the drawing process limits the

amounts of reduction in the blank diameter.
If the reduction required is greater, more than

one draw will be needed to reduce the diameter

and increase the height
g of the workpiece
p
to the
desired dimensions.

DrawingPressure
The
Th force
f
needed
d d to draw
d
a shell
h ll is
i equall to the
h

product of the crosssectional area and the yield

strength in tension of the work material.
material
For a cylindrical shell, the drawing force can be
determined by the empirical formula:

d, t are in mm
y in N/mm2 (Yield strength of the material)
D/d: takes into account the relation between the
blank and the shell diameter.
C: a constant ((0.6 to 0.7)
7) and it takes into account
for friction and bending effects

Blank Holding Pressure

BlankHoldingPressure
The blank holding pressure should be just

sufficient
ffi i t to
t preventt wrinkling
i kli
off the
th material
t i l
and should permit the material to slip in the
direction of the drawing force.
force
The blank holding pressure is usually less than
40% of the drawing force.
force For general use,
use it is
taken as 33% of the drawing force.
The tendency to wrinkle decreases with increase
in the stock thickness, so thick blanks may be
drawn without a blank holder.
holder

Ironing Pressure
IroningPressure
When ironing
ironing of the drawn workpiece is also
intended, then
Ironing Force= d(tt1)c
where, t1 is the die clearance
c : compressive strength of the material

Redraw Dies
RedrawDies
Redraw dies or secondary dies reduce the

diameter of a drawn shell and differ in design

from the simple draw die.
Push through redraw die: In the single action

push through or drop through die, a nest plate is

used to p
position the draw shell. The solid nest
must be perfectly concentric with the inside
diameter of the die cavity and it must be deep
enough to hold the shell without wobbling.

D bl A i R d
DoubleActionRedrawDie
Di
In this die,, a p
pilot p
punch or draw sleeve whose

outside diameter closely fits the inside diameter

of the drawn shell, is employed to hold down the
already
l d drawn
d
shell.
h ll
The pilot punch is mounted on the outer or the
blank holding side of the press and leads the draw
punch into the die cavity.
The draw punch is actuated by the inner slide of
the press and descends through the pilot punch
into the die cavity.
The pilot punch also helps in stripping the shell
from the draw punch on its upward stroke.
DoubleAction:Grippingaction+Drawingaction

BENDING DIES
BENDINGDIES
Bending is the metal working process by which a
straight length is transformed into a curved length.
length

VBending
g

EdgeBending
g
g

Bending Terminology
BendingTerminology
Bend
Angle
BendLine
BendAllowance

BendAllowance:Arclength
alongneutralaxis
l

t l i

Setback,Bendaxis,Bendradius,neutralaxisetc.
Setback,Bendaxis,Bendradius,neutralaxisetc

C
Cornersetting
tti

PreventingSpringback