Bài Giảng Truyền Sóng Và Anten

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN
Ging vin:
Nguyn Vit Minh
in thoi/E-mail:
(090) 406-2112/minhnv@ptit.edu.vn
B mn:
V tuyn Khoa Vin thng 1
Hc k/Nm bin son: II/2010
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

GII THIU MN HC
Tn hc phn:
Truyn sng v anten

(Radiowave Propagation and Antenna )
Tng lng kin thc:
60 tit
+ L thuyt: 50 tit;
Thc hnh: 6 tit;
Bi tp: 4 tit
Mc tiu hc phn:
Gii thiu cc khi nim, cc biu thc ca qu trnh truyn lan sng v
tuyn. Nghin cu s truyn lan ca sng cc ngn trong mi trng thc
Gii thiu l thuyt chung v anten, cc anten nguyn t. Nghin cu hot

ng ca chn t i xng, cc loi anten trong thng tin v tuyn
www.ptit.edu.vn
GING VIN: NGUYN VIT MINH
B MN: V TUYN KHOA VIN THNG 1
Trang 2
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

GII THIU MN HC
Ni dung hc phn:
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
+ Tnh cht ca sng in t; Cc phng php truyn lan sng; Qu trnh

truyn lan sng trong khng gian t do
Chng 2: Truyn lan sng cc ngn
+ Truyn lan trong iu kin l tng; Truyn lan trong iu kin thc; Phadinh
v bin php chng
Chng 3: Truyn lan sng trong thng tin di ng
+ c tnh knh truyn sng di ng; Cc m hnh knh v tuyn di ng; nh

gi c tnh knh
Chng 4: L thuyt chung v anten
+ Cc tham s ca anten; Cc ngun bc x nguyn t; Nguyn l ca anten

thu
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 3
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

GII THIU MN HC
Ni dung hc phn:
Chng 5: Anten chn t
+ Bc x ca chn t i xng, anten chn t n, cc loi anten s dng

nhiu chn t
Chng 6: Anten gc m
+ Nguyn l bc x mt, anten loa, anten gng parabol, anten khe , anten vi
di
Chng 7: K thut anten
+ Tng hp th phng hng anten, m rng di tn lm vic, cp in v

phi hp tr khng anten
Chng 8: Anten trong thng tin v tuyn tin tin
+ Anten thng minh, k thut a anten, anten cho h thng v tuyn bng siu
rng.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 4
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

GII THIU MN HC
Ti liu tham kho:
[1] Nguyn Vit Minh, Truyn sng v Anten, Bi ging, Hc vin cng
ngh BCVT, 6/2010
[2] Phan Anh, Trng in t v truyn sng, NXB i hc Quc gia, 2002
[3] Phan Anh, L thuyt v k thut anten, NXB KHKT, 2004
[4] Robert E.Collin, Antennas and Radio wave propagation, McGraw Hill
[5] N. Blaunstein, Radio propagation in cellular network, Artech House

[6] Frank Gross, Smart antenna for wireless communication, McGraw Hill
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 5
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

GII THIU MN HC
nh gi hc phn
Chuyn cn:
Kim tra:
Thc hnh:
10%
(Ngh t 16 tit tr ln khng c d thi ht mn)
15%
(2 bi, vng nhn im 0)
15%
(1 bi, vng nhn im 0)
(Vng thc hnh khng c d thi ht mn)
Thi kt thc hc phn:
www.ptit.edu.vn
(ngh 2 tit tr 1 im)
60%
Trang 6
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN
CHNG 1
CC VN CHUNG
V TRUYN SNG
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 7
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

NI DUNG
Ni dung chng 1: (6)
1.1 Gii thiu

1.2 Tnh cht c bn ca sng in t
1.3 Phn loi sng in t
1.4 Phng thc truyn lan sng in t
1.5 Biu thc truyn lan sng trong khng gian t do
1.6 H s suy gim
1.7 Cu hi v bi tp
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 8
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

1.1 Gii thiu
H thng vin thng
www.ptit.edu.vn
Hnh 1.1. M hnh h thng vin thng

Trang 9
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

1.1 Gii thiu
Truyn dn v tuyn (Radio Transmission)
Mi trng truyn dn
+ Khng gian (bu kh quyn)
Phng tin truyn dn

+ Sng in t
www.ptit.edu.vn
Hnh 1.2. Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn

Trang 10
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

1.2 Tnh cht c bn ca ST
Khi nim
Sng in t l qu trnh bin i nng lng tun hon gia in trng

v t trng lm cho nng lng in t lan truyn trong khng gian.
c im
Sng in t c hai thnh phn:
+ in trng :
E (V/m)
+ T trng :
H (A/m)
y l hai i lng vect (c phng, chiu, ln), c quan h mt thit vi
nhau trong qu trnh sng truyn lan trong khng gian
Cc ngun bc x sng in t thng c dng sng cu hoc sng tr,

khi nghin cu ta chuyn v dng sng phng
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 11
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Biu thc quan h gia cc thnh phn
Nghin cu vi sng in t phng, truyn lan trong mi trng in mi

ng nht v ng hng
Biu din sng in t bng h phng trnh Maxoel dng vi phn:

H y
E x
z
t
E x H y
t
z
(1.1)
: H s in mi
: H s t thm
z: C ly truyn sng
t: Thi gian
+ Gii h
E x F1 t
z
z
F2 t
v
v
z
z
H y G1 t G 2 t
v
v
www.ptit.edu.vn
(1.2)
F, G: Cc hm sng
v: Vn tc truyn lan ca sng (m/s)
v
z
1
t
.
Trang 12
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Tr khng sng, Z: Biu th nh hng ca mi trng ti qu trnh truyn

sng
E
H
(1.3)
+ Vi khng gian t do
0 4.10 H / m ; 0 10
7
1
8
3.10
00
Z0 0
www.ptit.edu.vn
120
36
F / m
m / s c
(1.4)
Trang 13
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Bin i Fourier biu din sng in t di dng tn hiu iu ha
v E cos t kz
E
E
cos t z
cos t kz
v
Z
Z
E x E m cos t z
Hy
(1.5)
2.f 2.f 2
v
c
f .
k: H s sng, c trng cho s thay i pha ca sng
+ Nhn xt: Khi sng truyn lan, ti mi im thnh phn t trng v in

trng c pha nh nhau v bin lin h qua cng thc (1.5)
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 14
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Thng lng nng lng ca sng in t, S

(1.6)
S [ E H]
+ Thng lng nng lng trung bnh
Savg
1
E m .H m E m
Re E H
2
2
2.Z
W/m
(1.7)
Sng in t ngang, TEM
Hnh 1.3. Sng TEM
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 15
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Mt sng
+ Sng in t lan ta trong khng gian, ti mi im sng in t c c
trng bi pha v cng
Mt sng: L qu tch nhng im trong khng gian ti sng in t c

pha nh nhau v cng bng nhau
Hai dng mt sng c bit: Mt sng phng, mt sng cu

Qu trnh truyn lan sng in t: Tnh cht sng
+ Sng in t bc x ra khng gian di dng v s cc mt sng lin tip

+ Ngun bc x sng in t ch ng vai tr l ngun bc x s cp
+ Qu trnh sng truyn lan, cc mt sng c to ra ng vai tr l ngun
bc x th cp to ra cc mt sng tip sau n
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 16
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Phn cc sng
KN: Trng phn cc l trng in t vi cc vecto E v H c th xc

nh c hng ti thi im bt k (bin i c tnh quy lut)
Ngc li l trng khng phn cc (bin i ngu nhin trong khng gian)
Mt phng phn cc: L mt phng cha vec t E v phng truyn lan

sng (vecto Z)
Phn loi
+ Phn cc ng thng: Mt phng phn cc c nh khi sng truyn lan

- Phn cc ng: Vecto E vung gc vi mt phng nm ngang
- Phn cc ngang: Vecto E song song vi mt phng nm ngang
+ Phn cc quay: Mt phng phn cc quay xung quanh trc ca phng

truyn lan
- Phn vc trn: Khi vecto E quay, bin khng thay i (v ln ng trn)
- Phn cc elip: Khi vecto E quay, bin thay i lin tc v ln ng elip
Quay phi: Quay thun chiu kim ng h
Quay tri: Quay ngc chiu kim ng h
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 17
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Phn cc sng
Hnh 1.4. Cc dng
phn cc sng
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 18
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Phn chia sng in t
+ Da vo tnh cht vt l, c im truyn lan: Chia thnh cc bng sng
Hnh 1.5. Cc bng

sng
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 19
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Phn chia sng in t
+ Da vo tnh cht vt l, c im truyn lan: Chia thnh cc bng sng
Tn bng tn (Bng sng)
Bng 1.1. Cc bng
sng
K hiu
Phm vi tn s
Tn s v cng thp
ULF
30 - 300 Hz
Tn s cc thp
ELF
300 - 3000 Hz
Tn s rt thp
VLF
3 - 30 kHz
Tn s thp (sng di)
LF
30 - 300 kHz
Tn s trung bnh (sng trung)
MF
300 - 3000 kHz
Tn s cao (sng ngn)
HF
3 - 30 MHz
Tn s rt cao (sng mt)
VHF
30 - 300 MHz
Tn s cc cao (sng decimet)
UHF
300 - 3000 MHz
Tn s siu cao (sng centimet)
SHF
3 - 30 GHz
Tn s v cng (sng milimet)
EHF
30 - 300 GHz
Di milimet
www.ptit.edu.vn
300 - 3000 GHz
Trang 20
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Phn chia sng in t
Tnh cht quang hc
+ Sng nh sng cng l sng in t, bng tn th gic cm nhn c, khi

nghin cu sng in t thng s dng sng nh sng cho trc quan
+ Cc tnh cht quang ca sng nh sng cng ng cho sng in t
- Truyn thng
- Phn x, khc x
-
ng dng cc bng sng
+ LF, MF: Pht thanh iu bin ni a, thng tin hng hi

+ HF: Pht thanh iu bin c ly xa
+ VHF, UHF: Pht thanh iu tn (66 108 MHz), truyn hnh, viba s bng
hp, h thng thng tin di ng mt t
+ SHF: Viba s bng rng, thng tin v tinh
+ EHF: Thng tin v tr
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 21
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Bu kh quyn
Hnh 1.6. Phn tng

bu kh quyn
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 22
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Sng t
Nguyn l
+ B mt tri t l mi trng dn khp kn ng sc in trng

+ Ngun bc x nm thng ng trn mt t, sng in t truyn lan dc theo
mt t n im thu
A
Pht
B
Thu
Hnh 1.7: Qu trnh truyn lan sng t (sng b mt)
c im
+ Nng lng sng b hp th t i vi tn s thp, c bit vi mt t m,

mt bin ( dn ln)
+ Kh nng nhiu x mnh, cho php truyn lan qua cc vt chn
+ S dng cho bng sng di v trung vi phn cc ng
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 23
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Sng khng gian
Nguyn l
+ Anten t cao trn mt t t nht vi bc sng

+ Sng in t n im thu theo 2 cch
- Sng trc tip: i thng t im pht n im thu
- Sng phn x: n im thu sau khi phn x trn mt t (tha mn L PX)
Hnh 1.8: Truyn lan

sng khng gian
c im
+ Chu nh hng nhiu ca iu kin mi trng

+ Ph hp cho bng sng cc ngn, l phng thc truyn sng chnh trong
thng tin v tuyn
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 24
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Sng tng in ly (sng tri)
Nguyn l
+ Li dng c tnh phn x sng ca tng in ly vi cc bng sng ngn

+ Sng in t phn x s quay tr v tri t
Hnh 1.9: Truyn lan

sng tng in ly
c im
+ Khng n nh do s thay i iu kin phn x ca tng in ly
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 25
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Sng t do (sng thng)
Nguyn l
+ Mi trng truyn sng l tng (ng tnh, ng hng, khng hp th)

+ Sng truyn lan trc tip n im thu theo mt ng thng
Mc tiu trong v tr
Trm trn mt t
Hnh 1.10: Truyn lan sng t do
c im
+ Mi trng ch tn ti trong v tr, s dng cho thng tin v tr

+ Bu kh quyn tri t trong mt s iu kin nht nh c coi l khng gian
t do
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 26
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Tng kt:
Sng t do
Khng gian t do
Tng in ly
Tng bnh lu
Sng khng gian
Sng tri
Tng i lu
Sng t
Mt t
Hnh 1.11: Cc phng thc truyn lan sng v tuyn
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 27
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Mt cng sut, cng in trng
Bi ton
+ Khng gian t do
+ Ngun bc x v hng, cng sut bc x P1 (W), t ti im T
+ Xt trng ti im R cch T mt khong r (m)
Gii quyt
+ Ngun bc x s bc x v s mt sng cu lin tip c tm ti T

+ Xt mt cu i qua R c bn knh l r. Thng lng nng lng (mt cng
sut) ti mt cu:
S2
P1
2
4.r
W/m
2
(1.8)
r
T
1 m2
R
(P1-W)
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 28
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Theo l thuyt trng
Hh
S2 E h .H h ;
Eh
Z0
Eh
(1.9)
120
S2
Eh
Eh, Hh: Cng in trng, t trng hiu dng

Z0: Tr khng sng ca khng gian t do
120
+ Cng in trng ti im thu
Eh
30P1
2
r
V/m
E E h . 2.cos t kr
www.ptit.edu.vn
(1.10)
60.P1
.cos t kr
r
V/m
Trang 29
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

+ S dng anten c hng
bc x v hng
R; P2
R; P2
T; P1
(P2)
(P1)
Hnh1.13: Ngun bc x c hng
- Tp chung nng lng gip tng cng sut ti im thu

- c trng bi h s tnh hng D1
P
D1 1'
P1
S2
www.ptit.edu.vn
P2'
( P2 constant); D1
P2
P1.D1
4 .r 2
( P1 constant)
60.P1.D1
.cos .t k .r
r
(1.11)
Trang 30
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng
(Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power - EIRP)
L cng sut bc x tng ng ca mt anten v hng c th t

c cng trng ti im thu bng vi khi dng anten c hng
EIRP P1.D1
(1.12)
EIRP P1 dB D1 dB
D1
G1
dB
P1 1.Pa1
EIRP Pa1.G1 PT .GT
(1.13)
G1: H s tng ch anten pht (GT)

1: Hiu sut anten pht (T)
P1: Cng sut bc x anten pht (P)
Pa1: Cng sut a vo anten pht (PT)
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 31
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Cng sut nhn c trn anten thu, P2
+ L tch gia mt cng sut ti im thu, S2 v din tch lm vic ca anten
thu, A
(1.14)
P S .A
2
+ Trng hp s dng anten gng parabol trn xoay vi h s tnh hng D2
.d 2
.d
A
; D2
D2 . 2
A
4.
D2 . 2 P1.D1
P2
.
.P1.D1.D2
2
4. 4. .r
4. .r
2
d: ng knh ming anten

: Bc sng cng tc
(1.15)
+ Cng sut thc t u ra anten thu
Pa 2 S2 . Ah ;
Ah 2 . A
(1.16)
Ah: Din tch hiu dng ca anten thu

2: Hiu sut anten thu
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 32
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Tn hao truyn sng, L
+ Xc nh bng t s gia cng sut bc x ca my pht vi cng sut anten
thu nhn c
P1
(1.17)
P2
+ Tn hao truyn sng trong khng gian t do gy ra bi s khuch tn tt yu

ca sng theo mi phng, cng sut thu c ch l mt phn nh. Tn hao
ny gi l Tn hao khng gian t do, Ltd
1
4 .r
Ltd
.
D1.D2
2
(1.18)
+ Trng hp s dng anten v hng, gi l tn hao c bn trong khng gian

t do, L0
2
4 .r
L0

L0 20 lg fGHz 20 lg r km 92, 45
(1.19)
dB
Ltd 20 lg fGHz 20 lg r km 92, 45 10 lg D1 10 lg D2

www.ptit.edu.vn
dB
(1.20)
Trang 33
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

1.6 H s suy gim
H s suy gim, F
Mi trng thc t c nhiu yu t nh hng ti qu trnh truyn sng,

nh hng ti cng sut thu
Cc nh hng ca mi trng thc ln qu trnh truyn sng c biu

din qua h s suy gim: F
Trong mi trng thc

30P1
Eh
.F
r
V/m
1
4 .r
Ltd
.
.F D1.D2
(1.21)
S2
P1.D1 2
.F
4 .r 2
(1.22)
(1.23)
Ltd 20lg fGHz 20lg r km 92, 45 10lg D1 10lg D2 20lg F
www.ptit.edu.vn
dB
(1.24)
Trang 34
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

1.7 Cu hi v bi tp
Bi tp chng 1
6. Mt tri c cng sut bc x theo mi hng khong 3,85.1020 W, khong cch nh nht t qu
t n mt tri l 147.098.090 km (vo thng ging) v ln nht l 152.097.650 km. Tnh:
- Mt cng sut bc x cc tiu v cc i ca mt tri ln b mt qu t?
- Mt cng sut bc x mt tri khong cch trung bnh v t l phn trm sai s ca
bc x cc i v cc tiu so vi gi tr trung bnh?
7. Mt my pht c cng sut 3 W, anten pht c h s khuch i l 30 dBi. c ly 40 km t
mt anten thu c din tch hiu dng l 3,5 m2, hiu sut lm vic 100%. Tnh cng sut sng
mang nhn c anten thu.
(a) 0,164.10-5 W; (b) 0,164.10-4 W; (c) 0,154.10-5 W ; (d) 0,154.10-4 W
8. Xc nh cng sut my pht cn thit thc hin tuyn thng tin c cc iu kin: c ly
thng tin 50 km, tn s cng tc 2GHz, h s khuych i ca anten thu v anten pht l 30 dBi,
cng sut anten thu nhn c l 10-6W.
(a) 1,63W; (b) 2,63W; (c) 3,63W; (d) 4,63W
9. Mt my pht c cng sut 50 W. Biu din cng sut my pht sang n v dBm v dBW?
(a) 15 dBW v 45 dBm; (b) 16 dBW v 46 dBm; (c) 17 dBW v 47 dBm; (d) 18dBW v 48 dBm
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 35
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

1.7 Cu hi v bi tp
Bi tp chng 1
10. Cng sut bi 9 c cp cho anten v hng lm vic vi sng mang c tn s 900 MHz,
tm cng sut thu (tnh theo dBm) ti im cch anten pht mt khong 10 km. Gi s anten thu c
h s khuch i l 2 v sng truyn trong khng gian t do.
(a) - 45,5 dBm; (b) - 51,5 dBm; (c) - 55,5 dBm; (d) - 61,5 dBm
11. S liu nh bi 9 v 10, tnh bin cng in trng hiu dng ti im t anten thu.
(a) 2,9 mV/m; (b) 3,9 mV/m; (c) 4,9 mV/m; (d) 5,9 mV/m
12. Tnh tn hao khi truyn sng trong khng gian t do (theo dn v dB) bit c ly truyn sng 50
km, tn s cng tc 2 GHz, vi anten v hng.
(a) 132,5 dB; (b) 135,5 dB; (c) 142,5 dB; (d) 145,5 dB
13. S liu nh bi 12, nu c hai anten c h s khuych i l 30 dBi th tn hao l bao nhiu?
(a) 72,5 dB; (b) 75,5 dB; (c) 82,5 dB; (d) 85,5 dB
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 36
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

1.7 Cu hi v bi tp
Bi tp chng 1
14. Mt ngun v hng c cng sut bc x 100W. Mi trng truyn sng l khng gian t do.
Hy xc nh:
a, Mt cng sut ti im cch xa ngun 1000 m.
(a) 6,96 W; (b) 6,96 mW; (c) 7,96 W; (d) 7,96 mW
b, Mt cng sut ti im cch xa ngun 20 km.
(a) 19,9 pW ; (b) 19,9 W ; (c) 20,9 pW; (d) 20,9 W
15. Xc nh cng in trng hiu dng ti im thu vi cc gi thit cho trong bi 14.
(a) 44,7 mV/m v 1,74 mV/m; (b) 44,7 mV/m v 2,74 mV/m; (c) 54,7 mV/m v 1,74 mV/m; (d)
54,7 mV/m v 2,74 mV/m
16. Xc nh mt cng sut ti im cch anten 30 km ca mt anten c cng sut bc x 5 W
v h s khuch i ca anten l 40 dBi.
(a) 4,42 pW; (b) 4,42 W; (c) 5,42 pW; (d) 5,42 W
17. Mt anten pht c h s khuych i 30 dBi, hiu sut lm vic 60%. c cng in
trng hiu dng ti im thu cch anten pht 100 km bng 3,46 mV/m th cn phi a vo anten
cng sut l bao nhiu? Vi iu kin sng truyn trong khng gian t do.
(a) 3 W; (b) 3,5W; (c) 4 W; (d) 5 W
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 37
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN
CHNG 2
TRUYN LAN SNG CC NGN
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 38
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

NI DUNG
Ni dung chng 2: (5)
2.1 Tng Qut

2.2 Truyn lan trong gii hn nhn thy trc tip vi iu kin l tng
2.3 nh hng ca cong tri t
2.4 nh hng ca a hnh
2.5 nh hng ca tng i lu
2.6 Cu hi v bi tp
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 39
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

2.1 Tng qut
c im truyn lan sng cc ngn
Bc sng t 1mm n 10m (30MHz 300GHz): L sng siu cao tn

(RF Radio Frequency)
Phng php truyn
+ Tn s cao nn khng th phn x trong tng in ly (i xuyn qua)

+ Bc sng ngn nn kh nng nhiu x km, b hp th mnh bi mt t
+ Phng php truyn sng khng gian: L ph hp nht
- Tn x tng i lu
- Siu khc x tng i lu
- Truyn lan trong gii hn nhn thy trc tip
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 40
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

2.1 Tng qut
Tn x tng i lu
+ Tn ti cc vng khng gian khng ng nht trong tng i lu

+ Sng i vo trong vng khng ng nht s khuych tn theo mi hng
Li dng truyn sng n im thu
+ c im: Khng n nh do vng khng ng nht lun thay i
Hnh 2.1: Tn x tng i lu
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 41
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

2.1 Tng qut
Siu khc x tng i lu
+ Ch s chit sut N gim theo cao.

+ Khi tc gim t dN/dh < -0,157 (m-1) Tia sng c bn knh cong ln
hn cong tri t nn quay tr li mt t : Siu khc x
Li dng truyn sng n im thu sau khi phn x nhiu ln trn mt t
+ c im: Khng n nh do min siu khc x lun thay i
2
3
1
gh
Hnh 2.2: Siu khc x tng i lu

4
4
5
www.ptit.edu.vn
h0
Trang 42
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

2.1 Tng qut
Truyn lan trong gii hn nhn thy trc tip
+ Hai anten thu v pht phi c t cao trn mt t trnh b che chn bi
cc vt cn trn ng truyn hay cong ca tri t
+ Sng truyn t pht n thu trong min khng gian nhn thy trc tip gia
hai anten
+ c im: t ph thuc vo iu kin thin nhin, s dng ph bin
Hnh 2.3 Truyn lan trong gii hn nhn thy trc tip
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 43
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

S tuyn thng tin
Kho st qu trnh truyn lan sng vi iu kin l tng
+ Mt t l bng phng, khng c vt cn trn ng truyn

+ Kh quyn ng nht, ng hng v khng hp th
+ Anten t cao trn mt t t nht vi bc sng cng tc ()
S truyn lan sng

B
Tia 1
Sng n im thu theo hai ng:

+ Sng trc tip: i trc tip t pht
n thu
+ Sng phn x: n thu sau khi phn ht
x t mt t (ch c mt tia tha mn
nh lut phn x)
hr
Tia 2
C
r
Hnh 2.4 M hnh truyn sng vi iu kin l tng

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 44
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Cng in trng ti im thu
Tng hp cng trng hai sng thnh phn (giao thoa)

E R E1 E 2
(2.1)
+ Cng trng do tia trc tip
E1
245. PT kW G T1
r1 km
jt
mV/m
(2.2)
+ Cng trng do tia phn x
E2 R
245. PT kW G T2
r2 km
j t kr
mV/m
r1 : on ng i ca tia ti trc tip;
r2 : on ng i ca tia phn x
r: hiu s ng i ca hai tia r = r1-r2;
k : h s sng (= 2/)
(2.3)
R : h s phn x phc t mt t: R Re j , R: m un, gc sai pha
GT1 v GT2: h s khuch i ca anten pht theo hng tia trc tip v tia phn x
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 45
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Do chiu cao anten hT, hR <<r GT1 = GT2 = GT; r1 = r2 = r, nhng khi tnh
sai pha th khng b qua v r = r2 r1
+ Cng in trng do tia trc tip
E1
245. PT kW G T
r km
jt
mV/m
(2.4)
+ Cng in trng do tia phn x

E2 R
245. PT kW G T
r km
j t r
(2.5)
mV/m
+ Cng in trng tng

2
j r
245. PT kW G T
jt

1 R.e
e
E E1 E 2
r km
www.ptit.edu.vn
mV/m
(2.6)
Trang 46
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

+ t = + k.r: Gc sai pha ton phn. Chuyn dng hm m sang hm
lng gic
1 R.e j 1 R.cos jR.sin 1 R.cos R 2 .e j

tg R.sin
(2.7)
1 R.cos
+ Cng in trng tng ti im thu

E
245. PT kW G T . 1 2R cos R
.e
r km
Eh
173. PT kW G T
r km
j t
mV/m
(2.8)
mV/m
(2.9)
1 R F 1 R
(2.10)
. 1 2R cos R
+ H s suy gim trong trng hp mt t phng
F 1 2R cos R F
2
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 47
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Vi tuyn xc nh: hT, hR, , , c th xc nh c ly thng tin r c h

s suy gim t cc tr
+ Cc i ti ( + k.r) = 2n.
+ Cc tiu ti ( + k.r) = (2n + 1).
www.ptit.edu.vn
vi n = 1,2,
vi n = 1,2,
Trang 48
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

B
+ Hiu s ng i gia hai tia
Tia 1
hr -ht
hr
Tia 2
ht
r1 AB h r h t r
2
r2 AB
2
' 2
2
1
2h h
r t r
r
ht hr r
r r r2 r1 . r2 r1
2
2
hr +ht
hr
r r
r 2 1
r2 r1
2
(2.11)
Hnh 2.5 Xc nh hiu s ng i gia hai tia
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 49
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Do r >> hT, hR gc ti tia phn x rt ln ( 90 ) R 1; 180

F 1 2R cos R
R
r.
2. sin 2.h .h
r.
r.
F 1 2R cos 4.h T .h R
F 2 2cos 4.h T .h R
(2.12)
+ Cng thc hp l ha
0,36.h T m .h R m
F 2. sin
r km . m
(2.13)
+ Cng thc giao thoa n gin
Eh
www.ptit.edu.vn
346. PT kW .G T
r km
0,36.h T m .h R m
. sin
r km . m
mV / m
(2.14)
Trang 50
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Xc nh im giao thoa t cc tr
+ Cc i
1
r.
2.h T .h R
2n 1 .
sin 2.h T .h R
rn _ max
r.
4.h T .h R
2n 1.
+ Cc tiu
sin 2.h T .h R
rn _ min
www.ptit.edu.vn
r.
n 0,1,2,...
0
r.
2.h T .h R
n 1.
sin 2.h T .h R
2.h T .h R
(2.15)
r.
n 1 .
n 0,1,2,...
(2.16)
Trang 51
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Cng thc Vvedensky
+ Vi sin() (rad) khi < 200, nn
h T .h R r.
(2.17)
18
F 4.h T .h R
Eh
.r
2,18. PT kW .G T .h T m .h R m
2
km
. m
mV / m
(2.18)
+ Cng thc Vvedensky xc nh cng in trng ti c ly
r 18.h T .h R
www.ptit.edu.vn
(2.19)
Trang 52
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

S tuyn thng tin khi k n cong tri t
nh hng ca cong tri t
+ Hiu s ng i gia sng trc tip v sng phn x thay i

+ im phn x li nn c tnh tn x H s phn x nh
+ Hn ch tm nhn trc tip gia anten thu v pht
B
A
hr
ht
A1
B1
hr
ht
Hnh 2.7 M hnh truyn

sng trn mt t cu
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 53
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

C ly nhn thy trc tip, cng in trng ti im thu
C ly nhn thy trc tip r0
+ L c ly ln nht c th nhn thy c vi anten c cao ht, hr
r0 AC CB
AC
CB
ro
a h t
a hr
r0 2a.
a 2 2a.h t h 2t 2a.h t
a 2 2a.h r
ht hr
h r a
h t a A
ht
(2.20)
hr
+ Cng thc thc nghim

(r0 = r, c ly dc theo mt t)
r0 3,57
h tm h rm
km
(2.21)
Hnh 2.8 C ly nhn thy trc tip

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 54
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

C ly nhn thy trc tip, cng in trng ti im thu
Cng in trng
+ Qu trnh truyn sng c ly nh hn c ly nhn thy trc tip

- Tng t nh mt t phng, chiu cao anten xc nh bng chiu cao gi
nh : ht, hr
- Gi tr chiu cao anten gi nh xc nh bng h s b m (tra theo bng hoc
th - ph thuc h a l)
h t .h r m.h t .h r
'
'
(2.22)
2.m.h t .h r
r
(2.23)
4.m.h t .h r
F
.r
Eh
www.ptit.edu.vn
(2.24)
2,17 PT kW G T .m.h t m .h r m
r
km . m
mV / m
(2.25)
Trang 55
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

2.4 nh hng ca a hnh
g gh ca tri t (tia phn x)
nh hng gh ca tri t
+ Hin tng tn x
+ Tiu chun Rayleigh
8sin
(2.26)
h: cao ca mt t phng gi nh
so vi mt t thc
: Gc ti ti im phn x
Hnh 2.9 Mt ct ngang a hnh thc

Tia A
Tia B
Mt sng 1
C
A
Khi tiu chun Rayleigh tha mn

s phn x sng khng c tnh tn x
Mt t coi l phng
Mt sng 2
Hnh 2.10 M hnh tiu chun Rayleigh

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 56
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

2.4 nh hng ca a hnh
Nguyn l Huyghen, min Fresnel (tia trc tip)
Nguyn l Huyghen
+ Nhn xt
- Bn cht in t ca sng nh sng

- Tnh cht sng ca sng in t khi truyn lan
+ Nguyn l: Mi im nm trn mt mt sng do mt ngun bc x sng in
t s cp gy ra s tr thnh ngun bc x th cp mi. Ngun bc x th

cp mi ny li to ra cc mt sng th cp mi khc. Nh vy trng in t
ti mt im trong khng gian do mt ngun bc x s cp sinh ra s do ton
b vng khng gian bao quanh ngun bc x s cp gy ra.
S
www.ptit.edu.vn
Hnh 2.11: Xc nh trng theo nguyn l Huyghen

Trang 57
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

2.4 nh hng ca a hnh
Nguyn l Huyghen
Hnh 2.12. Biu din nguyn l Huyghen

trong khng gian t do
+ ngha
- Qu trnh truyn sng in t t im pht n im thu khng phi ch theo
mt tia m cng trng ti im thu l do ton b min khng gian bao
quanh im pht gy ra
- C th xc nh cng trng ti mt im bt k trong khng gian khi bit
mt trng ca mt sng to ra n.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 58
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

2.4 nh hng ca a hnh
Nn
Min Fresnel
+ Xy dng min Fresnel
+ Ngun pht A, im thu B, AB = r

+ Dng mt sng i qua im N0
+ Dng mt nn trn xoay trc BN0,
ng sinh l: (BN0 + n./2), ct mt
sng Nn (n = 1,2,3 )
N1
N0
N1
r1
r2
Nn
N4
+
N3 +
+ N +
- N2-+
+
+
1
+ + + - + - + N0 + - + - +
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+ Khi nim
+ Min Fresnel th n (Fn) l vng khng gian c
gii hn bi qu tch cc im m hiu s gia tng
khong cch t im ny n im pht v im thu
vi khong cch gia hai im thu pht l hng s c
gi tr bng n ln na bc sng cng tc.
ANn Nn B AB n.
(2.27)
+ Min Fresnel c dng elip trn xoay nhn hai im thu

v pht lm tiu im, c bn knh l bn
www.ptit.edu.vn
Hnh 2.13: Nguyn l cu to min

Fresnel trn mt sng cu
Trang 59
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

2.4 nh hng ca a hnh
S0
Min Fresnel
Nn
+ Tnh bn knh min Fresnel n, bn
AN n BN n r1 r2 n.
bn
AN n
b 2n
b 2n
r b r1. 1 2 r1
r1
2r1
b n r1
BN n
b 2n
b 2n
r b r2 . 1 2 r2
r2
2r2
b n r2
2
1
2
2
2
n
2
n
r1
r1.r2
.n.
r1 r2
Hnh 2.14: Xc nh bn knh min Fresnel

b1max
(2.28)
N0
b 2n
b 2n
r1
r2
r1 r2 n.
2r1
2r2
2
bn=
r2
+ Cng thc hp l ha
b n = 17,32.
www.ptit.edu.vn
r1(km) .r2(km) .n
r1 r2 km .fGHz
(2.29)
Hnh 2.15: Vng tham gia vo qu trnh

truyn lan sng
Trang 60
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

2.4 nh hng ca a hnh
Min Fresnel
+ Chng minh c rng: Cng trng ti im thu ch yu c gy ra

bi vng khng gian nm trong khong mt na min Fresnel th nht
(0,6b1). Tng cng trng do cc im nm ngoi min ny gy ra ti
im thu s b tr cho nhau v trit tiu do pha ca chng ngc nhau. y
l gii hn ca vng truyn sng trong phm vi nhn thy trc tip.
+ ngha
- Qu trnh truyn sng v tuyn gia hai anten thu v pht khng phi ch theo
mt tia, cng khng phi do ton b min khng gian m ch l vng khng
gian c dng elip trn xoay nm trong khong mt na min Fresnel th nht
- Qu trnh truyn sng v tuyn c bn tn ti khi vng khng gian gii hn bi
0,6 b1 khng b cn tr sut dc ng truyn.
- qu trnh pht v thu sng v tuyn t hiu qu cao, ta dng cc bin
php k thut sng in t bc x ra ch tp chung trong min Fresnel th
nht s dng anten c hng (anten parabol).
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 61
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chit sut (n), ch s chit sut (N)
c
1
'
n 1
v
2
'
(2.30)
N 10 . n 1
6
+ Chit sut, n, ca tng i lu xp x bng 1, trong tnh ton m bo

chnh xc cao ta s dng ch s chit sut N
+ Tng i lu khng ng nht, cc thng s thay i theo khng gian v thi
gian chit sut thay i
+ Tc thay i ch s chit sut theo cao nh hng ti qu trnh sng
truyn lan: Qu o sng b cong do hin tng khc x Hin tng khc
x kh quyn
B
- Tc thay i:
dN
dh
1/ m
C
Hnh 2.16 Qu o ca tia sng trc tip v tia

phn x t mt t trong tng kh quyn thc
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 62
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Bn knh cong ca sng
Qu o sng
+ d
+ Nguyn tc
+ Chia tng i lu thnh cc lp

mng vi dy dh, chit sut thay
i mt lng dn
+ Cung AB nm trn ng trn bn
knh R, gc chn tm d
dh
a
c
n = const
R
d
+ Bn knh cong
ab
R
d
ab
dh
dh
cos +d
cos
n.sin n dn .sin d
n
R
dn
sin .
dh
n + dn = const
cos.d
6
1
10
R
dn
dN
dh
dh
Hnh 2.17 tnh bn knh

cong tia sng
dh
cos.d
sin .dn
n
h ,h
t
+ dN/dh > 0 R < 0; dN/dh < 0 R > 0;

dN/dh = 0 R =
www.ptit.edu.vn
r 90 ; n 1
0
(2.31)
Trang 63
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Phng php tnh cng in trng
Bn knh tng ng ca tri t, atd
+ Mt t thc bn knh a = 6.378 km, tia sng b khc x vi bn knh cong R

+ Mt t c bn knh atd, tia sng i thng (R = )
Bn knh atd phi tha mn iu kin: cong tng i gia mt t v tia
sng khng i
a)
Hnh 2.18 Cc qu o ca sng v tuyn

a) Qu o thc vi tri t bn knh thc
b) Qu o ng thng vi tri t c bn
knh tng ng
1 1
1
1

a R a td
dN
2
4.10
dh
www.ptit.edu.vn
R
a
Bn knh
tri t
a td
b)
a
a
1
R
Bn knh
cong qu
o
a
dN 6
1 a
.10
dh
at
(2.32)
a td 8.500km
Trang 64
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Phng php tnh cng in trng
H s cong tia sng, k

k
a td
1
a 1 a dN .106
dh
(2.33)
+ C ly nhn thy trc tip

'
r 0 2k.a
ht hr
(2.34)
+ li tri t
www.ptit.edu.vn
r1 km .r2 km
12,74.k
(2.35)
Trang 65
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Loi khc x
Khc x m
2.5 nh
dN
R (m)
dh (1/m)
>0
hng ca tng i lu
<0
at (m)
Qu o sng thc t
< 6,378.106
a
Khng khc x
atd < a
6,378. 106
a
Khc x thng
- 0,04
2,5. 107
atd = a
8,5. 106
atd < 4a/3
Khc x ti hn
- 0,157
6,378. 106
Siu khc x
< - 0,157
< 6,378. 106
atd =
<0
a
www.ptit.edu.vn
Qu o sng tng
ng
atd < 0
Trang 66
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Hp th sng trong tng i lu
+ Nng lng sng b hp th do cc phn t kh, ma, sng m
+ Hp th ph thuc vo tn s, thay i theo khng gian, thi gian
Hp th phn t
+ Ch yu do phn t nc v xy
+ Ph thuc thiu vo tn s
c bit tng nhanh vi tn s trn 10GHz
H2 O
10+2
Suy
hao
dB/
km
O2
10+1
f = 22 GHz
100
Hnh 2.19. S ph thuc ca h s hp th sng

ca O2 v H2O vo tn s
10-1
10-2
10-3
15 30
60
150 300
Tn s GHz
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 67
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Hp th sng trong tng i lu
Hp th trong ma v sng m
+ Hp th trong ma ph thuc vo cng ma tnh theo mm/h, v theo tn

40
s, tng nhanh vi tn s t 6GHz tr ln
30
+ Hp th do sng m ph thuc
Hp
th
theo tn s v tm nhn xa ca anten
dB/km
20
+ Gy thay i phn cc sng
10
Hp th dB/km
10
30 m
1
41 m
0,1
4
3
150 m
0,01
10
30
100
Tn s GHz
8 10
20
30
40 50 60 100
Tn s GHz
Hnh 2.20. S ph thuc ca h s hp th trong

Hnh 2.21. S ph thuc ca h s hp th trong
sng m theo tm nhn xa v tn s
ma vi cng ma 100 mm/h vo tn s
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 68
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

2.6 Cu hi v bi tp
Bi tp chng 2
9. Cho ng truyn c cc thng s sau: Cng sut bc x 15 W, bc sng cng tc 35 cm, h
s khuch i ca anten pht l 100, cao ca anten pht v anten thu ln lt l 80 m v 20 m,
c ly ng truyn l 10 km. Vi R = 0,91 v = 1800 khi sng phn cc ngang v R = 0,68; =
1800 khi sng phn cc ng. Xc nh h s suy gim?
(a) 0,42 v 0,44; (b) 0,52 v 0,54; (c) 0,62 v 0,64; (d) 0,72 v 0,74
10. S liu nh bi 9, xc nh cng in trng hiu dng ti im thu?
(a) 10 mV/m v 11,5 mV/m; (b) 11 mV/m v 10,5 mV/m; (c) 11 mV/m v 11,5 mV/m; (d) 10,5
mV/m v 11,5 mV/m
11. S liu nh bi 9, xc nh tn hao truyn sng bit h s khuch i ca anten thu l 100.
(a) 76,78 dB v 76,45 dB; (b) dB; (c) 76,78 dB v 80,45 dB; (d) 80,78 dB v 80,45 dB
12. Xc nh h s suy gim khi ng truyn c cc tham s: cng sut pht 50 W, bc sng
cng tc 10 cm, h s khuch i anten pht 60, cao anten pht 25 m, anten thu 10 m, c ly
truyn sng 10 km, h s phn x R = 1 v = 1800.
(a) 1,62 ; (b) 1,72; (c) 1,82; (d) 1,92
13. S liu nh bi 12, xc nh cng in trng ti im thu?
(a) 115,34 V/m; (b) 125,34 V/m; (c) 115,34 mV/m; (d) 125,34 mV/m
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 69
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

2.6 Cu hi v bi tp
Bi tp chng 2
14. S liu nh bi 12 nhng bc sng cng tc l 1m. Hy xc nh cng in trng ti
im thu?
(a) 15 mV/m; (b) 16 mV/m; (c) 17 mV/m; (d) 18 mV/m
15. Mt anten pht c t cao 49m v anten thu c t cao 25m. Khong cch tm
nhn thng ca hai anten ny l gi tr no di y?
(a) 35,8 km; (b) 42,8 km; (c) 45,8 km; (d) 50,8 km
16. Mt anten pht c t cao 30m v anten thu c t cao 15m. Khong cch tm
nhn thng ca hai anten ny l gi tr no di y?
(a) 27,4 km; (b) 30,4 km; (c) 33,4 km; (d) 35,4 km
17. Anten pht v tuyn truyn hnh t cao 64m. Tnh cao ca anten thu ti mt im t
cch xa i pht mt khong 50 km c th thu c tn hiu.
(a) 2 m; (b) 2,5 m; (c) 3 m; (d) 3,5 m
18. Xc nh bn knh cong ca tia sng khi i trong tng i lu i lu tiu chun?
(a) 2.106 m; (b) 2,5.106 m; (c) 2.107 m; (d) 2,5.107 m
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 70
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN
CHNG 3
TRUYN LAN SNG

TRONG THNG TIN DI NG
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 71
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

NI DUNG
Ni dung chng 3: (6)
3.1 Gii thiu

3.2 c tnh knh trong cc min
3.3 Pha inh phm vi hp
3.4 Phn b Rayleigh v Rice
3.5 Cc m hnh knh
3.6 Phn tp
3.7 Cu hi v bi tp
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 72
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

3.1 Gii thiu
c tnh knh v tuyn di ng nh hng trc tip n cht lng
truyn dn v dung lng.
Tnh c bit
Tnh ngu nhin
My pht
My thu
Hnh 3.0: Truyn sng v tuyn

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 73
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

3.1 Gii thiu
Cc yu t hn ch t mi trng v tuyn
Suy hao: Tng theo khong cch, gi tr t 50 n 150dB

Che ti: Cc vt cn trn ng truyn lm suy gim tn hiu
Phainh a ng: Tn hiu trc tip, phn x, nhiu x, tn x giao thoa
vi nhau gy mo tn hiu (thay i cng tn hiu; Nhiu giao thoa
gia cc k hiu ISI, InterSymbol Interferrence, do phn tn thi gian)
Nhiu: Trng tn s (CCI CoChannel Interference), knh ln cn (ACI

Adjacent Channel Interference)
Knh v tuyn
Khng gian truyn dn gia anten pht v anten thu

+ u vo ca knh: Anten pht
+ u ra ca knh: Anten thu
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 74
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

3.1 Gii thiu
Phn loi knh v tuyn
Theo phm vi khng gian

+ Phadinh phm vi rng
- Khong cch nh gi knh ln (vi km), phainh xy ra trong thi gian di
+ Phadinh phm vi hp
- Khong cch nh gi knh nh, phainh xy ra trong thi gian ngn
(phainh nhanh, do hin tng a ng)
Theo c tnh knh
+ Phn tp khng gian: c tnh knh thay i theo khng gian (phadinh chn
lc khng gian)
+ Phn tp tn s: c tnh knh thay i theo tn s (phadinh chn lc tn s)
+ Phn tp thi gian: c tnh knh thay i theo thi gian (phadinh chn lc
thi gian)
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 75
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

3.1 Gii thiu
Minh ha c tnh ca knh
Tnh chn lc tn s ca knh
Tnh chn lc khng gian ca knh

Bin
Bin
Bin
Min tn s
Min khng gian
Hnh 3.1
Tnh chn lc thi gian ca knh
Hnh 3.2
Min thi gian
Hnh 3.3
Hnh 3.1; 3.2; 3.3: Tnh cht knh trong min khng gian, min tn s, min thi gian
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 76
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Min khng gian
Tn hao ng truyn: PL (Path Loss) hay Lp

+ L hm ph thuc khong cch
PL
(3.1)
dn
n = 2: Khng gian t do; n = 3 5: Mi trng di ng

d: Khong cch truyn dn
+ Cng sut thu trung bnh gim so vi khong cch theo hm logarit
+ M hnh tn hao ng truyn bao gm nhiu tham s, ti mt khong cch d
xc nh th PL l mt qu trnh ngu nhin c phn b log chun quanh gi
tr trung bnh
d X

d0
PL (d)[dB] = PL(d) X PL (d0 ) 10n lg
(dB)
(3.2)
PL d
: Tn hao ng truyn trung bnh ti khong cch d

X: Bin ngu nhin phn b Gausse, trung bnh 0 vi lch chun
d0: Khong cch tham chun thu pht
n: M tn hao ng truyn
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 77
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Min tn s
iu bin tn s
+ Gy ra do hiu ng Doppler: Dch tn s doppler, f
cos
fc cos fd cos
(3.3)
fRx fc f
v : Tc my di ng (MS)
: Bc sng
: Gc gia phng chuyn ng ca MS v sng ti
Hnh 3.4 Hiu ng Doppler
fd: Tn s doppler cc i
+ Tn hiu a ng t cc phng khc nhau lm tng rng bng tn tn

hiu, gi l tri ph doppler
Chn lc tn s
+ Mt s on ph ca tn hiu qua knh chn lc tn s b nh hng nhiu

hn (thay i theo tn s)
+ Phadinh chon lc tn s lm mo tn hiu
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 78
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Min thi gian
+ Cc knh v tuyn thay i theo thi gian (phadinh chn lc thi gian)
+ Biu din tn hiu thu
y (t )
(3.4)
x ( ) h (t , ) d x (t ) h (t , )
: Tr a ng
x(t): Tn hiu pht
h(t,): p ng xung kim knh v tuyn vi tr
+ nh hng a ng knh v tuyn l tri tr (phn tn thi gian), nghim

trng vi cc h thng tc cao
Hnh 3.5 nh hng ca tri tr
"1"
"0"
"0"
www.ptit.edu.vn
"1"
Trang 79
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Min thi gian
Tri tr trung bnh qun phng, RDS (Root mean square Delay Spread)
(3.5)
P( k ) k

P( k )
P( k ) k
(3.6)
P( k )
(3.7)
P(k): Cng sut trung bnh a ng vi tr k
+ RDS biu th tr so vi ng n sm nht (LOS Line Of Sight)

+ RDS nh gi nh hng ca ISI (InterSymbol Interference)
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 80
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Min thi gian
Tr tri cc i
+ Tr tri cc i ti, X dB, l tr thi gian m nng lng a ng gim

X dB so vi nng lng cc i.
Thi gian nht qun, Tc
+ L thi gian knh tng quan rt mnh vi tn hiu thu

+ Tc xc nh tnh tnh ca knh, cc k hiu truyn qua knh chu nh hng
ca phadinh nh nhau (khng ph thuc thi gian; knh phadinh chm)
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 81
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Quan h cc thng s trong cc min khc nhau
Bng thng nht qun v tri tr trung bnh qun phng
+ Bng thng nht qun, Bc, l di tn m knh c c tnh tnh theo tn s, tc

ng ca knh ln cc thnh phn ph trong di tn u nh nhau
+ Vi tng quan tn s l 0,5
1
5
Bc
(3.8)
Thi gian nht qun v tri doppler

TC
www.ptit.edu.vn
(3.9)
fd
Trang 82
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Tng kt c tnh knh
Bng 3.1 Cc c tnh knh ca ba min
Min khng gian
Thng s
Nhc im
Gii php
Mc ch
Ch thch
www.ptit.edu.vn
d;
fd;
Thng ging ngu nhin
Min tn s
Min thi gian

;
Bc
1
50
Tc
fd
Chn lc khng gian

MIMO
Li dng a ng
Chn lc tn s
Chn lc thi gian
OFDM
Thch ng
Phainh phng
Phainh chm
(T)
(BS>>fd)
d: khong cch thu pht; MIMO: Multile Input Multiple Output; fd:
tri Doppler; BC: rng bng nht qun ca knh xt cho trng
hp tng quan ln hn 90%; T: chu k k hiu; : tri tr trung
bnh qun phng; TC: thi gian nht qun ca knh; BS: rng
bng tn hiu pht
Trang 83
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

3.3 Phadinh phm vi hp
Phn loi phadinh phm vi hp
Tri tr a ng
+ L thng s min thi gian, lm mo tn hiu do tr v phadinh chn lc tn

s (nh hng ln c tnh knh min tn s)
- Phainh phng
- Phainh chn lc tn s
Tri doppler
+ L thng s min tn s, dn n tn tn v phadinh chn lc thi gian (nh

hng ln c tnh knh min thi gian)
- Phainh chm
- Phainh nhanh
ngha
+ iu kin phadinh ngoi ph thuc thng s knh l tri tr a ng v bng

thng nht qun, cn ph thuc c im ca tn hiu bao gm chu k k hiu
v rng bng tn
+ La chn tn hiu ph hp s ci thin c hiu nng truyn dn
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 84
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

3.3 Phadinh phm vi hp
Phn loi phadinh phm vi hp
Bng 3.2. Cc loi phainh phm vi hp
C s phn loi
Tri tr a ng
Tri Doppler
Loi Phainh
iu kin
Phainh phng
B<<BC; T10
Phainh chn lc tn s
B>BC; T<10
Phainh nhanh
T>TC; B<fd
Phainh chm
T<<TC; B>>fd
B: rng bng tn tn hiu

Bc: Bng thng nht qun
fd: Tri doppler cc i
T: Chu k k hiu
: Tri tr trung bnh qun phng
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 85
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

3.4 Cc phn b Rayleigh v Rice
c s dng m t tnh cht thng k thay i theo thi gian ca tn
hiu phadinh phng
Phn b phadinh Rayleigh
L phn b ng bao ca tng hai tn hiu c phn b Gauss vung gc

Hm mt xc sut, PDF
2
r
r 2 2
, 0r
f (r ) p r 2 e
r0
0 ,
(3.10)
: Bin ngu nhin ca in p ng bao tn hiu thu, r: gi tr ca

: Gi tr trung bnh qun phng ca tn hiu thu ca tng thnh phn Gauss
2
: Cng sut trung bnh theo thi gian ca tn hiu thu
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 86
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Phn b phadinh Rayleigh
Gi tr trung bnh ca phn b rayleigh
tb E[] rp(r )dr

0
1, 253
(3.11)
Phng sai ca phn b rayleigh (thnh phn cng sut xoay chiu)
2
r
www.ptit.edu.vn
E[ ] - E [] r p(r )dr
2
2 0, 42922
(3.12)
Trang 87
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Phn b phadinh Rice
L phn b ng bao phadinh phm vi hp, nhn c khi tn hiu thu c

thnh phn n nh vt tri, (LoS Line of Sight)
Thnh phn a ng xp chng ln tn hiu vt tri

Hm mt xc xut
2
2
(r A )
2
Ar
r
2
I0 2 , A 0, r 0
f (r ) 2 e

r0
0 ,
I0 (y)
y cos t
(3.13)
dt
A: Bin nh ca tn hiu vt tri

I0(.): Hm Bessel ci tin loi mt bc khng
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 88
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Phn b phadinh Rice
Phn b Rice thng c m t bng tha s K

K=
Cng sut trong ng vt tri

Cng sut trong cc ng tn x
A
2
(3.14)
K 0: Suy thoi thnh knh Rayleigh

K : Knh ch c ng trc tip
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 89
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

3.5 M hnh knh
M hnh knh trong min thi gian
Nguyn tc:
+ Knh phadinh a ng: c trng ton hc bng b lc tuyn tnh thay i

theo thi gian (ng tr)
+ Knh c trng bng p ng xung kim knh
L 1
h( ; t )
( t )e
(t )
(t ) ,
0, 1,...., L 1
(3.15)
Trong
l (t), l (t), l (t) biu th cho bin , pha v tr i vi xung thu th l (ng truyn l);
biu th cho tr, t biu th cho s thay i theo thi gian ca chnh cu trc xung kim
(.) biu th cho hm Delta Dirac, L biu th cho s ng truyn
+ Tn hiu u ra bng tch chp tn hiu u vo knh vi p ng xung kim

knh
y (t ) x ( ) h (t , ) d x (t ) h (t , )
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 90
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

3.5 M hnh knh
M hnh knh trong min thi gian
x(t)
0
1
L 2
(L 2)
L 1
L 2
(L 1)
L 1
L 2
L 1
y(t)
Hnh 3.6 M hnh knh v tuyn di ng bng ng tr a nhnh
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 91
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

3.5 M hnh knh
M hnh knh trong min tn s
Nguyn tc:
+ S thay i thi gian tr dn n thay i tn s f, ngha l tn thi ca

knh khin knh mang tnh chn lc tn s
+ Thc hin bin i Fourier p ng xung kim knh trong min thi gian
h(f ', t)
h(, t)e
www.ptit.edu.vn
L -1
d h(, t)e
j2 f '
j[ 2 f ' ( t )]
(3.16)
Trang 92
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

3.6 Phn tp
Phn tp
Thng tin c truyn ng thi trn nhiu ng c lp t c

tin cy truyn dn cao (cc ng truyn khng tng quan nhau)
+ Phn tp thi gian: Cc k hiu c truyn phn tn trong cc khong thi

gian khc nhau m bo tnh c lp (m ha v an xen)
+ Phn tp tn s: Cc k hiu c pht hai tn s c lp (cch nhau mt
khong bng rng bng tn nht qun)
+ Phn tp phn cc: Cc k hiu c pht hai phn cc cho nhau m
bo tnh c lp
+ Phn tp khng gian: Cc k hiu n im thu theo ng i c lp nhau
(s dng nhiu anten pht hoc thu t khong cch xa)
SIMO: Single Input Multiple Output
MISO: Multiple Input Single Output
MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 93
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

3.6 Phn tp
Phn tp khng gian
+ S dng hai anten tr ln cho thu hoc pht

- B tr cch nhau > 5 theo phng thng ng
- Khong cch m bo tn hiu i trn hai knh khng tng quan nhau
+ ng thi cng truyn mt tn hiu trn hai knh

- Do hai knh c lp nn khng b phadinh ng thi Kt hp tn hiu t cc
anten nhn c tn hiu tt
L phng php s dng ph bin, chng c c phadinh phng v phadinh

la chn, thng s dng phn tp khng gian thu
Rx
f
S liu
vo
Kt
hp
Tx
S liu ra
Rx
f
Hnh 3.7 Phn tp khng gian

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 94
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

3.6 Phn tp
Phn tp tn s
+ S dng hai cp my thu/pht lm vic hai tn s khc nhau

- Cc tn s phi c khong cch m bo khng tng quan phadinh vi nhau
- To nn hai knh v tuyn c lp
+ ng thi cng truyn mt tn hiu trn hai knh

- Do hai knh c lp nn khng b phadinh ng thi Kt hp tn hiu t cc
my thu nhn c tn hiu tt
L phng php s dng khng hiu qu tn s, phc tp trong cu hnh, hiu

qu trong chng phadinh la chn tn s
Tx1
S liu vo
f1
Rx1
SW
S liu ra
Tx2
f2
Rx2
Hnh 3.8 Phn tp tn s

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 95
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

3.6 Phn tp
Phn tp thi gian
- Phadinh su xy ra trong thi gian ngn gy li cm
+ Phn tn thi gian tn hiu pht khc phc li cm

- Phn tn cc li trong khong thi gian rng hn
Duy tr cht lng tuyn dn trung bnh gi tr m bo yu cu
+ Thc hin bng k thut an xen tn hiu trc khi pht

L phng php hiu qu trong vic chng li khi, c s dng ph bin
Hnh 3.9 Phn tp thi gian
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 96
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

3.7 Cu hi v bi tp
Bi tp chng 3
15. Xt mt my pht pht x sng mang c tn s 1850 MHz. My di ng c
t trn xe t chy vn tc 80 km gi. Tnh tn s sng mang ti my thu khi
my di ng tin thng n my pht?
(a) 1850,000010 MHz; (b) 1850, 000120 MHz; (c) 1850,000137MHz
16. (Tip). Tnh tn s sng mang ti my thu khi my di ng ri xa my pht
(a) 1850,000118MHz; (b) 1850,000220MHz; (c)1849,999863MHz
17. (Tip). Tnh tn s sng mang ti my thu khi my di ng chuyn ng vung
gc vi phng sng ti.
(a) 1850,000118MHz; (b) 1850,000220MHz; (c)1849,999863MHz; (d) 1850 MHz
18. Gi thit p ng xung kim knh c s dng lp m hnh cho cc knh v
tuyn vi tr tri ln nht l100s. Nu s nhnh tr c c nh l 64. Tm
ca m hnh ng tr a nhnh.
(a) 1,3s; (b)1,56s; (c)1,5625s; (d)1,625s
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 97
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN
CHNG 4
L THUYT CHUNG V ANTEN
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 98
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

NI DUNG
Ni dung chng 4: (5)
4.1 Gii thiu

4.2 Cc tham s c bn ca anten
4.3 Cc ngun bc xa nguyn t
4.4 Nguyn l anten thu
4.5 Cu hi v bi tp
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 99
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

4.1 Gii thiu
Vai tr ca anten
L thit b bc x sng in t ra khng gian v thu nhn sng in t t

khng gian bn ngoi
+ Anten pht: Bin i tn hiu in cao tn t my pht thnh sng in t t

do lan truyn trong khng gian
+ Anten thu: Tp trung nng lng sng in t trong khng gian thnh tn hiu
in cao tn a n my thu.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 100
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

4.1 Gii thiu
Cc loi anten
Hnh 4.2. Mt s loi anten

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 101
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

4.1 Gii thiu
Qu trnh vt l bc x sng in t
in trng xoy
+ L in trng c cc ng sc khng b rng buc vi cc in tch to ra

n m t bn thn chng khp kn.
iu kin to sng in t
+ Quy lut ca in t trng bin thin, in trng xoy bin thin s sinh ra
t trng bin i. Bn thn t trng bin i li sinh ra mt in trng
xoy mi. Qu trnh lp li v sng in t c hnh thnh
Hnh 4.3. Qu trnh truyn lan

sng in t
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 102
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

4.1 Gii thiu
Qu trnh vt l bc x sng in t
Kho st qu trnh bc x
b
a
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 103
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

4.2 Cc tham s c bn
Hm tnh hng
Khi nim: L hm s biu th s ph thuc ca cng trng bc x

bi anten theo hng kho st khi c ly kho st l khng i
f , f , .i f , .i
(4.1)
, : Gc bc x ca anten (gc phng v v gc ngng)
Hm tnh hng bin : Biu th quan h ca bin trng bc x theo

hng kho st vi c ly kho st khng i
f ,
f , f ,
2
Hm bin tng i (chun ha)

f ,
F ,
; Fmax 1
f , max
www.ptit.edu.vn
(4.2)
(4.3)
Trang 104
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

4.2 Cc tham s c bn
th tnh hng
+ L th khng gian biu th s bin i tng i ca bin trng bc x
theo hng kho st khi c ly kho st l khng i
+ c v t F(,) trn ta cc hoc ta cc
- Mt phng chn v th l hai mt phng vung gc i qua hng bc x
cc i ca anten (,)
- Vi ta cc, trc chun ban u chn trng vi trc i xng ca th, bt
u hng cc i
- Thang biu din c th theo thang thp phn hay thang logarit
1,0
0,75
Hnh 4.5. th
tnh hng
0,50
0,25
o
-90
www.ptit.edu.vn
-60
-30
30
60
90
Trang 105
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

4.2 Cc tham s c bn
rng th tnh hng
L gc gia hai hng m theo hng cng sut bc x gim
+ Gc bc x khng (20): Cng sut bc x hng cc i gim n 0

+ Gc bc x na cng sut (21/2 hay 3dB): Cng sut bc x gim mt na
so vi hng cc i
Th hin tnh tp chung nng lng bc x theo hng lm vic

900
2 1 ( 3dB )
2
Pmax / 2
Pmax
Hnh 4.6. rng ca
th tnh hng
00
2 0
Pmax / 2
0
90
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 106
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

4.2 Cc tham s c bn
Cng sut bc x, in tr bc x, hiu sut
+ Cng sut bc x (P): L phn cng sut bc x thnh nng lng in t
+ Cng sut tn hao (Pth): Cng sut b tiu tn do nhit bi vt dn, trong cc
lp in mi
+ Cng sut a vo anten: Pa = P + Pth
Hiu sut anten

a
P
1
Pa 1 Pth
(4.4)
in tr bc x: L gi tr in tr tng ng tiu hao cng sut bng

cng sut bc x khi c dng in cao tn vi bin nh trn anten chy
qua
1 2
I m .R
(4.5)
+ in tr bc x c trng cho kh nng bc x ca anten

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 107
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

4.2 Cc tham s c bn
H s tnh hng, h s tng ch
H s tnh hng
+ L t s gia mt cng sut ca anten ti mt hng xc nh vi mt

cng sut ca mt anten chun khi hai anten t cng v tr v cng sut bc
x nh nhau. Anten chun thng chn anten v hng
S ,
E 2 ,
D ,
; D ,
;
2
S0
E0
(4.6)
E , Emax . F ,
(4.7)
D , Dmax .F 2 ,
H s khuych i anten (tng ch)
+ nh ngha nh h s tnh hng nhng hai anten c cng sut a vo

anten nh nhau v anten chun c hiu sut bng 1
G , a .
S ,
a .D ,
S0
(4.8)
- H s tng ch va biu hin tnh hng, va biu th tn hao trn anten

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 108
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

4.2 Cc tham s c bn
Tr khng vo
Anten l ti ca my pht, tr s ti c trng bi tr khng vo ca anten
+ Thun tr R c trng cho thnh phn nng lng bc x thnh sng in t

+ in khng X l do phn trng gn, b rng buc vi anten (v cng)
Tr khng vo nh hng ti ch lm vic ca cc thit b ni ti anten
Z va
Ua
Rva jX va
Ia
(4.9)
Hnh 4.7. Mch tr khng tng ng ca anten

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 109
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

4.3 Ngun bc x nguyn t
Chn t in (dipol in)
+ L phn t dn in thng, rt mnh, c di l rt nh hn bc sng. Dng
in phn b u c v bin v pha
z
E
Ie
Ie
Ie
E
Ie
Ie
H
E
y
x
Hnh 4.8. Phn b dng in trong chn t
www.ptit.edu.vn
Hnh 4.9. Bc x ca chn t in trong khng gian t do
Trang 110
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chn t in (dipol in)
Kho st trng ti im M
+ Tn ti vecto in trng trong mt phng in trng ()

+ Tn ti vecto t trng trong mt phng t trng ()
ikZ e
e ikr
E
I l sin
i (V / m)
4
r
E 0
H 0
(4.10)
ik e
e ikr
H
I l sin
i
4
r
Trong : k = 2/ l h s sng
Z: l tr khng sng ca mi trng truyn lan. Trong khng gian t do Z = 120 ()
Ie : l dng in trong dipol in
r: l khong cch t tm O dn im kho st M
l : chiu di ca dipol
,: l cc gc ca h ta cu
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 111
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chn t in (dipol in)
Kho st trng ti im M
+ Nhn xt
- Trng bc x ca dipol in l trng phn cc ng thng, in trng ch

c thnh phn E v t trng ch c thnh phn H
- Mt phng E trng vi mt phng kinh tuyn cha trc chn t, mt phng H
trng vi mt phng v tuyn vung vi trc chn t
- Ti mi im vecto E v H c pha ging nhau nn nng lng bc x l nng
lng thc
+ Hm tnh hng
f , Z .I e .l.sin .i
(4.11)
f , Z .I e .l. sin
F sin
F const
const
const
(4.12)
- Trng bc x c hng trong mt phng E, v hng trong mt phng H

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 112
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chn t in (dipol in)
M
Kho st trng ti im
a) Trong khng gian
b) Ta cc
+ th tnh hng
F(); = const
y
Hnh 4.10. th tnh hng

ca dipol in
x
F() = 1; = const
c) Ta vung gc
F()
F()
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
00
www.ptit.edu.vn
1800
3600
0
00
1800
3600
Trang 113
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chn t in (dipol in)
Kho st trng ti im M
+ Cng sut bc x
Pe
E 2 2
Z Ie l 3
1
1
E x H ds d
.r sin d
sin d
2s
2 0
Z
4
0
0
Z I e l 2
e
P

3
(4.13)
+ in tr bc x
2 Z l
(4.14)
+ H s tnh hng
1 E , .4 .r
3
D , . h
sin 2
2
Z .P
2
2
(4.15)
Dmax 3 / 2
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 114
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chn t t (dipol t)
+ L phn t dn t thng, rt mnh, c di l rt nh hn bc sng. Dng
t phn b u c v bin v pha
z
a)
Im
Im
H
y
Im
Im
E
x
Hnh 4.11. Phn b dng t trong chn t

www.ptit.edu.vn
Hnh 4.12. Bc x ca chn t t trong khng gian t do
Trang 115
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chn t t (dipol t)
Kho st trng ti im M
+ Tn ti vecto in trng trong mt phng in trng ()

+ Tn ti vecto t trng trong mt phng t trng ()
ik m
e ikr
E
I l sin
i (V / m)
4
r
E 0
H 0
(4.16)
ik m
e ikr
H
I l sin
i
4 .Z
r
Trong : k = 2/ l h s sng
Z: l tr khng sng ca mi trng truyn lan. Trong khng gian t do Z = 120 ()
Im : l dng t trong dipol t
r: l khong cch t tm O dn im kho st M
l : chiu di ca dipol
,: l cc gc ca h ta cu
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 116
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chn t t (dipol t)
Kho st trng ti im M
+ Nhn xt
- Trng bc x ca dipol t l trng phn cc ng thng, in trng ch

c thnh phn E v t trng ch c thnh phn H
- Mt phng H trng vi mt phng kinh tuyn cha trc chn t, mt phng E
trng vi mt phng v tuyn vung vi trc chn t
+ Hm tnh hng
f , I m .l.sin .i
f , I m .l. sin
F sin
F const
const
const
(4.17)
(4.18)
- Trng bc x c hng trong mt phng H, v hng trong mt phng E
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 117
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chn t t (dipol t)
Kho st trng ti im M
+ th tnh hng
a) Trong khng gian
b) Ta cc
F(); = const
y
Hnh 4.13. th tnh hng

ca dipol t
x
F() = 1; = const
c) Ta vung gc
F()
F()
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
00
www.ptit.edu.vn
1800
3600
0
00
1800
3600
Trang 118
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chn t t (dipol t)
Kho st trng ti im M
+ Cng sut bc x
I m ZI e
(4.19)
2
Pm
I m l 2

3Z
(4.20)
+ in dn bc x
2 l
G

3Z
1/
(4.21)
+ H s tnh hng
1 E , .4 .r
3
D , . h
sin 2
2
Z .P
2
2
(4.22)
Dmax 3 / 2
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 119
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Nguyn t bc x hn hp
Cu to: Phn t bc x gm mt dipol in t vung gc vi mt dipol

t
+ Dipol in t theo ox, dng Iex ; Dipol t t theo oy, dng Imy
+ di bng nhau: l;
z
+ Quan h dng in v dng t:
I ym
I xe
a.Z
(4.23)
M(,)
r
Imy
Iex
x
Hnh 4.14. Nguyn t bc x hn hp
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 120
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Nguyn t bc x hn hp
Kho st trng ti im M
+ Trng bc x gm 4 thnh phn E, E, H, H.

+ Trng ti vng xa:
ikZ e
e ikr
E
I x lcos cos +a
i
4
r
ikZ e
e ikr
E
I x l sin 1 acos
i
4
r
ik e
e ikr
H
I x lcos cos +a
i
4
r
ik e
e ikr
H
I x l sin 1 acos
i
4
r
www.ptit.edu.vn
(4.24)
Trang 121
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Nguyn t bc x hn hp
Kho st trng ti im M
+ Hm tnh hng
f , ZI xelcos cos +a i
f , ZI l sin 1 acos i
(4.25)
e
x
+ Hm tnh hng bin chun ha
cos cos +a
1 a
sin 1 acos
F ,
1 a
F ,
(4.26)
Max: = 0; Min: =
+ H s tnh hng (a = 1)
3 cos +1
D ,
;
4
2
www.ptit.edu.vn
Dmax 3
(4.27)
Trang 122
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Nguyn t bc x hn hp
Kho st trng ti im M
+ th tnh hng
Hnh 4.15. th phng hng ca nguyn t bc x hn hp

- th hnh cardioit trn xoay,
- Nng lng bc x cc i v mt hng, l hng ca tch vc t (Ie xIm)
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 123
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Kho st
Hai anten t cch nhau trong mi trng ng hng

Tr khng tng l Z1 v Z2
z2
Z1 Z t1 Z v1
2
Z 2 Zt 2 Z v 2
y2
z1
Nguyn l tng h
e2
I1thu
x2
y1
x1
I 2thu
e1
Hnh 4.12. M t tng h hai anten
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 124
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Xc nh S trn anten thu
Trng bc x v dng u vo
ik
eikR
E21
ZLh1I 01 F1 1 , 1
4
R
I 01
E21.4 R
ik ZLh1I 01 F1 1 , 1 e ikR
S trn anten
www.ptit.edu.vn
e1
E21.4 R.Z1
ik ZLh1 F1 1 , 1 e ikR
e2
E12 .4 R.Z 2
ik ZLh 2 F2 2 , 2 e ikR
Trang 125
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Xc nh dng trong ti anten
Tng qut:
I1thu Zt1 Z v1
E12 Lh1 F1 1 , 1
I 2thu Zt 2 Z v 2
E21Lh 2 F2 2 , 2
Do cc anten l bt k nn dng trong ti anten l

I thu C
E0 Lh F ,
Zt Z v
S nhn c trn anten thu

e0 CE0 Lh F ,
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 126
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

4.5 Cu hi v bi tp
Bi tp chng 4
10. Xc nh h s hng tnh (theo dBi) ca mt anten c tnh hng to nn mt cng sut ti im xem xt l
3mW/m2 khi m anten v hng to nn mt cng sut cng ti im l 0,5W/m2.
(a) 30,8 dBi; (b) 33,8 dBi; (c) 35,8 dBi; (d) 37,8 dBi
11. Xc nh h s khuch i (theo dBi) ca anten c h s hng tnh l 40 v hiu sut lm vic 60%.
(a) 13,8 dBi; (b) 15,8 dBi; (c) 17,8 dBi; (d) 20,8 dBi
12. Xc nh cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng (theo dBW v dBm) ca mt anten c h s hng tnh 43 dBi,
hiu sut 70% v cng sut u vo anten l 5 W.
(a) 45,44 dBW v 75,44 dBm; (b) 48,44 dBW v 78,44 dBm; (c) 45,44 dBW v 78,44 dBm; (d) 48,44 dBW v 75,44 dBm
13. Mt anten c in tr bc x 20, in tr tn hao 0,5 v h s hng tnh l 200.
a, Xc nh hiu sut ca anten: (a) 87,56 %; (b) 90,56 %; (c) 95,56 %; (d) 97,56 %
b, Xc nh h s khuch i: (a) 22,4 dBi; (b) 22,6 dBi; (c) 22,8 dBi; (d) 22,9 dBi
14. Mt anten c cng sut bc x 65W, cng sut tn hao 5W v h s hng tnh l 500.
a, Xc nh hiu sut ca anten: (a) 90,86 %; (b) 92,86 %; (c) 95,86 %; (d) 97,86 %
b, Xc nh h s khuch i: (a) 26,6 dBi; (b) 26,7 dBi; (c) 26,8 dBi; (d) 26,9 dBi
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 127
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN
CHNG 5
ANTEN CHN T
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 128
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

NI DUNG
Ni dung chng 5: (5)
5.1 Gii thiu

5.2 Anten chn t i xng
5.3 Anten chn t n
5.4 Anten nhiu chn t
5.5 Cu hi v bi tp
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 129
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

5.1 Gii thiu
Khi qut
Anten chn t cn c gi l anten dipol, s dng chn t lm phn t

bc x trc tip sng in t
Anten chn t c kt cu n gin, c tnh tng t ng y dn mt

u h mch
Cc loi anten chn t in hnh

+ Anten chn t i xng
+ Anten chn t n
+ Anten nhiu chn t
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 130
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Khi nim
L mt cu trc gm hai vt dn hnh dng ty
+ Kch thc ging nhau, t thng hng trong khng gian

+ gia ni vi ngun in cao tn
S dng nh anten hon chnh, hay cu to nn anten phc tp

Phn b dng in
Tng quan chn t i xng v ng dy song hnh

l
z
a)
b)
Hnh 5.1 S tng quan gia chn t i xng v ng dy song hnh

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 131
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Phn b dng in
Tng quan chn t i xng v ng dy song hnh

+ Khc bit: Chn t i xng c
- Thng s phn b L, C thay i dc theo chn t

- Nng lng bc x ra khng gian di dng sng in t
+ Vi chn t mnh (d << 0,01 ), im kho st xa (r >> ): Coi l tng

quan. Phn b dng in trn chn t i xng c dng sng ng
I z z I b .sin k l z
(5.1)
Ib l bin dng in im bng .

l: l di mt nhnh chn t
+ Phn b in tch
k .I b
i. .cos k . l z , z 0
Qz
k .I b .cos k . l z , z 0
i.
www.ptit.edu.vn
(5.2)
Trang 132
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Phn b dng in
Q
a) l = 0,25
b) l = 0,5
c) l = 0,675
Hnh 5.2 Phn b dng in v in tch trn chn t i xng
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 133
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Bc x ca chn t i xng trong khng gian t do
Bi ton
+ Chn t i xng chiu di 2l t trong khng gian t do

+ Kho st trng ti M cch chn t r0 >> , lp vi trc chn t gc
Xc nh cng trng
+ Chia chn t thnh cc phn t rt nh dz >> . Mi phn t tng ng vi

r1
mt chn t in
- Chiu di dz
- Khong cch r
- Mt dng khng i Iz
dz
M
ro
l
z
r2
Hnh 5.3 M t cc thng s tnh trng bc x ca
chn t i xng trong khng gian t do
www.ptit.edu.vn
dz
Trang 134
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Xc nh cng trng
+ Trng do phn t dz nhnh 1 v 2 gy ra ti M
dE1 i
60 I z dz
sin e ikr1 i
r1
dE2 i
60 I z dz
sin e ikr2 i
r2
(5.3)
do r
r1 r0 zcos
r2 r0 zcos
+ Tng hp cng trng do hai phn t
dE dE1 dE2 ;
I z I b .sin k . l z
60 .I b .dz
dE i
.sin .sin k l z .e ikr0
r0 .
(5.4)
ikzcos
e ikzcos .i
60 .I b .dz
dE i
sin .sin k l z .e ikr0 .2cos kz.cos i
r0 .
www.ptit.edu.vn
(5.5)
Trang 135
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Xc nh cng trng
+ in trng do ton b chn t gy ra ti M

l
E dE
0
www.ptit.edu.vn
E i
60 I b cos klcos cos kl ikr0

.
.e .i
r0
sin
E i
60 I b ikr0
.e . f ,
r0
60.I b
. f ,
r0
(5.6)
(5.7)
Trang 136
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Tham s ca chn t i xng
Hm tnh hng v th tnh hng
Hm tnh hng bin

cos klcos cos kl
(5.8)
sin
Trong mt phng H vung gc vi trc chn t c l hng s, hm tnh hng
ch ph thuc vo k.l, (hay chiu di tng i l/)
+ Chn t ngn: l < /4
f , f
cos x 1 x
F sin
k.l
f
2
sin
(5.9)
(5.10)
- Tng t chn t in: C hng mt phng E cha trc chn t, v hng

mt phng H vung gc vi trc chn t, cc i hng vung vi trc
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 137
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Hm tnh hng bin
+ Chn t na sng : l = /4
k .l
cos cos cos

cos .cos
2
2
sin
sin
(5.11)
+ Chn t c sng: l = /2
k .l
2cos 2 .cos
cos .cos 1
2
sin
sin
(5.12)
- th hp hn
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 138
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Hm tnh hng bin
+ Chn t di: l > /2

Trn mi nhnh xut hin dng in ngc pha, do
- Ti hng vung gc, khng c sai pha v ng i nhng dng in ngc
pha nn cng trng tng gim (bp chnh thu hp li)
- Ti hng c sai pha v ng i th sai pha c b tr nh sai pha v dng
in nn xut hin cc bp ph (bp ph ln dn). Khi l = , bn bp ph tr
thnh bn bp chnh.
Tnh hng ca chn t i xng ph thuc vo chiu di in:
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 139
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

t i xng trong mt phng E
th tnh hng ca chn
90
90
90
o
180o
180o
0o
0o
90o
Hnh 5.4 th phng hng

ca chn t i xng trong mt
phng E
90o
180o
0o
180o
d) l 0,75
www.ptit.edu.vn
0o
c) l 0,5
b) l 0,25
a) l 0,1
180o
0o
e) l
Trang 140
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Tr khng sng, tr khng vo
Tr khng sng
+ Tr khng sng dy song hnh

D
Z f 276.lg
r
(5.13)
D: Khong cch tm hai dy dn

r: Bn knh dy dn
+ Chn t i xng thng s in dung phn tn thay i

- Vi l
2l
Z A 120 ln 1
r
- Vi l > (cng thc Kesenich)

Z A 120 ln
E
.r
E: Hng s le (= 0,577)
www.ptit.edu.vn
(5.14)
(5.15)
Trang 141
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Tr khng sng, tr khng vo
Tr khng vo
+ Vi ng dy song hnh h mch u cui c tr khng vo
X vA iZ Acotg k.l
(5.16)
+ Chn t i xng nng lng bc x ra khng gian nn c thnh phn in

tr bc x u vo ng vai tr thun tr
RvA
Rb
sin 2 kl
(5.17)
+ Tr khng vo ca chn t
Z vA RvA jX vA
Rb
iZ A .cotg kl
sin 2 lk
(5.18)
(Vi l < 0,75)

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 142
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Tr khng vo
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100
0
RVA()
400
300
200
100
0
- 100
- 200
- 300
- 400
l/r =60
l/r =40
l/r =20
l
0,2
0,4 0,6
0,7 1,0
1,2
XVA()
l/r=60
l/r=40
l/r=20
l
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
Hnh 5.5. S ph thuc ca ZvA vo l
Nhn xt:
- Chn t ngn (l < /4): cotg l (+) nn ZVA l (-) Tr khng vo mang tnh dung
- Chn t na sng (l = /4): cotg = 0 nn ZVA = RVA = 73,1 Mch cng hng ni tip
- Chn t c (/4 < l < /2): cotg l (-) nn ZVA l (+) Tr khng vo mang tnh cm
- Chn t ton sng (l = /2): cotg = 0, sin = 0, nn ZVA = Mch cng hng song song
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 143
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Cng sut bc x, in tr bc x, h s tnh hng
Cng sut bc x
+ Cng sut bc x qua din tch ds
z
ds = r2sindd
E2
dP Stb .ds Eh .H h .ds
.ds
2Z
+ Cng sut bc x ca chn t
(5.19)
cos klcos cos kl 2
r sin d d
8 2 r 2 0 0
sin
x
2
ZI b2
cos klcos cos kl

P 30 I b2
.d
sin
Hnh 5.6. Xc nh cng sut bc x

ca chn t i xng
(5.20)
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 144
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

in tr bc x
Rbxb()
250
+ Xc nh ti im bng
1
P I b2 .Rb
2
200
cos klcos cos kl

Rb 60
.d
sin
0
(5.21)
150
100
50
0
0,25
0,5
0,75
1,0
Hnh 5.7. Quan h gia in tr bc

xv di tng i
Nhn xt
- Khi l/ nh, ging dipol in, tng l lm cho dng ng pha tng Tng R
- Khi l > /2, xut hin dng in ngc pha Gim R
- in tr bc x dao ng cc i di l bi s chn ln /4, cc tiu
di l bi s l ln /4
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 145
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

H s tnh hng
E , .2 .r 2
2
D ,
(5.22)
Z.P
2 .ZR
Dmax D
1 cos kl
Nhn xt:
- Khi l/ 0,675: Bc x anten cc i hng = /2, tng l D tng
- Khi l/ > 0,675: Tng l D gim do cc i chnh gim
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 146
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chiu di hiu dng
+ KN: L chiu di tng ng ca mt chn t c dng in phn b ng

u v bng dng in u vo ca chn t tht vi din tch phn b dng
in tng ng.
lhd
k .l
.tg
2
(5.23)
2l = /2
lhd
Im
Im
Hnh 5.8. Chiu di thc v chiu di hiu dng ca

chn t i xng
Nhn xt:
- Chn t ngn, coi: tgx = x lhd = l (chiu di mt nhnh chn t tht)
- Chn t na sng: tg(kl/2) = 1 lhd = /
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 147
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

nh hng ca mt t ln bc x ca chn t i xng
Phng php nh gng
+ Chn t trong mi trng thc, cc vt dn gn nh hng ti s bc x

- Trng bc x ca anten lm pht sinh dng th cp ngun bc x th cp
- Cng trng ti him thu l giao thoa gia trng s cp v th cp
+ Coi nh hng ca ngun th cp l do chn t nh

Chn t tht
h
Mt t
h
Chn t nh
Chn t tht v chn t nh
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 148
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Phng php nh gng
+ nh hng ca mt t c xc nh bng phng php nh gng

- Tc dng ca dng th cp xc nh tng ng vi mt chn t o l nh
ca chn t tht qua mt phn cch gia hai mi trng chn t nh
Dng in trong chn t nh c bin bng bin dng in trong
chn t tht, pha ty thuc phng ca chn t tht trn mt t: Song
song ngc pha, vung gc ng pha
Bc x s tng ng vi h hai chn t c khong cch 2h t trong
khng gian t do
Theo le thuyt phn x sng phng, quan h dng: Ia = It.R.ei
I
Im
Ie
h
Hnh 5.9. Nguyn l

nh gng
www.ptit.edu.vn
Et
h
E0
Et
E0
Et
Ia
Et
Et
Et
E
Trang 149
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Bc x ca chn t i xng t nm ngang

r1
- Coi l hai chn t i xng c dng in ngc pha

- Xc nh cng trng ti M cch xa chn t
E1 E0 .F0
F0
cos kl.sin cos kl
1-cos kl .cos
E2 E1 R px e
i px 2 k .h.sin
r0
(5.24)
r2
E E1 E2 E0 .F0 1 R px e
i px 2 k .h.sin
(5.25)
2
E E0 .F0 1 R px
2 R px cos px 2k .h.sin (5.26) Hnh 5.10. Chn t i xng t
nm ngang trn mt t
E0: cng trng ca chn t hng bc x cc i

F0(): hm tnh hng chun ha ca chn t trong mt phng kho st
E1: bin cng trng ca chn t i xng trong khng gian t do
: hng kho st
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 150
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Bc x ca chn t i xng t nm ngang
+ Chn t t nm ngang nn mt phng vung gc vi trc v i qua tm

chn t c F0() = 1
+ Vi mt t dn in l tng c R = 1 v =
E E0 2 1 cos -2k.h.sin 2 E0 .F
F sin k .h.sin
(5.27)
(5.28)
F() th hin nh hng

ca mt t thng qua chn t nh
o
90
90o
= 0o 180o
180o
h = 0,25
= 0o
h = 0,5
Hnh 5.11. th tnh hng ca chn t i xng t nm ngang trn mt t (mp H)

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 151
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Bc x ca chn t i xng t thng ng
+ Hai chn t c dng in ng pha

+ Hm tnh hng bin ging ca chn t i xng ( v l gc ph nhau)
F F0 cos kh sin
F0
cos klsin coskl

1-coskl cos
E 2 E0 .F
(5.29)
(5.30)
90o
90o
= 0o
180o
= 0o
180o
l= 0,25 ; h =
l= 0,25 ; h = 0,75
Hnh 5.12. th tnh hng ca chn t i xng t thng ng trn mt t (mp H)

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 152
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

H hai chn t i xng t gn nhau
Bc x ca h hai chn t t gn nhau
+ to anten c tnh hng khc nhau phi s dng h chn t i xng t

gn nhau
+ Quan h dng trong hai chn t
I2
a2 ei 2
(5.31)
I1
a2 - l t s bin dng in ca chn t 2 v chn t 1

2 - gc sai pha ca dng in trong chn t 2 so vi dng trong chn t 1
M
2l
a) Mt phng E
b) Mt phng H
Hnh 5.13. H hai chn t i xng t song song gn nhau

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 153
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN


+ Cng trng ti im kho st
EM E1 E2
(5.32)
ik e ikr
E .
. f1 .1 a2 ei 2 eikd cos
4 r
+ Hm tnh hng tng hp
f k 1 a2 ei 2 eikdcos
Hm ny ph thuc cc gi tr khc nhau ca d/ v a2.e
www.ptit.edu.vn
(5.33)
-i
Trang 154
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

+ Trng hp dng trong hai chn t ng bin, ng pha: a2 = 1, 2 = 0
f k 1 e
ikd cos
ikd cos
2
ikd cos
ikd cos
2
2
e
f k 2cos kd/2 .cos .e
(5.34)
ikd cos
2
f k 2cos kd/2 .cos
(5.35)
arg f k kd/2 .cos

- Hng bc x cc i
kd
cos .cos 1 kd .cos max 2n

2
2n n.
d
cos max
1 n
kd
d
www.ptit.edu.vn
n 0,1,2,...
(5.36)
Trang 155
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

+ Trng hp dng trong hai chn t ng bin, ngc pha: a2 = 1, 2 = 1800

- Hm tnh hng
f k 1 e
ikdcos
f k 2sin kd/2 cos e
ikdcos
2
f km 2 sin kd/2 cos
- Hng bc x cc i
kd
sin .cos 1 kd .cos max 2n 1

n 0,1,2,...
2
2n 1 2n 1 .
2n 1 d
cos max
kd
2d
2
- Hng bc x cc tiu
kd
sin .cos 0 kd .cos min 2n

2
2n n.
d
cos min
1 n
kd
d
www.ptit.edu.vn
n 0,1,2,...
Trang 156
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

+ Trng hp dng trong hai chn t ng bin, vung pha: a2 = 1, 2 = 900

- Hm tnh hng
f k 1 e
ikdcos
2
kd
f km 2 cos cos
4
2
ikdcos

2
4
i
kd
f k 2cos cos e
4
2
- Khi d = /4
0
Cc tiu bng 0 khi = 0, cc i bng 2 khi = 180
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 157
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

a) = 0o
b) = 180o
c) = 90o
90o
d/ = 1/4
180o
0o
d/ = 1/2
Hnh 5.14. th phng

hngca hai chn t t song
song vi nhau
d/ = 1
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 158
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Tr khng vo, in tr bc x ca h hai chn t
Tr khng vo
+ S tng ng h hai chn t

Z11
Z22
Ia1
e1
Ia2
aei.Z12
(1/a).e-i.Z12
e2
Hnh 5.15. S tng ng h hai chn t
+ Tr khng vo ca mi chn t gm thnh phn tr khng ring v tr khng

tng h ca chn t ln cn
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 159
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Tr khng vo
+ Tr khng tng h nh hng ti s thc t t ln hai chn t

e1, e2: S u vi hai chn t khi xt n tng h
Z11, Z22: Tr khng ring hai chn t
Z12, Z21: Tr khng tng h hai chn t
e1 I a1Z11 I a 2 Z12
e2 I a 2 Z 22 I a1Z 21
(5.38)
Z v1
e1
Z11 aei Z12
I a1
Ia2
aei
I a1
(5.39)
e
1
Z v 2 2 Z 22 e i Z12
Ia2
a
Z11 R11 iX 11
Z 22 R22 iX 22
Z12 R12 iX 12
Z v1 R11 a ( R12 cos X 12 sin ) i X 11 a R12 sin X 12 cos

1
1
Z v 2 R22 ( R12 cos X 12 sin ) i X 22 R12 sin X 12 cos

a
a
www.ptit.edu.vn
(5.40)
Trang 160
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

x
in tr bc
2
I .Rbx
2
I a1 I a*1
Pbx1
R11 a R12 cos X 12 sin
2
I a 2 I a*2
1
Pbx 2
R
R
cos
X
sin
22
12
12
2
a
I a1 I a*1
R11 a 2 R22 2aR12 cos
Pbx Pbx1 Pbx 2
2
Rbx 0 R11 a 2 R22 2aR12 cos
Pbx
(5.41)
(5.42)
(5.43)
(5.44)
- in tr bc x ca h khng ph thuc vo in khng ring v in khng

tng h ca hai chn t
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 161
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chn t ch ng, chn t th ng
+ Chn t ch ng: c ni trc tip vi ngun v t bc x sng in t

+ Chn t th ng: Khng c cp ngun, hot ng da trn nguyn tc
cm ng in t Ngun bc x th cp
Ia2
a.ei
I a1
(5.45)
a)
b)
Ia1
Ia2
e1
Z11
Z22
Ia1
aei.Z12
(1/).e-i.Z12
X2c
X2c
Hnh 5.16. a) Chn t ghp; b) S tng ng

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 162
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chn t ch ng, chn t th ng
+ Dng trong chn t th ng
(5.46)
e1 I a1Z11 I a 2 Z12
0 I a 2 Z 22 iX 2dc I a 2 Z 21
a
Ia2
Z12
R12 i.X12
I a1
Z 22 iX 2 dc
R 22 i X 22 X 2 dc
R122 X 122
R222 X 22 X 2 dc
arctg
(5.47)
X X 2 dc
X12
arctg 22
R12
R22
+ Tr khng vo v in tr bc x
Z122
Z v1 Z11
;
Z 22 iX 2 dc
Zv2 0
e2 0
Rbx 0 R11 a 2 .R22 2a.R12 .cos

www.ptit.edu.vn
(5.48)
(5.49)
Trang 163
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

5.3 Aten chn t n
Cu to
Gm mt nhnh chn t t trn mt t thng c di bc sng

Cc thanh cho to nn mt c s rng m bo th bc x tt
c im
in tr bc x: 36,56
0/4
di thanh cho khong 1/3 bc sng

ng dng ph bin cho di ng
Lp cch ly
Cp ng trc
Ct anten
Hnh 5.19. Anten chn t n

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 164
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Dn chn t ng pha
Cu to
+ Cc chn t i xng ton sng: l = /2

+ Xp xp trn mt mt phng theo hng v ct
+ Khong cch gia cc chn t l /2
Tip in: Tip in ng pha

+ Kiu u cho
+ Kiu song song
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 165
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Dn chn t ng pha (2)
/2
/2
b)
a)
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 166
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Dn chn t ng pha (3)
c im lm vic
+ th tnh hng ging chn t i xng nhng c tnh hng cao hn.
+ Hng bc x cc i ti = 0 v
+ bc x n hng: Kt hp vi mt phn x, khong cch d = (0,20,25)
= 0o
180o
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 167
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Anten Yagi
Cu to
+ Mt chn t ch ng: Vng dt na sng sng: l = /4 (Zv=300)

+ Cc chn t th ng: Phn x v dn x
+ t song song vi nhau trn mt mt phng
Tip in cho chn t ch ng

Chn t
dn x
P
Chn t
phn x
90o
z
Chn t
ch ng
www.ptit.edu.vn
30o
180o
0o
270o
330o
Trang 168
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Anten Yagi (2)
Nguyn l hot ng
I2
a.e j
I1
a
2
12
X 222
R222 X 222
arctg
X 12
X
arctg 22
R12
R22
+ 2l > /2: X22 < 0, tnh cm, I sm pha hn Chn t phn x

d = (0,150,25)
+ 2l < /2: X22 > 0, tnh dung, I chm pha hn Chn t hng x
d = (0,10,35)
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 169
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Anten Logarit chu k
Cu to
+ Nhiu chn t c di khc nhau, t khong cch khc nhau

+ Kch thc v khong cch anten thay i theo mt t l gi l chu k anten
d
l
d1 d 2
l l
.. n 1 1 2 ... n 1
d 2 d3
dn
l2 l3
ln
+ t song song vi nhau trn mt mt phng
Tip in cho tt c cc chn t

+ Tip in ng pha
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 170
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Anten Logarit chu k (2)
max = 0,95
0
min = 10
d5
d2
d1
Phi cp
in
www.ptit.edu.vn
l1
l2
l3
l4
l5
l6
Trang 171
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Anten Logarit chu k (3)
Nguyn l hot ng
+ Tn s kch thch l f0: Chn t l0 = 0/2 ng vai tr chn t ch ng (tr

khng vo thun tr = 73,1)
+ Cc chn t khc c thnh phn in khng, gi tr ph thuc di so vi
chn t cng hng
+ Tip in so le, cc chn t pha trc (l < l0) tho mn iu kin ca chn t
hng x, cc chn t pha sau (l > l0) tho mn iu kin chn t phn x.
+ Min bc x ca anten ch yu to bi chn t cng hng v mt vi chn
t ln cn.
Cng thc xc nh tn s lm vic

f n n 1. f1
f
ln n n 1. ln
f1
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 172
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

5.7 Cu hi v bi tp
Bi tp chng 5
13. Mt chn t i xng c chiu di ton b 50 cm, cng tc tn s 300 MHz.
Xc nh chiu di hiu dng ca n?
(a) 32 cm; (b) 35 cm; (c) 40 cm; (d) 45 cm;
14. S liu nh bi 13, xc nh in tr bc x ca chn t?
(a) 70,1 ; (b) 73,1; (c) 80,1; (d) 83,1;
15. S liu nh bi 13, xc nh tr khng vo ca chn t?
(a) 65,1 ; (b) 70,1; (c) 73,1; (d) 80,1;
16. in tr bc x ca chn t vng dt c gi tr bng bao nhiu?
(a) 210 ; (b) 250 ; (c) 292 ; (d) 310 ;
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 173
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN
CHNG 6
ANTEN GC M
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 174
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

NI DUNG
Ni dung chng 6:
6.1 Gii thiu

6.2 Nguyn l bc x mt
6.3 Anten loa
6.4 Anten gng
6.5 Anten khe
6.6 Anten vi di
6.7 Cu hi v bi tp
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 175
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.1 Gii thiu
c im anten gc m
Vi anten gc m sng in t c bc x ra t gc m ca anten

Hot ng ca anten gc m da trn nguyn l bc x mt
c h s khuch i cao chiu di gc m v rng phi bng vi ln
bc sng
Ph hp vi bng sng siu cao tn
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 176
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.2 Nguyn l bc x mt
Nguyn l chung
Cc b mt c kch thch bi trng in t bc x t mt ngun s cp

Trn b mt hnh thnh cc thnh phn in t trng vung gc nhau
b mt tr thnh ngun bc x th cp
Vi bc x sng phng th mt phng c gi l mt m ca anten

(khu )
c im
S dng ph bin di sng cc ngn

To anten c tnh hng hp
Cc anten in hnh: Anten loa, anten gng
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 177
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.2 Nguyn l bc x mt
Bc x b mt c kch thch bi trng in t
Bi ton
+ Ming anten c din tch S, trn cc thnh phn trng phn b theo quy
lut
+ t anten trong h ta vi trc z trung vi phng vecto php tuyn ngoi
ca mt
M(R,,)
z
e
k
S
Ey
x
www.ptit.edu.vn
Hx
/
2
Trang 178
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.2 Nguyn l bc x mt
Kho st qu trnh bc x
+ Trng kch thch trn ming anten l hm s theo ta ca mt
H x ix H 0 f x, y ix H 0 f m x, y e j x, y
Trong :
- Hx l bin phc ca vect cng t trng trn b mt bc x.
- H0 l bin phc ca vect cng t trng ti gc ta .

- f(x,y) l hm phn b phc ca trng, trong fm(x,y) l hm phn b bin
cn (x,y) l hm phn b pha.
+ Tr khng b mt
Z s x, y
www.ptit.edu.vn
Ey
Hx
Trang 179
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.2 Nguyn l bc x mt
Kho st qu trnh bc x
+ p dng nguyn l dng mt tng ng phn tch bc x b mt

- Mt dng in mt
J se n .H x J ye iy H x
- Mt dng t mt
J sm n .E y J xm ix E y
+ Mt bc x l tng l phng, cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca trng ng
bin v ng pha
f m x, y 1
x, y 0
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 180
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.2 Nguyn l bc x mt
Kho st qu trnh bc x
+ Chn z trng vi phng truyn ti ca sng kch thch, vi hai thnh phn
H H x ix H 0
E E y ix E0
+ Trng hp ny ta c
H x H0
Zs
Ey
Hx
E0
H0
n
S
Sng phng
kch thch
x
Hnh 6.15
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 181
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.3 Anten loa
Cu to
Thuc loi anten bc x mt
+ L on ng dn sng c mt u h.
+ Ming ng dn sng c m thon dn tr khng sng bin i u.
a)
www.ptit.edu.vn
b)
c)
Trang 182
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.3 Anten loa
Nguyn l hot ng
M t loa hnh nn
L
R
O
2R0
20
C loa
Ming loa
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 183
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.3 Anten loa
Nguyn l
+
+
+
+
Nng lng cao tn n c loa dng sng phng.

Sng phn k theo thn loa ti ming loa.
Ti ming loa nng lng sng bc x ra khng gian vi dng sng cu.
Chn gc m thch hp
2 R0
2, 4
0,15
+ th tnh hng
=00
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 184
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.4 Anten gng
Nguyn l
Da trn nguyn l lm vic ca gng quang hc
+ B bc x s cp: Bc x ra sng in t vi mt sng v hng truyn lan

xc nh.
+ Mt phn x: Bin i thnh sng th cp vi mt sng v hng truyn lan
theo yu cu nh kt cu ca mt phn x lm vic theo nguyn l gng
quang hc.
Anten gng thng c tnh hng cao
+ Sng th cp l sng phng, tp chung nng lng trong mt khng gian

hp.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 185
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.4 Anten gng
Anten Parabol
Cu to
+ B bc x s cp: S dng anten chn t i xng hoc anten loa. V tr t

ti tiu im parabol.
+ Mt phn x: Hnh parabol trn xoay vi h s phn x cao.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 186
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.4 Anten gng
Anten Parabol (2)
Nguyn l hot ng
+ Tnh cht quan hc gng parabol

FO + OO = FA + AB = f + h = Const.
+ Cc tia sau khi phn x i n ming gng vi qung ng nh nhau, do
ti ming gng mt sng l mt phng.
b)
a)
F
O h
www.ptit.edu.vn
A
z
Trang 187
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.4 Anten gng
Anten Parabol (3)
Cc tham s
+ th tnh hng
3dB 2 1
2
21
fd
3dB 2 1
2
70
d
3 dB
Bp chnh
Cc bp ph
Bp
ngc
0 dB
2 1/2
- 1800
www.ptit.edu.vn
1800
Trang 188
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.4 Anten gng
Anten Parabol (4)
Cc tham s
+ H s tnh hng, h s khuych i
www.ptit.edu.vn
4 S
2
4 S
DdBi 20 lg d m 20 lg f GHz 20,4
G (dBi ) 20 lg d m 20 lg f GHz 10 lg 20, 4
Trang 189
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.4 Anten gng
Mt s loi anten gng
Anten Cassegrain (anten hai gng)

Gng phn x
chnh
(Parabol trn xoay)
F2
www.ptit.edu.vn
Gng phn x ph
(Hybperbol trn xoay)
F1
Trang 190
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.4 Anten gng
Mt s loi anten gng
Anten Gregorial
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 191
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.5 Anten khe
Anten khe na sng
Cu to:
+ Khe hp trn thnh ng n sng hoc hc cng hng

+ Chiu di bng na bc sng cng tc
Hot ng
+ Quan h dng p
I
m
day
ze
2bEkhe z 2U khe z
m
I day
2U bkhe sin z
2
+ Trng bc x
/2
kl
kl
cos cos cos
U
2 ikr
2
e
E i bkhe
r
sin
y
x
kl
kl
cos cos cos
U
2 ikr
2
e
H i bkhe
Z r
sin
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 192
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.5 Anten khe
Anten khe na sng
th bc x
x
a)
b)
Hnh 6.16. th phng hng ca khe na

sng a) mt phng H; b) mt phng E
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 193
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.6 Anten vi di
Anten vi di in hnh
B mt in
mi
Ming ng
ch nht
Mt ni t
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 194
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.6 Anten vi di
Anten vi di ch nht
Cu to
Hnh 6.23. Cu to anten vi di ch nht
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 195
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.6 Anten vi di
Anten vi di ch nht
Hot ng
+ Tn s lm vic
fc
c
2L r
1
2 L r 0 0
+ Trng bc x
kZ sin sin
sin
cos kL sin cos cos

E
kZ sin sin
2
2
kZ sin sin
sin
cos kL sin cos cos sin

E
kZ sin sin
2
+ Hm tnh hng
f , E2 E2
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 196
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.6 Anten vi di
Anten vi di ch nht
Hot ng
+ th bc x
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 197
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.7 Cu hi v bi tp
Bi tp chng 6
6. Mt anten parabol ng knh 5m c hiu sut lm vic 0,65 lm vic ti tn s 6GHz. Tm din tch mt m hiu
dng ca anten
(a) 12,76 m2; (b) 13,76m2; (c) 14,76m2; (d) 15,75m2
7. S liu nh bi 6, tm h s khuch i ca anten.
a ) 45,1dBi; (b) 46,1dBi; (c) 47,1dBi; (d) 48,1dBi
8. S liu nh bi 6, xc nh rng bp sng chnh.
a ) 0,50; (b) 0,7 0; (c) 1,50; (d) 1,7 0
9. Mt anten parabol ng knh 3m c hiu sut lm vic 0,55 lm vic ti tn s 2GHz. Tm din tch mt m hiu
dng ca anten.
a ) 2,9 m2; (b) 3,5 m2; (c) 3,9 m2; (d) 4,5 m2
10. S liu nh bi 9, tm h s khuch ica anten.
11. S liu nh bi 9, xc nh rng bp sng chnh.
a ) 2,50; (b) 3,0 0; (c) 3,50; (d) 3,7 0
12. Mt anten gng parabol c h s khuch i l 50 dBi, hiu sut lm vic 60%. Tnh gc na cng sut.
a ) 0,440; (b) 0,540; (c) 0,640; (d) 0,740
13. Mt anten c gc na cng sut bng 20. Xc nh h s khuch i khi bit hiu sut lm vic ca anten l 55%.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 198
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

6.5 Cu hi v bi tp
Bi tp chng 6
14. Mt anten pht c h s khuch il 40 dBi, anten c cng sut pht l bao nhiu anten thu gng parabol c
ng knh ming gng 0,9 m; hiu sut lm vic 0,55 t cch anten pht 50 km nhn c cng sut 70 dBW.
Gi thit sng truyn trong khng gian t do.
a ) 0,5 mW; (b) 0,5 W; (c) 0,9 mW; (d) 0,9W
15. Anten gng parabol c h s khuch il 40 dBi, hiu sut lm vic 60%, lm vic ti tn s 4GHz.Tnh ng
knh ming gng.
a ) 3,08 m; (b) 3,28 m; (c) 3,58 m; (d) 3,78 m
16. S kiu nh bi 15, tnh rng bp sng 3dB.
a ) 1,50; (b) 1,70; (c) 2,50; (d) 2,70
17. Mt anten pht c h s khuch il 30 dBi, cng sut pht ca anten l 5W. c ly 50 km t mt anten thu
gng parabol c ng knh ming gng 1,5m. Tnh cng sut anten thu nhn c.
a ) 1,13 pW; (b) 1,13W; (c) 1,13 mW ; (d) 1,13 W
18. S liu nh bi 17, tnh tn hao truyn sng trong khng gian t do khi truyn t anten pht n anten thu.
a ) 60,45dB; (b) 63,45dB; (c) 65,45dB; (d) 66,45dB
19. Mt anten gng parabol c h s khuch i l 30 dBi, hiu sut lm vic 60%. Tnh gc na cng sut.
a ) 4,380; (b) 5,380; (c) 6,380; (d) 7,380
20. Mt anten c gc na cng sut bng 1,20. Xc nh h s khuch i khi bit hiu sut lm vic ca anten l 55%.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 199
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN
CHNG 7
K THUT ANTEN
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 200
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

NI DUNG
Ni dung chng 7:
7.1 Gii thiu

7.2 Tng hp th phng hng
7.3 M rng di tn
7.4 Gim nh kch thc
7.5 Cp in v phi khng
7.6 Tp m anten
7.7 Cu hi v bi tp
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 201
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Phng php tn s
S h thng
Phn t bc x
d
My pht
H dn sng
Ti hp th
Hng bc x cc i
FKN 1 2n
cos M
0 l
n
.
d
2 S d
n 0, 1, 3,...
+ Nu sng bc x v trong phido cng tn s

2
k . ;
cos M
www.ptit.edu.vn
0
l
n
.
d
2
d
Trang 202
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Phng php pha
S h thng
Tia n
Tia 2
Mn
Tia 1
H thng bc x
H thng phn phi nh pha
u vo
Hnh 7.2. H thng phn phi nh pha loi 1
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 203
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

7.3 M rng di tn
Phng php c bn m rng di tn
Gim nh tr khng sng ca chn t

Bin i t t thit din ca chn t
Hiu chnh tr khng vo trong di tn
0
e
a)
vo
e
Hnh 7.4. Anten hiu chnh tr khng

0
b)
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 204
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

7.3 M rng di tn
Thit lp anten di rng
Nguyn l kt cu t b
1
1
Hnh 7.5. V d cu trc anten t b
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 205
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

7.4 Gim nh kch thc anten
Dng ti thun khng
I0
ltd
l/2
L/2
a)
Khng ti
I0
C ti
ltd
b)
Hnh 7.6. Dng ti thun khng cui chn t
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 206
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

7.5 Cp in cho chn t i xng
Tn hiu t my pht ti anten thng qua ng dy phid, gi l ng
tip in
Chn t c s dng ph bin l chn t na sng

Cp in bng dy song hnh
c im
+ Tr khng khng phi hp: 73,1 v 300 hoc 600

+ Cn to cc ng dy song hnh tr khng thp
Zo
www.ptit.edu.vn
276
lg
2D
d
D l khong cch gia hai dy dn tnh t tm

d l gn knh ca dy dn
r l h s in mi tng i ca mi trng bao
quanh dy dn
Trang 207
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chn t kiu Y (tip in kiu song song)
+ Chn t c ni ngn mch gia

+ Dy song hnh c mc vo im A-A trn hai nhnh chn t sao cho phi
hp tr khng
2
2 sin kl
Rv RAA Z AA
73,1
2l1 0,12
+ Vi phid 600, c gi tr
D 0,15
2l = /2
l1
l1
l2
l2
D
A
A /4
D
d
C
Hnh 5.19. Tip in kiu song song v mch tng ng

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 208
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chn t kiu T (tip in kiu song song)
+ on chuyn tip OA song song vi chn t Khc bit tr khng vi phi

chnh; hiu ng bc x
+ Tr khng vo ca chn t tnh ti AA, bin i qua on chuyn tip OA
+ Tr khng vo ti OO t cc i khi l1 = /8, gim khi l1 tng
+ Vi phi 600 : l1 0,09 0,1
D 0,01 0,02
d1 d 2
2l = /2
l2
l1
l1
l2
A
d2
C
O
A
O
A /4
D
d1
O
C
Hnh 5.20. Tip in kiu song song kiu T v mch tng ng

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 209
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chn t vng dt
+ L chn t kiu T vi im AA u mt chn t

+ Gm hai chn t na sng vi u mt c ni vi nhau, mt chn t c
cp in v mt chn t b ngn mch
+ Bc x tng t vi hai chn t na sng
+ Tr khng l thun tr Rbx' 4Rbx 292
+ Cp in trc tip bng dy song hnh tr khng 300
/2
C
A
A
+
_
C
Hnh 5.21. Chn t vng dt v mch tng ng

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 210
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Cp in bng cp ng trc
+ S dng cho bng sng cc ngn
+ Dng trong dy dn trong v dng trong dy dn ngoi
+ Khng th cp in i xng cho chn t
Cp in phi hp hnh
+ m bo tnh i xng tng i

+ im O ni vi dy n ngoi
+ Dy dn trong ni vi im c tr khng ph hp vi tr khng ca cp
I2
I1
I2
I2
I2
O
b
I1
Hnh 5.23. Cp in trc tip

www.ptit.edu.vn
(a)
(b)
Hnh 5.24. Cp in c b phi hp
Trang 211
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Cp in bng cp ng trc
Thit b bin i i xng vi on cp ch U

+
+
+
+
+
Phi cp in ni vo im c, vi khong cch ti hai u chn t l1 l2

2
R
Tr khng ti u cui ab: Rao Rbo ab
2
Dng cp vo hai nhnh chn t m bo tnh i xng
Dng trong dy dn ngoi b trit tiu
Tr khng sng: Nu phi cp in c tr khng sng l 70 th phi hp
tr khng hon ton
'
(a)
I1
I2
a
b
I1
(b)
b
o
l1
I
I2
l2 = l1+/2
/2
Hnh 5.25. B bin i i xng ch U

www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 212
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

7.6 Tp m anten
Tng quan
d
Vt th hp
th
Zc
R
Chn t
Mt phn
x
Hnh 7.14. in tr R ni ti u vo anten
Cng sut tp m
Pn 1
www.ptit.edu.vn
.1
2
k .f
.
L
e2 l e2 l
TA T
Trang 213
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

7.7 Cu hi v bi tp
Bi tp chng 7
1. Trnh by phng php tn s iu khin th phng hng
2. Trnh by phng php pha iu khin th phng hng
3. Trnh by vic thit lp anten di rng theo nguyn l t b
4. Trnh by vic thit lp anten di rng theo nguyn l tng t
5. Trnh by phng php iu chnh phn b dng in gim nh kch thc anten
6. Trnh by nguyn tc phng php lm chm sng gim kch thc anten
8. Trnh by bin php cp in cho chn t i xng bng dy song hnh.
9.Trnh by bin php cp in cho chn t i xng bng thit b bin i i xng
dng on cp ch U.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 214
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN
CHNG 8
ANTEN TRONG THNG TIN

V TUYN TIN TIN
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 215
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

NI DUNG
Ni dung chng 8:
8.1 Gii thiu

8.2 Anten thng minh
8.3 K thut a anten
8.4 Anten cho h thng bng siu rng
8.5 Cu hi v bi tp
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 216
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

8.1 Gii thiu
c im truyn lan sng
Bc sng cc ngn : 1mm 10m (30MHz 300GHz)

Truyn lan trong gii hn nhn thy trc tip
+ S giao thoa gi tia trc tip v tia phn x

+ nh hng bi cc iu kin truyn sng: a hnh, kh quyn
+ Hin tng phading
Pht/thu c hng
+ Hng thng tin xc nh

+ Tn hao truyn sng rt ln
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 217
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

8.1 Gii thiu
Yu cu vi anten
H s tnh hng cao
+ Nng cao hiu sut truyn dn

+ Gim nhiu t cc trm v tuyn ln cn
Bp sng ph nh
H s bo v ln
Di tn cng tc rng: Truyn c tn hiu ph rng

Phi hp tr khng tt: Trnh hin tng phn x
Kt cu chc chn, bn cao
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 218
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Hng dn
Chng ny sinh vin t c ni dung trong bi ging
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 219
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

8.5 Cu hi v bi tp
Bi tp chng 8
1. Trnh by cc khi nim tng quan v khng tng quan trong cc cu hnh a anten
2. Trnh by cc li ch ca s dng cc k thut a anten
3. Trnh by cc k thut a an ten thu
4. Trnh by nguyn l phn tp anten pht
5. Trnh by nguyn l phn tp tr v phn tp tr vng
6. Trnh by nguyn l phn tp theo m khng gian thi gian
7. Trnh by nguyn l phn tp theo m khng gian tn s
8. Trnh by nguyn l c s ca ghp knh khng gian
9. Trnh by nguyn l ghp knh khng gian da trn b tin m ha
10. Trnh by nguyn l x l thu khng tuyn tnh
11. Trnh by c im, cc thng s c bn ca anten UWB
12. Trnh by nguyn l DBF da trn cc i SIR
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 220
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN
*
KT LUN
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 221
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

KT LUN
Ni dung c bn
1. Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
Tnh cht ca sng in t; Cc phng php truyn lan sng;
Qu trnh truyn lan sng trong khng gian t do
2. Chng 2: Truyn lan sng cc ngn

Truyn lan trong iu kin l tng; Truyn lan trong iu kin thc
3. Chng 3: Knh truyn sng v tuyn

c tnh knh truyn sng; Phadinh; Cc m hnh knh
4. Chng 4: L thuyt chung v anten

Cc tham s ca anten; Cc ngun bc x nguyn t
5. Chng 5: Anten chn t

Trng bc x ca chn t i xng;
Anten chn t n, anten nhiu chn t
6. Chng 6: Anten gc m
Nguyn l bc x mt; Anten loa, anten gng, anten khe
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 222
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

KT LUN
Ni dung c bn
7. Chng 7: K thut anten
Tng hp th phng hng
M rng di tn, thit lp anten di rng
Gim nh kch thc anten
Cc tham s, phng php cp in cho chn t i xng
8. Chng 8: Anten trong thng tin v tuyn tin tin

Anten thng minh
K thut a anten
Anten cho UWB
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 223
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

TLTK
Ti liu tham kho:
Gio trnh: L thuyt v k thut anten

GS. TS. Phan Anh, 1997
Bi ging: Truyn sng v anten

Nguyn nh Lng, 1999
Antennas and Radio wave propagation

Robert E.Collin, 1991
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 224
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN
KT THC HC PHN
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN !!
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 225

Bài Giảng Truyền Sóng Và Anten

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bài Giảng Truyền Sóng Và Anten

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Nguyn Vit Minh

V tuyn Khoa Vin thng 1

Hc k/Nm bin son: II/2010

TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Truyn sng v anten

Tng lng kin thc:

Thc hnh: 6 tit;

Gii thiu l thuyt chung v anten, cc anten nguyn t. Nghin cu hot

GING VIN: NGUYN VIT MINH

B MN: V TUYN KHOA VIN THNG 1

TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng

+ Tnh cht ca sng in t; Cc phng php truyn lan sng; Qu trnh

Chng 2: Truyn lan sng cc ngn

Chng 3: Truyn lan sng trong thng tin di ng

+ c tnh knh truyn sng di ng; Cc m hnh knh v tuyn di ng; nh

Chng 4: L thuyt chung v anten

+ Cc tham s ca anten; Cc ngun bc x nguyn t; Nguyn l ca anten

GING VIN: NGUYN VIT MINH

B MN: V TUYN KHOA VIN THNG 1

TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Chng 5: Anten chn t

+ Bc x ca chn t i xng, anten chn t n, cc loi anten s dng

Chng 7: K thut anten

+ Tng hp th phng hng anten, m rng di tn lm vic, cp in v

Chng 8: Anten trong thng tin v tuyn tin tin

GING VIN: NGUYN VIT MINH

B MN: V TUYN KHOA VIN THNG 1

TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

[5] N. Blaunstein, Radio propagation in cellular network, Artech House

GING VIN: NGUYN VIT MINH

B MN: V TUYN KHOA VIN THNG 1

TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

(Ngh t 16 tit tr ln khng c d thi ht mn)

(2 bi, vng nhn im 0)

(1 bi, vng nhn im 0)

(Vng thc hnh khng c d thi ht mn)

Thi kt thc hc phn:

(ngh 2 tit tr 1 im)

GING VIN: NGUYN VIT MINH

B MN: V TUYN KHOA VIN THNG 1

TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

GING VIN: NGUYN VIT MINH

B MN: V TUYN KHOA VIN THNG 1

TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

1.1 Gii thiu

GING VIN: NGUYN VIT MINH

B MN: V TUYN KHOA VIN THNG 1

TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Hnh 1.1. M hnh h thng vin thng

B MN: V TUYN KHOA VIN THNG 1

TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

+ Khng gian (bu kh quyn)

Phng tin truyn dn

Hnh 1.2. Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn

B MN: V TUYN KHOA VIN THNG 1

TRUYN SNG V ANTEN

Sng in t l qu trnh bin i nng lng tun hon gia in trng

Sng in t c hai thnh phn:

Cc ngun bc x sng in t thng c dng sng cu hoc sng tr,

GING VIN: NGUYN VIT MINH

B MN: V TUYN KHOA VIN THNG 1