® Bearing Pressures and Cracks Bearing Pressures Through a Slightly Waved Surface or Through a Nearly Flat Part of a Cylinder, and Related Problems of Cracks By H. M. WESTERGAARD! CAMBRIDGE, MASS, ‘The task fe undertaken of determining the bearing ‘and the sirasct and deformations created Ry (8), and creates contact presnur Indicated Sa Figs Ie), with vertical tlsce in the dingrara ‘of pressure atthe edger of the stipa. Atm grester load the width of the strip becomes equal to the wave lengthy = rertozar coordinates, vertical Corres ding plareeardinates eee a ret Opies vase function of Equation i}, deGning. the ttrewes Sy Equation (4) 6 krivatve and Set and wecond integral of 2, Equations [2 oral eves and shearing sre ia the de rectoes of and y dpncercents inte dst deplacent yat y= 0 Init ser sation of bo aufaces Years moval, moiuiue of daetlty ia shat 454 Porn’ ratio ot and y F = Aire tres function > 1 fore on nice paralel tothe sy-plan one unit thie, measurable im pounde per Ine , = sverae Srowure. or tcaon, earaable ta pounds jer eqare inc et = belsontal dntnees oo ani of 2 Feneriox or Courses Vasant U femreemerenerneenennt wy cess ate an Wie Sin wel oon st Sorter a ee a es SEE GT nS aA "Grn Si St ee Pe ope isto et ieee nt an Rctic ter areata iis Snes fa caer > aeSrnnas Foxeron RIM Aenea SPR thn soda hone snd the contact ia complete. At ail greater lads the ‘Hressesincrense au ifthe tv solide were goes The prot problem fa soled Ie dewioneraied 27 application to wome well-bnows te, capecally Herts'e problem of cireler Qlnders fa ‘contact of five surfaces which are initaly plane, except that one ‘of them hat & ridge or several parallel ridges} and to tome related problems in which two. parts sf the tame ‘ody ave partially separated by the forming of ont ot sore creche. Red or the imaginary pat Ind of an aoalyte function Z of the complex variable» = 4 ip, with Z beng weiten inthe Bm Bo) = He ip) > Red + stad. In the preent application i x expalint, as done by Mac- Gregor to we the faneion Z uel an rire Cancion. ‘The further fuoeioos 2" Z, and Z are the derivative and it sod second integrals of Zoo that. re% 27.2 22-2 2-2. 2 The proper of derivatives are noted MeL _ Mak yyy, Bae _ BRAT a, ee na restricted but important group of ete th nora eres snd the shearing sre fa the ection oad y canbe tated fn the form “Graeme Werte, FHL ti "5, 18 Ee for qamne “Taay of Eins Potent ddim oak Gey le Ne York NW 0, era aula a Ete See a *Y, NacGrep Tan tr wakepp Fae M0Aso iy referring to Fquatiocs [3 i ig observed that thee sree ‘ality the two condition of equim ofthe form ot ‘The linltation of this type of solution appears [alt 16h we require at ee ay at ag OLY eee lB ‘With deformation inthe direction perpendicular to the =, une prevented, the deplcements€ and vin th dcetions of = tod yn defied by the formula 20 = = 0) RAZ — nde) 264 = 201 — 4) In — gre. 10 For, it is found tht thewe displacements define the sireacs in Equations (4) (6) thragh Hooke’ law, which ean be stated vole rad Bl --el88) A useful observation from Equation [10] la that the value of yaty 08 ation 02) Tt tn noted frtbermore, thatthe Airy Tunetion defining the stress by the equations Fame + iad... at In atice parle to thes, rplae one unit thick the total vers! force tranated between two point is the increase ofthe deriv a 13 ME a ned + vind... <3) ‘ete the point Similsty, the total horizontal fore trans mitted betwesa two points is Ue incense of DPpoy = Rez: 08) between the pints Ihermonveronr Arriicariow r0 Houssuso's Prost ‘The seikinfnita wld y 0, with y postive downward, + ‘under consideration.” The function oe BeBe ff ucern + (+-3) J tea Pere rs According to Fiuatons [38] and [19], a ice parallel tothe ynne and ov unt thick the total verti ore tans tiucen# = rand é = Oi —P. Tes concluded tht Fastin {if1 seprecne the nltion of Mourne’ problem in two dh fremsions fore normal pressre P concentrated ty = 0. The {onliar fol for erecsas and dinpacements are obtained JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS JUNE, 1508 readily by substituting from Equations [17} snd (18) fa Eqs tons i), 15,16) 19), and (10) Rows or Fonces Equation (17| mgzets consideration of to modid funetione 22a iE ct tel and mater Nears = 0 both approach 2 io Equation (17). Further inspre- tion shore tat 2; representa row of equal presures Patt Oj 2h ss y.and Zp represents a row of presares Pat Fn 0, 24 wi, land's row of plls Patt = mt dl, St fon the cold y B 0. When y becomes great, Z unverzes ‘overd —P/i making the stresses in Equations [6] to (0) com vere toward a uniform presure Ps while Z converges toward ro, making the strasos converge toward er, a they should Ander "the -blancing.loed Dewosernariog ax Arriicarios o Hevra'e Puontent oF Teo ‘Cinccean Cruxoeas 8 Coxricr ‘Therolidy & Oisconsdered agin, Asstre functions chowen [At y = 0 the sbeaing stress ‘texeeding to Equalions [3] and (5), are both equal to Rad ‘Accordingly fete Onty 90.25 —a0rz > at fea = RP ne) Vet — sty =O, e trips. By referring to Equation i12" ste then found that wi:an the loaded stripe the deletion af tye muctace can be stated = ny el foost2ea/2)— 1] Be Te aint (wal) Imz = — (32) -133 ith the integration constant being the same forall the loaded Assume now that instead ¢! being intially atthe surface is rlightly waved, having the esxation pt ith FE a ea/Dy “Then under the prwuresdefeed by Equation [20] the ontinates + me of the deformed rattace will be sero within the looded Sti” The ded stripe mil ne Battenedout and be contained in 4 single plane, A further eg-mination of ImZ a defined by Vavation [28) slows that. =e will be pesitive between the loaded strip Tei eanehude that if sor slid of the mime anatrial and tue ie pared Ya rottaet st the one considered, »9 that the asis of 3 borane an ase of ssmmietrs, nif thereafter a ni form preseure p i produrnd st mune the contact prewares will be 3+ def + a: T (6) Contact onér Distances 2a ‘ “re all tM. (c) Distribution of Pressures Besnxe Preasunts Tunocen Stiouriy Waren ScarAce (6) Distribution of Contact Pressure “6, for Different Lengths of Contact TL LoL: aloe z Fio, 2 Disunass or Beanivo Paesunss Tuxovon Suourursvea of euntact throve’ whieh the presuns are tranmitte Unit concn of the rtp" of width 2a defined by Equation [35I- Frgoations (34) and (25, are vetfed by Equation [27] when « in rnall eanpated wits TU ib noted thatthe ital reparation of the two surfaces, bo- {ore presvre bs applied is = (e211 —con'Bea [Dm eiaNes/D, tone = 6. ‘The conclrions that were drawn continue to apply if the two nearly at eufoces in contact have a diferent shape, a8 long #8 the initial eeparation is deSined by Equations (30). "Fig. Mestrates thie eae, Fig, 2 shows some results obtained from Equations [30] acd [35] {30 Nowcincetae Crissoen Wirt Neanur Fiat Borroxt ‘Trefunetion 20-2 iets vie a + te). 1871 applied to the told y @ 0, 1 examined first for numerically (reat values of 2 By =riting venana(iat-E) rt font eeasces ane se ea goer ges mente eran eet 13s) a= snP ieee ‘The lower slid may ave & fat top while the upper slid is oncirculareylindersaped atthe bottom according oa parabola of fourth degree. = og 5 int (a9) Fiat Sonracts Wern Ox on Mont Rivors Fig. S(0) shows two solide with surface that are intially plane except for «tingle riéze on one of the sugaces at x = 0. Under ‘he presture p contact ls missing inthe atervale —e <2 <0 and0 <2< The same situation may be created by driving plugin between the two surfaces, The sires function Z = pvr. 0) repreceots this ease, with the provicion that uniform horizontal Keauon, for example. e, =p may be superposed. Fig. 30) hows the distribution of the pressures of contact, The force P tt the ridge le ound by stating Z near # = O for y > 0 in the to forms Z = —ipale = Pi). tan) eeecesee) ‘The value of 6 will pend not only on p But also on the height tnd sbarpoess of the ridge. Tig. 2) shoms the related problem ofa numberof equal parel- Ieiidger nth spacing L_ The corresponding stress function is int(eo/l ea-oyh inn] which givee Pawns, 218) JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS JUNE, 1909 Fia.2 Coxracr Berweex Ierniauis Far Sonraces Wire R:psre 1 es At | | Pio, ¢ Tarenvat Cease k, Ibereneat Grae Fig. 4 shows an internal crack which bas opened from # = ato s = a-under the infuiece of an average tension p. Toe function 2 = pvt — Coren, solves the problema, Z converges toward p when # besors Dumercally great. At y = O one finds outside the erack tt tension ee PII (2M ooo eee BSD sod within the legth of the crack the opening dy = EP tmz =» HP 29.185)WESTERGAARD—BEATING stones the Lape 8 ts btw el ee ‘es wu taeapretstine Twerirmtal elite, The enone dnvidsat = ma are vuljeet pale ta sneaaitien oni fi reve sen py be sperpened without Astschang the eesti fess aes of the sulin, Prquation [4 ougse-teexzlnation of the function Fy tnteasn Poy Sa] At numerielly great value ef y ths function converges toward p land defines a uniform tension p. At y = Othe function accounts fora system of eracky sel of Keng 22, with centers st 2 = ont =a, 187) ‘The function Zatmp as) ith Z as in Equation [443 c= 37), accounts for a erack of Ester of eck at y = 6, ested bya liquid pressure pie the mck athe ooly leds (Crack Oresey ar Wence Fie. S(a) shows a erack operad bya wedge exerting presrures P. ‘The ties functions atthe outer boundary. “Fie. £0) and (0), show the corresponds {ng ehagrams of rirpces at p = 0. A change ofthe lead on the ‘ter boundary may Uae about the change from 2; to ay re- placing the eneentzstinn of tension in Fig. 68) by the dagiam | of fiite compressive streses in Fig, S(e).‘The form of the latter dhapram wear z= 0, with the verted tangent si = = 0, thould be considered ar ci.st=~eritie of britle materials such inforeed Coneretes" By HI. fete ines NeovitersDycemt OSE. pps "0. Coneian 1855, of, Pronedings. vol. 3 alan of tha fate ef ra SURES AND CRACKS asa fe, te) r Im as Op lene rF , ni Fio.8. Casce Oreeen ar Waoce ‘An internal crack which bas been opnned between s = —o aod t = a by s wedge exerting the presure Pate = Os a ‘counted for by the ates function Bm Pater (et 0). o ooo ‘This function shows concentration of tension at 2 = vasishing stress at great distances from the crack. Tf ea ex- ternal pressure is superpoved, of the magnitude p defied by ‘Ecquation {42}, Zio Equation {51} wil be replaced by 2 in Equa tion [0], and the concentration of tension i replaced by toder= te compressive strewes Cosesepere Concer ireney tondé farther exaples,Thowe that have been shown, inicate a type of problem to which the method thet was used lends itt,