ALOOK AT ADIPOSE BUILD-UP IN LITERATURE ‘Trevor Parrett This shows + v5 y Dr. Wemer eae o. praces | English 113 « Mashedes 31 Mar. 2015 A Look at Adipose Build-up in Literature Since the 1960s, America has been lied to and misguided when it comes to dietary and nutritional advice. For five decades, doctors and the mult media have suggested that consumers must exercise more and eat less in order to lose weight. Countless physicians coach patients that L they must create a calorie deficit between the food taken in and the energy expended throughout ~ wo & the dy. Theft in todays common knowledge arose ime when researches funda Xx £2 correlation — without causation -between the lack of carbohydrates eaten and the rise in heart y Gey Tubes popukcieed nis belief in his disease Taubes, 2011, p. 144-160). bya, wy “ox Fit And thd te do About 4, lawns ted hey “Poesy is fundamentally a disorder of excess fat accumlation” (Taubes, 2011, p. 9) To truly understand the causes and consequences of obesity, the inner workings of the body and {the chemical processes of adipose build-up must be examined. Essentially, itis the abuse of carb- loaded foods that has driven America’s bodies to react in alien ways, The human “factory” must | / adjust and compensate for the excess of a foreign food, for sugar, coffee, and canned goods are \ not a natural diet (Taubes, 2011, p. 23). Background Information Fat is not created equally. Two forms of fat exist: white fat and brown fat, Brown fat is given its name due to the presence of iron in the cells, which exists in the mitochondrion.seco t¥ Gopetgs nf lvence, TPL = Upfoaolus = Carbs = sy Ly “RLb cress wn ae nd Sats Chak a a ts oye | Proke Ope dy ge Shects Inventory clerk Mockerials Meansyer S4tock-roowr supervisor Assembler Manvf4eturin Ss (Ser. j pv SOF. J wtALOOK AT ADIPOSE BUILD-UP IN LITERATURE, 2 Because brown adipose tissue contains mitochoneria, itis predisposed to be metabolically active. This menos usable is needed but stat, Mike white adipose tissue, brown tissue burns fat, yielding heat and"Ynergy. Whe eposits of brown fat in the body are low, a protein called early B cell factor-2 (Ebf2) is expressed. When the protein is expressed in high levels, white ft is transformed into brown fat. (fhe presence of bfown Tat is significant in that Rbhas the ability to bum more calories when animals are overfed, protecting them from obesity. White ft isthe savings account ofthe two. While brown fat is fluid in that itis frequently synthesized and consumed, white fat holds on to energy and is more difficult to get rid of (Collins, 2013). The regulation of the deposition of excess fat in white tissue defines the rate of weight gain and where weight is allocated. /# % unchar what (equlsts tha guanhs of ese tuo Germs. Ideally, Geneties Rituce cesedvch vill revee! fees the clepesits of brown EF des be ties, ME ow af MRD FE cp bied ‘Obesity has a large genetic component. Recall how people who are related have similar we farm ase more about body types. Not only does the body allocate fat differently per family, but it also allocates fat begun Set visitien uniquely to cach gender. Females have a greater proportion of fat below the waist than males Bn he all, here are 20 genes that Influence why humans get fat and where that fat goes (Taubes, 2011, P. [Ceres can also influence how prone someone is to an obesity related disease. te abaity Lipodystrophy, for example, is a disease that affected some 200 American women in the mid- 1950s. Those prone to the disease gradually loose fat oop their upper body and gain it on the ; “The dscaset “dled humors ave prone “hm lower body (Taubes, 2011, p 70). parallel Me 43 thet 2 Sehely “” rust accouet fer in a factory. The Sas / ve wey srry are ory aad ogo elon (lee, LaF tem be contemred $7 dr enheneed by epnetes, fofinowte sE276%Ea by the pancreas, single-handedly controls most of the fat J acquisition in the human body. Insulin helps the body keep up with the raised blood sugar levels. by signaling cells throughout the body to increase the rate at which they are pumping in glucoseALOOK AT ADIPOSE BUILD-UP IN LITERATURE 3 te bey Amante, (ecigves from the bloodstream (Taubes, 2011 114) Albebedyeiotike a factory/tontinuously mecebang new 5 shipments, seiteeeg fragments of each shipmenginto what is needed, and ae ts product for the good of the company. The brain, as it typically does, represents the chief - , like = CEO, it executive officer, or president of the company. Asany-CEO-needs, the braie has branch eT, Tis hormones fer-this-position.to send signals to different areas of the stomach ernbodies cavity, or branch offices. Insulin asshdbe the floor manager, coordinating what goes where and ‘when operation occurs or needs to be shut down, Those who unload the incoming shipments to the company mimic the function of lipoprotein lipase, or LPL. They work to pull sugars out of au $4555 e. the bloodstream into whatever cell (fav'muscle) happens to "express" LPL so that Gan be jhe Seto, storegg(Taubes, 2011, p. 91). Adipose tissue isaplasete storPsugarsin the forth of fat) sae beingassed; fat is released back into the bloodstream as sugar when energy is needed. Adipose tissue stores fatty acids in the form of triglycerides - 3 fatty acids and one glycerol (Taubes, on Hex oor” Hoy must absassemble 2011, p.116). Triglycerides are too large to exit the cell bed mrinsintbeperbordisabie before the ‘energy can be used (Taubes, 2011, p.117). Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) are the overstock workers. They break down triglycerides into their component fatty acids so the triglycerides can escape the adipose tissue and return into the circulation. However, when the time comes, Insulin suppresses the function of HSL and the process begins its cycle again (Taubes, 2011, p.120).. Deposition of Fat into and Extraction of Fat from Adipose Tissue Believe it or not, fat accumulation begins as soon as a person thinks about food. The mere sizzling of a steak, picture of a plate of pasta, or smell of popcom is enough to get the process in ‘motion. As soon as someone thinks about eating, he begins secreting insulin. The insulin signals the fat cells to shut down the release of fatty acids (by inhibiting HSL) and take up more fatty acids (via LPL) from the circulation. So begins the feeling of hunger. Upon the first bite, stillA LOOK AT ADIPOSE BUILD-UP IN LITERATURE ‘more insulin is secreted. The carbs from the food that is consumed are digested and enter the circulation as fructose, sewing blood sugar levels to rise. In order tobe abe to store the energy that is coming in, humans secrete more insulin. In this step, the insulin works to tell the adipose tissue to absorb the incoming nutrients. Fat from the diet is stored as triglycerides in the fat cells, a are some of the carbohydrates that are converted into fat from the liver. The fat cells get fatter, is Happed in the adpese *ssve as does the person, The fat staysnahe-f4t-ceis until insulin levels drop (Taubes, 2011, 124), Sand ASL con fete fe eh ‘Communication between the Stomach and Brain on Food Exposure x \\fhe CEO has many modes of communication with its office branches. By way of hormones, there is constant communication between the stomach and the brain. The hypothalamus, which regulates food intake, eneray expenditure, and the deposition of energy in fat tissues to maintain homeostasis (Guyenet, 2012, p.164), circulates many of these hormones. If people consistently reduce fat intake, fat mass declines and so does leptin, and this signals the hypothalamus to stimulate hunger and make the body use calories more efficiently in an attempt to regain body fat. However, overeating causes an increase in fat mass and leptin suppresses appetite and increases calorie use until body fat stores have declined back to baseline (Guyenet, 2012, p.164). This ultimately results in a negative feedback loop in order to maintain homeostasis. Dopamine Receptors and the Reward Pathway Dopamine receptors in the brain play a large role in the reward pathway of food consumption, The reward deficiency hypothesis states that increased food intake is an attempt to generate more reward in compensation for reduced mesolimbic dopamine signaling (Berthound & Shin, 2011), As Berthound and Shin describe, “Differences in mesolimbic dopamine signalingALOOK AT ADIPOSE BUILD-UP IN LITERATURE are most strongly implicated in altered food anticipatory and consumatory behaviors and obesity.” In English, this means that people received a high after they ate food due to the reward pathway. The reward received on the frst bite of a meal is directly correlated with the time since the individuals last meal. I someone has not eaten in a while, the food storagy tll the brain to increase the reward once food is obtained (Guyenet, 2012, p.169). In obese individuals, D2 receptors were negatively correlated with BMI (Wang et. a., 2001). Obese individuals crave carbs more because they have more insulin, which is more effective at stashing away the fat and leaving less available for usable energy (Taubes, 2011, p.142). Because the reward response is exaggerated in those who aregithefuman reward center works to reinforce eating sugars to an unhealthy degree. Some people get addicted to food in the same sense that people become addicted to drugs. Low D2 receptors, in the nucleus recumbents of the brain, have also been reported in individuals addicted to ve }s types of drugs poster & Shin, 2011). Thenghat 1) more bard fa prep lade diets, o the reward pathways "back off" and reduce reward (Guyenet, 2012, p.170). Research conducted by Pennsylvania State also showed that exercising can increase dopamine release, increasing the this shows that the effects aay of obesity” exe revi by thet obesity % ly preventable if people pe) coe iar a deal ney ay number of active dopamine receptors (Wang et. al., 2001) Surgery and Effects Studies, like those conducted by Berthound and Shin, have proven that the most effective way to counter the effects of obesi is through bariatric surgery, Their focus is on the Roux-en- Y surgery, one in which the esophagus is connected to the intestine. Post-surgery, patients have shown a decreased preference for carbohydrates. Beyond their distaste for carbohydrates, the patients lack affinity for food altogether. As the article explains, “The lower gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-I and peptide YY, which are substantially elevated after the surgery, areA LOOK AT ADIPOSE BUILD-UP IN LITERATURE, instrumental in returning glucose to homeostatic levels” (Berthound & Shin, 2011). The authors continue on to predict that these hormones work with the brain and affect the reward pathway, though itis not thoroughly explained. Ultimately, it leads to the reestablishment of normal levels of insulin and leptin, two hormones proven to be active in fat regulation.