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    ketenagakerjaan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    3 views22 pages

    Division of Labor

    Uploaded by

    Slamet Teguh
    ketenagakerjaan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 22
    The Division of Labor in Society » Emile Durkheim THE FREE PRESS Introduction ‘The Problem Although the division of abou snot of recent origin was ony at the end ofthe last century that societies began fo Become wate a thislaw,towhich upto then they had submited almost uniting Undoubtedly even fom antiquity several thinkers had perceived iy importance." Ye Adar Smith was the fst to attempt to elaborate the theory ofit. Moreover, twas he who ist coined the erm, which social science later lent t0 biology [Nowadays the phenomenon has become so widespread that it Catches everyone's atention, We can no longer be undet ihsion about the trends in modera industry. Itinvalvesincreasingl | Powerful mechanisms, large-scale groupigs of power and capital, and consequently an extreme division of labour. lasde factories otony are jobs demarcated, becoming extremely specialised, but ‘ach produt is ite a speciality entalling the existence of others ‘Adam Smith and John Stoart Mil persisted in hoping. tht ‘agscuture at east would prove an exception tothe rule. seeing init the lst refuge of smal scale ownership. Although in such & matter ‘we must guard agninst generating unduly, nowadays it appears situ to deny thatthe main branches of the agricultural nds) ae increasingly swept along in the general trend" Finally. com meee self contives ways 10 follow and reflect, in al thet ‘stnetive nuanees, the Boundless diversity of instil undertak- ings. Althouh this evolution occurs spontaneously and unthink- ingly, those economists who study tscausesand evaluate its esl, far from condemning such diversification or atacking it, proclim itsnecesity. They perceive in tthe higher law of human sotetis and the condition for progres, 2 Ioduction Yet the division o labour isnot peculiar toesonomic life. We can ‘observe its increasing influence in the most diverse sectors ol society. Functions, whether politic, administrative or jie. are becoming more and mote specialised. The same is eve in the aris and siences. The tine lis far behind us when philosophy const tuted the sole scence. It has become fragmented into & host of special disciplines, cach having its purpose, method and ethos From one half-century to apather the men who have lef their mark ssave become more specialized.” ‘centuries had engaged the mos celebrated sents de Candole oted that in the age of Leibtz and Newton he would have had sent down ‘wo oF three descriptions almost always for each scientist: for ‘example, astonomer and” physicist, of mathematician, !stronomer and physicist, or alternatively. t0 use only such general tems as phlosopheror naturalist, Even that would aot have heen enough. Mathematicians and naturalists were some limesscholars or poets: Evenat the endothe eighteenth century, 4 numberof designations would have been needed to indicate reciscly what was remarkable about men such as Wolf, Haller ‘or Charles Bonnet im several different branches of science and letters. Inthe nineteenth century this difcltyn longer exists or at least oecuts very stteguenty* Nor ony isthe scientist no longer immersed in different sciences a fe stme time, but he can no longer encompas the whole fel of ‘ne science. The ange of his research is imited toa init category of problems orevento single one of them Likewise, the functions of the scientist which formerly were almost always enereised alongside another more lucrative one, sch a that of doctor, pis, imapisrate or soldier, ate iereasngly sufficient by themselves. De CCandalie even predicts thut one day. not too far distant the profession of ciemtit and tht of teacher at preset sls closely inked, wil be rrevocblyseparted, The recent phitsophical speculations in biology have finally ‘caused us toreaise hate divson of labour ie afat ofa generality "hat the ceonomits, who were the fst to speak of i had been incapable of suspecting Inded, since the work of Wolf, von Bact and Mile: Edwards we know that the law ofthe division of labour Imiroduction 3 applies to organisms as well aso societies t may even be stated Ahat an organism occupies the more exalted place inthe ania Inerarchy the more specialised is unetions are Ths discovery has Id the est of notonlyenfargng enormously thefield of action of the divison of labour, But also of setting its origins hack into an fnfsely distant past, since it becomes slmort contemporaneous Wit the coming of life upon earth. tno longer a mere socal fnsttution whore oot nthe inteligence andthe willo men, but general biological phenomenoa, the conditions for which most seemingly be sought inthe essential properties of organised matter ‘The division of labour ia society appears ao more than a special form of this general development. In conforming 10 this law ‘societies apparently yield toa movement that arose longtefore they ‘used and'which sweeps slong the sme direction the whole of| the living word Such a Tact cestly cannot manifest itsslf without fecting proounaly our moral constitution, forthe evolution of mankind Wil develop sn two utterly opposing diestions, depending on ‘ehethere abandon ourselves thin tendency or whether me Fests 1. Yet. then, one question poses itself urgently: ofthese $40

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