[Notes AND REFERENCES 1. For an carly tutorial paper reviewing different digital modulation techniques (ASK, FSK, and PSK) based om a geometric viewpoint, see Artiuars and Dym, (1962]. See also the following list of books Anderson (1998, Chapter 3) > Benedetto and Bigleri (1999, Chapters 4 and S) > Lee and Messerschmitt (1994, Part IT) > Proakis (1995, Chapter 5) > Sklae (1988, Chapter 3) > Viterbi and Omura (1978, pp. 47=127) 2. Foran carly paper on the offset QPSK, sce Gitlin and Ho (1975). 3. The m/t-shifted QPSK was first described in the open literature in Ak: (1987). 4. Chennakeshu and Sauliner (1993) use computer simulations to study the performance of al4-shifted QPSK in a digical wireless communications environment. The pulse-shaping signal used in che generation of the 4-shifted QPSK signal is based on the square root raised cosine spectrum (see Problem 4.38). In this latter paper, it is shown that the perfor- mance of n/4-shifted QPSK may degrade rapidly in such an envisonment, The differential detector of Figure 6.13 follows Chennakeshu and Sauliner (1993) fa and Negata > EXAMPLE 5.2 2B1Q Code ‘The 281Q code was described in Chapter 4 as the North American line code for digital subscriber lines, Itrepresents a quaternary PAM signal as shown in the Gray-encoded alphabet of Table 5.1, The four possible signals, s:(¢), s2(t),s:(), and s4(), arc amplituderscaled versions of a Nyquist pulse, Each signal represents a dibit. We wish to find the vector representation of the 2B1Q code. This example is simple enough for us to solve ie by inspection. Let gx(t) denote the ‘Nyquist pulse, normalized to have unit energy. The $4(¢) so defined is the only basis fonction for the vector representation of the 2B1Q code. Accordingly, the signal-space representation ofthis code is as shown in Figure 5.6. Ie consists of four signal vectors 5,82, 84, and s4, which. are located oa the Gy-axis in a symmetric manner about the origin, In this example, we thas have M = 4 and N= 1. ‘We may generalize the result depicted in Figure 5.6 for the 2B1Q code as follows. The signal-space diagram of an M-ary pulse-amplitude modulated signal, in general, is one- dimensional with M signal points uniformly positioned on the only axis of che diagram. <4 & & & a fpr oe Fioune 5.6 Signal-space representation of the 2B1Q cde.5.17 (a) The two signal constellations shown in Figure P5.17 exhibit the same average prop, ability of symbol ertor. Justify the validity of this statement. (b) Which of these nwo constellations has minimum average energy? Justify your answey, You may assume that the symbols pertaining to the message points displayed in Figur. P5.17 are equally likely. Figure P5.17 Problem 5,17 (a) The minimum distance between any two adjacent signal points in the constellation of Fig. 5.174 of the textbook is dQ = 20 The minimum distance between any two adjacent signal points in the constellation of Fig. P5.17b of the textbook is dQ. = l(a)’ +(f2a)” = 20 which is the same as d\%),. Hence, the average probability of symbol error using the constellation of Fig. P5.17a is te same as that of Fig, P3.17b. (b) The constellation of Fig. P5.17 has minimum energy, whereas that of Fig. P5.17b is of non- ‘minimum energy. Applying the minimum energy wanslate to the constellation Of Fig. P5.17b, which involves trnsleting it bodily to the lit along the @-anis by the amoant (3c, we get the corresponding minimum energy confgurition5.19 In this problem we explore the approximations to the probability of an error, P, for the pair of antipodal signals shown in Figure P5.19 in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise of power spectral density Ny/2. The exact formula for P, is -L JEs Peng w«( fe) (This formula is derived in Section 6.3) {a) Using the two upper bounds for the complementary error function given in Note 3, derive the corresponding approximations to P.. (b) Compare the approximations derived in part (a) for P. to the exact formula fot E,/Ny = 9. For the exact calculation of P,, you may use Table A6.6 on the exter function, Ficure P5.19 blem 5,19 (a) An upper bound on the complementary e:ror function is given by erfo(u) < 22D fw Hence, we may bound the given P, as follows: P. ® For large positive w, we may further simplify the upper bound on the complementary error function as shown here: ertocy = SBE? Nod (by For Ey/Ny = 9, we get the following results be = herrecsy Gi) Using the bound in (1), we have the appronimate vali: p= S29) OdGi) Using the looser bound of (2), we have p= 250-9) afi = 348x107 As expected, the first bound is more accurate than the second bound for calculating P,. > Examrce 6.3 adit ido 1 32 oda oda FiGune 6.17 (a) Consider a 16-QAM whose signal constellation is depicted in Figure 6.172. The encoding of the message points shown in this figure is as follows: » ‘Two of che four bits, namely, the leftmost two bits, specify the quadrant in the (J, )- plane in which a message point lies. Thus, starting from the first quadrant and pro- ceeding counterclockwise, the four quadrants are represented by the dibits 11, 10, 00, and 01 & The remaining two hits are ased to represent one of the four possible symbels lying within each quadrant of the (gh, ¢2)-plane. Note that the encoding of the four quadrants and also the encoding of the symbole iz ezch quadrant follow the Gray coding rule. 4 soul» . wor’ F ufo ata wale » ' woo”) tito ator ' pity yy a “a [ a Be sin 2 ola 3a? eat « . 1 osea” gto otto ' | o psa | otto | om oft ‘ignal-space diagram of M-ary QAM for M = 16; the message points in each quadrant are identified with Gray-encoded quadbits. (b) Signal-space diagram of the correspond ing 4-PAM signal.Amplitude-Shift Keying 6.1 Inthe on-off keying version of an ASK system, symnbol 1s represented by transminings sinusoidal carrier of amplitude V2E,/T;, where Es is the signal energy per bit and Ts the bit duration. Symbol 0 is represented by switching off the carrier. Assume that symbos 1 and 0 occur with equal probability. For an AWGN channel, determine the average probability of error for this ASK system under the following scenarios: (a) Coherent reception, {h) Noncoherent ceception, operating with a lange value of bit energy-to-noise spectal density ratio E/No. Note: When x is large, the modified Bessel function of the first kind of zero order may be approximated as follows (see Appendix 3): explx) Tr(a) ~ Vix Problem. (2) ASK with coherent reception lt) a 4, . 1 | vectston /—> re at o device — sce) Denoting the presence of = es wae te f symbol 1 or symbol 0 by hypothesis i, oF Hy respectively, Hye x€t) = aCe) + w(t) Hye x(t) = weed here s(t) = Ajcos(antt), with 4, = 2E7E, tmererore, 1, 5 ash ana dy 104) G2, the receiver deta 1 the receiver dnedes in fever of ambot 1. TPE By/2 ‘ favor of symbol 0. (Bolas BS desktes tn The conditional probability density functions of the randoa variable L, whose valueis denoted by 4, are defined by fjo(#to = 2 (8) 4 b' £ yal) me ont iG The average probability of error is therefore, - Bye Pen Py cp TudlelOy ee 2 ayy ceinee /2 2 : 2 By (8) 1 1 ¥ 4 1 a zis exp(- vats ds exp oT 2 ry 2 cn 5/2 FE, oF = Fi, ob _ 5 2 . F expla gigvae Tig ‘eye PO HE = bere EE = berrecd ETH) ny | ter, Envelope pecisson Let to s(t) detector avice Ly 0 In this case, the signal s(t) is cefined by H+ Aootentyt 6 0) se Ay + EETIGy nt : (ds ecm £9(0) = Lo, othoriise For the cae when syatol! 0 1s transaltted, that 4s, under hypothests gy we find that ‘the randon variable L, at the input of the desision device, is Reyleighdistributed: Pi ca For te case when smbol 1 is transmitted, that is, under hypothesis ily, We find thet the fy yp(#lod = Be expi- ‘Lio! Wtrandom variable Lis Rioton-distributed: “w 22a at, uy 0 = gle ex ae) one where Tg(2tA,/Ng) 18 the modified Bessel function of the first kind of zero order. Before we cen obtain 2 solution for the error performance of tne receiver, we nave to determine a value for the threshold. Since symbols 1 and 0 occur vith equal probability, ‘the minimun probability of error criterion yields: 2 4, 2th, exp(- “ay, 1a) z 1 a 0 For Large valu of E,/Ny, we may approximat: Tj(24A,MMq) 26 follows exp (2tA, Mg) Vinh 7M, Using this epproximetion, we may rewrite Eq. (1) as follows: 4 Ajo asy) Sh Aa woe / 4 Toking the logaritne of both sides of this relation, we get 4 hat, ay, as 4, 0 1 zi Neglecting the second term on the right hand side of this relation, and using the fact thet. a2r, = teh ar we may write 1 Jie as 2 1 fae the threstoa 3 7“EE is at the point corresponding to the crossover between the two proveptiity density funevions, a8 illustrated below,The average probability of error is therefore Po Pro * Pa Por where “ jo #10D08 10 Lo Vigiyare - 2 w 2 ; wie expt gee Veyt fev ‘oO’ O° 2. L-exp(- 225) Nolp VET /2v2 5, by, exp(- —2: No Vaiyare fy (atta EyTy/2v2 2g a? 12u exp(22A /No) L exp, ce). Wr 8(- ge) » 0 ‘oo ‘oD’ VaRE22 2 le! @ ater ef Vee oer cole ot ae @ mya hz ° me Y HRT, Pl aye | ‘The integrand in Ey, (2) ts the product of /Z8/A], ond the probability density function of @ Gaussian random verlable of mean A,7y/2 and Variance Nof,/s. For nigh values of Fyflys the standard deviation Vigh,/i 18 much less than the threshold ¥EjT,/2/2. consequently, te area under the portion of the curve ‘rom 0 to /ETy/2/2 te quite snail, that ia, Po, * 0. Then, we may eppronimate the average probability of error as Pet Po Pro 5 . expt= =) on Where it is assuned that symbols 0 and 1 occur with equal probability. 65 (a) Given the input binary sequence 1100100010, sketch the waveforms of the in-phase and quadrature components ofa modulated wave obtained by using the QPSK based on the signal set of Figure 6.6. (b) Sketch the QPSK waveform itself for the input binary sequence specified in part (a). Problem 65 (a) The QPSK wave can be expressed as S(t) = mt) cos(2rt.t) + mt) sin(ant,t). Diviging the binary wave into dibits end finding m,(t) and m,(t) for each dibit: aie on oo 10 10 mi) VEE RE Tt - 7 FE a) TP --R mer ce)sey 6.7 Equation (6.47) is an approximate formula for the average probability of symbol ertor for coherent M-ary PSK. This formula was derived using the union bound in light of the signal-space diagram of Figure 6.1 5b. Given that message point nt, was transmitted, show that the approximate formula of Equation (6.47) may be derived directly from Figuce 6.156. Problem 6.7 Let x denote the received signal vector. Suppose that the signal corresponding to messege point mnie transmitted, Then, referring to the signal-space diagram of Fig. 1, the conditional probability of error is given Pop, = P\r lies in shaded region) = P(r lies in =) + PCR lies in yl) ‘P(r lies in A) =A ete! |E cin ® | +2 orfe| |Z cin worl [E meg 2 lz M ~ Per lies in {iD Hence, E int Pej, mean and power spectral density 10°" W/Hiz is added to the signal, In the absence of noise, the amplitude of the received sinnsoidal wave for digit 1 or 0 is 1 mV. Determine the average probability of symbol error for the following system configurations: (a) Coherent binary FSK. (b) Coherent MSK_ {c) Noncoherent binary FSK The bit duration is 1 2.5x10°H2 = 0.4 us! ‘The signal energy per bit is 2 Ae Ty «1078? : 6 0.4 x 10 = 2x 107" joules (a) Coherent Binary FSK The average probability of error is erfe(vE,72Ng) +f ertechure amo Using the approximation erfo(u) = 22ztcu®) fru We obtain the result py = 22D» 0,05 103 eee co 8K P = erto/E7i) = erfe(¥70)= S#R(010) Yn = 0.81 x 10> (c) Noncoherent Binary FSK 5, 1 $ expe 2 2, 1 exr(-5) = 3.31 x 103 Problem 6.22 (a) The correlation coefficient of the signals sp(t) and s,(t) is 1, > 2” sycers (erat ° % TE UF Beas” 7 2ceati ° 0 172 8 b 1 1 coaten tr Jarre) costance.- Jarre] ae ° >t WE T 2, Ve oat) ar) 4.77 oscars) « costaee,0) ot Be 4 Sin(2nart,) —sin(ant 1.) * on, ar + ar ° Since f, >> af, then we may ignore the second term in Eq. (1), obtaining sin(2eaet,) 9 = —aREaFH + sino(aten,) (b) The dependence of p on Af is as shom in Fir, 1. waCoppelation coefficient Pe sgt) and s(t) are othogenal when p = 0, Therefore, the aininun value of af for which they are orthogonal, 3 1/27, + (e) The average probability of error is given by 1 F ertel I=IN) The most negative value of is -0.216, occuring at Af = 0.7/T,. The minimum value of P, is therefore ° ° = f eto OBITS) Pesmin () For a coberent binary PSK systen, the average probability of error te 1 Py = bert E a) Therefore, the E/ll, of this coherent binary FSK systen must be increased by the factor 1/0.608 = 1.685 (or 2.16 48) so 2s to realize the sane average probability of error as a coherent binary PSK system, 6.23 A binary FSK signal with discontinuous phase is defined by see co 24 + See | for symbol 1 4 2) {2 co|2e( = a), + a for symbol 0 sit) =where E, is the signal energy per bit, T, is the bit duration, and @ and 8, are samy, values of cen stub random Variables over the interval 00 27. In efec at Ewe ovellators supplying the transmitted frequencies f- + Af!2 operate independencly of each other. Assume that f, >> Af. (a) Evaluate the power spectral density of the FSK signal. (b) Show that for frequencies far removed from the carrier frequency f., the power spe. tral density falls off as the inverse square of frequency. Problem 6.23 (2) Since the tw oscillators used to represent symbols 1 and 0 are incependent, we may View the resulting inary FSK wave as the sum of tuo omoff keying (OOK) signals. One OOK ‘Signal operates with the oscillator of frequency £4- The second OOK signel operates with the osetllater of frequency fy+ Tae power spectral density of a radon binary wave x,(t), in vhich symbol 1 is represented by A volts and eymbol 0 by zero volte, Je given by (sce Probles 4+) as, 8 ener 5,09 =F 6c + TF sineFerny where T, £9 the bit duration. When this vinary wave 1s multiplied by @ sinusoi¢el wave of unit anplitude and frequency f, « 46/2, ve get the first OOK signal with As BTR, Te pover spectral density of this OOK signal equals s\n 1 2 = if af, Fs Bes toate BnAn watch symbo1 ‘The power spectral density of the randon binary vave x(t) = F(T, 1 4s represented by zero volts and symbol 0 by A volts, is given by 5 sy 2 When X,(t) 1s multiplied by the oceond sinusofdal wave of unit amplitude end frequency f,~ 4/2, we get the second 00K signal whose power spectral density equals 1 . FS 560 = FO ce 4 8 5 re tH ‘The power spectral density of the FSK signal equale: Spgg = Sy(19 + 8,00) 2 af, af, Fat HE = BD ea te BH 6 em te BH a Ee races t+ $1 2 af 2 at, + sinettyir - 1, + $1 + stne®erycr + 2, - $99 This result shows that the power spectrum of this binary FSK wave contains delte funetions at f= f, + af/2. (9) At high velues of x, the function sinc(x) falls off es Wz. Hence, at high 2 frequencies Spo, falls off as 1/t%. 6.29 Plot the waveform of a GMSK modulator produced in response to the binary sequenst 41101000, assuming the use of 2 gain-bandwideh product WT, = 0.3. Compare your esl with that of Example 6.5.Problem 6.29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Imaginary pert os o -05| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Real part ‘The Fig, idea 6.30 RLALAW oe o 1 2 3 4 5 6 ‘GMSK signal GMSK signal, displayed in the bottom waveform, is very similar to that of the MSK signal in 6.30, both of which are produced by the input sequence 1101000. This objective is indeed the behind the GMSK signal ‘Summarize the similarities and differences berween the standard MSK and Gauss” filtered MSK signals. Problem 6,30 Comparing the standard MSK and Gaussian-filtered GMS signals, fe note the following: (@) Similarities w) For a given input sequence, the waveforms produced by the MSK and GMSK modulators are very similar, as illustrated by comparing the GMSK signal displayed in the solution to Problem 6.29 and the correspording MSK signal displayed in Fig. 6.30 ofthe textbook for the input sequence 1101000. They both have a constant envelope Differences ‘The use of GMSK results in a slight degradation in performance compared to the standard MSK for a time-bandwidth product W7,, = 0.3. However, the GMSK makes up for this loss in performance by providing a more compact power-spectral characteristic.6.33 The binary sequence 1100100010 is applied to the DPSK transmitter of Figure 6.43. {a) Sketch the resulting waveform at the transmitter output. {b) Applying this waveform to the DPSK receiver of Figure 6.43, show that, in the absence of noise, the original binary sequence is reconstructed at the receiver output. Problem 6.33 @ & 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 6 1 0 dea 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 a 14 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 Transmitted phase 0 0 0 © 0 0 © O KR x 0 The wavefokm of the DPSK srk ir ther ar folfous 75K wee ORO Ls (b) Let yo output of the integrator in the in-phase channel Xq = output of the integrator in the quadrature channel pe = onebit delayed version of x = onebit delayed version of xg 1}, = in-phase channel output = xx lg = quadrature channel output =TQK y = ke4lyTransmitted phase (radians) 0 0 0 x 0 0 x 0 e x 0 Polarityofyy + + HO HHH Polarity of xj toe eR HR Polarity of iy toe eR Polarityofxg - = = + = = # = # # = Polarity of xg Cee ea Polarity of lg bo eR Polarity of y Sr Reconstructed data stream 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 © i i i if 10° b/s, and the 6.35 Binary data are transmitted over a microwave link at the rate of 7 power spectral density of the noise atthe receiver input is 10~"° W/tlz, Find the average carrie power required to maintain an average probability of ervor P, = 10~* for (3) ccherege binary PSK, and (b) DPSK. Problem 0.35 (a) For ooherent binary PSK, ert « } ertel oT For #, to equat 10, VEN, = 2.64. Tis yields &/, = 7.0. Hence F = 3.5 2 1071, The required average carrier pover 15 0.35 aN. (b) For PSK, $ en(- 5 For Py to onat 10%, we nave G2 = 0.5, tence £5 = 6.3.1 101, me requires averase Power is 0.43 BW. 06.36 The values of Es/No required to realize an average probability of symbol error P, = 19-4 using coherent binary PSK and coherent FSK (conventional) systems are equal to 7.2 ang 13.5, respectively. Using the approximation erfc(u) = —— exp(—#) Varw determine the separation in the values of E4/No for Pp = 1074, using {a) Coherent binary PSK and DPSK. (6) Cohecent binary PSK and QPSK. (c) Coherent binary FSK (conventional) and noncoherent binary FSK. {d) Coherent binary FSK (conventional) and coherent MSK. Problem 6.36 (a) for a conerent PSK system, the averai probability of error is Py =f ertet VEN), e EP ertet EMT] p(B /6) 4] (B/%Q)y For a DPSK system, we have «3 1 Pe 5 expl~ (E/Ny)g] Let Ep 5 Ge), : Ge), +6 Then, we may use Eqs. (1) and (2) to obtain vi TEIN), = TE Tig), = exp 6 We are given that = 1,56 10 log, 7-2 = 8.57 oB 10 10g, 967-2 + 1.56) 942 a a @ ‘The separation between the two (E,/N,) ratios is therefore 9.42 - 8.57 = 0.85 dB.(0) For a coherent PSK system, we have rye ena 3 PEE) RVG For 2 QPSK system, ve have ertet ETI) expl-(E/Miy} 9) AEM, Here again, Let ee % 1 e Eqs. (3) and (4) to obtain exp(-8) a Toking logarittms of both sides: win 2 == 6 = 0.5 Intl « SHE /My),) w-e-05 po O85 ETT, SoLving for 6: fn 2 oe THO = 0.65 Therefore, , We oe lf), #10 Bee gKT2) = 857 5, . 10 t0649(;2), = 10 doeyg(T+2 + «55) 10) 0 = 8.55 48. The seperation between the tie (Ey/Mp) ratios 1s 6.95 ~ 8.57 = 0.38 dB @ @ 6)(©) For a coherent binary FSK systeny we have 1 Pe = ertolvG 7287) exp(- Le ) $e © 2 ea For a noneoherent binary FSK systen, we have om e We are given that (£,/N)), + 13.5. Taerefore, = 3.055 We thus find that 5, 10 does og 10 10g, 4613.5) 1 = 11,3 &B 10 reese), 10 208; 9(13+5 + 3.055) = 12,2 6B “Hence, the separation between the tho (B,/Ny) ratios 1s 12.2 = 11.3 = 0.9 4B. (@) For a coherent binary FSK systes, vo have 1 Py =F erfolv ETAT] g, ae exo(- Age ) 2M 4 ey) aE, o For 2 MSK systen, we have 1 = § ertelVETINGYg) (10) ao)Hence, using Eqs, (9) ane (10), ve é 4 m2 -dintts gists z TEN), 2 Yoting that ‘ wa «1 aD; We may approximate Eq. (11) to obtain 18 4 wm2-4t a=36 2 tA) “2 2 x 0.693 i B.S 21.29 We thus find that z p 10 2064 (G2) | + 10 0B; 13-5) #10 x 1613 = 11.3 4 ,, 10 208, o(¢2) oF = 10 10g, 9(13.5 + 1.29) = 11.7 4B oz Therefore, the separation between the two (E,/No) ratios is 11.7 - 11.3 = 0.8 4B, an an6.37 In Section 6.10 we compared the noise performances of coherent binary PSK, coherear binary F5K, QPSK, MSK, DPSK, and noncoherent FSK by using the bit error rates the basis of comparison. In this problem we take a different viewpoint and wie the average probobility of symbol error, P., to do the comparison. Plot P, versus E,/No for eachof these schemes and comment on your results. em 6.37 os ong EK (1 coment 5m on pleco | wy oes | Led | 1 i Sas ase Figuret Comparison ot henoise perormances o! PSkand FSK systems ren rotterens The important point to note here, in comparison tothe results plotted in Fig. is that the error performance of the coherent QPSK is slightly degraded with respect to that of coherent PSK and coherent MSK. Otherwise, the observations made in Section 8.18 still hold here.