Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
2005
2004 12 23
()
()
()
MME
20033194
Department
of
Mechanical
ABSTRACT
The ballast system, which consists of the ballast tank, pumps, and piping,
is used in ships to maintain stability and control the draft and trim. A ship
must meet the stability and the draft requirements for safe navigation in the
full load condition. However, in a partial load condition, a ship may
experience low draft, improper trim, or deteriorating stability. Therefore, it
is essential to achieve suitable navigation condition by utilizing the ballast
tank.
The loading/unloading of the ballast tank, which takes several hours, is
frequently performed during navigation and the accurate prediction of the
loading/unloading time is very important. Using a simple one-dimensional
friction
loss
formula,
numerical
algorithm
that
predicts
the
loading/unloading time of the ballast tank has been developed and applied to
predict the loading/unloading time of the ballast tank with various piping
systems. The effects of local piping changes and the various bypass
configurations have been examined and discussed. This algorithm can be
useful in optimizing the ballast system in the early design stage.
-i-
Abstract ...
ii
iv
vii
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
10
2.6
11
2.6.1
11
2.6.2
13
3
3.1
15
15
-ii-
3.1.1 (Type A)
15
3.1.2 (Type B)
16
17
18
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.2
20
3.3
21
3.4
25
3.5
28
3.5.1 5% /
28
3.5.2
31
3.6
35
3.6.1
35
3.6.2
37
3.6.3
40
43
46
-iii-
-iv-
-v-
-vi-
hL
: (head loss)
: (pressure)
( p + rz )
: (pressure drop)
: (specific weight)
: (perpendicular coordinates)
KL
: (loss coefficient)
: (friction factor)
: (length)
: (diameter)
: (gravity acceleration)
: (mean velocity)
Qn , q n
: (flow rate)
k n , rn , K n
: (duct resistance)
NPSH av
NPSH req
Ha
Hv
hs
sn
-vii-
HT
: (total head)
Ht
: (actual head)
vd
: (discharge velocity)
vs
: (suction velocity)
Pd
Ps
Hn
hp
hdraft
: (draft)
hn
hnfinal
An
: (time)
: (time interval)
B1 , B2
: (circular constant)
: (node)
s, S
: (suction)
-viii-
d, D
max
: (discharge)
: (maximum)
P1
: 1 (first pump)
P2
: 2 (second pump)
-ix-
1.1
(ballast)
(draft)
(trim) ,
,
.
.
, ,
.
(,
/ , (heeling)
) .
.
/(loading/unloading)
ballasting/deballasting .
-1-
1.2
,
, , , ,
.
1(
) 2(
) ,
.
/
, /
. , /
(Bypass)
,
(, ) .
/
,
.
-2-
2.1
Darcy-Weisbach
, .
hL =
( p + rz )
l V 2
= KL + f
r
d 2g
(1)
Q = VA Eq. (1) .
hL =
1 4
l 2
2 K L + f Q
2 g d
d
()
(2)
1 4
l
k=
2 KL + f
2 g d
d
(3)
2.2
Fig. (1) .
-3-
Fig. 1
NPSH av .
NPSH av (= s 0 ) = H a H v hs H
(4)
s n .
s n = H a H v h p + hn k n q n2 (n = 1,2,L, N )
.
-4-
(5)
s n 1 = s n rn Qn2 (n = 1,2, L , N )
(6)
Qn = q n + Qn +1 (n = 1,2,L , N 1)
,
(7)
Q N = q N .
2 .
(8)
(9)
Q Eq. (8)
( )
.
1.
N s N q N , Q N
s N 1 , L, s 0 (= NPSH av ) .
-5-
2.
3.
sN
s N .
Q1 Qmax .
Q1 = Qmax s N
2.3
Fig. (2) .
Fig. 2
(total head)
H T .
H T = H t + H +
1 2
1
(v d v s2 ) + ( Pd Ps )
2g
r
-6-
(10)
Eq. (10)
1 2
(vd vs2 ) , Pd Ps
2g
1
(Pd Ps ) 0.
r
n H n .
H n = hn + k n q n2 (n = 1,2, L , N )
(11)
n H n .
H n = H n 1 rn Qn2 (n = 1,2, L , N )
(12)
Qn = Qn 1 q n 1 (n = 1,2,L , N 1)
,
(13)
Q N = q N .
H T = a1 b1Q 2 . ,
Q Qmax .
-7-
(14)
Eq. (14)
Q1 Eq. (14)
Qmax .
H T = a1 b1Q12 Q1 Qmax
.
1.
2.
N H N q N , Q N
H N 1 ,L, H 0 .
HN
3.
Q1 = Qmax H N
2.4
(Gravity Unloading) Fig. (3) .
-8-
Fig. 3
n Hn .
H n = hn k n q n2 (n = 1,2, L , N )
(15)
n Hn .
H n1 = H n rn Qn2 (n = 1,2, L , N )
(16)
Qn = q n + Qn +1 (n = 1,2,L , N 1)
,
Q N = q N .
-9-
(17)
H 0 = hdraft
(18)
1.
2.
N H N q N , Q N
H N 1 ,L, H 0 .
H 0 = hdraft .
H 0 = hdraft H N
2.5
An (hn )
dhn
= qn
dt
(n = 1,2, L N )
Eq. (19)
-10-
(19)
An
hn (t + t ) hn (t )
= qn
t
t = t + t hn (t + t )
hn (t + t ) = hn (t )
(20)
qn
t
An
(21)
hn hnfinal ,
hn hnfinal h1 ,L , hN
q1 ,L , q N .
2.6
,
.
2.6.1
Fig. (4)
.
-11-
Fig. 4
NPSH req .
NPSH req = a 2 + b2 Q 2
(22)
(23)
Q = QP1 + QP 2
(24)
(25)
-12-
, B2 =
1
1
+
b +K
b2 + K 2
1
2
2.6.2
Fig. (5)
.
Fig. 5
H Q .
H = a1 b1Q 2
(26)
-13-
(27)
(28)
H D Q
H D = a1 B1Q 2
, B1 =
1
1
+
b +K
b1 + K 2
1
1
(29)
H Q .
, B2 =
1
1
+
b +K
b2 + K 4
3
2
(30)
-14-
3
C++ .
3.1
(Type A) (Type B),
.
3.1.1 (Type A)
Fig. (6)
.
Fig. 6
-15-
Pipe
Length
90
45
[ mm ]
[ mm ]
Elbow
Elbow
K5
550
10500
K3
400
5000
K4
400
3100
r1
450
rr1
450
Table 1
Tee
Tee
Run
Turn
[ hr 2 / m 5 ]
1.48e-7
1.79e-7
1.49e-7
12410
3.37e-7
9534
2.68e-7
V/V
3.1.2 (Type B)
Fig. 7
-16-
Fig.
(7)
Pipe
Length
90
45
V/V
Tee
Tee
Red-
Run
Turn
ucer
[ mm ]
[ mm ]
ELB
ELB
K5
550
1100
/ m5 ]
5.05e-8
K3
450
4350
3.09e-7
K4
450
2908
3.88e-7
K1
400
5000
1.79e-7
K2
400
3100
1.49e-7
r0
550
950
5.95e-8
r1
450
12710
6.29e-7
rr1
450
8588
6.38e-7
Table 2
[ hr
3.1.3
Fig. (8) .
-17-
Pipe
Length
90
45
[ mm ]
[ mm ]
Elbow
Elbow
r1
450
12710
rr1
450
8588
K5
550
9550
Table 3
Tee
Tee
Run
Turn
[ hr 2 / m 5 ]
6.29e-7
6.38e-7
8.81e-8
V/V
3.1.4
Mainline (Port) 6,
(Starboard) 6 , Fig. (9) .
Fig. 9
Piping system
-18-
Pipe
Length
90
45
V/V
Tee
Tee
Bell
Run
Turn
Mouth
[ mm ]
[ mm ]
ELB
ELB
r2
450
2150
/ m5 ]
6.23e-8
r3
450
58050
5.37e-7
450
2150
6.23e-8
r5
450
22350
4.96e-7
r6
450
27850
6.23e-8
rr2
450
0.00e+0
rr3
450
66670
6.11e-7
rr4
450
2150
6.23e-8
rr5
450
58050
5.37e-7
rr6
450
2150
6.23e-7
k1
350
5200
1.11e-6
k2
350
4500
1.31e-6
k3
350
5200
1.11e-6
k4
350
4500
1.31e-6
k5
350
5200
1.11e-6
k6
350
4500
1.31e-6
kk1
350
7890
1.56e-6
kk 2
350
3400
1.19e-6
kk 3
350
5690
1.21e-6
kk 4
350
3400
1.19e-6
kk 5
350
5690
1.21e-6
kk 6
350
3400
1.19e-6
Table 4
[ hr
-19-
3.2
L Type, I Type, U Type .
L Type . L
Type (Double Hull Structure)
.
L Type Fig. (10) .
Fig.10
Table 5 .
-20-
Ballast
H1
H2
B1
B2
Volume
Tank
[m ]
[m ]
[m ]
[m ]
[m ]
[m ]
[ m3 ]
No. 1
21.3
21.0
2.46
2.64
2.45
2.97
3200
No. 2
21.3
21.0
2.46
2.64
2.45
2.97
2847
No. 3
21.3
21.0
2.46
2.64
2.45
2.97
2916
No. 4
21.3
21.0
2.46
2.64
2.45
2.97
2916
No. 5
21.3
21.0
2.46
2.64
2.45
2.97
2874
No. 6
21.3
21.0
2.46
2.64
2.45
2.97
3605
Table 5
1200
rpm 2000 m 3 / hr ,
1500
m 3 / hr , .
(31)
(32)
3.2
m ,
( 100% ) 2.7 m , (
100% )
12 m .
3.3
.
110% , .
-21-
,
Type A, Type B
Table 6 .
Ballast
Main
Line
1
Type A(
Type B(
Tank
No. 5(P)
1.61
7.33
1.33
8.29
No. 5(S)
1.66
7.55
1.41
8.50
No. 3(P)
1.75
8.71
1.53
9.56
No. 3(S)
1.80
8.83
1.60
9.67
No. 1(P)
2.04
9.14
1.85
9.93
No. 1(S)
2.09
9.18
1.92
9.96
No. 6(P)
2.11
8.20
1.84
8.86
No. 6(S)
2.02
8.12
1.71
8.79
No. 4(P)
1.76
9.07
1.57
9.70
No. 4(S)
1.77
9.14
1.58
9.76
No. 2(P)
1.83
9.38
1.68
9.97
No. 2(S)
1.84
9.39
1.69
9.97
Total
22.28
9.39
19.71
9.97
Main
Line
2
Table 6
hr
. Type A
-22-
Type B
.
Fig. (11)
.
6000
5000
Q(m /hr)
4000
3000
Type A
Type B
2000
1000
10
Time(hr)
Fig. 11
1.5
hr ,
.
1.5 ,
.
Type A
Fig. (12) .
(a) No. 1(P)
1000
1000
Flow rate
Head
20
Flow
Flowrate
rate
Head
Head
-23-
800
800
200
Time(hr)
0
10
600
10
400
200
Time(hr)
0
10
h(m)
10
400
Q(m3/hr)
15
600
h(m)
Q(m3/hr)
15
20
No.
5(P)
Fig. 12
3.4
1000
Flow rate
Head
800
600
Type A, Type B
10
400
200
0
10
Time(hr)
Table
Ballast
Main
Line
1
Type A(
Type B(
Tank
No. 5(P)
1.45
8.78
0.82
8.97
No. 5(S)
1.45
8.81
0.87
9.00
No. 3(P)
1.47
8.94
0.95
9.13
No. 3(S)
1.47
8.96
1.00
9.15
No. 1(P)
1.61
8.99
1.18
9.18
No. 1(S)
1.61
8.99
1.23
9.18
-24-
h(m)
15
Q(m3/hr)
20
Main
Line
2
No. 6(P)
1.85
9.24
1.08
9.04
No. 6(S)
1.83
9.23
1.04
9.03
No. 4(P)
1.48
9.34
0.95
9.15
No. 4(S)
1.47
9.34
0.97
9.16
No. 2(P)
1.44
9.37
1.04
9.19
No. 2(S)
1.44
9.37
1.06
9.19
Total
18.57
9.37
12.19
9.19
Table 7
Fig. (13)
.
-25-
5000
Type A
Type B
Q(m /hr)
4000
3000
2000
1000
10
Time(hr)
Fig. 13
.
Type B
Fig. (14) .
(a) No. 1(P)
Fig. 14
3.5
1000
1000
20
20
Flowrate
rate
Flow
Head
Head
20
20
Flow rate
Head
-26-
800
800
55
200
Time(hr)
88
00
10
10
10
10
400
200
Time(hr)
0
10
10
h(m)
600
h(m)
10
10
400
Q(m /hr)
15
15
600
Q(m 3/hr)
15
15
(sensitivity analysis)
.
.
.
/
.
5% / ,
.
, Type A, Type B
.
3.5.1 5% /
5% /
.
Fig. (15) .
-27-
Fig. 15
Fig. (16) .
Fig. 16
-28-
Fig. (17) .
Fig. 17
Fig. (18) .
Fig. 18
-29-
(, ),
/ .
Mainline 1
Mainline . , Mainline
1 Mainline 1
Mainline 2 .
K 5
3.5.2
, , Fitting
. Fitting
. 300mm
600mm 50mm .
Fitting
.
Fig. (19) .
-30-
Fig. 19
Fig. (20) .
Fig. 20
Sensitivity analysis of the piping system according to the variation of the duct
diameter in the unloading
-31-
Fig. (21) .
Fig. 21
Sensitivity analysis of the pump system according to the variation of the duct
diameter in the loading
Fig. (22) .
Fig. 22
Sensitivity analysis of the piping system according to the variation of the duct
diameter in the loading
-32-
/ ,
300mm /
. ( 500mm)
/
.
Mainline Branchline
. Mainline Branchliine
/ Table 8 9 .
Branch
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
300
14.01
13.69
13.58
13.55
13.53
13.52
13.51
350
11.98
11.65
11.53
11.49
11.47
11.45
11.45
400
10.55
10.14
10.07
10.06
10.05
10.05
10.05
450
9.76
9.45
9.40
9.39
9.38
9.38
9.37
500
9.64
9.13
9.07
9.05
9.04
9.03
9.02
550
9.56
8.97
8.88
8.86
8.83
8.82
8.82
600
9.51
8.92
8.76
8.73
8.71
8.70
8.69
Main
Table 8
-33-
Branch
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
300
10.27
10.16
10.17
10.17
10.17
10.18
10.17
350
9.50
9.44
9.41
9.41
9.40
9.40
9.40
400
9.26
9.23
9.22
9.22
9.21
9.21
9.21
450
9.20
9.19
9.19
9.19
9.19
9.19
9.19
500
9.22
9.18
9.18
9.18
9.18
9.18
9.18
550
9.23
9.18
9.18
9.18
9.18
9.18
9.18
600
9.24
9.19
9.18
9.18
9.18
9.18
9.18
Main
Table 9
.
.
3.6
/
.
.
3.6.1
3 , Fig. (23)
.
-34-
Fig. 23
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4
Type 5
Type 6
Type 7
Valve
Open
Closed
Closed
Open
Open
Closed
Open
Valve
Closed
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
Open
Open
Valve
Closed
Closed
Open
Closed
Open
Open
Open
Table 10
-35-
Pipe
[ mm ]
Length
Tee
Turn
[ hr 2 / m 5 ]
2.08e-7
2.08e-7
2.58e-8
90
45
[ mm ]
Elbow
Elbow
450
2500
450
2500
450
3100
Table 11
V/V
3.6.2
Type 0
Table 12 .
Pump system
Bypass
Type A(
Type B( hr )
Type 0
22.28
9.39
19.71
9.97
Type 1
17.35
9.47
18.13
10.14
Type 2
16.42
9.38
17.10
10.04
Type 3
16.14
9.32
16.76
10.00
Type 4
16.26
9.38
16.99
10.00
Type 5
15.85
9.31
16.61
9.95
Type 6
15.91
9.32
16.61
9.99
Type 7
15.76
9.31
16.52
9.94
Table 12
Type A 6
0.1
, Type
-36-
, 0.05 hr
B 3
. (Type 7)
, Valve (Type 1) 0.1
. Valve
(Type 3) Type 7
. Type A
, .
Type A Type 3 Type 7
Fig. (24) Fig. (25) . Mainline 1
2 , .
1500
1000
Q(m3/hr)
500
-500
-1000
-1500
10
time(hr)
Fig 24
-37-
. Mainline 2
. Mainline 2
Mainline 1 Mainline 2
.
1500
Bypass 1
Bypass 2
Bypass 3
1000
Q(m3/hr)
500
-500
-1000
-1500
10
time(hr)
Fig. 25
,
.
.
-38-
3.6.3
Table 13 .
Pump system
Bypass
Type A(
Type B( hr )
Type 0
18.57
9.37
12.19
9.19
Type 1
10.97
9.20
11.49
9.21
Type 2
10.58
9.19
10.99
9.19
Type 3
10.48
9.18
10.84
9.19
Type 4
10.48
9.19
10.96
9.19
Type 5
10.30
9.18
10.76
9.19
Type 6
10.34
9.18
10.77
9.19
Type 7
10.26
9.18
10.74
9.19
Table 13
Type A 8
0.2
, Type
B 1.5
.
(Type 7) .
Valve (Type 3) Type 7
.
Type B ,
.
-39-
2000
1500
Q(m3/hr)
1000
500
-500
-1000
10
time(hr)
Fig. 26
-40-
2000
Bypass 1
Bypass 2
Bypass 3
1500
Q(m3/hr)
1000
500
-500
-1000
10
time(hr)
Fig. 27
500 m
/ hr Mainline 1 Mainline
2 ,
.
.
-41-
C++
.
.
.
,
.
,
/ ,
/
.
.
/
.
/ ,
.
-42-
36716 m
9.18 hr .
Type B 9.19
/
. , Type A, Type B
.
1.
, 3.2% .
,
.
2.
, 2.9% . ,
-43-
4.
K 5 550mm 450mm
0.03% 450mm .
450mm 350mm
8.83%, 300mm 20.64% .
(Sea Chest)
.
-44-
[1] JSDS-10() Ballast , 1981.
[2] , , , , 2002.
[3] , , , , , 2003.
[4] , , , 2001.
[7] , , , / ,
, pp.33-36, 2004.
[8] , , , ,
, , 5 1, pp. 57-63, 2001.
[9] , , , ,
2001 , pp. 1761-1765, 2001.
-45-
[11] , , , ,
, Volume 29, pp. 186-190, 1992.
[12] S. V. Partankar, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Hemisphere Publishing
Corporation, 1980.
[13] Giorgio Rizzoni, Principle and Application of Electrical Engineering, 3rd Edition,
McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2000.
[14] S. Gh. Etemad, Turbulent Flow Friction Loss Coefficients of Fittings for purely
Viscous Non-Newtonian Fluids, International Communications in Heat and Mass
Transfer, Volume 31, Issue 5, pp.763-771, 2004.
[15] Antonio C. Caputo, Pacifico M. Pelagagge, An inverse approach for piping networks
monitoring, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Volume 15, Issue 6,
pp. 497-505, 2002.
-46-