Ligtal Communication (8122) LIST OF EXPERIMENTS AND RECORD OF PROGRESSIVE ASSESSMENT ‘Assess | Sign. off Page | _ Date of Date of | ment | Teacher No. | Performance | Submission | Max. | and Marks 10 | Remarks No. Title of Experiment To Understand the waveforms of PAM by © varying the amplitude of the modulating signal varying the frequency | of the sampling signal "To Understand the waveforms of PWM by varying the amplitude of the modulating signal 3 | To Understand the waveform of PPM using timer IC 555. “To Understand the waveform of POM system wrt output at 4 | 1.Sample and Hold circuit. 2.Quantizer, $3.Analog to digital convertor. “To Understand the waveform of | 8 | delta modulation 7 9 | To Understand the waveform of ASK modulator. Be 7 7 | 10 Understand the waveform of FSK modulator. —_ | @ | To Understand the waveform of PSK modulator. | "To Understand TDM system 9 | using atleast three information sources. : 10 | To understand FDM system. “7 | Te Design PN sequence generator of length 16 To deliver § minutes seminar by 12. | each student on advance: communication topic. | Total Marks Average marks out of 10 u * To be transferred to proforma A-2 of CIAAN - 2007 (The curriculum of this subject is referred and the above list of experiments is finalized to achieve tho desired objectives)Ligtal Communeanon (9122) exponen EXPERIMENT No.1 1.0Title: ‘To understand the waveform of Pulse Amplitude Modulation by © Varying the amplitude of the modulating signal. Varying the frequency of the sampling signal, 2.0Prior concepts: Modulation and its types, Pulse modulation, Sampling theorem, Nyquist rate. 3.0New concepts: Proposition 1: Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) PAMis one of the analog to digital conversion methods in PAM, amplitude of the sampiing signal (carrier pulse) is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the information (modulating) signal. Concept structure: Modulating signal |_s[Sampier (Muttipier) |____» PAM. ‘Sampling Signal Proposition 2: Classification of pulse modulation Pulse modulation are classified as analog and digital Concept Structure: Pulse Modulation ‘ -——'— ‘Analog Digitat PWM PPMLuigeat Communication (0122) texpermmont Wo. 1 4.0 Learning Objectives: Intellectual Skills: 1. To understand the use of transistor as pulse amplitude modulator. 2. To understand the use of operational amplifier and switching device(FET) as pulse Amplitude modulator. 3. To understand the classification of pulse modulation, Motor Skills: 1. Ability to observe the experimental kit and draw the related circuit diagram. 2. Ability to adjust the instruments (Function generator, CRO etc) according to the requirement. 3. Ability to observe the output waveform on CRO (amplitude and time period) 5.0Apparatus: * Experimental kit + Power supply (0-30v) * Function generators (2 numbers) + CRO (Dual trace) 6.0Circuit Diagram: In PAM generator two transistors are used to generate PAM. Above transistor is used in active region so it has been provided with DC biasing to its base. Modulating signal is appli to the base of transistor. in the emitter, the other switching transistor is used with load resistor in its emitter. Sampling clock is given to drive its base and trasistor is driven into saturation. PAM output is taken from emitter of this switching transistor. When sampling pulse comes this becomes on and we get pulse with amplitude as modulating signal at that time. In the time interval in between sampling pulses output is zero. Thus we get PAM.Liga! Communication (¥12) expermentvo.4 Students shall draw the circuit diagram of PAM available in laboratory. 7.0 Stepwise procedure: 1. Trace the given circuit of your trainer kit and identify each stage. Make the connections as per the requirement. ‘Switch on the power supply. ‘Adjust the sampling frequency of 8 KHz pulse and modulating signal of frequency 1 KHz sine wave. Keeping the modulating frequency constant vary the sampling frequency to 16 KHz. Observe the respective input and output waveforms corresponding to step 4 and 5. Measure the amplitude of each pulse of the output waveform (PAM) Plot/draw the waveforms on graph paper (Time period on X-axis and amplitude on Y-axis) RON erxoe 8.0 Observations: * Number of pulses obtained in one cycle of modulating signal = * Measure the amplitude of each pulse =Lvigeat Commumestion 122) experiment No.1 Observation table of PAM waveforms: Pulse) amplitude of pulse Resulting waveforms count (Volts) Table for values of fs=8 KHz and fm=1 KHz. 9.0 Conclusion: Thus in PAM, (amplitude / time / position) of carrier changes in accordance tothe of the modulating signal. (The student shall write the conclusion based on the amplitude(volts) of pulse count 4) 10.0 Questions: Write answers to Q.....,Q....,Q.....,Q.....( Teacher shail allot the questions ) 4. _ Differeantiate between pulse modulation and continuous wave modulation w.r-t a. Definition b. Bandwidth Requirement c. Noise Immunity 2. What will happen to reconstruction of information signal for cases a fp2f, BAF, o£, <2,Liga! communication (YZ) experiment No.1 What is Nyquist rate? What is single polarity and double polarity PAM? Draw its waveforms What is natural and flat top PAM? Draw its waveforms? Which type of PAM output is more applicable? Why? What will happen to PAM if amplitude of modulating signal is changed? ‘What will happen to PAM if frequency of modulating signal is changed? Give the name of circuit used to regenerate the clock pulses at receiver in PAM system. Swvewrrxneanae What is the minimum sampling rate for a signal with 7 KHz bandwidth? (Space for answers)‘bigtar Communicenon (8122) (Space for answers)Liga Communicaton (2122) (Space for answers) Signature of Teacher : Marksigtar Gommumeaton (¥122)aga, Vommuncanion (¥1z2) Experment Wo. EXPERIMENT No. 2 1.0 Title: Ee To understand the waveforms of PWM by varying the amplitude of the modulating signal. 2.0 Prior Concepts: Types of modulation, Amplitude modulation, Pulse modulation and Sampling theorem. 3.0 New Concept: Proposition 1: PWM PWM is a process in which the width of the carrier pulse varies in accordance to the instantaneous change in amplitude of the modulating signal Concept structure: Modulating Signal Generator PWM PWM [—* signal Cartier Train pulses 4.0 Learning Objectives: Intellectual Skills: 4, To compare the two modes of operation of timer 1C-555. 2. To classify the types of pulse modulation Motor Skills: 1. Al 2. Ability to take and record the observation. ty to make the connections according to the physical layout. 3. Ability to draw waveform, 5.0 Apparatus: + Experimental kit + Power supply (0-5V) + Function generator * CRO (dual trace)igsal Communication (¥122) Experment 0.2 6.0 Circuit diagram: RL e 4 7 cs 6 3-9 Pain 2 OUTPUT ett a Outpt 4 2 Le 1) INPUT MODULATING 4 — R=9.10 Input = Analog signal frequency. 500hz to 60Hz. Note: For modulating signal which is sine waveform dc level should not be zero. If necessary add RC and diode circuit between pin no. 3(O/P of IC,) and pin no. 2 (iP of IC,) which is shown in dotted lines. Otherwise connect pin no. 3 (O/P of IC,) to pin no. 2 (UP of IC.) IC, 585 is a pulse wave generating cirouit in the astable mode. Here no external triggering is required the period T of the waveforms will be divided by R,, R,, C,, C,. This is the ‘output (1) from pin no.3 of IC,. This signal given to pin no.2 of IC, 555, which is trigger input. IC, is working in monostable operation/mode. For deriving negative trigger pulses, a diode and RC circuit are used. These positive trigger pulses are applied to the pin no.2 of, IC, 555 timer which is working in mono stable mode. They will decide the leading edge of the PWM pulses. The trailing edge of the pulses depends on an RC combination and on the control voltage applied to pin no.5 of IC,. Pin no.5 of IC, will apply the modulating signal ‘Therefore the width of the pulses depends on the value of modulating signal. Thus the output at pin no.3 of IC, is the desired PWM signal.igtal Communeation (8122) experiment No.2 Students shall draw the circuit diagram of PWM available in laboratory. 7.0 Stepwise procedure: 1. Make the circuit connections as per circuit diagram. 2. Switch on the power supply. 3. Observe the output 1(of IC, ) and measure amplitude and total time period of the pulse. Calculate the frequenoy of the carrier pulse. 4, Apply modulating signal in terms of discrete voltages (in the range of -3 to +3 volts) in the step of 0.5 volt. 5. Observe output 2 of IC, on CRO and measure t,, period for each modulating signal applied. 6. Tabulate the readings and calculate the duty cycle with respect to PWM. 7. Draw the waveforms of amplitude of modulating signal vs duty cycle on graph paper. 8.0 Observations: { oy Period of rectangular waveforms (output of IC, Total period = t,,+ toy = ‘Amplitude of rectangular signal = ‘Amplitude of modulating signal = Frequency of modulating signal =Lvigtal Communication (122) exponent No. z ‘Observation table of ON and OFF period of rectangular waveforms: ‘Ampitude of ‘ON time of pulse | OFF tmect pulse | Total time period modulating signal Vn Ton | Toft T= Ton+ Toff 9.0 Conclusion: ‘Thus in PWM. (width / position / amplitude)of carrier signal changes in accordance to the instantaneous of modulating signal (The student shall write the conclusion based on duty cycle) 10.0 Questions: Write answers to Q.....,Q....Q....,Q.... Teacher shall allot the questions ) oaens 10. ‘What is pulse width modulation? ‘What other names does PWM have? Draw the pin configuration of IC 555 and give function of each pin. What is Astable and Mono-stable mode operation of IC 5552Compare them. Compare PAM and PWM in terms of a. Definition b. Noise immunity c, Power efficiency If there is change in sampling frequency (frequency of IC, 555) what will be the change in output 2 or PWM signal? If there is change in frequency and amplitude of modulating signal, what will be the output 2 or PWM signal? ‘On what factors does T,, and T,. time of pulse depends on in IC 565(Astable mode)? What are the applications of PWM?(Any two) ‘Compare analog pulse modulation with digital pulse modulation w.rt. a. Noise immunity b, Bandwidth (Space for answers)vagnat Communication (8122) expenment No.2 (Space for answers)Lvigrai Communtcavon (124) cavcrmci ee (Space for answers) Signature of Teacher Marksxpenment no. ‘geal Communcauon (¥1Z2)Lbigtal Communicavon (9122) EXPERIMENT No. 3 4.0Title: To understand the waveform of Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) using timer IC 555, 2.0Prior concepts: Type of modulation technique, Pulse modulation, ‘Sampling theorem, PWM, Timer IC 555 in monostable mode of operation. 3.0New concepts: Proposition 1: PPM PPM is one type of PTM. It is the type of modulation in which the position of pulse changes in accordance to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. Concept structur 4.0 Learning objectives: Intellectual SI 1. To understand the operation of timer IC 555 as a multivibrator in astable and monostable mode. 2. To understand the classification of Pulse modulation. Motor skills: 1. Ability to observe the circuit and do the connection as per requirement 2. Ability to record and draw the waveform of input and output from CRO. 5.0 Apparatus: + Experimental kit + Power supply + PWM generator + Dual trace CRO.Liga Communcauon (122) Exponment io. 3 6.0Circuit diagram: | comere censeeT0 te ae v <0 PWM le ‘Students shall draw the circuit diagram of PPM available in the laboratory. 7.0 Stepwise procedure: 1 2 3 4. Apply signal from carrier generator and modulating signal from function generator. Switch ON the power supply. Observe the waveform on the CRO at point 1 Apply this PWM waveform to monostable multivibrator through the differentiator and positive clipper. Observe the waveform at point 2. Measure the amplitude and time period of the waveform. Draw the waveform for 1) Information signal. 2) Pulses (carrier). 3) PWM. 4) Output of differentiator. 5) Output of clipper and finally PPM.Ligtel Commenscanon (9922) Expenment 0.3 8.0 Observations: ‘Measurement of Amplitude and Frequency of various waveforms Different Sr.No. | Typesof | Amplitude | Frequency Waveforms Signal 7 _| 7 Modulating | | _signal eee | 2 | Carrier pulse 3 PWM 4 | PPM 9.0Conclu Thus in PPM (amplitude / time / position)changes in accordance to the instantaneous of modulating signal. (The student shail write the conclusion based on the amplitude and position of pulses) 10.0 Questions: Write answers to Q. 4. Define and describe PPM. 2. Compare PWM and PPM wart a. Definition b. Powerefficiency _c. Need of synchronization 3. State any two advantage of PPM over PWM. 4, Explain with waveform how PPM is derived from PWM? 5. If PWM waveform is given to integrator circuit sketch output waveform for RC << T? 6. If PWMis given to differentiator, what will be the output? 7. How PPM differ from FM? 8. Give the applications of PPM.(any two) ,Q.....(Teacher shall allot the questions) 9. Using the Nyquist theorem, calculate the sampling rate for the analog signal with the frequency range from 2000 to 6000 Hz. 10. Give the two disadvantages of analog pulse modulation over digital pulse modulation (Space for answers)Lvigtal Communieavon (122) (Space for answers)Lignar Communicauon (9122) Expenment 40.9 {Space for answers) ‘Signature of Teacher MarksLigtai Communicauon (¥124) ExperimentNo.3Luigeal Communioavon (¥122) xperment No.4 EXPERIMENT No. 4 1.0Title: To understand PCM modulation and demodulation. 2.0Prior concepts: Pulse modulation, sampling theorem, encoding, decoding and quantization 3.0New concepts: Proposition 1: Pulse modulation Pulse modulation is a system in which continuous waveforms are sampled at regular intervals. Information regarding the sample is transmitted only at the sampling times with synchronizing pulses. Concept structure: Pulse modulation + ‘Sampling of continuous ‘waveform x = Regular interval pulses Proposition 2: Sampling Theorem ‘A-continuous time varying signal x (1) can be completely represented in its sample form and recovered back from the sample form if the sampling frequency and fs>_ 2W.Where 'W' is the maximum frequency of continuous time signal x (1). Concept structure: ; Reconstructed on PAM sampie wavefom 7 | h L aS t NU ' RIP signal mit) «) signal t PP signal {ITE WWM im Fis” sampling pulses | Mullitior Samp Towrpaas pri riergat Communication (4122) Exponent 0.4 Proposition 3: Quantization Quantization is the process of rounding of the values of sample. In this process total amplitude range, which the signal may occupy is divided into number of standard level called as Quanti jon level. Concept structure: ‘The steps size 'S' is given by : Vo Proposition 4: PCM PCMis a digital process which uses sampiing techniques. PCM generator produces a series ‘of numbers or digits. Each digit is in binary code and represents the approximate amplitude of the signal. This process is called encoding Concept structure: Sainpted anLiga Commurvcaban (122) Experment No.4 4.0 Learning Objectives: Intellectual skills: 4. To understand the concept of PCM modulation. 2, Tounderstand the use of different blocks used in generation of PCM i.e. quantizer, sample and hold circuit, encoder, anti-aliasing fiter etc Motor skills: 4. Ability to adjust the instruments according to requirements. 2. Ability to observe and draw the waveforms at different points in the circutt. 5.0 Apparatus: = Pulse Code Modulation Transmitter Kit * Pulse Code Demodulation Receiver Kit «20 MHz Dual Trace Oscilloscope © Patch Chords 6.0 Block diagram: In PCM sampling condition should be satisfied otherwise the part of spectrum get overlapped and it no longer can be separated by filtering. Because the high frequency components in DSBSC spectrum, appear in the low frequency part of the spectrum. This effect is called as aliasing. To avoid aliasing the modulating signal is first passed through an antialiasing filter, hich cuts the signal spectrum at some value 'w’ where 'w’is the highest frequency component of modulating signal‘vigtal Lommuncaton (9124) avant o ‘Students shall draw the circuit diagram of PCM available in the laboratory. 7.0 Stepwise procedure: 4 saen Switch on the trainer kit. Apply sinwave of frauency 500Hz to the input of the LPF. Observe the output of LPF and measure amplitude and frquency. Apply the output of LPF to the input of S/H circuit Connect the S/H control output to the S/H circuit. (Short the dotted lines with the help of patch cords.) Observe the sample and hold output. Now connect the sample and hold circuit to the A to D convertor with the help of patch cord. Also connect the clock generator to the control circuit with the help of Patch cord and observe the three control signals at the output of the control circuit. Connect the C.R.O. at the P.C.M. output and observe the P.C.M. waveform. ‘An observe the P.C.M. on C.R.O. and plot it on the graph paper. 8.0 Observations: Observation table for the waveform at various stages of PCM modulator/demodulator: Sr.No. Output at Waveforms 1 | Low Pass Filter 2 | Sample and Hold Circuit 3 | AD Converter 4 | Decoder{tal ommunicavon (4122) xperimont No.4 9.0Conclusion: ‘Thus PCM converts the continuous (time / amplitude) varying information signal into, (binary / analog) data (The student shall write the conclusion based on bandwidth reqi ment and quantum levels) 40.0 Question: Write answers 10 Qn; Qe Quon Qu-n( Teacher shall allot the questions ) ‘What makes PCM digital system? In what way is PCM different from other pulse modulation system? ‘Why PCM is more immune to noise? ‘What is Quantization and quantization noise in PCM system? What is the need of companding? Ina PCM, if the number of quantization levels is increased from 4 to 64, what will be the change in bandwidth requirement? ‘What is the standard audio sampling rate in a PCM telephone system? What sampling rate is needed for a signal with a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 10000Hz)? 9. State the Nyquist theorem. 10. A television signal with a bandwidth of 4.2 MHz is transmitted using binary PCM. The numberof quantization level is §12. So calculate code word length and output signal to Pasena on quantization ratio. ‘1. What is non uniform quantizer? 12. What are the advantages of PCM system?(Any two) 13. What are the applications of PCM system?(Any two) (Space for answers)gta ommuncaton (122) caveman (Space for answers)igtal Vormmuncavon (9122) (Space for answers) Experiment No.4 ‘Signature of Teacher Marksvegtal Commumeation (90Z2)igual Gommunieauon 1Z2) Experiment No.5 EXPERIMENT No.5 1.0 Title: To understand the waveform of delta modulation (DM). 2.0 Prior concept: Sampling theorem, Quantizer, LPF(Low pass filter) 3.0 New Concept : Proposition 1: Digital Pulse Modulation System In digital modulation system, the analog signal is sampled digitally coded. This code represents the sampled amplitude of the analog signal. The digital signal is sent to the receiver in serial form. At the Receiver the digital signal is decoded and filtered to get reconstructed analog signal. A sufficient number of samples are required to allow the analog signal o be reconstructed accurately. There are different methods of digital modulation. They are Digital Pulse Modulation PCM DM ADM Proportion 2: Delta modulation Delta Modulation is the process of converting analog signal into one bit code. InDM_ only one bit is sent per sample. This bit indicates whether the signal is larger or smaller than the previous samples. P Comparator Concept Structure: DA converter Input analog signal x(t) ° _Transmigsion_ channel x) Up-down counter Clock generator xt) is the analog input signal and x'(t) is the quantized version of x(t). Both these signals are applied to a comparator. The comparator goes high if x(t) > x'(t) and it goes low if x(t)x'(t) or vice versa. Also note that one bit per clock cycle is being sent. This will reduce the bit rate and hence the bandwidth. The transmitted signal is also used to decide the mode of operation of an up/down counter. The counter output increaments by one if S,(t) = 4 and it decrements by one if S,(t) = 0,at the falling edge of each clock pulse. The counter output is converted into analog signal by a D to A convertor. Thus we get approximated signal x({) at the output of the D to A convertor. 4.0 Learning objectives: Intellectual skills: 1. To understand the use of Op-Amp as comparator and D-fip flop as a digital sampler. 2. To understand the use of digital sampler and an integrator in the feedback path as encoding system. Motor skills: 1. Ability to observe input signal and digital output of the modulator simultaneously. 2. Ability to record the observation 5.0 Apparatus: * Delta modulator and demodulator kit + CRO + Patch cords + Power Supply 6.0 Circuit diagram / Block diagram : See a— ot | pete ‘a Fe He [es Srsedel | ae isis _ Somer |gta! Communeaban (122) Expenmeat No.9 Student shall draw the circuit diagram of DM available in the laboratory. 7.0 Stepwise Procedure : 1 r 3. 10. " 12, Connect PLA1 to PLA. Connect channel 1 to CRO to TPA1/TPAA; adjust VR1 to minimum to get zero level signal. Connect channel 1 to TP1 and channel 2 to TPB’ and adjust VR2 to obtain square wave half the frquency of the clock rate selected (Output at TP) Connect channel 1 to TP2 and set voltage/div of channel 1 to mV range and observe a triangle waveform, which is output of integrator. It can be observed that as the clock rate is increased, amplitude of triangle waveform decreses. This is called minimum step size (Clock rate can be changed by depressing SW1 switch). Conncet channel 1 to TPA1/TPAA; adjust VR1 in order too obtain a 1 KHz sinewave of 500 mY pp approximatly. ‘Signal approximating 1 KHz is available at the integrator output (TP2); this signal is obtained by integrating the digital output resulting from Delta Modulation Connect channel 1 to TP2 and channel 2 to TPB; it can be observed that the digital high makes the integrator output to go upwards and digital low makes the integrator output to go downwards, With an oscilloscope displaying three traces, itis possible to simultaneously observe the input signal of the modulation the digital output of the modulator and the signal obtained by the integration from the modulator digital output. Notice that, when the output (Feedback Signal) is lower than the analog input the digital output is high, wheneverit is low when the analog input is lower than the integrated output. Increase the amplitude of 1 KHz sine wave by rotating VR1 to 1 Vpp and observe that the integrator output follows the input signal. Increase the amplitude of 1 KHz sine wave further high, and observe that the integrator output cannot follow the input signal. State the reason. . Repeat the above mentioned procedures with different signal sources and selecting different clock rates and observe the responce of the linear Delta Modulator.Ligral Communication (¥124) Ht exe rw 8.0 Observations: Input and Output Waveforms of DM : Waveform at Analog signal _| Waveform at DM output | Clock Rate | Analog sign a integrator output 8 KHz 0.5 Vpp 16KHz | 06 Vpp ‘ 9.0 Conclusion : The DM is represented by a logic sequence of ‘0’ and ‘1’ which is embedded version of analog signal : a implies a decrease of signal and implies an increase, (The student shall write the conclusion based on bandwidth requirement in DM as compared to PCM) 10.0 Question Write answers to Q.....,Q.....,Q.....,Q.....( Teacher shall allot the questions ) 1. What is delta modulation? 2, What are two types of distortions in DM? 3. Increase amplitude of 1KHz sine wave further high the integrator output connect follows the input signal.’ State the reason 4. What is Quatization error? 5. State any two applications of DM. 6. Compare delta modulation with adaptive delta modulation w.r..t. a. Noise immunity —b. Bandwidth 7. State two advantages and disadvantage of DM. 8. How limitations of DM can be overcome? ‘9. What is companding and state its significance? 10. What are the advantages of adaptive modulation?(Any two) (Space for answers)igtal Communistion (8122) experment io. 2 (Space for answers) Signature of Teacher Marks :