Phn VI

i S Bool v hm Bool
Bin son:Nguyn Vit ng
George Boole
(1815-1864)

Ti liu tham kho

i S Bool

[1] GS.TS. Nguyn Hu Anh, Ton ri rc,

Nh xut bn gio dc.
[2] TS.Trn Ngc Hi, Ton ri rc

Mot ai so Bool (A,,) la mot tap hp A vi hai phep

toan , , tc la hai anh xa:
: AA A
(x,y) xy
va : AA A
(x,y)xy
thoa 5 tnh chat sau:

i S Bool

i S Bool

Tnh giao hoan: x,yA

xy = yx;
xy = yx;
Tnh ket hp: x,y,zA
(xy) z =
x(y z);
(xy) z =
x (y z).

Co cac phan t trung hoa 1 va 0: x A

x1 = 1x = x;
x0 = 0x = x.

Moi phan t eu co phan t bu: x A,

x A,
x x= x x = 0;
x x = x x = 1.

Tnh phan bo: x,y,zA

x(y z) =
(xy) (xz);
x (y z) = (xy) (xz).
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i S Bool

i S Bool

V d:

Xet tap hp B = {0, 1}. Tren B ta nh ngha hai

Xet F la tap hp tat ca cac dang menh e theo n

bien p1, p2,,pn vi hai phep toan noi lien ,
phep toan noi ri , trong o ta ong nhat cac
dang menh e tng ng. Khi o F la mot ai
so Bool vi phan t 1 la hang ung 1, phan t 0
la hang sai 0, phan t bu cua dang menh e E la
dang menh e bu E
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phep toan , nh sau:

Khi , B tr thnh mt i s Bool

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i S Bool

nh ngha hm Bool

Cho ai so Bool (A,,). Khi o vi moi x,yA,

ta co:
1) xx = x; xx = x.
2) x0 = 0x =0; x1 =1x = 1.
3) Phan t bu cua x la duy nhat
vax = x; 1 0; 0 1.
4) Cong thc De Morgan:

Ham Bool n bien la anh xa

f : Bn B , trong o B = {0, 1}.
Nh vy ham Bool n bien la mot ham so co dang :
f = f(x1,x2,,xn), trong o moi bien trong x1, x2,, xn va f
ch nhan gia tr trong B = {0, 1}.

x y x y;

Ky hieu Fn e ch tap cac ham Bool n bien.

x y x y.

5) Tnh hap thu:x(xy) = x; x (xy) = x.

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V du: Dang menh e E = E(p 1,p2,,pn) theo n bien p1, p2,,

pn la mot ham Bool n bien.

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V d

Bng chn tr

Xet ket qu f trong viec thong qua mot quyet

nh da vao 3 phieu bau x, y, z

Xet ham Bool n bien f(x1,x2,,xn)

1. Moi phieu ch lay mot trong hai gia tr: 1 (tan

thanh) hoac 0 (bac bo).
2. Ket qa f la 1 (thong qua quyet nh) neu

V moi bien xi ch nhan hai gia tr 0, 1 nen ch co

2n trng hp cua bo bien (x1,x2,,xn).
Do o, e mo ta f, ta co the lap bang gom 2n hang
ghi tat ca cac gia tr cua f tuy theo 2n trng hp cua
bien. Ta goi ay la bang chan tr cua f

c a so phieu tan thanh, la 0 (khong thong

qua quyet nh) neu a so phieu bac bo.
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Hm Bool

Cc php ton trn hm Bool

Khi o f la ham Bool theo 3 bien x, y, z co bang

chan tr nh sau:

Cc php ton trn Fn c nh ngha nh sau:

1. Phep cong Bool :
Vi f, g Fn ta nh ngha tong Bool cua f va g:

f g = f + g fg
x = (x1,x2,,xn) Bn,
(f g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) f(x)g(x)
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Cc php ton trn hm Bool

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Cc php ton trn hm Bool

2. Phep nhan Bool :

Vi f, g Fn ta nh ngha tch Bool cua f va g

f g = fg

3) Phep lay ham bu:

Vi f Fn ta nh ngha ham bu cua f nh sau :

f 1 f

4) Th t trn Fn
Vi f, g Fn th
f g x = (x1, x2, , xn) Bn , f(x) g(x)

x=(x1,x2,,xn)Bn,
(f g)(x) = f(x)g(x)
Ta thng viet fg thay cho f g
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Dng ni ri chnh tc ca Hm Bool

Dng ni lin chnh tc ca hm Bool

Xt tp hp cc hm Bool ca n bin Fn theo n bin x1 ,x2,,xn

Mi hm bool xi hay xic gi l t n.

n thc l tch khc khng ca mt s hu hn t n.
T ti tiu l tch khc khng ca ng n t n.
Cng thc a thc l cng thc biu din hm Bool thnh
tng ca cc n thc.
Dng ni ri chnh tc l cng thc biu din hm Bool thnh
tng ca cc t ti tiu.

T ti i l phn b ca cc t ti tiu. Mi t ti
i l tng Boole ca n t n.
Cng thc biu din hm Boole f thnh tch ca cc
t ti i gi l dng ni lin chnh tc ca hm
Boole f

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Cng thc a thc ti tiu

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Cng thc a thc ti tiu

n gin hn
Cho hai cng thc a thc ca mt hm Bool :
f = m1 m2 . mk (F)
f = M1 M2 Ml (G)
Ta ni rng cng thc F n gin hn cng thc G nu
tn ti n nh : {1,2,..,k} { 1,2,, l} sao cho vi mi
i {1,2,..,k} th s t n ca mi khng nhiu hn s t
n ca M(i)

n gin nh nhau
Nu F n gin hn G v G n gin hn F
th ta ni F v G n gin nh nhau
** Cng thc a thc ti tiu:
Cng thc F ca hm Bool f c gi l ti
tiu nu vi bt k cng thc G ca f m n
gin hn F th F v G n gin nh nhau

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Phng php biu Karnaugh.

Xt f l hm Bool theo n bin x1,x2,,xn vi n = 3 hoc 4.
Trng hp n = 3:
f l hm Bool theo 3 bin x, y, z. Khi bng chn tr ca f
gm 8 hng. Thay cho bng chn tr ca f ta v mt bng ch
nht gm 8 , tng ng vi 8 hng ca bng chn tr, c
nh du nh sau:

Trng hp n = 4:

f la ham Bool theo 4 bien x, y, z, t. Khi o

bang chan tr cua f gom 16 hang. Thay cho

bang chan tr cua f ta ve mot bang ch nhat
gom 16 o, tng ng vi 16 hang cua bang
chan tr, c anh dau nh sau:

Vi qui c:
1.Khi mot o nam trong day c anh dau
bi x th tai o x =1, bi x th tai o x =0,
tng t cho y, z.
2.Cac o tai o f bang 1 se c anh dau (to
am hoac gach cheo). Tap cac o c anh
dau c goi la bieu o Karnaugh cua f, ky
hieu la kar(f).

Vi qui c:
1. Khi mot o nam trong day c anh dau bi x th
tai o x =1, bi
th tai o x =0, tng t cho
y, z, t.

2. Cac o tai o f bang 1 se c anh dau (to am

hoac gach cheo). Tap cac o c anh dau c
goi la bieu o karnaugh cua f, ky hieu la kar(f).

Te bao

nh ly

Cho f, g l cc hm Bool theo n bin

x1,x2,,xn. Khi o:
a) kar(fg) = kar(f)kar(g).
b) kar(fg) = kar(f)kar(g).
c) kar(f) gom ung mot o khi va
ch khi f la mot t toi tieu
d) kar(f) kar(g) f g

V du 1:
Xet cac ham Bool theo 4 bien x, y, z, t.

Hai o c goi la ke nhau (theo ngha rong), neu

chung la hai o lien nhau hoac chung la o au, o
cuoi cua cung mot hang (cot) nao o. Nhan xet
rang, do cach anh dau nh tren, hai o ke nhau ch
lech nhau mot bien duy nhat.

T bo l hnh ch nht (theo ngha rng) gm

2k (k = 0,1,,n 1)
Neu T la mot te bao th T la bieu o karnaugh cua mot
n thc duy nhat m, cach xac nh m nh sau: lan lt
chieu T len cac canh, neu toan bo hnh chieu nam tron
trong mot t n nao th t n o mi xuat hien trong
m.

V du 2:
Xet cac ham Bool theo 4 bien x, y, z, t.

V du 3:
Xet cac ham Bool theo 4 bien x, y, z, t.

V du 5:

V du 4:
Xet cac ham Bool theo 4 bien x, y, z, t.

Te bao ln.

Xet cac ham Bool theo 4 bien x, y, z, t.

T bo sau:

Cho ham Bool f. Ta noi T la mot te bao

ln cua kar(f) neu T thoa hai tnh chat
sau:
a) T la mot te bao va T kar(f).

L biu Karnaugh ca n thc no?

b) Khong ton tai te bao T nao

thoa T T va
T T kar(f).

V du:

Xet ham Bool f theo 4 bien x, y, z, t

co bieu o karnaugh nh sau:

Kar(f) co 6 te bao ln
nh sau:

Thuat toan.
Bc 1: Ve bieu o karnaugh cua f.
Bc 2: Xac nh tat ca cac te bao ln cua kar(f).
Bc 3: Xac nh cac te bao ln m nhat thiet
phai chon.
Ta nhat thiet phai chon te bao ln T khi ton
tai mot o cua kar(f) ma o nay ch nam trong
te bao ln T va khong nam trong bat ky te
bao ln nao khac.

Thuat toan.
Bc 4: Xac nh cac phu toi tieu gom cac te
bao ln.
Neu cac te bao ln chon c bc 3 a phu
c kar(f) th ta co duy nhat mot phu toi tieu
gom cac te bao ln cua kar(f).
Neu cac te bao ln chon c bc 3 cha
phu c kar(f) th xet mot o cha b phu, se co t
nhat hai te bao ln cha o nay, ta chon mot
trong cac te bao ln nay. C tiep tuc nh the ta
se tm c tat ca cac phu gom cac te bao ln cua
kar(f). Loai bo cac phu khong toi tieu, ta tm
c tat ca cac phu toi tieu gom cac te bao ln
cua kar(f).

Thuat toan.

Bc 5: Xac nh cac cong thc a thc

toi tieu cua f.
T cac phu toi tieu gom cac te bao
ln cua kar(f) tm c bc 4 ta xac
nh c cac cong thc a thc tng
ng cua f. So sanh cac cong thc tren .
Loai bo cac cong thc a thc ma co
mot cong thc a thc nao o thc s
n gian hn chung. Cac cong thc a
thc con lai chnh la cac cong thc a
thc toi tieu cua f.

Mot so v du
V du 1:

Tm tat ca cac cong thc a thc toi

tieu cua ham Bool:

f (x, y,z, t) xyzt xy xz yz xy(z t)

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Giai
Ta co

f xyzt xy xz yz xyz xyt

Bc 1: Ve kar(f)

Bc 3: Xac nh cac te bao ln nhat thiet phai chon.

- O 1 nam trong mot te bao ln duy nhat x. Ta chon x.
- O 3 nam trong mot te bao ln duy nhat yz. Ta chon yz.
Bc 4: Xac nh cac phu toi tieu gom cac te bao ln.
Cac o c cac te bao ln a chon bc 3 phu nh sau:

Ta c duy nhat mot

phu toi tieu gom cac
te bao ln cua kar(f):
x; yz.

Bc 5: Xac nh cac cong thc a

thc toi tieu cua f.
ng vi phu toi tieu gom cac te bao ln
tm c bc 4 ta tm c duy nhat
mot cong thc a thc toi tieu cua f:

f x yz

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V du 2: Tm tat ca cac cong thc a thc toi tieu

cua ham Bool:

Bc 2: Kar(f) co cac te bao ln nh sau:

f (x, y, z, t) y(zt zt) y(zt xzt) xzt

Giai
Ta co
Bc 1 :

f yzt yzt yzt xyzt xzt

Ve kar(f):

Bc 3: Xac nh cac te bao ln nhat thiet phai

chon
1. O 1 nam trong mot te bao ln duy nhat
Ta chon

xt

xt

2. O 4 nam trong mot te bao ln duy nhat xzt

Ta chon xzt
3. O 6 nam trong mot te bao ln duy nhat
Ta chon

zt

zt

Bc 4: Xac nh cac phu toi tieu gom cac te bao ln

Cac o c cac te bao ln a chon bc 3 phu nh sau:

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Bc 5: Xac nh cac cong thc a thc toi tieu cua f.

ng vi hai phu toi tieu gom cac te bao ln tm c
bc 4 ta tm c hai cong thc a thc cua f:

Ta thay hai cong thc tren n gian nh nhau.

Do o, chung eu la hai cong thc a thc toi
tieu cua f.

Vd 3(BAI 72007)
Hay xac nh cac cong thc a thc toi tieu
cua ham Bool:

Bieu o Karnaugh: (0,25)

f x z( y t ) x z t z ( yt x y)

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 Cac te bao ln: (0,5)

xz, yz, zt, x z t , x y t

Cac te bao ln bat buoc phai chon la

xz , zt, x z t
Con lai o (1,4) co the nam trong 2 te bao ln

Do o co 2 cong thc a thc tng ng vi

phu toi tieu: (0, 5)
f xz zt x z t x y t
f xz zt x z t yz
Trong o ch co cong thc th hai la toi tieu
(0,25)

yz, x y t

Mang logic (Mang cac cong)

nh ngha

Cong NOT

Cong AND

Mot mang logic hay mot mang cac cong la mot he thong co
dang:

Cong OR

trong o: - Input: x1, x2,..., xn la cac bien Bool.

Cong NAND

- Output f(x1, x2,..., xn) la ham Bool.

Ta noi mang logic tren tong hp hay bieu dien ham Bool f.
Mot mang logic bat ky luon luon c cau tao t mot so mang s
cap ma ta goi la cac cong.

Cong NOR

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Basic Gates

We combine gates by allowing output of one gate to

become input of other gates
xy
x

x
x

inverter

xy xy

y
x+y

x
y

x
y

xn

OR gate

OR gate with n inputs

xy

x1+x2++xn

x1
x2

x1
x2

x1x2xn

xy xy

x
xy

Example of Circuits

Example. Construct the circuit that provides the output

x
y
z
x
y
z

Example. Design a circuit to simulate the voting of a

committee of three persons based on the majority

Solution. The voting of three persons are represented by

three Boolean variables x, y, z : 1 for YES and 0 for NO

x+y+z

( x y z) x y z

x
y
x

xy
xz

xy+xz+yz

z
y

xyz

OR

xy

AND gate with n inputs

( x y z) x y z

xy

xn

AND gate

yz

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Example of Circuits

The corresponding circuit

Example. Design a circuit for a light controlled by

two switches
Solution. The switches are represented by two Boolean
variables x, y : 1 for CLOSED and 0 for OPEN
Let F(x, y) =1 when the light is ON and 0 when it is OFF
Assume that F(1, 1) =1 when both switches are closed

Then the Boolean function F(x, y)

is determined by the truth table

F(x, y)

x
y

xy x y

Let F(x,y,z) =1 when the light

is ON and 0 when it is OFF

F(x, y)

Assume that F(1, 1, 1) =1

when three switches are closed

xy

x
y

Example. Design a circuit for a light controlled by

three switches
Solution. The switches are represented by three Boolean
variables x, y, z : 1 for CLOSED and 0 for OPEN

Then the Boolean function

F(x, y, z) is determined by
the truth table

xy

xyz

xyz

y
z

The
corresponding
circuit

x
y
z
x
y
z

z
x

x yz

xyzxyz
x yzx yz

x yz

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f x yz

The
corresponding
circuit

This formula contains only three literals. It allows us to

design a circuit to represent f with only one OR gate with
three inputs
x
f x yz

yz

y
z

xy

x
y
z

f y z xy
x yz w x z

x yz

x
z

wx z

thi
2009.
Xt hm Bool

f ( x y xy)( z t ) z( xt y t ) y z t

f
a) Hy tm cc t ti tiu m sao cho m
b) Suy ra cch biu din f nh l tch ca cc t ti i , trong
mi t ti i l tng Bool ca 4 t n

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