cng n thi TN

QUANG HP
Phn tch mi quan h gia cu to, tnh cht vi chc nng ca cc sc t trong quang hp.
Qu trnh quang hp xy ra cc phn c cha cc sc t ca cy ch yu l l. Trong l,
bo quan trc tip tin hnh quang hp l lc lp, cc sc t trong quang hp chnh l chlorophyll,
carotenoic v ficobilin c cu to, tnh cht ph hp vi chc nng. Trong , chlorophyll l nhm
c ngha quan trng nht.
Chlorophyll:
Cu to ho hc:
Cu trc c bn ca phn t chlorophyll l nhn Porphyrin do 4 vng Pyrol ni vi nhau
bng vng khp kn bi 10 ni i cch. Gia nhn l nguyn t Mg, bn cnh 4 vng pyrol cn c
vng th 5 vng Cyclopentanol. T nhn Porphyrin c ni thm 2 gc ru l Metanol (CH 3OH)
v Fytol (C20H39OH). Mi loi chlorophyll c c trng bi cc nhm bn khc nhau.
- Chl.a C55H72O5N4Mg
- Chl.b C55H70O6N4Mg (C3 c CHO)
- Chl.c C55H70O5N4Mg (C4 c CH=CH2)
- Chl.d C54H70O6N4Mg (C2 c CHO)
- Feofitin C55H74O5N4 khng c Mg.
Tnh cht:
*Tnh cht ho hc:
Dip lc di tc ng ca acid s to thnh pheophytin c mu nu sm do H + ca acid
thay Mg trong phn t dip lc.
COOCH3
COOCH3
C32H30ON4Mg
+ 2HCl MgCl2
+
C32H32ON4
COOC20H39
(Pheophytin) COOC20H39
Dip lc di tc ng ca kim s to thnh chlorophyllate do ion kim loi thay th 2 gc
ru phytol v methanol.
COOCH3
COOK
C32H30ON4Mg
+ 2KOH C20H39OH + C32H30ON4Mg
+ CH3OH
COOC20H39
(Chlorophyllate) COOK
*Tnh cht vt l:
- S mt mu ca dip lc: trong cy, dip lc bn vng vi khng kh v nh sng. Khi
cng nh sng qu mnh hoc thiu CO2 hay di tc dng ca cht c no th
quang hp ca cy b km hm, sau cy vng v mt mu dn. Trong trng hp , nu
d tha nhiu oxygen th s mt mu cng nhanh. iu chng t dip lc b oxi ho.
Dl + h Dl* Dl+
Dl+ + O-- DlO
- Kh nng hp th nh sng c chn lc: quang ph hp th cc i ca Chl vo vng tia
xanh (430-460) v tia (620-700), trong tia c hiu sut quang hp cao nht. i
vi dl.b v pha bc sng ngn c cc i cao hn dl.a 1 t v li v pha c bc sng di,
cn bc sng di cc i ca dl.b c li v pha bc sng ngn 1 t so vi dl.a. Quang
ph hp th ca dl.a v dl.b:
Dl.b
Dl.a

300
700nm
Hin tng hunh quang ca dip lc: Khi b kch ng in t, dip lc c th pht NL
dng khng bc x (dng nhit) hay bc x (dng hunh quang v ln quang).
o Hunh quang: l s pht sng ngn hn di tc ng ca NL, ht tc ng l ht
pht sng.
1

 cng n thi TN
o Ln quang: l s pht sng di hn, ht tc ng cn pht sng 1 thi gian na mi
tt.
hunh quang, NL thp hn NL hp th nn quang ph ca hunh quang chuyn v
bc sng di.
Carotenoic:
Cu to ho hc: Carotenoic l nhm sc t ph to nn cc loi mu sc ca thc vt, gm 2
nhm:
- Caroten: l cc phn t ch cha C, H. Cng thc tng qut: C40H56 .
- Xantophyl: l cc phn t c cha C, H v O. Cng thc tng qut: C40HnOm (n=5258,
m=16)
Thnh phn ca Carotenoic do 8 gc Izopren to nn. Cu trc c 2 phn: 2 vng ionon hai
u v chui mch thng gia. Mi Carotenoic u c cu trc on mch thng ging nhau,
chng ch phn bit nhau bi 2 vng ionon.
Tnh cht, vai tr:
- Tnh cht: Carotenoic c kh nng hp th nh sng c chn lc, vng hp th cc i 420500nm. C kh nng hunh quang, nh m nng lng do nhm ny hp th c th
truyn sang cc nhm khc truyn n tm quang hp.
- Vai tr: ch yu l ht nng lng nh sng truyn cho Chl sc t trc tip tin hnh
phn ng quang ho. Carotenoic bo v Chl khi b ph hu do tc ng ca cc tia bc x
qu mnh, to ra nhiu mu sc gp phn cho cc cy th phn nh su b thun li hn.
Ficobilin: l nhm sc t ph rt ph bin TV bc thp, c 2 nhm: Ficoerytrin v Ficoxianin.
Cu trc: Ficobilin gm 4 vng Pyrol h lin kt lin nhau qua nhm -CH- trung gian. Trong cy,
Ficobilin lun lin kt vi protein to ra 2 dng Ficobiliprotein tng ng. Trong lc lp, cc
Ficobilin c sp xp c trt t cht ch ph hp vi chc nng hp th nh sng ca chng, tp
hp theo tng nhm, mi nhm gm 6 n v.
Tnh cht: Ficobilin c kh nng hp th chn lc cc loi nh sng, cc i hp th 540-620nm.
Cu trc mng quang hp:
Tilacoit gm lp trong v lp ngoi do mng c s cu trc nn. Cc mng kp dy 1030nm, khong gia 2 mng chiu dy khong 100nm. Trn mi mng c s, ngoi prtin v lipit
cu trc nn, cn c cc sc t, cc enzim, cc h vn chuyn e- sp xp c trt t, ph hp qu trnh
hot ng quang hp ca n.
Mng Tilacoit khng nhn v trn c nhng ht nh, c ng knh 20nm, l cc
quang toxom. Quang toxom c xem l n v cu trc c s ca quang hp. Thnh phn quang
toxom cha 50% lipit v khong 50% protin, gm cc sc t, h vn chuyn e - , enzim, cc phn t
cu trc. Mi quang toxom c 160 phn t Chl.a, 70 phn t Chl.b, 48 phn t Carotenoic, 46 phn
t Quinon, 2 nguyn t Mn, 18 nguyn t Fe, 6 nguyn t Cu
Cc quang toxom nm c trn 2 mt ca Tilacoit, mt trn nhiu hn mt di.
Tilacoit ht
Tilacoit c cht
Quang toxom

Cu trc mng quang hp

C ch - vai tr quang phn li nc: (*)
Quang phn ly nc l 1 qu trnh quan trng trong quang hp. Qu trnh ny c Hill
v cng s nghin cu t nm 1937. Trong mi trng v bo, tc gi cho lc lp tch ri cc
cht oxy ho nh K3Fe(C2O4)3 , Xytocrom C, NADP ng thi chiu sng vo hn hp th
phn ng phn ly H2O xy ra (gi l phn ng Hill):
(+3)

3K3Fe(C2O4)3 + 2H2O +4K

h
lc lp

(+2)

4K3Fe(C2O4)3 + 4H+ + O2

 cng n thi TN
Nh vy, nh nng lng nh sng, trong lc lp din ra s phn ly H 2O thnh , H+, O2,
trong tin hnh kh: Fe+3 Fe+2
Nu khng dng K3Fe(C2O4)3 lm cht oxy ho, m dng NADP th sn phm to ra l:
h O2 + NADPH2
NADP + 2H2O
lc lp
Nh vy, NADP nhn c H+ ln do H2O phn ly ra.
Qu trnh quang phn ly H2O xy ra qua nhiu bc:
h
4H2O
4OH- + 4H+
lc lp
h
4OH4[OH] +4
lc lp
Mn, Cl
4[OH]
2H2O + O2
lc lp
Kt qu:
h
2H2O lc lp, Mn, Cl
O2 + 4H+ + 4
T 2 phn t H2O tch ra ng thi 4 trong khi P680 trng thi oxy ho P680 (+) mi ln
ch nhn c 1 in t. Nh vy trong qu trnh gii phng O 2 cn c phc h enzim tham gia qu
trnh tr chuyn dn dn cho P 680 (+). l cc trng thi oxy ho khc nhau ca phc h
enzim S+, S+2, S+3, S+4. Qu trnh trao i in t t H2O tch ra chuyn cho P680 (+) nh sau:

e*

e*

e*

e*

P680

P680

P680

P680

S+

S4- + 4 S

S2+

S3+

S4+

H+ +phn
O2 ly H2O to ra
H + do quang
H2s
O cung cp cho NADP cng h quang ho I to ra
NADPH2 , truyn cho P680 , cn O2 thi ra mi trng.
Nh vy, H2O ng vai tr nguyn liu cung cp ngun H + to nn cht kh mnh
NADPH2 , ng thi l ngun b sung cho P680 , cui cng cng NADP v H+ to ra
NADPH2 . Trong qu trnh di chuyn ca , nng lng thi ra c tch lu li trong ATP. Bi vy,
cc sn phm ca pha sng (O2 , ATP, NADPH2) u lin quan trc tip n qu trnh quang phn ly
H2O.
So snh c ch v vai tr photphoryl ho vng v khng vng: (*)
Photphoryl ho vng:
Xy ra h quang ho I trong iu kin ym kh vi s c mt ca cc cht oxy ho nh
vitamin K, Fd
c trng ca photphoryl ho vng l e- di chuyn theo con ng vng, xut pht t P700 v
qua h thng vn chuyn trong tm quang hpFd
I ri quay tr v P 700 . Trong qu trnh di chuyn ,
nng lng thi ra tng hp ATP.
Q
Sn phm ca qu trnh photphoryl ho vng l:
PQ
ADP + Pv ATP
ADP
Pvc

PsI

PC

ATP

Cytb6
Pvc

Cytf
Dla*

ADP
ATP

Dla680, 693, 700

h

 cng n thi TN

Photphoryl ho khng vng:

L qu trnh va hnh thnh ATP trong mi quan h gia phn ng sng I v phn ng sng
II, va hnh thnh cc tc nhn kh NADPH.H+, c s tham gia ca H2O.
Sn phm ca qu trnh photphoryl ho khng vng l:
AlPG
CO2
ADP + Pv + NADP + H2O ATP + NADPH2 + O2
Fd Fd NADP reductase NADPH2 isomerase
Q
PQ

NADP

ADP
Pvc

ATP

PsIIa P
C
Cytb6

Pvc

APG

ATP
ATP

Cytf

Pvc

RibuDP
(C5)

FructoP
(C6)

PsI

ADP

[C6]

Monosaccharid

ADP

Dla*

Dla680, 693, 700

PsIIb
Sc t
QH*

Dla650, 680, Dlb, c,d ,

Carotenoic, Phycobilin

[OH]H2O2H2O+O2
H2O
OH
H+

h
So snh s ging nhau v khc nhau ca 2 chu trnh:
Ging nhau:
- To nng lng ATP phc v cho qu trnh quang ho.
- Chuyn in t.
- Cn c cht chuyn in t nh Fd, PC , PQ , CoQ, cc Cyt tham gia.
- C s tham gia ca phn ng sng I.
- C dip lc a bc sng cao tham gia (Chl. 680, 693, P700).
Khc nhau:
Photphoryl ho vng
Photphoryl ho khng vng
- in t i ri quay tr li.
- in t i thng khng quay tr li.
- Ch c dip lc a bc sng
- Tt c sc t quang hp u tham gia (ficobilin,
cao tham gia chuyn in t cho
carotenoic, dip lc a cc bc sng, dlc b, c,
Fd.
d)
- C s tham gia ca phn ng
- C s tham gia ca phn ng sng I v II.
sng I.
- C s tham gia ca H2O v quang phn ly H2O.
- Khng c H2O tham gia.
- Sn phm to thnh: ATP, O2 , NADPH2 chuyn
- Sn phm to thnh: ATP.
vo pha ti c nh v kh CO2.
- To ra nng lng nhiu.
- Nng lng to ra t.
Ti sao Calvin xc nh sn phm u tin ca quang hp l A 3PG, cht nhn CO2 l
Ribulozo 1.5 diphotphat?
- C 2 kh nng xt cht nhn CO2 l:
o C2 + C C3
o C5 + C C6 ri phn ct thnh 2C3
4

 cng n thi TN
-

Chng ta xt iu kin kh 1 phn t CO2 :

o Cht nhn u tin ca chu trnh C3 : RibulozoDP.
o Enzim tham gia trong qu trnh c nh v kh CO 2 : Ribulozo 1.5 diphotphat
carboxylaza.
o Sn phm to thnh u tin: A3PG.
o T l nhn t ng ho hnh thnh 1 sn phm ca qu trnh c nh: NADPH 2 /
ATP = 3/2
- Ta xt iu kin th hai ca qu trnh thy rng: ngi ta tm thy enzim trong qu trnh
carboxyl ho l Ribulozo 1.5 diphotphat carboxylaza m khng tm thy 1 enzim
carboxylaze no khc trong qu trnh c nh. Nh vy, cht nhn u tin phi l Ribulozo
1.5 diphotphat (C5).
- V sn phm to thnh: Th nghim ca Calvin i vi to Scenedesmus ch sau 2-3 giy
tm thy sn phm u tin ca n l A3PG, AlPG (C3), sau chng thc hin qu trnh
tng hp to thnh Glucose (C6) nh A3PG + AlPG Fructoso photphat, sau tip tc
to thnh Fructose.
Phn tch c ch, vai tr chu trnh Calvin.
C ch:
12NADPH
12NADP
6ATP 6ADP
6H2O

6CO2

RibuP
6C5

RibuDP
6C5

6[C6]

2C5

2C5

2C5

RibuP

RibosoP

XylulosoP

A3PG
12C3 12ATP
C6
Fructose

2C3

2C3

2C3

2C6
2C7
SedoheptulosoP

AlPG/PDA
12C3
12ADP

2C4 ErythrosoP
2C3

2C3
2C3
2C3

2C3
2C3
Cht nhn u tin: Ribulozo 1.5 diphotphat.
Enzim thc hin qu trnh c nh: Ribulozo 1.5 diphotphat carboxylaza.
Sn phm u tin: A3PG.
Qu trnh xy ra qua 3 giai on:
o Giai on tip nhn CO2 (carboxyl ho):
6C5 + 6H2O + 6CO2 12C3 (A3PG)
(1)
o Giai on kh:
12A3PG + 12NADPH2 + 12 ATP 12H2O + 12AlPG + 12ADP + 12Pv + 12NADP
(2)
o Giai on ti to:
10C3 + 6ATP 6C5 + 6ADP + 6Pv
(3)
Kt qu chung ca pha ti: (t 1, 2 v 3)
6CO2 + 12NADPH2 + 18ATP 2C3 + 6H2O + 18ADP + 18Pv + 12NADP
(4)
Tnh chung vi pha sng:
h
12H2O + 18ADP + 18Pv + 12NADP
6O2 + 18ATP + 12NADPH2
(Sc t)
(5)
Ta thu c kt qu tng th ca quang hp l: (t 4 v 5)
h
6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
(Sc t)

 cng n thi TN
Vai tr:
- Cht to thnh l sn phm u tin ca vic to gluxit.
- L chu trnh s dng trit nhn t ng ho l ATP, NADPH 2 i vo c nh CO2 nh
c enzim isomeraza.
- To ra nhiu sn phm trung gian, nh to iu kin sinh tng hp cc cht khc nhau
trong c th sinh vt sn phm quang hp rt di do.
- To sn phm hu c nhiu nht trn v Tri t.
So snh chu trnh C4 v chu trnh CAM. (*)
7.1- c im ca thc vt C4 v chu trnh C4 :
c im ca thc vt C4 :
Thc vt tin hnh quang hp theo con ng C 4 c nhng c trng ring c v cu to
gii phu v hot ng sinh l.
V hnh thi gii phu: TB bao b mch c cu trc c trng: kch thc TB ln hn, lc
lp to hn TB Mezophyl. Cc TB xp st nhau, khng c gian bo. Lc lp khng c cu trc gran
m ch c cu trc lamen. S lng ty th, Peroxyxom nhiu hn TB Mezophyl.
V hot ng quang hp: nhu cu nhit cho quang hp C 4 cao hn C3 . Cng nh
sng bo ho cho quang hp TV C4 cng cao hn. Ngc li, im b cho CO2 , nhu cu nc
TV C4 li thp hn TV C3 . TV C4 khng c qu trnh quang h hp nn cng quang hp cao
hn TV C3 nhiu.
Chu trnh Hatch Slack:
Gp 1 s TV vng nhit i: ma, k, la min, ng, c ci, rau dn sn phm u tin
l 1 hp cht c 4 cacbon (axit Oxalo Acetic). Chu trnh ny xy ra 2 qu trnh c tnh cht ngc
nhau c tin hnh ti 2 nhm TB khc nhau:
- Qu trnh cacboxyl ho APEP thnh axit Oxalo Acetic, xy ra ti TB tht l (Mezophyl).
- Qu trnh decacboxyl ho axit Malic thnh axit Pyruvic. Sau khi to nn axit Oxalo Acetic
do cacboxyl ho APEP ri bin thnh axit Malic, axit Malic c chuyn t TB tht l sang
TB bao b mch. Ti y axit Malic b decacboxyl ho to axit Pyruvic v CO 2. CO2 to ra
c s dng cacboxyl ho Ribulozo-1,5dP tip tc bin i theo chu trnh Calvin
to ra sn phm ca quang hp l C6H12O6 ri to tinh bt.
T bo Mezophyl
ATP
Cc enzim:
(1) APEP Cacboxylaza
A.Pyruvic

(2) Malat Dehydrogenaza

(3) Malat Decacboxylaza
(4) Pyruvat Kinaza

CO2

AMP

APEP
P.P

T bo bao b mch

A.Oxalo
Acetic

A.Pyruvic
CT
Calvin

NADPH2

CO2

NADPH2

C6

NADP

A.Malic

A.Malic
NADP

Tinh bt

7.2- c im ca thc vt CAM v chu trnh CAM:

1 s cy mng nc sng vng nhit i c qu trnh ng ho CO2 ring. cc TV ny
do iu kin kh hu khc nghit nn kh khng ch m c vo ban m, cn ban ngy kh khng
ng li tit kim nc. Do c trng nn TV ny qu trnh cacboxyl ho ch xy ra vo
ban m, lc TB c cung cp y CO2 .
Qu trnh ng ho CO2 TV ny xy ra 2 qu trnh c tnh cht ngc nhau nh trong TV
C4 :
- Cacboxyl ho APEP to nn axit Oxalo Acetic sau to thnh axit Malic. Qu trnh ny
tng ng vi qu trnh cacboxyl ho xy ra TB Mezophyl ca TV C 4 , nhng TV
CAM, n li xy ra vo ban m cng trong 1 loi TB vi giai on decacboxyl ho sau .
- Decacboxyl ho axit Malic thnh Pyruvic v CO 2 . CO2 tham gia vo chu trnh Calvin
Benson. Qu trnh ny tng ng vi qu trnh xy ra TB bao b mch ca TV C 4 ,
nhng TV CAM, n cng xy ra trong cng 1 TB vi qu trnh cacboxyl ho, nhng n
ch xy ra vo ban ngy khi c nng lng nh sng.
6

 cng n thi TN
Nh vy TV C4, 2 qu trnh trong ng ho CO2 c tch bit bi khng gian, cn TV
CAM th c phn bit bi thi gian xy ra khc nhau. chnh l tnh thch nghi ca nhm TV
ny.
Qu trnh ng ho CO2 TV CAM xy ra yu hn so vi TV C 3 v C4 do sinh trng
ca TV CAM rt hn ch.

Cc enzim:
(1) APEP Cacboxylaza
(2) Malat Dehydrogenaza
(3) Malat decacboxylaza

Ngy

Chu
trnh
Calvin

C3

C6

Tinh bt
C6

NADPH2

NADP

CO2
m

C3

A.Malic

A.Pyruvic

A.Malic
NADP

ATP

A.Pyruvic

NADPH2

A.Oxalo Acetic

CO2

ADP

APEP

7.3- So snh 1 s c im ca TV C4 v CAM:

c im
Thc vt C4
Thc vt CAM
- Cu to l
- Tht l phn b
- Tht l c cu trc lp
hng tm bao b
- Cu to lc lp
mch
- C ht
- C ht tht l,
- T l Chl.a/Chl.b
lamen bao b mch
- <3
- Nhu cu nh sng
- 4
- Thay i
- im b CO2
- Mnh
- Thay i
- Cht nhn CO2
- 10l/l
- APEP
- Sn phm u tin
- APEP
- Sng: APG, ti: A.Oxalo
- S km hm do O2
- A.Oxalo Acetic
Acetic
cao
- Khng
- C
- Quang h hp
- Khng
- Khng
- Tc ng ho
- Nhanh
- Chm
- Sn lng
- Cao
- Thp
Phn tch vai tr ca nh sng trong quang hp:
nh sng l nhn t quan trng nht i vi quang hp v n l nhn t trc tip tham gia
trong quang hp. nh hng ca nh sng n quang hp va ph thuc cng nh sng va
ph thuc cht lng nh sng.
8.1- nh hng ca cng nh sng:
- Bin nh sng c tc dng n quang hp kh rng. Quang hp c th tin hnh ngay
iu kin nh sng c cng rt thp (nh sng trng, n du). Tuy nhin, iu kin
nh sng qu yu th quang hp din ra rt yu, sn phm quang hp khng b cho lng
cht hu c b h hp phn hu cho nn quang hp biu kin (quang hp biu hin ra bn
ngoi) c tr s m.
- Khi cng nh sng tng lm cho cng quang hp tng, lm cho hiu s vi h hp
gim dn, quang hp biu kin tin dn n tr s 0. Ti cng nh sng c cng
quang hp bng cng h hp, tc quang hp biu kin bng 0, l im b nh sng.
Tu theo nhm cy m im b nh sng khong 25-85 Kcalo/dm 2/h. Cng h hp bng
cng quang hp v t tr s 1-3 CO 2/dm2/h im b nh sng. Cy a sng c im
b cao hn cy a bng.
7

 cng n thi TN
-

Cng quang hp tip tc tng t l thun vi cng nh sng cho n im no nh

sng. im no nh sng l cng nh sng m khi vt qua im cng quang hp
khng thay i mc d cng nh sng tip tc tng. Trong gii hn ca nh sng th
cng nh sng khng cn l yu t nh hng n cng quang hp. Tu nhm cy
m im no nh sng trong khong 2.000 - 6000 Kcalo/dm 2/h. i vi TV C4 th khng c
im no nh sng, cng nh sng tng th cng quang hp tng khng c im
dng.
- i vi TV C3 , khi nh sng c cng qu mnh th quang hp gim. Ti im m khi
cng nh sng vt qua , cng quang hp gim khi cng nh sng tip tc
tng, l im cc i nh sng ca quang hp.
- Khi nh sng qu mnh lm quang hp gim do nh sng ph hu cu trc b my quang
hp, c bit l cc sc t, gy hi cho qu trnh quang oxy ho ca cc sc t lm cho hiu
sut s dng nh sng gim, do cc phn t Chl trng thi kch ng in t qu nhiu
khng s dng ht cho qu trnh quang ho v ng ho CO 2 , tnh thm ca TB b nh
hng, cc enzim b c ch.
- nh hng ca nh sng ph thuc vo mc thch nghi ca cy vi nh sng. Cy a
sng thch nghi vi ch nh sng mnh hn cy a bng lin quan hm lng
Chlorophyll trong l. Cy a bng c hm lng Chl. trong l cao hn cy a sng 2-3 ln.
L cy a bng mng, ht lc lp ln v cha nhiu sc t. T l Chl.a/Chl.b cy a bng
thp (1,4) cn cy a sng cao (5,5) chng t cy a bng c hm lng Chl.b cao hn
cy a sng.
- nh sng mt tri chiu xung mt t gm nh sng trc x (60%) v nh sng tn x
(40%), trong ch c 1 phn tia sng c li cho quang hp, gi l tia sinh l. nh sng tn
x c t l tia sinh l cao hn nh sng trc x, do nh sng tn x c tc dng tt hn.
TV s dng khong 50% nng lng mt tri chiu vo mt t. Cc tng l khc nhau hp
th nh sng khc nhau.
- nh hng ca nh sng n quang hp cn ph thuc vo cc yu t khc nh nhit ,
hm lng CO2 . Khi nng CO2 cao, nh sng c nh hng mnh n quang hp, c
bit l khng c im no nh sng. Ngc li khi nng CO 2 thp, quang hp sm t n
im no nh sng. Nhit cao (trong vng sinh l) th nh hng ca nh sng n quang
hp mnh hn. nng CO2 thp th tc ng ca nhit ln quang hp khng r rng.
3 yu t ny lin quan cht ch vi nhau, h tr nhau cng tc ng n quang hp. Bi vy
thiu 1 yu t s lm gim tc ng ca cc yu t cn li.
8.2- nh hng ca thnh phn quang ph ca nh sng: (cht lng nh sng)
- Timiriazep l ngi u tin nhn nh tia c hiu sut quang hp cao nht, tip n l tia
xanh. TV c thnh phn cu trc thch nghi cao vi vic s dng tia trong quang hp, l
c mu xanh l mu hp th tia tt nht. Tia tuy cha ng nng lng b hn tia
xanh nhng hiu qu nng lng trong quang hp do tia to ra li cao hn tia xanh.
- Tuy nhin, hiu qu nng lng trong quang hp tng ln khi s dng phi hp 1 cch hp
l gia cc tia sng khc nhau. Theo nghin cu ca Emerson th nu chiu xen k gia tia
sng c bc sng ln hn 680nm vi cc tia c bc sng b hn 650nm lm tng hiu
sut quang hp, gi l hiu ng Emerson. Hiu qu ny ch xy ra trong iu kin cng
nh sng di im no.
- Thnh phn quang ph khng ch nh hng n cng quang hp m cn nh hng
n cht lng sn phm ca quang hp. Cc tia sng khc nhau s cho cc sn phm ch
yu khc nhau. nh sng c bc sng ngn s cho sn phm quang hp nhiu axit amin v
protein. nh sng c bc sng di th sn phm quang hp ch yu l gluxit.
- Do cc tia sng c bc sng khc nhau c tc dng khc nhau ln quang hp cho nn v tr
a l ca cc vng khc nhau, v tr ca mt tri trn bu tri trong ngy khc nhau cng c
nh hng quang hp khc nhau. Mt tri cng cao so vi chn tri, th t l tia cng
gim, t l tia xanh v tia tm cng tng. Do vy, cc vng cng xa xch o t l tia
cng ln. Trong ngy th bui sng v bui chiu c t l tia cao nht. Cc ma trong nm
c t l cc tia khc nhau. Ma ng, v tr mt tri thp hn nn c t l tia cao hn ma
h.
8

 cng n thi TN
-

i vi cc thm TV nhiu tng, cc tng thp cc tia c nng lng b (bc sng di)
khng th xuyn ti cho nn TV cc tng ny c cu trc gii phu thch nghi, hm lng
Chl.b cao.
- c bit, TV sng trong nc c cu trc c trng ph hp iu kin thiu sng. Cng
xung su t l cc tia bc sng di cng gim, cc tia c bc sng ngn tng. Tia
khng xuyn xung qu 34m nc, tia xanh tm xung c su 500m. Do vy, TV cng
su thch nghi vi iu kin s dng tia sng ngn cho quang hp. Mu sc sc s ca TV
sng di y cc i dng l s thch nghi vi ch nh sng ca chng.
Phn tch vai tr ca CO2 trong quang hp.
CO2 l nguyn liu tham gia trc tip trong quang hp, do vy nng CO 2 , tc khuch
tn CO2 t ngoi vo TB l c ngha quan trng n cng qu trnh quang hp.
9.1- S khuch tn CO2 vo l:
Vn khuch tn CO2 t khng kh qua kh khng vo TB l c nh hng trc tip n
cng quang hp, v l con ng cung cp CO2 lm nguyn liu cho quang hp.
Quan nim CO2 khuch tn nh 1 qu trnh khuch tn vt l nn dng nh lut v
khuch tn cht kh qua nhng b mt khuch tn bt k no nghin cu s khuch tn CO 2
trong quang hp. nh lut ny cho rng khi gi khi kh khuch
C = C1tn
C2l m th:
C
C1
X
C2
m DSt
x
C : s chnh lch v nng kh khuch tn 2 mi trng khuch tn
Trong :
(g/lt)
S: din tch b mt khuch tn (cm2)
t: thi gian khuch tn (s)
x: khong cch khuch tn gy ra C (cm)
D: h s khuch tn (h s ny bng 1 khi c X=1cm; S=1cm 2; C=1 v
t=1s)
m t l thun vi DStC v t l nghch vi X.
X
C
Gi R
th m
(R l s cn tr kh khuch tn).
D St
R
T ta tnh c iu kin nh hng n vic a kh CO2 vo l.
iu kin bn trong:
- Cu to ca l: biu b c nhiu cutin hay cha.
- Mt di ca l c nhiu lng hay khng.
- Kh khng m hay khng (TV CAM ng ban ngy m ban m, da chut m kh khng
sut ngy m, nhiu cy trng m quang ch ng, ng thu ch ng v ng thu b
ng).
- Khoang kh khng rng hay hp.
- Cu to ca m du, m khuyt cht hay khng cht (gian bo rng hay hp).
- Mng gn l dy hay tha.
iu kin bn ngoi:
- nh sng: Gii thch cu to ca kh khng, c ch ng m kh khng t chng minh
vic m quang ch ng bng s thay i pH phn ng i theo chiu thun hay
nghch:
Tinh bt + H3PO4

phosphorilase pH > 5
phosphorilase pH < 5

n glucoso1P

Nu to thnh ng glucoso1P th nc s vo TB kh khng, khi kh khng m quang

ch ng v ngc li.
Ban tra kh khng ng thu ch ng do nc khng cung cp kp cho vic thot hi
nc nn phi ly nc TB kh khng. Vi khng ng li.
Khi tri ma vi khu cng ng li (ng thu b ng) do sc p ca cc TB biu b bn
cnh.
Nhit : nhit cao th kh CO2 bay ln tng cao, khng cung cp cho cy a kh CO 2
vo l.
9

 cng n thi TN
- Gi: gi cng lm bt mt kh CO2 i ni khc.
- Ma: lm kh khng ng thu b ng.
9.2- Hm lng CO2:
- CO2 trong khng kh l ngun cung cp cacbon cho quang hp, nng CO 2 c nh hng
quyt nh n qu trnh quang hp.
- Nng CO2 thp nht cy quang hp c l 0,008-0,01%, nu thp hn quang hp
yu v c khi b nh tr.
- Khi tng nng CO2 cng quang hp lc u tng theo t l thun. Sau tng chm
cho ti khi t gi tr bo ho CO 2 . Vt qua gi tr ny, cng quang hp li gim.
Nng bo ho CO2 cng nh tr s tuyt i ca quang hp thay i tu thuc vo cng
nh sng, nhit v cc iu kin khc.
- Nhn chung s tng nng CO 2 c nh hng thun li cho quang hp trong iu kin
cng nh sng cao, ngoi ra cng cn ph thuc vo m ca kh khng trong vic
hp th CO2 ca l.
- Hm lng CO2 cc vng khc nhau trn mt t khng ging nhau, hm lng CO 2 cng
thay i theo cao, theo thi gian ngy v m. vng thp, vng st mt t v di mt
t, lng CO2 cao hn vng cao. Trong ngy lng CO 2 ban m nhiu hn ban ngy. S
khc bit v hm lng CO2 tng vng gim i nh c gi. Gi chuyn CO 2 t vng giu
CO2 sang vng ngho CO2 , nh vy m cc vng lun c lng CO2 quang hp.
- nh hng ca CO2 n quang hp lin quan cht ch n chiu sng. Khi nh sng
mnh lm tng hiu qu tc ng ca CO2 n quang hp c bit l tng hiu qu s dng
CO2 ca cy.
- Do nhu cu thng xuyn ca cy i vi CO2 cho nn trong trng trt nng cao nng
sut cn m bo nhu cu CO2 ca cy. Bng cc bin php nh bn phn c cha CO 2 , lm
t ti xp qua nh hng c li n quang hp ca cy.
Phn tch mi quan h gia quang hp v nng sut, t nu cc bin php nng cao
nng sut trn quan im quang hp.
Kt qu cui cng ca quang hp c biu din bng cng thc:
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Theo cng thc trn, nu cy ng ho ht 1g CO2 th to ra 0,68g Gluxit.
Nh vy lng Gluxit to ra s t l thun vi cng quang hp FCO2 vi h s 0,68.
Trong quang hp khng ch to ra Gluxit m cn c protein, axit nucleic, lipit, cc axit
amin
Bi vy khi ng ho 1g CO2 sn phm c to nn khng phi 0,68g m c s lng
khc. Tr s ny ph thuc vo sn phm to ra trong quang hp l cht no ch yu. Nu sn phm
l Gluxit th s gn vi s 0,68g.
Song song vi quang hp, trong cy cn c qu trnh h hp. H hp s dng sn phm to
ra phn gii nng lng cho c th hot ng. Do 1 phn ng k sn phm quang hp b
h hp phn gii. Ngoi h hp ti cn c h hp sng cng nh hng n quang hp, nn cng
gp phn lm gim sn phm ca quang hp, c khi gim n 50% cng quang hp. Nh vy,
vi 1g CO2 cy s dng cho sn phm to ra khng phi l 0,68 m l t hn. Qu trnh h hp cng
mnh th tr s ny cng gim, chnh v vy m quang hp biu kin nh hn quang hp thc.
1 yu t rt quan trng trong quang hp l th nng quang hp. Th nng quang hp ca 1ha
cy trng c tnh bng cch tnh din tch l ca 1ha trong tng ngy (m 2/ha) ca sut thi gian
sinh trng ca cy. Gi tng din tch l/ha l L, din tch l ngy th nht l L 1, ca ngy th hai
l L2 ca ngy th n l Ln, ta c th nng quang hp l:
L = L1 + L2 + L3 +Ln (m2/ha)
n gin, din tch l trn 1ha t c tnh bng tch s din tch t (10.000m 2) nhn
cho ch s din tch l LAI (Leaf area index), LAI l tng s din tch l c trn 1m 2 t. Nh vy ta
ch cn xc nh LAI l quy ra c L: L = 10.000 x LAI
Nh vy, trong mt ngy m, trn 1ha t vi cng quang hp l F CO2 (gCO2m2/ngy
m) c h s hiu sut quang hp k f, c tng din tch l trn l L th lng cht hu c c
tch lu li l:
(FCO2.kf.L) g/ha/ngy m, hay: (FCO2.kf.L/1000) kg/ha/ngy m
10

 cng n thi TN
V tu tng thi k sinh trng khc nhau m lng cht hu c c to ra trong 1 ngy
khc nhau. Nng sut sinh hc ca 1ha cy trng c tnh bng tng cc cht hu c c tch lu
li tng ngy:
NSsh = C1 + C2 + C3 + + Cn
= C1,2,3n
Trong C1 l lng cht hu c c quang hp tch lu trong ngy th nht, C 2 l ca
ngy th hai v Cn l ca ngy th n trong i sng cy trng .
Nh trn phn tch th:
C1 = FCO2.kf.L1/1000 kg/ha/ngy th nht
C2 = FCO2.kf.L2/1000 kg/ha/ngy th hai
Cn = FCO2.kf.Ln/1000 kg/ha/ngy th n
Vy nng sut sinh hc ca cy trong sut thi gian sinh trng n ngy trn 1ha gieo trng
s l:
NSsh = [ (FCO2.kf.L)1,2,3n/1000]
kg/ha
Khng phi mi cht hu c c to ra trong cy u c con ngi s dng cho mc
tiu kinh t v i sng m ch 1 phn ca nng sut sinh hc. Nh vy ni n nng sut kinh t l
ni n phn con ngi s dng trn ton b cy trng (tc nng sut sinh hc hay nng sut cht
kh). T l gia phn s dng vi ton b cy l h s kinh t k kt. Mi quan h gia nng sut sinh
hc v nng sut kinh t:
NSkt = NSsh . kkt , tc l:
NSkt = {[ (FCO2.kf.L)1,2,3n . kkt]/1000}

kg/ha

Qua cng thc biu th mi quan h gia quang hp v nng sut , chng ta thy rng
nng sut kinh t t l thun vi cc ch s: cng quang hp, h s hiu sut quang hp, din
tch l tin hnh quang hp, s ngy quang hp v h s kinh t. tng nng sut kinh t cn c
cc bin php tch cc lm tng hp l cc ch s .
Cc bin php nng cao nng sut kinh t:
- Tc ng vo th nng quang hp bng cch: tng din tch cc i ca l (L) v tng thi
gian sinh trng ca l (n) bng cc phng php nh s dng ging ngn ngy hay trng
gi v trong nm trn 1 n v din tch.
- Tng kh nng bc x ca cy.
- Tng cng quang hp (FCO2) v h s sut quang hp (kf).
- Tng h s kinh t.
Ngi ta c th tc ng ti cc ch tiu ny bng cch tng cng cc bin php k thut nh
cung cp nc v phn bn thch hp, to iu kin thun li cho cy trng hp th v s dng c
hiu qu nng lng bc x mt tri.
Mt khc ngi ta cn y mnh vic tm kim cc ging cy trng bng cch gy t bin, lai
to, chn to c cc ging cy c cng v hiu sut quang hp cao.

11