8.11 INJECTION IN SI ENGINE jor advantages of fue-injection in an St engin ) Increased volumetric effcienc Fuel-injection systems are commonly used in Cl engines. Presently: i injection system is coming into vogue in SI engines because of the ‘drawbacks of the carburetion. ) Better thermal efficiency Lower exhaust emissions (® Non uniform distribution of mixture in multicylinder engines, (ii) Loss of volumetric efficiency due to restrictions for the mixture the possibility of back firing. High quality fuel distribution use of petrol injection is limited by its high initial cost, complex de- ve] increased maintenance requirements. Tt is believed that the petrol Sa fom has promising future compared to earburetion and may replace wuretor in the near future ‘A gusoline injection system eliminates all these drawbacks, The in fuel into an SI engine cau be done by employing any of the following: which are shown in Fig.8.14 Worked out Examples <1 Assi eylinder, four-stroke diesel engine develops 125 kW at 3000 rp Its breke specific fuel consumption is 200 gm/kW h. Calculate the ‘Tuantty of fuel to be injected per cyele pereylinder. Specie gravity of the fuel may be taken a8 0.85. (a) direct injection of fuel into the eylinder (b) injection of fuel close to the inlet valve (©) injection of fuel into the inlet manifold Fc consumed/iour = bafex Por output 200 x 107% x 125 = 25 kg rol Siibaibaaiegiae 4 BS masta Fe eonsumptio/inate Fel consumption/eycle Fuel consumpton/minute (Din eco an ae wen = N72 for foursteoke eee engines 4.63 107% ke Volume of fuel injected = 0.0545 ce/cycle ce (6) nection ita he inet manifold Fig. 8.14 Location of injection nozale 52 Caleulate the diameter of the fuel orifice of a four-stroke engine which leyelops 25 kW per cylinder at 2500 rpm. ‘The specific fuel consumption {0.3 kyg/KW h fuel with 30°API. The fuel is injected at a pressure of 150 par over a crank travel of 25°. The pressure in the combustion chamber is 10 bar. Coefficient of velocity is 0.875 and specific gravity is given by ul. ‘There are two types of gasoline injection systems, viz. (0) Continuous Injection : Fuel continnously injected, ts ad manifold injection is contemplated. "a (i) Timed Injection + Fuel is injected only d F Injected only during induction stroke limited period. Injection timing is not a critical factor in ST e S.GreSolution Duration of injection SG. Velocity of injection Ving Vol. of fuel injected/evele Nozzle orifice area,Ay Area of the orifice 8.3 A four-cylinder, four-stroke diesel ‘at 1500 rpm. The bsfe is 0.2 kg, tion pressure is 30 bar ‘The injection is expected to be at 200 bar and xnasximny at the injector is set to be about a for injector 8.G. of fuel “Atmospheric pressure Effective pressure difference id the maximum eylinder pressure is 50 25 360 x 2500760 ~ 1067 x 107 1415 1315+ 30° Peyi) Gy ae #7 5 x [oO OTT 0.875 x yf 2% 180 — 90) x 108 " 862 138.65 m/s 0.8762 (bs fe/60) « output WrpmP2)% Pjuct _(0.3/60) «25 (2500/2) x 8762 0.114 x 10 m8/eyele Volume of fuel injected/eyele Taj. velocity x Tn. time 4114 10-8 138.65 x 1.667 x 10-3 (04982 x 10° m? fxd 0.4932 x 10-6 at 1932 x 10-6 0.792 «101 0.792 mm ‘engine develops a power of 180 /W h. At the beginning of i 500 bar. Assuming the folk 07 0875 Tar Average pressure difference ‘over the injection period ‘Mechanical Injection Systems 261 Determine the total orifice area required per injector if the injection ‘takes place over 15° crank angles, Power ouputfeyinder = = aw Fuelc ssumption/eylinder = 45 xtbafe = 45x02 = 9kg/h = 05 kg/min 015 045 Fuel injected/cycle = Wom) ~ 1500/2) = 2x10 kg Time for ic = e ine for ingen = tax 60 X 360 * 1500 = 1.667 x 10-8 s Pressure difrence at beginning = 20030 = 170 bar Pressure diference at end = 800 —30'= 480 bar 4804170 Average peste diference = 0417 510 bar Velocity of injectionVing = Ca MPa) Volume of fuel injected/eycle = = = 0.2286 x 10° m®/cycle Aye 8886 10-4 186.33 x 1.067 x 10-9 0.736 x 10° m?262 IC Engines 84 A closed type injector has a nozzle orifice diameter of 0.049 mm_ ‘maximum cross sectional area of the passage between the né and the seat is 1.75 mm?. The discharge coefficient for the orifice and for the passage is 0.80. The injection pressure is 175 bar average pressure of charge during injection is 25 bar, when the ‘cone is fully lifted up. Calculate the volume rate of flow per fuel through the injector and the velocity of jet at that instant, of fuel is 850 kg/m? Solution Vx ts oy Pe 210° (G,Ay? [Now we Have two ontitions v9 x 850 T ve-p aos - 2x 10" "(08x 1.75 x 10-6)? be = 2.1684 x10°x V7 (1) p- aE, e ‘2x 10°” (0.85 x 0.7854 x 0.949? x 10-8) = 126261x 10" x VP bar (2) ‘Addis (1) and (2), we got 150 = VP x (21084 + 12,6961) x 0? = 14.7945 x 10° x VP Wo= 1.007 x 10-4 m*/s fow, from Ea.1, P= 175 ~ 2.1684 x 10° x (1.007 x 10-4)? = 158.01 bar Velocity of fuel through orifice fax (isso, a = 173.55 m/s ‘Mechanical Injection Systems 265. a: spey penetration of 25 em in 20 ‘neetion pressure of 150 bar spray’ penetra A tisecondl is obtained, If an injection pressure of 250 bar had been “at yo have been the tine taen to penetrate the sme dl vice. Assume the satne orifice and combustion chamber density. The embustion chamber pressure is 25 bar. used Use the relation Ss x tip where $ Js penetration in em tis time in millisecond Apis the pressure difference between injection ‘pressure and combustion chamber pressure SL fySp Ss tVBr Api = Pind Pot = 180-25 Ap = Pinj2—Poyt = 250-25 4 $2), VOL | S°VBp2 125 bo = 1x20x 14.91 ms = 1xmxye 6 A sic egtnder dll engine produces 100 KW at 1500 rpm. The specie feel consumption of the engine i 0 g/kW bh, Bach cylinder has @ RBasate fl pump, injector and pipeline At te ginning of elective Minner stroke afte fel pump, the fue in the pump barrel # cc, Riu aie the injector is 2c and fel nthe pipe lines 3 cc. F the Morag netor peur is S00 bar and average rear of change ding injection 40 ta, ealeulat the displacement volume of one plunger per aad power lot in pumping fe othe engine (or allen). ide qauiey off 8 and the fel enter the pump bare 1 ee Gouden of compresiblity of ful maybe taken as 80» 10° por Dar. Solution 100 consumed Vie’ | MBixo3x Fret d ; 1.8888 « 10-9 kg/s 0et i a 47 Before commencement of the effective stroke, fuel in the pump barrel of iw)“ 09x10" 1 diesel fuel injection system is 6 ce. The diameter and the length of ‘he fuel line from pump to injector is 25 mm and 600 mm respectively. The fuel in the injection valve is 2 ec. (0.12345 «10° m3/s (i) To deliver 0.10 ce of fuel at a pressure of 150 bar, how much dis- placement the plunger undergoes. Assume a pump inlet pressure of 1 bar. (ii) What is the effective stroke of the plunger if its diameter is 7'm 0.12345 ce/s " Coefficient of compressibility is defined as Change in volume/unit volume Kemp = Diference in presure causing the compression Die — Assume coefficient of compressibility of oil as 75 x 10-® per bar at at- *oospherie presse, - wewm One . Grn) Solution Here, seca yee Vizda) Keomp = 80 10-8 per bar Alpe — 71) Vi; = Fel in pump barrel + Fuel inside Choage in volume due to compression. injector + Fuel in pipe line Vi = Total initial fuel volume = 44243 = 9 = Volume of fuel in bareel + Vi-Va = Kemp Vi X (Pa -P1) Volume of fuel in delivery line + 21528 = 80x 10° x9 x (300-1) = Volume of fuel in injection valve 600 es Farce = Plunger/displacement volume = 6+ 7 x (0.25)? x SE +2 = 10.95 ce = 0.12345 + 0.21528 V-V2 = KxVix(m-m) = 0.339 cc = 75» 1078 « 10.95 x (150 - 1) = 0.122 cc Pump work, We = (mj —P.)(Vi — Va) + ny ~ Pal displacement of plunger = (Vy -¥y) $0.10 =0.122 +010 3 (300-1) x 10° x 0.2153 x 10-8 + (300 — 40) x 10° « 0.12346 x 10° = 0222 cc Ane = 3224321 oe e433 Bite the of png Power lst for pumping the fal 88, 1300 ooo * 2x60 = 0.08 kWSine Oe Review Questions 8.1 What are the functional requirements of an injection. system? 8.2 How are the injection system classified? Describe them briefly. tir injection system is not used nowadays? 8.3 How is the solid injection further classified? With a neat sketch the various components of a fuel feed system of a CI engine. 84 Baplain (W) individual pump and nozale system (a) unit injector system (ii) common rail system (iy) distributor system. 8.5 Draw a schematic diagram of fuel feed pump and explain its principle. 8.6 What are the main functions of an injection pump? What are two of injection pump that are commonly used? 8.7 With a neat sketch explain the jerk pump type injection system. 8.8 With a neat sketch explain the working principle of a distributor fuelsinjection pump. 8.9 What is the purpose of using a governor in CT engines? What two major type of governors? 8.10 Bzplain with a neat sketch the working principle of a mechanical 8.11 With a neat diagram bring out clearly the working principle of @ matic governor. 8.12 What is the purpose of a fuel injector? Mention the various parts) injector assembly. 8.13 What are the functions of a nozzle? With sketches explain the types of nozsles. 8.14 Give a brief account of the injection in ST engine. 8.15 With sketches explain the possible locations of the injection nos SL engines. 8.16 Draw a sketch of pintaur nozzle and discuss it merits and demer 8.17 Derive an expression for the velocity of injection. 8.18 Develop an equation for the amount of fuel injected per cycle in of brake horse power and speed of « four-stroke CI engine exercise s1 A. foureylinder, four-stroke diesel engine develops 100 kW at 3500 rpm. Its brake specific fuel consumption is 180 gm per kWh. Calculate the quantity of fuel to be injected per cycle per cylinder. Specific gravity of the fuel may be taken as 0.88. Ans: Volume of the fuel injected = 0.0487 ce 52 Calculate the diameter of the fuel orifice of a four-stroke engine which «develops 20 kW per cylinder at 2000 rpm. ‘The specific fuel consumption is 0.25 kg/kW hi of fuel with 30°API. The fuel is injected at a pressure of 180 bar over a crank travel of 25°. ‘The pressure in the combustion chamber is 38 bar. Coefficient of velocity is 0.85 and specific gravity is given by Mi 1315+ °API Ans: Diameter of fuel orifice = 0.754 mim SG. 53 A sixeylinder, four-stroke diesel engine develops a power of 200 kW at 2000 rpm. ‘The bsfc is 0.2 kg/kW h. At the beginning of in- jection, pressure is 35 bar and the maximum cylinder pressure is 55 bar, The injection is expected to be at 180 bar and maximum pres- sure at the injector is set to be about 520 bar. Assuming the following: Ca for injector 0.75 S.G. of fuel 0.85 Atmospheri¢ pressure = 1 bar Effective pressure Average pressure difference difference cover the injection period (i) Determine the total orifice area required per injector ifthe injection takes place over 16° crank angles, ‘Ans: Orifice area = 0.4876 x 10-® m? 51 A closed type injector has a nozale orifice diameter of 1.0 mm and the ‘naximum eross sectional area of the passage between the needle cone ‘nd the seat is 2.0 mm?. The discharge coefficient forthe orifice is 0.85 snd for the passage is 0.80. ‘The injection pressure is 200 bar and the sverage pressure of charge during injection is 25 bar, when the needle cone is fully lifted up. Caleulate the volume rate of low per second of ‘vel through the injector and the velocity of jet at that instant, Specific sravity of fuel s0.85. Ans: (i) Volume rate of flow of fuel = 125 ce/s (i) Velocity of jet = 187.27 m/s At injection pressure of 180 bar a spray penetration of 30 em in 22 williseeonds is obtained. If an, injection pressure of 240 bar had been ‘wed, what would have been the time taken to penetrate the same dis- ‘ence, Assume the same orifice and! combustion chamber density. ‘The ‘ombustion chamber pressure is 30 bar. Use the relation: S x tipwhere $i penetration in em tis time in millisecond Ap is the pressure difference between injection pres: sure and combustion chamber pressure ‘Ans: (i) Time taken for penetration = 18.593 mil 86 A four-cylinder diesel engine produces 100 kW at 1500 rpm. The: fuel consumption of the engine is 0.28 kg/kW h. Each cylinder separate fuel pump, injector and pipe lin. At the beginning of eff plinger stroke of one fuel pump, the fuel in the pump barrel is 4 fuel inside the injector is 2 cc and fuel in the pipe line is 4 cc. the average injector pressure is 200 bar and average pressure of luring injection is 30 bar, calculate the displacement: volume of phinger per eycle and power lost in pumping fuel to the engine ( Cylinders). Specific gravity of fuel is 0.85 and the fuel enter the barrel at 1 bar. Coefficient of compressibility of fuel is 80 x 10-8 bar. Ans:_ (i) Disp. volume of each plunger/cycle = 0.9422 (i) Power lost in pumping = 0.058 kW 8.7 Before commencement of the effective stroke the fuel in the pump. ‘of a diese! fuel injection pump is 7 ce. The diameter of the uel line ‘pump to injector is 3 mm and is 600 mm long. The fuel in thei valve is 3 cc. () To detiver 0.10 ce of fuel at a pressure of 150 bar, how much placement the plunger undergoes? Assume a pump inlet of t bar (ii) What is the effective stroke of the plunger if its diameter is 6 (ii) Assume coeficient of compressibility of oil as 78 x 10° a spheric pressure. ‘Ans: (i) Plunger displacement = 0.2655 ce Bilective stroke of plunger = 9.30 Multiple Choice Questions (choose the most appropriate answer) 1. Fuel injector is used for (a) gas engines (b) Cl engines (c) Sl engines (a) none of the above 2, Advantage of air injection system is (a) cheaper fuels can be used (b) mep is high (c) fine atomization and distribution of the fuel (@) all of the above Commonly used injection system in automobiles is (a) air injection (0) solid injection (6) combination of (a) and (>) (4) none of the above Fuel injection pressure in solid injection system is around (2) <10 bar (b) 10-20 bar (6) 80-50 bar (@) 200-250 bar Fuel filters do not use generally (0) oil (b) paper (©) eloth (a) fete Fuel is injected in a four-stroke Cl engine (a) at the end of suction stroke (0) at the end of expansion stroke (6) at the end of compression stroke (4) at the end of exhaust stroke Injection system in which the pump and the injector nozzle is combined in one housing is known as (a) common rail system (b) distributor system (4) individual pump and nozzle system ‘Main advantage of pintawx nozzle is (a) better cold starting performance (b) ability to distribute the fuelaos aya st st SOMEUD axorns-ay Jo OSV Oy UL “SOYOLS spon Supjz0% ony wo (uorstd!) 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