| INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR Worksheets ae ee ANDY and AUDREY JACKSON PSA Te AA TEA ae ede: INTERMEDIATE F GRAMMAR > Worksheets ANDY and AUDREY JACKSON PHOENIXPublished 1995 by Phoenix ELT Campus 400, Spring Way Maylands Avenue, Hemel Hempstead Hertfordshire, HP2 7EZ A division of Prentice Hall International First published 1994 by Prentice Hall International © International Book Distributors Ltd, 1994 ‘All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1P 9HE. ‘Typeset in 10/12pt Century Schoolbook by Pan Tek Arts, Kent Printed and bound in Great Britain by Redwood Books, Trowbridge, Wiltshire Illustrations by Harry Venning ‘A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-18-474610-4 8765438 99 98 97 96 95 1) 3 e = a < = eee Tee eeContents v Introduction vi Glossary Worksheet No: (0 1 Grammatical terms 2 Using the tapescripts 3 Adjectival phrases 4 Adjectives: order 5 position 6 ‘compound 7 Adjectives and adverbs: comparative and superlative 8 Adverbials: order” concession and contrast Purpose Ma reason Adverbs of degree: fairly, quite, rather Articl definite/indefinite newspaper headlines with geographical names Nouns: countable and uncountable Prepositional phrases I: at, by, for Prepositional phrases II: in, on, out of to+verb : with gerunds Prepositions of time: at, in, on, from ... to, by Pronouns one Punctuation: ‘apostrophes commas Quantifiers (T] 26 Relative clauses: defining versus non-defining whose 211) 28 Reported speech: passive forms questions reporting verbs 2 31 Subordinate clauses: time T) 82 Time expressions: since, for, in, ago Biss still, yet, already 34 Verbs: conditionals I and IT conditional I When isa verb not a verb? Tm sorry, I'l say that again. ‘The man with the bald head ‘The old grey mare This is something new! A five-day week Which shoes are the cheapest? They left quickly for the station the next morning. Although it was raining, we went for a walk. Tonly did it to please you. ‘The plane was late because of the weather. This is rather too easy for me. Is ita god or the god? Man bites dog. Around the world in 8 days Quiet waters run deep. Will she be at home for a while? He's out of town on business. object to doing this! Please pay before leaving. It happened at 8 o'clock in the morning on Monday. I prefer the black ones. I can't and I won't, so that's it! If, however, you agree, I'l do it. ‘There's litle tea but lots of coffee Shakespeare, who died in 1616, ‘wrote many plays. ‘The man whose car was stolen ‘Ten men are said to have been killed. He asked me where fish get their money from. He asked her to marry him. Til help you as soon as I've finished this exercise, We've been married since 1973. Haven't you finished yet? Are you still working? Ihe applies, he'll get the job. Twould have called if you had told me.36 conditional (It's time/I'd rather) It’s time you got up! sz conditional revision I would if I could. (1 38 forget, remember, stop, try Let's try doing it this way. +-ing or to from adjectives It’s too Zong — we must shorten it. fature continuous She'll be coming round the mountain when she comes. future perfect We'll have finished by the time they get here. future review What wil! the weather be like tomorrow? Mas get Tye gouta peereniiy infinitive phrases after I don’t know what to do! ‘question words in newspaper headlines Man lands on Mars modals of obligation and advice You should be more careful ella ‘modals of past probability You must have been a beautiful baby. 4s modals of probability ‘You must be the new sales assistant. perception + participle or Tean hear someone coming. | infinitive ell so passive, causative ‘I must get my hair cut. passive, general ‘The record has been broken. } eal se past perfect When I looked up, she had ij ae M53 phrasal verbs I I'm nearly ready — hang on a minute. sa phrasal verbs II Give it up! ss phrasal verbs IIT ‘What does RSVP stand for? 56 phrasal verbs IV Mick's gone down with ‘flu. (0 s7 plus gerund or to+infinitive Do you mind waiting? exit 58 plus object + simple infinitive Please don't make me go home! } @ s9 plus object +o + infinitive I want you to help me. Heo present perfect versus past Have you been there? Yes, 1 went last week. Me present simple versus continuous I know what I'm doing! ez transitive and intransitive He walks his dog in the park every Sunday. (Zl 6s tense revision I Have a nice meal! {1 64 tense revision II She surprised everyone. used to, be/get used to 1 used to enjoy this, but now I hate it! wish Tuwish Thad a car. [1 67 Phrasal verb table ES Worksheets marked with this symbol have accompanying cassette tape drills. The tapescripts for these drills are at the end of the book. They are numbered 1 to 22.Introduction These worksheets form the second part of a structural self-access system. They are intended for intermediate students of English and deal with a wide range of the grammatical points covered in intermediate course books, from Preliminary English 'Test level, through to the First Certificate and leading towards the Cerlificate of Advanced English. They offer a brief explanation and/or illustration of each point before providing an exercise, with answers given inverted at the bottom of each page for immediate checking. They present broad rules and guidelines, leaving most exceptions and complex explanations to the teacher, grammar or course book. They are not intended as an alternative to any of these, but as a supplement, providing more extensive illustration and practice of individual points. They are designed to be photocopied and placed in self-access or resources centres, and to be written on by students and corrected by themselves. For this reason, they are in A4 format, There are simple line drawings that illustrate the grammatical points and ample space for students to write in their answers. Teachers may also find the sheets useful for follow-up practice of grammar points presented or reviewed in the lesson, either individually or as pai work, with each couple checking answers as they proceed, or as a homework exercise. In this case the teacher may wish to mask the answer section while photocopying the sheet, and go over the answers in class. There is a simple glossary sheot (overleaf) giving illustrations of the terms used in the explanations, which the students should use in association with the worksheets. Worksheet 1 gives practice in recognising these terms, and on sheets 67 and 68 there is a list of the most common phrasal verbs, with example sentences for each, together with the type (see Worksheets 53 to 56). ‘The accompanying cassette provides simple drills, revising the points covered in the exercises, in order to give students the opportunity to listen and pronounce new words or structures in association with the writing exercises. ‘The tapescripts for the cassette are provided at the back of the book. Not all of the Worksheets have accompanying cassette exercises, but those that have are marked with a cassette symbol. Teachers or resources managers are recommended to copy the tapescript onto the reverse of the relevant Worksheet. In order to provide as much material on the cassette as possible, pauses are kept to.a minimum, and students should be trained how to pause the master cassette in order to allow sufficient time to respond. Otherwise pauses ean be added to the cassette according to local requirements. Worksheet 2 gives guidance to students on how to use the cassette. ‘Note that apart from the introductory Worksheets 1 and 2, the Worksheets are arranged in alphabetical order for ease of reference and for filing in the resource centre.Glossary subject verb object adverbial noun phrase verb phrase noun phrase prepositional phrase postasive inte proper aun vada vee ‘te adistive —oun_| proposition ‘ace noun Sohn couldn't. find his pet. dog | im the garden. subject verb object adverbial noun phrase ‘verb phrase subordinate clause somite dette te aun | sin a ae conan pene we | + ‘Most of the new guests| had met him before they left. | adjective adverb adverbial article auxiliary verb conditional demonstrative gerund infinitive: a) simple infinitive b) to- infinitive modal noun passive phrasal verb preposition prepositional phrase Pronoun relative clause tense verb dirty, old, blue, wooden slowly, never, happily, sideways in the morning, when she spoke the, a have, be, do, was, did if, unless these, that walking, singing, laughing make, play to do, to work can, would, must girl, chair, wind, love is made, was mended put up, look after at, beside, in front of, by in the green dress, on his head we, myself, who, that who ran away, that works -0es, went, has gone run, find, give ‘The tall girl wore a new dress. ‘They often fly overhead. He found the mouse under the table. The tea has an excellent flavour. She didn’t listen while they were talking. ‘They won't hear unJess you shout. This picture is nicer than that one. Do you enjoy swimming? Tean't play the piano. She wants fo meet you. You may be right. ‘The room has little furniture. ‘My car has been stolen. ‘What have you been getting up to? ‘They arrived at the party in the evening. ‘The lady in the pink suit is sitting in the shade. ‘She's got the one that you want. The person who spoke was angry. Tl go as soon as they have arrived. She smiled at him,Grammatical terms When Is a verb not a verb? Every word in English can be put into a grammatical category, such as noun, verb, preposition, ete, Some words may belong to more than one category, depending on their meaning and how they are used. Examples: She likes ice-cream (verb). He has many likes and dislikes (noun). ‘You must do it like this (preposition), All good learner's dictionaries give the category after the headword, before the definition. Example: Biology noun [U] the scientific study of living things Exercise A Choose one of the grammatical terms from the box to describe each of the underlined words or phrases in the following sentences: adverb of frequency | gerund | phrasal verb | adjective | preposition reflexive pronoun | conjunction | present participle | noun | adjective ‘That bull looks friendly enough. jective Which blue do you prefer, the dark one or the light one? Tve just bought a nice blue scarf. I sometimes wonder why I bother. ‘The cat was hiding under the table. ‘My boyfriend hates dancing. ‘He made himself another cup of tea. We'll all go home as soon as the bell rings. Mary really works hard, 10 Last night I dreamed I was an elephant. 11 She has lovely smiling eyes. 12 T'm going to give up smoking next year. Exercise B ‘The verb in English has a tense. It can also be simple or continuous, active or passive, positive or negative. Describe the following verbs. Example: The house was being painted. ast continuous passive ‘The moon had risen when they left. ‘The food will be divided amongst them. She has been sitting here for over an hour. He cut his finger. She won't have heard yet. ‘What's happening? ‘The lights weren't working at the time. ‘This picture wasn't painted by Picasso. ‘ntesod ajduis 350d g ‘ane axneBou snonuuoa sod 4 taapow snonunuoD “qs josoayd gr ‘oxdmred awosead 1 juosoud 9 ‘onnse aanafou ojduntsyoqiad axmyny @ ‘apenue OF ‘qu9Ape @ ‘uoRAUNTUGD g ‘aanae aydwis 7986. leaf" anonTIUES yoo} qUDsAL sunowosd aapeayed £ ‘punso® 9 ‘uoqodaud g ‘usved aduns aumyny g,‘aange dusts payed ed 1 “Aouanbayo qieape y ‘oanpolpe g ‘unow Z ‘ennefpe TY SuaMSNV Andy and ry Skeets Grama Werk Pteopy Mtr © trata ak Dutt a 296 Al gh radUsing the tapescripts EE I’m sorry, I'll say that again. Some of the Intermediate Worksheets (those marked with 4) have accompanying drills on the cassette. These drills take one of the grammatical points from the Worksheet and give a set of sentenc using it with everyday vocabulary and situations. ‘There are always two examples given of the kind of response expected. These are given at the beginning and then repeated, introducing a bell sound to tell you when to respond. Some of the responses may be quite long and complicated. You may be required to change tenses, or nouns to pronouns, etc. Itis difficult at first to remember what to say and how to say it. To get used to using the drills there are a number of things you can do. 1 Listen to the drill all the way through ~ do not try to answer yourself. 2 Listen to the drill and repeat the answer silently with the speaker. 8 Keep your finger on the pause button of your machine, and stop your machine as soon as you hear the bell, to give yourself time to work out and practise the answer silently before you respond. Then start to speak as soon as you release the pause button. 4 Repeat the correct response again, immediately after hearing it, before the next question. This time, try to concentrate on getting the same intonation in your voice as the speaker. 5 Relax and enjoy the drills. You may find some of them silly or stupid, but all the language practised is useful! 6 Try to make up some more drills using the same grammar point, and check them with your teacher to see if they are correct. Here is part of Exercise 1 from the tape. Before you listen to it, try to complete the sentences: Jane: Tve just met aman. He was wearing a pink wig. Mary: Really! You met a man wearing a pink wig? Jane: Yes, and I met a girl who had a snake round her neck. 1 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I met a film producer. He had a long beard. 2 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I met a dentist. He was wearing a white coat. ‘3 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I met a countess. She was wearing a tiara. 4 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I met a priest. He was carrying a large bible. 5 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I met a rock singer. He had a ring in his nose. 6 Mary: Jane: Yes, and then I woke up! zos0u oy uy But w yy sade yoor BION NOK SIO cata a8sny v Buyeue> word v 9w nog ;Soy_g ZS4BH © BuyZeom ssaqUID © 39m Mog TERE [3809 ATTY eT ISUOD w jou nog A1JOou. cP100q Bu0|w ys ZDoMpoad ww yous oR SON g ZHIWL 20 pls oqeEN eo (HH JUL MOR (ATOM T SUGASNV ody and dco Jets Intrmute Grammar Worst Flay Maer © letra Bok Dar (A 1004 Al gi reT Adjectival phrases BS The man with the bald head To deseribe a noun we can use an adjective (an old woman — see Elementary Worksheet 1), a relative clause (people who are in their eighties — see Elementary Worksheets 31 and 32) or we can use an adjectival phrase, This can be: 1 a preposition plus a noun, usually with an adjective Examples: a dog with a shaggy tail, a news reader with glasses, a doctor in a white coat 2 a present participle plus object or adverbial (active) Examples: a stranger carrying a box, a room smelling of flowers, a plant. growing in the shade 8 a past participle plus agent or adverbial (passive) Examples: a flower worn by the bridegroom, a picture painted by Rembrandt, a giraffe wearing a a bird seen in the spring Sensor. bat, Exercise A Rewrite the pairs of sentences below as one sentence. Examples: The car was taken by the actress, She had a Welsh accent. The car was taken by the actress with a Welsh accent. ‘The notice says the game is cancelled. It is pinned on the board. ‘The notice pinned on the board says the game is cancelled. 1 The treasure has been identified as Roman. It was discovered last week, 2 The children must have seen it. They were playing outside. 3 You'll find it on the table. The table is in the living room. 4 Judith has just shown me a blackbird’s nest. It has six eggs in it. 5 They're looking for a graduate. He or she must have a degree in Sociology. 6 Anew play has just started in London. Arthur Daley wrote it. 7 A soldier was first on the scene. He was wearing full dress uniform. 8 That special sign means this antique is genuine. It is printed on the bottom, 9 A tall, dark girl opened the door. She had shoulder-length hair. 10 The green leather jacket would look rather good on me. It’s on display in the window. Exercise B IB Do Exercise 1 on the cassette. "24 uo pood 4001 nom mopuLA, 24 us So|daqp uo oxo0f sourv9] uaa GL OT “400P ays pauodo stoy yPBUEL-s9prHOUE YN HIB HAND “IIH YG “SUIMUDS st fonbrur s1yy eusau uosiog ayn wo panud uBIS eds You, g “BUISEaMp Ho yxy Sem MUTI SEBUP | BuLzBOM .qPION YL ‘uopuor ut payseis yen! sey A9[ocr IMA Aq UONK Key iu YB “KBo[o1IOG UT DadOp B WES ayENpIT 20} SuryOO] aasouy, @ "yur sia es yn you sppngyperg ¥ aut umoys snl sey yap y woos Buia ayy Uw xqED 9M LOH! PUY TLAOA "i daos aaey emus apinjno Surkeyd uaupiya ay, K “KEMCY Fe pOYHUOPL Ua9q HRY YOM e8] PALBAOONIP amneEaLT AL, TY SUaMSNV ‘niyo rey Sacto Inert rammarWenahewts Phtcnpy Maser ©ntertora ok Dur a 08 Al ghtina f Adjectives: order Be The old grey mare ‘When we use more than one adjective with a noun, there is a general rule for the order in which we use them. This rule says that the more specific or objective the adjective, the closer to the noun. Adjectives expressing opinion (wonderful, horrible) usually come first: | a beautiful black leather handbag a big fat French chef aifierct black German dog ‘We can also use certain guidelines to help us decide how specific an adjective is: Material is closer to the noun than nationality an Egyptian stone statue Nationality is closer than colour: a green Australian lizard Colour is closer than shape: a thin white line Shape is closer than age: an old round table ‘Age is closer than size. a large young elephant Opinion comes first: a magnificent old Chinese vase Exercise A Put the adjectives given in the correct order. Example: a bag (plastie/small/black) small black plastic bag 1 a grapefruit (pink/delicious) 2 a motorbike (Japanese/white/noisy) 8 many buildings (new/concretefhuge) 4 amouth (widerbig) 5 some spiders (African/red/tiny) 6 a meal (Mexican/hot/tasty) 7 a jacket (blue/leather) 8 lots of men (fat/short) 9 a trunk (old/tin/fascinating) 10 some students (young/Italian/nice) Exercise B ‘Now list all the adjectives used in the exercise above into their categories. opinion size age shape colour nationality material small black plastic © Exercise C Do Exercise 2 on the cassette. pee eon osandog Bayete erry ong, soe we on weary pat uno ay, se aewgesy ue anys "1 ple aq fsi0u syassuc —esoundep =u opm sou any snopnp [euayew —Ayyfeuonea — nojos——aduys oe one uomde g ‘quapms ueyeyy Bunod aay owos gy "YUNA UR plo TuRCURSES eG “veer 28 Hoyo so] g “IerDWT soy] ang w Z SYwou! WNDKK 104 Kise B 9 ‘ssapuds EDU pas Kun aWOS g “INOUE see Bg y ‘SBU;pUNG ew1ourD mau any Kuew g ‘oxQuOU avouUdup any AOU D | HiRapoduAd ud NORIO eT SUSMSNV 5 Schon: elt Danmar Worthet Phtopy Master © ltt ak Dubs a 604 Allg eevedAdjectives: position This is something new! A number of adjectives are not usually used in the normal position before a noun, but are only found after the noun and a link verb such as be or fee: Here is a list of the most common ones: afraid / alive / alone / asleep / awake / due / glad / ill / ready / sorry / sure / well Exercise A Choose the correct adjective from the list above to complete these sentences. 1 The money is at the end of the month. Don't forget to send a cheque. I missed the end of the programme because I fell She went to see the doctor because she was feeling Don't be = this won't hurt! We're leaving in five minutes. Are you 2 My sister believes that Elvis Presley didn’t die from drugs and is still ‘You don't look - Don't you think you should see a doctor? love company. Ijust hate to be Tthink I know the answer but I'm not really ___. He was so tired that he could hardly keep during the party. 11 Tm terribly ‘but I cannot accept your invitation, 12 Tm you enjoyed the film. BSoorannen Most adjectives can also come after compounds with some-, no- or any- , as in: somebody/nobody/anybody somewhere/nowhere/anywhere } interesting, new, ete. something/nothing/anything Examples: something wonderful/nobody different/anything interesting/somewhere nice Exercise B Rearrange the following phrases and choose a suitable adjective from the list given to complete these sentences. suspicious / new / alive / exciting / cold / stupid / quiet / strong to help push my car/someone/I'm looking for! anywhere/for your holidays?/Did you go asked if we had noticed/anything/The police officer/last night, ‘would play/such a crazy trickl/Only somebody but it had nothing/It was/in it/the latest sportswear catalogue 0 we can talk/It's too/Let’s go somewhere/noisy in here. to find anyone/They didn’t expect/after the explosion. to drink/something/I could just do with “x81 01 pos Bunrowon ym Op TENE pyned | g -UorsoydeD o4y aaye one euoKue pry o}yeduo yUPIP KOU, 2 "WEY ued a6 co yb auaynousos 08 «7 “azay ut Setoe on 831 9 “IF ue Mat HuOG pey Hn aNROLEIED aM TIN] OGY FEO I, S i9Pu) Azes> © ons kod plnom pide époqatos Slug p "WyslU yey] wnoDIdeNs JunyAsuW paorou puy om jt poysE =>40 soyod au, g gsXepyo sno 30) Junyons asoycur oF WOK pig. g “489 Kuk ysnd dog on Buoays auodtes Jo} Huo] wT He Moopee g ‘onp 1 sromsuy OB gr :Au08 LY ‘oyOMW OF ‘AINE g LaUOTE @ “IO L sone g ‘ApEax g "PIE F ‘Ayan dre Jhon Istria Grammar Workahet Ftc Mater tration uk Dlr 904. Al ight sre! T Adjectives: compound | = | A five-day week i fa gq ~~ ly ee a five-man team carrying a four-hundred-pound box across an eight-foot bridge When we want to describe something precisely, and give its height, weight, length, etc., we often use a compound adjective, with the amount and the unit. The unit is always in the singular, for example: DISTANCE: 2 five-mile walk: TIME: three-hour exam WEIGHT: asix-pound fish ‘NUMBER: a four-man team HEIGHT: a ten-foot wall LENGTH: a six-inch nail Exercise A Rewrite the following sentences using a compound adjective on the model above. Example: He took off on a balloon flight which took six hours. He took off on a six-hour balloon flight, || 1 Mary gave birth to a beautiful baby weighing four kilos. 2 T've just had an interview with the boss which lasted twenty minutes. 3 Acaravan which measures seven metres is suitable for a family of four. 4 The crew, consisting of eight men, was rescued by helicopter. 5 The architect wants to erect a block rising to 150 feet in the centre of the town. 6 The walk, which covers ten kilometres, is one of the most exhausting events. 7 On 11 November every year, people observe a silence lasting two minutes. 8 Because of the lack of orders, the company now works a week of only three days. 9 The bridge was damaged by a juggernaut weighing 38 tonnes. 10 She was wearing a coat worth 600 dollars and a hat which cost 200 dollars. © Exercise B Do Exercise 3 on the cassette. “ye sor ong © neem top onG Bu NM ea aus OT INPUAREN|auUE-g w Aa PoRELNP sea AAPG UL & “youn dep ansin © sso mod feo om ‘sanpu0 Joe] ah Jo BheaNg GUMS aMUTU- aN] Banas opdood oN6 fA quay, 11 00 "tan Snes outa uo stage EIN MIL DN OME MUNDY UE HHL OST ‘onshore beneam gy. sco ponosns stm na ete, boo say wa) ge sees annpssuon geo in atsoyl anusaa © peg anf an QHG PON NENG wo EG ane Ce TY SUaMSNY dy ad dey Saka: nariat reas Worst Pot Matar ftrotn Rok Db Li 604 al ge raaAdjectives and adverbs: comparative and superlative Which shoes are the cheapest? eS Look at the shoes in the shop window and then at these example sentences, ADJECTIVES gp AY 1 COMPARATIVE (Look at Elementary Worksheet 2.) mm One syllable The slippers are (much) cheaper than the boots. ‘Two syllables The slippers are prettier than the trainers. Three syllables The boots are more comfortable than the high-heeled shoes but more expensive. a NOTE Adjectives ending in -ed, -ing, -ful, less or -nt take more/most not -er/-est. Examples: more pleased, the most tiring, more useful, the most distant, ete as ‘The boots are as practical as the trainers, but they are not nearly as expensive, ‘The high-heeled shoes are not as dear as the trainers. 2 SUPERLATIVE The trainers are (by far) the most expensive shoes. ‘The slippers are the least expensive. /the cheapest 3 IRREGULAR good/better/best bad/worse/worst far/farther (further)/farthest (furthest) Example: Tes the worst headache she's ever had. ADVERBS 1 COMPARATIVE ‘You walk more quietly in slippers than in boots. 2 SUPERLATIVE Of all the girls in the group, she danced the most elegantly. 3 IRREGULAR wellbetter/best badly/worsetworst _little/less/least Example: I play tennis better in trainers than boots. 4 LIKE ADJECTIVES late; hard; fast; slow; early Example: Tean run faster in boots than in high-heeled shoes. Exercise A Find and mark the errors in each of the following sentences and correct them. Example: It’s the more boring book I've ever read. most 1 He's not as good-looking than I thought. 2 This year’s rainfall is the heaviest than last year’s. 8. He was a brave man the city had ever seen. 4. The days become more long as the sun moves more high in the siky. 5 ‘The Sunflowers’ is one of the more beautiful painting I have ever seen. 6 [think women work more hardly than men. 7 This competition was not as nearly difficult than the last one. 8 Agassi played much more well than the last time I saw him. Exercise B Do Exereise 4 on the cassette. oy four osow @ ‘S050 Sou smoUSe- y “opreY FipuRKSHOUE 9 ‘UL T ‘SUaMSNV ‘oy an Arey Jacks: Interdit Grapear Workahet Pte Matera ©Ilreatona ok abl a 1904 Al ght seAdverbials: reason The plane was late because of the weather. ADVERBIALS OF REASON can be grouped into: 1 PHRASES These are introduced by words such as: because of +NOUN due to+ NOUN owing to+NOUN thanks to + NOUN NOTES a) Due to is normally found after the verb be. Example: The failure was due to poor maintenance. b) Due to and owing to are more common with things we don't want to happen Thanks to is usually used with things we want to happen. 2 CLAUSES These are introduced by words such as: as+CLAUSE — because +CLAUSE _ since + CLAUSE NOTES a) As and since are more common at the beginning of a sentence. Examples: Since you insist, we will take a vote. As no-one has objected, we will proceed as planned. b) Because does not normally start a sentence unless it is answering a question Why? Examples: Why did you do that? Because I wanted to! Twent home because I was tired. Link the two halves of the sentences below to make the best sense. 1 Robert entered the competition a) thanks to the recent rains. 2 Since you are doing nothing, b) he couldn't join the police force. 3 Owing to lack of ticket sales, ©) because of his criminal record. 4 There is now plenty of water 4) since I've been invited. 5 He was refused a visa ) could you give me a hand? 6 As you are a guest, £) the féte was a great success. 7 Because of his height g) because he hoped to win a car. 8 Due toa signal failure, h) Tinsist on paying. 9 I suppose I shall have to attend i) the trains are running half an hour late. 10 Thanks to all your hard work, 4) the concert has been cancelled. FOr PEXSRLMODSUHTEoeet SUaMSNV ‘Any en eye Invarmaite Grammar Woche Pty Master ternal Pk Debtor i 984 Alig rered| (T] Adverbs of degree: fairly, quite, rather | ome | This is rather too easy for me. ‘This box is rather heavy! 1 The words fairly, quite and rather are used with adjectives or adverbs to indicate a certain degree — more than slightly but not as much as very. 2 They mean almost the same, but fairly and quite suggest a positive idea (fairly /quite good), while rather suggests a negative idea (rather poor, rather too easy). 3 Only rather can be used with comparatives (rather slower, rather more quickly), where the idea can be positive or neg Exercise A ‘Add fairly, quite or rather, indicating the correct place in the following sentences. Example: Um | tired —TI think I'l go to bed. eather ___ 1 Don't worry, we're close to home now. ‘This material is light ~ I think it'l do for the summer. Tthink you've had too much to drink. new Don't you think he’s young for such a senior position? E We must be off - it’s getting late. Have you seen the new play? It’s popular. T'm really pleased with the ear — it’s more economical than the old one. The house is large, so we can all fit in. The house is large, so itl be expensive to heat. 10 ‘The food was good but the floor was dirty. (2) a) by © Exercise B Do Exercise 5 on the cassette. cones (q ‘aybykney (© “Ap ‘904 aooy 42 ang pood 7 Sem poos 24, OF “ayrEL “Hoy. sasUEdxD 2q AF 08"aBue] 7st IsNOY| UL, @ “PHMbyAHES UII je ue9 9m oF “i ¢ st aenoy ay g ‘i0yReA “aUO plo oNn Loy feoHUIOUEDDaxOU 7 89} ~ sto MOU oY DL Pree Seas uy Z ‘aumbAprey “zendod 7 $31 ;4e|d mou otf uo98 nos axe g “aqyEs “e] SupIAH gat gYo-q yen 9M g “OTRO _guonrsod zoras w Yons ay Burk $94 HUI NOK yuo HOYAES “ULI m Yau oo + poy asinag HUN Tg Sousa {BUULiNs 9) 20 op (38 NUN T— WA 7 91 BUEN ST, Z faNb/ATE “MoU aug. o80p F 249M “KOM yO TY SUBASNV yan day Sch arts Cram Wabi a) Marana Hak Dat TA 9 A hi re] 3 Articles: definite/indefinite Is it a god or the god? DEFINITE ARTICLE INDEFINITE ARTICLE 1 Information already known or mentioned 1 New information The man in the car is my father. Aman in a car waved at me this morning. 2 Describing a group of people 2 With professions the rich, the poor, the unemployed She's a doctor and he's a bus driver. 8 Specifying something with a following 3. Expressing frequency phrase twrice a week, £1000 a year, once a day He's the man I love. 4 Expressing ‘only one’ when there are many 4 With unique objects Tit have a sandwich please. the earth, the moon, the stars 5 General statements 5 Specifying a group of people or things ‘A washing machine is essential The modern woman is more independent. ‘Who invented the telephone? 6 With superlatives NO ARTICLE ‘the smallest coin, the most expensive car 7 With musical instruments 1 General statements She plays the piano and the violin. Washing machines are essential. 8 With names of nationalities Modern women are more independent. The French eat a lot of cheese. 2 Abstract ideas 9 With most geographical names (see Beauty is only skin-deep. Elementary Worksheet 9) 3 Days of the week, months, names of shops ‘the Alps, the United States, the Red Sea Monday, April, Harrod’s 10 Names of places with of 4 Names of people: ‘the Bank of England, the Tower of London Charles, Diana, Lovejoy In the following passage, write a, the or (-) as necessary: ()___ ancient Roman god, (2)__ Janus, was (3)_ god who protected (4) beginning of (5)__ things. He guarded (6)__ spring planting of (7)__ wheat, (8) time of leaving on (9)__ journey, and (10)_ entrances, like (11)____ doorways and (12)_ city gates. So that he could be wise, (13)___ Janus had two faces, one to look, backward into (14)___ past and(15)___ other to look. forward into (16), (17)_____ first month of (18)__year is (19), entrance to (20), ‘year just past and ahead to(24) future, new year. It is (21). time when (22). year to come, When our modern people look back at (23) calendar was put together, this first month was named (25), January after (26)_ two-faced Roman god, (27). Janus. ‘Three other months that were named after (28). famous Roman gods and citizens are (29)__ March, (30)___ July and August. ~ 08 = 68 = 8a = ue 9H 98 = 9 "Fe OM ee Be NIE IB > OF 9 BIN SE GL 21 oy OF Joy ST OM BE EL aE TT Or 6 Oe LK Gs Ny NE = gM T ‘SUSMSNV a Grama Warahngs Pty Maar ieratnal Bok Dr La O84 AW ight rdir] 1 f Articles: newspaper headlines MAN BITES DOG. ‘Newspaper headlines often miss out articles to save space. Verbs are often put into the simple present instead of the past (see Intermediate Worksheet 45). Example: QUEEN GIVES PRESENT TO ITALIAN AMBASSADOR (The Queen has given a present to the Italian Ambassador.) ‘When we expand the headline, we use the articles as normal, ‘The definite article is used for unique references, when the reader knows who or what is being referred to, or specific groups. Examples: the Queen, the Moon, the Chinese ‘The indefinite article is used when new information is given Examples: a present, an earthquake, a discovery No article is used for new information which is plural or uncountable Examples: snow, riots, inflation, boredom MAN BITES DOG (Aman has bitten a dog.) (See Intermediate Worksheet 13.) Look at the following collection of headlines and make complete sentences for each one, putting in articles where necessary. 1 VILLAGER CALLS FOR ACTION AT ROAD JUNCTION 2 QUEEN GOES TO CHANNEL ISLES 8 FOOTBALL FAN FALLS OUT OF 125 MPH TRAIN 4 CHANCELLOR OF EXCHEQUER RAISES TAXES HOUSE IS BLASTED AS COUPLE SLEEPS 6 MINISTER IS GUEST AT OPENING OF NEW SUPERMARKET BOREDOM MAKES JOBLESS TURN TO CRIME 8 FLOODS ARE EXPECTED ON EAST COAST AS MOON APPROACHES EARTH 9 MAN GETS SECOND LIFE SENTENCE 10 LABOUR PARTY ATTACKS GOVERNMENT POLICY ON SCHOOLS ‘sjooyos uo Kod yuouuxaR08 (94) (PORDERW SEY) SHOEI ANA INOqeT YZ OT “sOUN}UOS ag puooos » (8 soy) 08 uous Vg "yazEa ays eaypeaidde woot: 2y) $v 3sEeD Ye00 2y9 UO PO;odD Oxe spooi g “BUILD OY vam ssoqgof ays sayeus wopaiog 1 “yaysBULLAdAs mod 2 yo Buruoda ay) ye sand (se) sf IOSTUTUE ¥ g (Ada) Sdod}sa|dnoD v xe patseya (sea) stasnow y 9 “sexy (pases sey) sosver zonboymre 97 soreouEYD ayy y “UE Yds eT 950 700 UD] SOHN 5H) THe TeGIOGS YG "ATE UL 277 0 (OLDS sey S208 UDoNg ayy, % “wOH}oUN! peor De UONDe 0p (pote> sum) ¥|\e98FE IE YL SUaMSNV, Andy a Ate Jekn: Interdit raear Worahets Phy Matera Hak Dott Li 1, Al ii rads] 5 Articles: with geographical names Around the world in 8 days Intermediate Worksheet 13 deals with the general rules for the use of articles. There are also specific rules for their use with geographical names. With the Without the RIVERS the River Danube/the Danube CONTINENTS Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia SEAS the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea COUNTRIES Italy, Brazil, Germany OCEANS the Atlantic Oceamthe Atlantic STATES California, Ontario, Bavaria CANALS: the Suez Canal, the Panama Canal COUNTIES Yorkshire, Kent, Fife CHANNELS the English Channel crTles BAYS the Bay of Biscay, the Bay of Bengal TOWNS GULFS the Gulf of Mexico VILLAGES —Sawston, Gretna Green STRAITS the Straits of Hormuz STREETS Oxford Street, 5th Avenue MOUNTAIN GROUPS the Alps, the Rocky Mountains MOUNTAINS Mount Everest, Kilimanjaro ISLAND GROUPS, the British Isles, the West Indies ISLANDS —_Bali, Jersey, Majorea DESERTS the Sahara Desertthe Sahara LAKES: Lake Victoria, Lake Michigan UNIONS the United States, the United Kingdom PLURAL PLACE NAMES the Netherlands, the Tropics REGIONS the Antarctic, the Costa Brava Read the following holiday advertisement, putting in the when necessary, or leaving blank. AROUND THE WORLD IN 8 DAYS WITH RUNWAY TOURS We start our exciting tour in (1)___ London, (2)_ capital city of (3)_ England. Then we fly over (4)___ English Channel to (5)__ France where we can admire the magnificent view of (6)____Alps before landing in (7)____ Geneva for our first night. From (8)___ Switzerland we fy south to (9)_ Mediterranean Sea, (10)__ Suez Canal and (11)__ Red Sea, before heading east over (12) __Saudi Arabia and the rest of (13)__ Middle East. Our second night is spent in (14)____exotie Madras, where you will taste a real curry! Then over (15)___ Bay of Bengal to (16)___ Thailand where (17)___ Bangkok, on (18)__ Gulf of Siam, awaits all those who like shopping! On the fourth day we fly south over (19)___ Malaysia and spend a romantic night on (20)____ Bali Island. (21)____ Timor Sea separates us from (22)__ Australia, where we spend our fifth day, gazing down on (23)___ Great, Sandy Desert and (24)_ magnificent Macdonnell Ranges ‘as we cross over to (25)_ Great Barrier Reef on the east coast, and then south to (26)__ Sydney and (27)___ Canberra. The sixth day takes us across (28)__ Tasman Sea to (29)__ New Zealand, and then over (30)__ Pacific Ocean to the great continent of (31)_ North America. The exciting city of (32)___ San Francisco is where we spend our seventh and penultimate night. Finally it’s off to (83)___ majestic Rocky Mountains and over (34)__ Great Plains to (35)__ Lake Erie and (86)___ Lake Ontario in (37)_ Canada where our last night will be spent in (38), fascinating Quebec, on (39)_ St Lawrence River. Don't delay — book today to see (40)_ rivers, seas and mountains of our wonderful earth! ‘ut oF Sn 6E ‘= aE 46 se ‘oq ve ‘oun se '~ ae Te ‘om OF ~ 6x ‘Om Sz 2a 96 om 9a > Fa om ex ' Be UL TE OF oq) T= 21 = 91H er = HEM eT = SEO TT OH OF NE =~ 8 LMG = SH PE OM GT SUaNSNV ‘Aol an Bae Shonen Grammar Weck Pcp Marr © Inara ook Dare i B64 Allright[I] ] 6 Nouns: countable and uncountable Quiet wafers run deep. All English nouns can be categorised as either countable or uncountable. Some can be classified as both, although they change their meaning slightly, depending on which category they are being used in. ‘Most English learning dictionaries indicate which category by placing [C}, [U] or [C/U] after the headword. COUNTABLE nouns ean be counted. They can be either singular or plural. Examples: @ flower /six flowers, a bird |ten birds, a theory/a thousand theories A few nouns are only found in the plural, or with a plural verb. Examples: clothes, belongings, goods, remains, people, police, cattle Aagirl wearing jeans drinking milk ‘Some nouns are always plural, and must be used with the phrase a pair of to describe one. Examples: trousers, jeans, shorts, dungarees, braces, pants, tights, glasses, scissors UNCOUNTABLE nouns never use the article a(n) or a plural. They use some or a unit noun such asa bit Of... piece of... cup of... @ loaf of... ete Examples: a piece of news, a loaf of bread, some milk, some cheese Some nouns are usually uncountable, but can have a countable form which means ‘one unit or specific example of...” Examples: ike chocolate. Would you like a chocolate? Cheese is made from milk. Camembert is a French cheese. ‘The present was wrapped in paper. The Times is a right-wing paper. Delete the wrong alternative in the following sentences. In the column on the right mark if the noun is. countable (C), uncountable (U) or always plural (PL) in this context. Category Example: Ihave e-good-news/some good news for you. u ‘She was wearing a tight blue jean/tight blue jeans. Thave just bought a new furniture/some new furniture. Do you like it? ‘Would you like a wine/some wine? I have just opened this bottle. Ineed an information/some information about my examinations. 1 2 3 4 5 He always eats a bread/bread with his soup. 6 He was wearing a silk pyjama/silk pyjamas when they arrived 7 She has made good progress/good progresses in her studies, 8 I'm really thirsty. I'd like another beer/beer. 9 Let me give you some advice/an advice: don't make him angry. 10 I've got some pairv/a pain in my stomach. That food was bad. (9) We w7eed ouoe 01 (9) sompeAso;pE aN @ (9) soqjoaq Zo_IONE g Hq) emrOAON pooeroidONd ool 1 id) sere sewed gt 9 (q) PeaNPeNAe = A) HORNER MING OREN “iq) oun suosjaeere gq) sumuuny mou stiosaunaany-moere (4) sue ony WawoF one SUASNV ‘yen Ady Sakon IntermetteGramiar Worabat Poop Maar Iran ak Diba 04 AI igh seed| ] 7 Prepositional phrases |: at, by, for Will she be at home for a while? Is this for sale? Thate travelling by bus. Here is a list of common prepositional phrases. AT at atime at first at home at thebeginning at once at times at last at work cat the end at least at lunch at intervals at school cat the moment at all costs at dinner at speed at university dat present at war at night at rest at sea cat the weekend at peace BY by bus by mistake by yourself by heart by car by chance by all means. by name by air by accident by degrees by sight FOR for sale for example for ever for a change for bire for instance for a while for the first time Choose the best phrases from the boxes above to complete these sentences, I didn't like him Serene ewe 10 Tknow him I came round to see you last night but you weren't She learnt the whole poem for the examination, We are leaving the area, so our house is up - Charles is doing a degree in French and Drama this year. but after a while I grew very fond of him. I'm tired of cooking. Let's go out for dinner ‘This letter is for you. It was given to me Tnever want to leave you! I will love you _ It was very crowded ~ there must have been 11 Bats sleep during the day and only come out to feed 12 I'm sorry I can't help you. You'll have to do it. 50 people at the party. but I'can never remember his name, grosmot sq zr Sydu we Ty tude 44 OF S99 38 6 540205 g FoyersTEL Ag 4 ‘oBaOYP Wan} g HEAY IW g LAOTUN-Ie y FUR Op g ‘4BOY Me Z ‘OWOYT T ‘SHMSNY ‘Andy an sre Jet Intrmeite Grammar Workahet Photo Mat Iteration ak Dibra 194 Al ie endPrepositional phrases II: in, on, out of He's out of town on business. in hospital at the moment. He's on a diet, | Here is a list of common prepositional phrases. | IN in theory in hospital in town in a hurry in future in practice in bed inthe country in my opinion in conelusion in fact in trouble in public in abad mood in particular in detail in danger in private in any case in part ON on the lefUright ‘on my own. on fire on purpose on a tripfjourney ona diet on duty on sale | on holiday ‘on oceasions on business on loan OUT OF ‘out of control out of money out of work ‘out of date out of breath out of order out of practice out of the question out of reach. Choose the best phrases from the above boxes to complete these sentences. Weill have to use the stairs — the lift is I can't stop to talk just now, I'm afraid I'm 1 2 His idea is great__ but it will never work. 3 It’s well protected. There’s a guard __ all the time. 4 Most school children are __ during the month of August. 5 We must warn them immediately. They are __ ; 6 Doyou like my new trousers? They were at half price, 7 Many foreigners find it strange to drive — in England. 8 9 He's been running so hard, he can't talk — he’ 10 Their marriage is breaking up, although they always appear the ideal couple 11 Nearly three million people are ______________with no income. 12 He said it was an accident, but I was sure he had done it asodind uo gr 0M Joyo TH ‘uGNd WH OT ‘ypeouq jo3n0 @ ‘Ausny e ul g yo| ous UO 4 ‘oes UO g UBHUKP.UI @ :kepHOY Uo y =IH ONAN sey T SUaMSNV ‘oye Adee Jaton: Ietermeite Grammar Wrst Pht Matar © ltratal as Datars Lad 964 Alghero| [I] 2 0 Prepositions and link words: with gerunds Please pay before leaving. PREPOSITIONS are normally followed by nouns. Example: Monkeys live in trees. ‘The gerund (the -ing form of the verb) is a noun formed from the verb. We can use this form after prepositions. Example: I'm not very keen on living in trees, LINK WORDS such as after, when, while join two sentences to make one. If the subject is the same, we can often reduce one of the sentences by using the gerund Example: He often whistles while he is working, + He often whistles while working. ‘You shouldn't use the phone while driving. Choose a suitable preposition or link word from the list in the box and complete the sentences using the verb given at the end of each one. without / when / since / after / by / in spite of / after / instead of / for 1 It’s dangerous to swim immediately =i (cat) 2 You should save some of your money all of it (spend) 8 Low ceiling. Mind your head your seat. (eave) 4 This knob here is, the volume. (change) 5 She never went skiing again her leg. (break) 6 He's very rude. He just left the party good-bye to the hoste: (cay) 7 She didn't get the job a high mark in all the tests. (eet) 8 They've travelled a great deal r (retire) 9 Mary found the answer = the word in an encyclopedia, ook up) edn Buryo0] Sq g Suunax sous g “Bus soande ut 4 Buiter oyun 9 Fupreauqszye ¢ Busuoxp 29) F Suysws, uoyK g ‘Furpuods,o poowsur g Sunvos0ye 1 SUIMSNYil Prepositions of time: at, in, on, from... to, by It happened at8 o'clock in the morning on Monday. It happened at 8 o'clock in the morning on Monday. mind.) at last (after a long wait: At last the bus is here — we've been waiting for ages!) at the beginning/at the end (with something which has a beginning and an end: At the beginning of the month I get lots of bills. At the end of the month I get my salary.) at the time (at that moment: Teouldn’t phone you as I hadn't got your number at the time.) aT IN oN at four oelock {in April (months) ‘on Saturday (days) at the weekend in 1994 (years) ‘on 20th June (dates) at night in spring (seasons) ‘on holiday at Christmas in time (before itis too late) | on time (at the appointed time) td dirgé (in contract witha in the morning (times of the change later: At first [liked | day) him but then I changed ind 8" | in the end (after difficulties or FROM... TO effort: J took my driving test 5 times, but passed in the end.) in a month (after a period of time: 1 be going home in a month.) from May to July (a period of time) BY by 5 o'clock (within a certain time limit: [Ml finish this by 5 o'clock.) Put the correct prepositions into each space. 1 I'm watching TV — Fl phone you back. 2 We're going holiday three weeks’ time, 8 So there you are last! Can't you ever be_ time? 4 first, I intended to stay the whole time, but. 5 Shouldn't you have finished this now? — T've got to leave 9.30, the end of the programme. the end I decided to leave before the end. noon at the latest. 6 Saturday morning I'm going to work 9.00 11.80. 7 We usually stay at home 8 I've never been to Greece May. Christmas, but go out: ‘New Year's Eve. spring before —I didn’t realise it would be as warm as this, 9 I didn't understand what he meant the time, but it became clear the end. 10 the time we got there we were just time for dinner. TaeAg OT SON g fUNUL g LUO 2 YOY MO~UO 9 SAq~AG @ tUFMaY y LUO" g SEF~UD g EWE ‘SUIMSNV, Anya Andre Sack Ita Gani Worksheet Pop Masters Ineetion] Book Dios Lid 104 A rights eared.2 2? Pronouns: one | prefer the black ones ‘The pronoun one/ones is used very often instead of repeating the noun. One can be used on its own. Example: Yve got one. or with an article + adjective. Example: want a green one. Give him the old one. Ones always follows a noun modifier (article, adjective, ete.). Example: Which ones would you like? Twant big ones. ‘Would you like one?” We use some instead of ones on its own. “Yes please, I've never had these ones before!” Example: Tve got some. Exercise A Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with one or ones and a suitable article where appropriate. 1 A: There are three pairs of shoes here - which __are yours? B: ______with the mud on them. 2 A: I'm having a cup of tea. Do you faney__? B: No thanks, I've just had 8 A: How many fish did you catch? B: Onlyacouple of small__. But__ that got away was enormous! 4A: Iwant a pair of jeans. How much are over there? B: ____in the eorner? A: No, _____ in the window. 5 A: Ineed some new gloves ~ thick _ that will keep my hands warm, B: What happened to ‘you bought last year? Exercise B ‘What do the following statements refer to? Example: You need one to go abroad. Apassport 1 You must have one to drive a ear legally. 2 Ifyou haven't got one, you are unemployed. 8 You need one to shoot an arrow. 4 You wear one to keep your neck warm. 5 You may find a Picasso or a dinosaur in one. 6 You wear woolly ones to keep your feet warm Exercise C Do Exercise 6 on the cassette. ryo0s 9 ‘umacnass g {ose & ‘owe oyysouD g ‘oun aYeOUO LOUD OND “moqe g ‘Qa! © g ‘sau09H BULA eT ‘up oqyeouo g ‘eunjeuo g ‘s0u0 Bu0u0 TY SUaMSNY ‘Aedyen Ane Jake etre Grammar Werahnts Pty Mrs © lntaratra Hk Db a 986 Al igh rere[I] 2 3 Punctuation: apostrophes | can‘t and | won't, so that's it! ‘The apostrophe (’) has two uses in Eng] 1 To indicate that one or more letters are missing: ) from verb phrases to indicate how they are pronounced in informal language. Examples: can’t (cannot), won't (will not), that’s (that is), I'd (I would /1 had), it’s (it s/t has), ete. In writing, this is normally only used for informal language, such as personal letters. ) from a single word, which has a popular short form. Examples: "fu (from influenza), “phone (telephone) (These are now less common.) 2 To indicate the possessive: a) before the -8 for singular words. Examples: Mary's book, the fish’s tail, the man’s job, one’s duty, nobody's fault NOTE that words ending in y do not change: (the lady’s handbag). It is also placed before the -s where a word has a special plural form. Examples: the people’s champion, the women’s movement b) after the -s for plural words. Examples: the boys’ jobs, the ladies’ committee, the birds? nests Tt may also be placed after the -s in words that already end with s. Examples: Jesus’ disciples, the Jones? new car. In these cases the ‘missing s is usually still pronounced (Jesus's, the Jones's). Exercise A Insert apostrophes in the correct places in the following sentences. 1 Annes mothers dogs won a prize at the show. 2 ‘The womens team are going to Paris in a weeks time. Well see them there. 3 Wed better stop — theyve realised what were doing, 4 Whats the noise? Its the car thats lost its silencer. '5 The Davis house isnt one of the biggest ones. Exercise B Write out the sentences without contractions. Example: I'm pleased we've found the girls’ shoes. Lam pleased we have found. the girls’ shoes. 1 Td rather you'd given it to the children’s home. 2 He's going to show us the pictures he’s taken. 8 One's got to help ones friends, even if one’s in trouble oneself. 4 They won't agree because they can't allow exceptions to the rules they've made. 5 You'd better go. If he'd had any sense, he'd have left too. “001 hey pinion 24 ‘seuas Aue pey pey ay st 0H soH9 peY NOR g "apo any Aoyg sajna ao ‘oo 3898349 otf Jo 2uD Aust omnoy stABCE Bus, suopdaoxe mous zou Kaxp veTw9q 99480 30K [Im KUL F -zeouns #9 390 $3019 1 oN: Say Zasou aun IEUAA “jsouo a}gnann sfuyop agua pastes aa fomp — do s0H04 ‘a5 ouo 3 uano spurs s9u0 64 0} 308 884 240 xo 0m 995 TL, e "usye) sey ay saumpid ayy sm Nous oy TucH sof] g “SUN SYSaM W UF siNg oy Su aL WEE} |UDMION au, 1 "mous a 2 aud v uoM sBop saoinow sauuy 1 SUaMSNY ‘oy = Haupyey> og 8 UH poy Ok soy PINON | ‘Avy on Ano din Items Grams Wvksorts Psy Masarr nero Bask Dats a 184 Al gh credT 2 f Punctuation: commas If, however, you agree, I'll do it. ‘There are no clear rules for the use of the comma in English. The safest way is to use a comma if it helps to make the meaning of the sentence clearer. In general terms, it is wise to use a comma: 1 whenever the normal order of the sentence (subject->verb—robject/adverbial,ete.) is disturbed as, for example, when a sentence starts with a long adverbial or a clause, Examples: ADVERBIALCLAUSE | COMMA SUBJECT ‘VERB (OBJECTADVERBIAL, ETC. (On most days of the week , Sebastian ‘goes fishing. With the utmost caution : she edged out {into the main road. Ifyou don’t stop laughing ; 1 won't help. -you to lay the table. ‘As soon as the rain clears A we can set off for home again. Nevertheless FI the director | has decided to dismiss him. 2 where there is a list of similar parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, ete). Examples: Ive got to get eggs, bread, potatoes and a bottle of sherry. He stood up, smiled, raised her hand to his lips and kissed it. Tes an ugly, green, hairy thing. 3 with a non-defining clause (see Intermediate Worksheet 26). Example: The new editor, who used to work in advertising, has adopted a fresh policy. 4 to mark an interjection, Example: ‘The chief reporter, on the other hand, has no intention of changing his style. ‘The commas in these cases, as in most others, indicate a pause or a change in intonation. Add commas to the following sentences as necessary. 1 Visconti the film producer made strange avant-garde films in black and white. 2 As soon as she arrives you must I insist apologise to her. 3 Sue David and Allan all decided to share. Sam however insisted on a separate room which was typical of him. 4 Had she known she would not have given in in any case. 5 Mary the victim must never find out if you see what I mean. 6 The winger cut in side-stepped the defender glanced quickly up and shot straight past the keeper who had no chance of saving 7 What it was was no concern of theirs as they had unknown to him already come off duty. 8 I could do with a long cool drink to refresh me after a really difficult dangerous and dirty job. ‘of utp pur snoseSuep sop Kywos w aye ot ysa¥as 9 AUD foo 'Suoy © MAL OP PINEDT ‘Kp Jo auo> Xpoadte "un oy usrourqun “pay Kou} ee SONY JO WI99U0D OU EA HU TEAL ‘0 _ agumyp ou pee ous sodaoy oxy 20d ye roys pe dn Ayoqnb paouN( sapunpp a peddays-opss us 39 IAB OU, g "upou | 784 99s na jt ]N0 puy saAsU ISMN "UIA Buy “CIE ‘eo Aue ut‘ uaa 3Aby 70 nom aK UROL SE PEEL E & z 1 Pad lal Sad Sad SnlSnlSSad)Sal)sal)Sl)l)) d) ) ) YY TT uy J oid seme yoru "woos pes0ds w uo poyteuysaxomoy ‘uiUg aIByE oy PIpHEP [Te WILY PUY PILd "ng =: 01 aeiZojode su) | “EMU MOK ‘sonLLN ays SE ODS SY ‘nym pire pera usury apsed-queae“oue2s opeur‘s2ompord way 3x9 "9UODETA, SUTMSNY ‘yan Auden Jenn Intrmedite Grammar Wovahate Pht our © ltaatnal hk Dub a 04 Al ig re i y2 5 Quantifiers here's little tea but lots of coffee. ‘When we don't know or are not interested in how much or how many, we use some. (There are some people outside.) We can be more specific by using another quantifier, as in the following table. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS COUNTABLE NOUNS Thave no no I don’t have any bread any apples Thave little cheese few books Thave alittle information afew cars Thave some money ‘some enemies Have you any space any problems Thave a lot offlots of time a lot oflots of thoughts I don't have much many NOTES 1 No is used with both countable and uncountable nouns with a positive verb. Any is used with a negative verb. Examples: Ihave no energy = I haven't got any energy. There are no eggs = There aren't any eggs. 2 any is used with questions. Example: Did you bring any water? 8 little and few are negative ideas, a little and a few are positive. Examples: Uhave little time, so 1 must hurry. Ihave a little time, so I can stay for a while. Thave few problems, so I am quite happy. Ihave a few problems, so I am rather worried. 4 much and many are normally used with a negative verb (or the question How...) in informal language. They are found with a positive verb in formal language, We normally use @ lot of lots of in positive statements. Examples: She doesn't need much encouragement. She has lots of courage. Fill in the gaps in the following dialogue with appropriate quantifiers from the table above. "We need (1) ‘more milk, There isn't (2) loft in the fridge.’ ‘You're right. In fact we'll probably need (3)___ milk this morning, because ‘you said you'd invited (4) friends around for coffee this morning.” ‘Yes, but only (5)__colleagues from the office.” 6) _? How (7)__ exactly” “Well, seven, actually. That's not (8) init? ‘But that means I'll have to buy (9)__sugar and biscuits as well. I haven't done (10) shopping this week. I've been rather busy and had very (11) time’ “Haven't we got (12) biscuits in the cupboard” ‘No. There were (13) left last night but I ate them before I went to bed.” ‘Don't worry — we won't need (14) biscuits. All my friends are on diets. One packet will be enough.’ ‘Just as well. I didn't get to the bank yesterday, and I've got (15) cash on me at all.” ‘That's unlike you ~ you usually have (16) money in your pocket.’ ‘uiosgo roygo 91 © 9 fou gt Maou Fy ‘sas vouoe eT ‘Mow gr ‘opm TH ‘ue oT ‘9uDs g :KuEM g :KuoU 1 MY 9 2HaJe g ‘OWES F YOSIOYOrO{y g LUE g ‘WOE T SUaMSNV Any an Aue Jack otras Grammar Werk Photos Mars ©Intereatinal ook Datars id 1 Allee reed| 2 6 Relative clauses: defining versus non-defining Shakespeare, who died in 1616, wrote many plays. RELATIVE CLAUSES tell us more about the noun they deseribe, and can be divided into two categories, defining, and non-defining. DEFINING NON-DEFINING Defining clauses identify the noun. Non-defining clauses give supplementary information. Speak to the man who is standing by the door. Speak to my father, who is standing by the door. Defining clauses are not separated by commas. Non-defining clauses are separated by commas. ‘The man who was elected knew nothing about the job. | ‘The Prime Minister, who was elected in 1992, has been in power for three years. Defining clauses may omit the relative abject pronoun, | Non-defining clauses always use the relative pronoun ‘The man (that) you want is by the door. ‘The pronoun that is never used for non-defining clauses, Gandhi, who you've read about, was a pacifist. OR Gandhi, about whom you have read. was 8 pacifist. Exercise A DEFINING CLAUSES. Join the following pairs of sentences as in the example, omitting the relative where possible. Example: The book has been borrowed by someone else. You wanted it. ‘The book you wanted has been borrowed by someone else. 1 Tean't find the prints. ‘This customer ordered them. 2 Have you seen the film? Everyone is talking about it 3 The trip sounds wonderful. ‘Your aunt has just been on it 4 That young boy stole a pen He has just left the shop. 5 The pen was very valuable. He stole it. 6 Where's the umbrella? ‘You brought it with you Exercise B NON-DEFINING CLAUSES. Join the following pairs of sentences, as in the example. Use a suitable relative. Example: David is going to talk about careers. I'm sure you all know him. David, who(m) Tim sure you all know, is going to talk about careers, 1 My sister is studying geology. She finds it fascinating. 2 Van Gogh cut off his ear. He was a well-known painter. 3 Togo is a former French colony. tis in West Africa. 4 Sheila is a TV producer. Tve just met her. 5 The treaty has been signed by the president. He took power in a coup last year. sana eo do » wt somo oon oa “apes oy 6 pou og wey Ava a, not yn ayfoang nos eeaqun op NaN 9 Sampaud jy 8st yu ant a4] (ANU IOUS ‘anyon anu sem soe oy vod ou, oj Young saute) Ws ory oy,” ——-uod voy dogs ain yo en omy 4m fon uN FHL 9} ¥ SOY oq UIST ‘DOL, G —“RYLOpUOM spunos Uo URBAN sey UNE OK dN OL nou; 9m ws oY BOD UAE ‘nog Sure st uacauo wy ayy woes nox ane ueuden)spuy a8 you Bop BUUMSS SE AT ‘pop swore sy eed oth Uy LOT TY ‘SURASNY27 Relative clauses: whose The man whose car was stolen ‘We use whose to join two sentences together (in place of his, her, ~s, ete.) to talk about possession. We do not need to repeat his or her or add the. Examples: ‘The singer gave a wonderful performance. Her voice had improved. —+ The singer, whose (the? voice had improved, gave a wonderful performance. ‘We normally use whose for people only. We have no equivalent word for animals or things, and use a prepositional phrase instead. ‘The player whose leg was broken is outside. ‘The dog with the broken leg is outside, ‘The table with the broken leg is outside. Combine the following pairs of sentences, using whose or a suitable prepositional phrase. Example: ‘The students’ forms have been lost. They will have to pay again. ‘The students whose forms have been lost will have to pay again. 1 Who lives in that house? Ithas a white door. 2 We visited a patient. His eyesight had been restored by the surgeon. 8 The girls should go to the main office. ‘Their names begin with the letters A-K. 4 The countries will not be helped. Their debts are very large. 5 The people will be compensated. ‘Their houses were damaged by the bomb. 6 The shops will make a big profit. ‘Their turnover is the largest. 7 The players’ shirts were dirty. They got changed at half-time. 8 Everyone should go on strike. ‘Their job is threatened. 9 The car was involved in an accident. Its roof was white. 10 The guard was punished. His prisoner escaped. poystund sex podeseo 1ouosud osow pees a4, OF SuopI9e we wt poAjonur Soa Joos IY yA HA 200 3, G “oy wo oF plnoys pouewwonin st Gof wsouN ouOKION g ‘ur plugs 1o8 sans Cup UREA arom Synys soy S1O40F4 OU, syjoud3iq aware sanousm ysaBle] an THIN SdOuS UL, 9 “porwsudinos 09 rus quuog ayn Aq paeurep arom sornoy oso aod ac, podn 99 304[ sagep KH] Hs SOLFENOD oH, ogo urea oxy 0 pinogs ¥-¥ suanay g ya uidoq sour oye SU ouL g ‘wootuns ous &q Dsoyses e909 py vdheose ssgn quoRNM w PORTA ay oop ays ws omnOY YN ENON OAT SUSMSNVTen men are said to have been killed. We use the passive with a reporting verb when we are not completely sure of the facts (particularly in news broadcasts). The ¢o- infinitive following the passive can be in a number of forms, as in the table iT] 28 Reported speech: passive forms BS below. SUBJECT REPORTING VERB TO- INFINITIVE ‘The president said to be very pleased. The discovery claimed to cure baldness. ‘The team is/are reported to be resting at the hotel. A teenager thought to have won the competition, Some kangaroos rumoured to have been spotted in France. Exercise A Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the modal (may/might /could, etc.) with the reporting verb given in brackets. Example: A ion may have escaped from the zoo. (report) A lion is reported to have escaped from the 200. 1 The buildings could have been constructed by the Egyptians. (say) 2 Ten men may have reached the summit of Everest today. (claim) 3 The team could be training at high altitude, or so people think. (think) 4 The government may be on the point of resigning, (report) 5 The opposition might be planning a coup, (rumour) 6 The earthquake may have caused little damage. (say) 7 The police may have fabricated the evidence. (allege) 8 The laboratory may be working on a new cure for migraine, (think) 9 The new car could be the safest on the road. (claim) 10 The princess might have spent over £10,000 on that coat. (rumour) Exercise B a Do Exercise 7 on the cassette, 800304 ‘dnoo v Suruuoyd 9q oy parnouins s| woniseddo oq, 9 ‘wo 0o'0T 4940 suode anny o: pasnouns st se20uE OU, OF “DuyudIsos Jo TUN ays UO 9q or Prsodas > OULD’ Om, F “poor oy uo sayes oy} oq &% POME|D SI ze Mou aL g — "OPMANTEYBIY AUTEN aq oy yFNOMN arg EN YL ‘urea 29) oper ysan0091 amo mat wo Bunyaom aq 0 aufnoIp st FaesOge| AHL, Jp yuruns amy poypeas ansy oy paurep axe vom voy, & ‘souopiae atp payeauy anoy oy poe aw aed IY, suena ‘Bourep a7 pasnes oxvy m pros st ayenbuuNe ayy 9 ay Aa poronunsuod uaog ancy my pros xv empHING qT SUIMSNY, Andy an audrey estan Inert GromnarWorahs Piya trata Bask Dabo Li 986 Al igh2 9 Reported speech: questions He asked me where fish get their money from. 1 When reporting questions, the word order changes to that ofa statement, and the question mark is omitted. Example: Where are you going? She asked me where I was going. Yes/No questions are reported using if or whether. Example: Isit raining? She asked if it was raining, 2 The general rule is that if the speaking verb, for example, ask, is in the past tense, the verbs which follow are in the past tense (see Elementary Worksheet 66). However, if the reported words are a general truth, the tense may remain in the present. Example; Where are you going? She asked me where I was going. Where do kangaroos live? She asked where kangaroos live. SILLY JOKES Harry, a comedian, is asking his audience some silly questions which are in Box A. The silly answers are in Box B. Report the questions in Box C, and give a suitable answer from Box B in the column on the right. be BOXA 1 Where do fish get their money from? 6 Is February the only month that has 28 days? 2 Is May the shortest month? 7 What does a nervous cow give? 3 What's green and always points north? 8 Where do little green men come from? 4 Which side of a chicken has most feathers? 9 What has two noses, four legs, four arms and 5 Why did the bald-headed man put his head two heads? out of the window? 10 Do teachers ever have trouble with their eyes? BOXB a) The outside. ) For some fresh hair. ©) Yes, it only has 3 letters. 4) Two people. ©) Milk shakes. £) A magnetic cucumber. g) The river bank. h) Little green parents. i) No, they all do. 3) Only when they ean’t control their pupils. BOXC Answers 1 Harry asked 2 Harry asked 3 Harry asked 4 Harry asked 5 Harry asked 6 Harry asked 7 Harry asked 8 Harry asked 9 Harry asked 10 Harry asked ‘dnd sau oxyo 3.089 Kau vay KUO. (E soto army ya aqqnon peyasey 2249 sire 3 payee Aue OT ‘jdood om, (> —_speayans pu ssw sna" sna “samou Os Base HUM OEE GAEL g “syuasod uaa aren] (4 " wou} oure3owea uous uoedd aa age pease ACH SOEGS IN (9 “nud}soni8 aco enowou w ey PERRY AAU Z op 8 Sony ON (4 ‘ep ot petyrny stp uous Stun yy seas Arenugag Payee LEH 8 ayo ya ous 20g (@ ‘mopar 9 32 mo peay sy ynd eur Popeot:- Prego AU PeyeE ALI ‘aptsio ou, (2 sequmono aeu0ry suo] EY 50 HK (2 -uyjuow Hogs oma FN yung sons uy oly vou jo 2a08 yay aso pase ane SUaMSNV ‘Andy and seo: nari GramnutWasesPetatpy Masters © ntarainlHok Dir Ld 169, Algh rtred[I] 3 0 Reported speech: reporting verbs He asked her fo marry him, = aed af Set fof foe] Qo ak] amet | ome They | explained they | would go. Well somelmect |" ss BUT He suggested that I should go. OR He suggested going. (if the subject is included in the verb) Exercise A Report the following statements, using the verbs given. ‘You must pay me what you owe me,’ Tony said to me. 1 Tony told 2 Tony ordered 8 Tony urged ‘Tt looks a good job. Why don’t you apply for it?” Vanessa said to Ben. 4 Vanessa suggested _ 5 Vanessa advised 6 Vanessa recommended —__ 7 Vanessa tried to persuade ‘Yes, of course Ill write to you,’ Kerry said to Jessica. 8 Kerry assured — 9 Kerry told 10 Kerry promised ‘Your appointments are written in the diary,’ the secretary said to the new manager. 11 The secretary explained 12 The secretary pointed out © Exercise B ‘Do Exercise 8 on the cassette. ~ squaunurodde sry you 2stueu sou amp 0} 30 poy’ oq 1 nn plnom age EEA PIER AUN —G ‘Semasnos a, 7Aierp sh Ut YomM asa eyuouTUIedde soy oy ata no aye Tomy wesauRA pasnewe KUO g Suadeueta aau oy) erp 300 pojuiod Sreyas39s ous, BT ‘got ox 1 Aide on Wag apsnsiod porn weSOUEA sjuaunuiedde sty “got omy 0) Ade oy wag pepuowrieaas w2sore, 9 wy sous mou ain 03 poUtoyd> "got at 9 Aide oh og pasiape wssourA @ -Asmpinos ou, /Si0%p sy ut UAE axon equoUIedde got oxy 05 idle pnoys wag yerp paises essoueA y saadeuou wou oy; aoxp pouroydxa Areai008 94, TT “ay pono sek Wy kod op awa oN LUO, 39410) aH prnow ays PHN WISI ‘uy posto yoy uny Aad oy aw pasopuo uo, % estoud Asaayreoiseop 0 agin cy pasitsd faz93¢ OL "ay posto f aes ny Sod au por UOT ‘SUTMSNV ne Grrmar Wrst Phy Mares Inertial Bonk Duties a 198 A igheered3 ] Subordinate clauses: time | = | I'll help you as soon as I've finished this exercise. The following conjunctions of time are followed by the present tense (simple or perfect) when referring to future time: a8 soon a8 the moment Til ring you after once they arrive when 1 get home. she’s gone. before we've had dinner. Tell be dark by the time he’s left. Well phone when we get there. Twon't say anything until We use the present perfect tense rather than the present simple to stress that the action is completed, For example, when he has arrived suggests a slightly later time than when he arrives. Exercise A Put the verbs in brackets into the present, present perfect or future tense. 1 You can go home as soon as the bell ring). 2 We (not start) the meal until John (get) home. 3 ___ you please __ (tidy) your room before you (go) to school? 4 AfterI_____(finish) this gardening,1__(go to have) a cold beer. 5 I promise I___ (help) you when I (do) my work. 6 Once we___ (know) the results, we. (decide) what to do. 7 Don't worry, he (phone) the moment he (get) there. 8 By the time I (be) fifty, T (be) rich and famous! 9 you (Go) to see a show when you (be) in London? 10 1___ (not be able) to come until I (finish) thia work. 11 Your mother (start) to complain as soon as she (arrive). 12 The teacher (not give) us the answers until we (complete) the exercise. Exercise B Do Exercise 9 on the cassette. “porojdiacs axcyeaqdimen ‘on yuom gy ‘pant soysaanuze “my ‘povray axnuystay 21q@ 0q 40m OT !aI0"08 "MEAL @ [04 TIA WIP HOR SEYPIAM KONE Thm L “9PEND [UN AOU g ‘UO ‘a6y jay em “any oy Sunol ure paysrey axeuyysTay p ‘o8 “KpA™ TEM BOF seYRAE es yuOM g ‘Buna seysHu T ‘SUaLMSNV ‘Ady en Andry Jane Intermediate Gramiar orb Photcpy Mtr © Inna ask Debts id 1984 Alpha sere2 Time expressions: since, for, in, ago We've been married since 1973. PRESENT PERFECT since/ for ‘We've been married since 1973, (a point in time) ‘We've been married for 20 years. (a period of time from the past to the present) PAST SIMPLE in/ago/for We got married in 1973. (a point in time) We got married 20 years ago. (a point in time measured from the present) We lived in Africa for seven years. (a period of time that ended in the past) Using since, for, in and ago, write sentences from the prompts below. Example: I meetithe Prime Minister/two years. Lmet the Prime Minister two years ago. 1 Phyllis and Les/get married/25 years. 2 John/be a carpenter/30 years/until he retire. 3 Vanessa/work at the hospital/18 months now. 4 a) The ‘Model T” Ford/be introduced/1909. b) The ‘Model T’ Ford/be produced continuously/18 years. 5 a) Camille Pissarro/die/1903. b) Hellive/73 years, ©) His paintings/be popular/over 100 years. 4) They/inerease in value/his death. e) The French Impressionists/first get together/more than 100 years, “of s1¥96 oor uous uot soypodey 309 yay asruowssaady yUaAy UL (9 “vp IY 20u INH UF PawEAIDN Ae AOL su896 09T 4940 oj s5[ndod uo8q oany sBuryUREd SHE (2 “sro Gy 20} PONE HT (@ ‘OST WE perp ausessig aINUIRD ( —g ‘eo gt an Snonurace poonposd som PuPd JL T9POR, L(G ‘606t pasnposnst se Plog LPO, OL (& so sag TORE ET 2 GSO OMT TEBUIOR van sey eSNCA. § asa oy [pun 1806 og 20} juno Wem UNO ‘Be sik og pouseu oS $7] uv sd SUAMSNV ‘ody an dry Jacke: nerd rama Verbs Paes Mars © letra Hook Dats La 584 Alig ard= (I) 3 3 Time expressions: still, yet, already eS Haven't you Ral ee Are you still working? Haven't you finished yet? Are you still working? STILL indicates a state which is continuing. Examples: 1 still love him. till don’t know where he lives. (not always follows stilt) YET indicates something anticipated but which may not have happened ~ it is therefore used with the present perfect tense (but never with a positive statement). Examples: Uhaven't met him yet. Have you seen the film yet? ALREADY indicates something which has or had happened before the expected time — it is therefore used with the present perfect or past perfect tense (but never with a negative statement). Example: Do you want to come to the show? No thanks, I've already been, Exercise A Fill the gaps in the following dialogues with still, yet or already. In the restaurant: Waiter: I'm sorry, sir, but your order isn’t ready (1) -Do you (2) want the same thing? George: Yes - you've (3) asked us that, What about my cocktail? Haven't you got it (4) 2 Waiter: Oh, I'm terribly sorry, sir. The wine waiter is (5) serving in the other bar. Tve (6) spoken to him but he hasn’t come in here (7) George: This really isn’t good enough! I've (8) complained to the manager once this week, and he @) hasn't done anything about it. He told me last time that he had (10) threatened to sack that wine waiter, but he obviously hasn't done it (11) On the phone: George: Mr Smith! I'm glad you're (12) in the office. I thought you might (13) have left. Smith: No such luck. I haven't finished all my paperwork (14) Tm (5) ‘weeks behind, and it (16) keeps piling up. George: Oh dear. I just want to check if you have sent my order (17) es) hasn't arrived, and you did si Smith: Ihave, Ihave. If it (20) last week that you had (19) posted it. hasn't turned up by tomorrow, give me a ring. Exercise B Do Exercise 10 on the cassette, “Us og “ApoouTe @T “INS BT SAK ZT ‘IIS OT :Apwase gt 49K HT sApeaue gC ‘HE BEAK TE pease OT “INS @ MAPERNE G IAK 2 “ApEBIIE g “INE g OK F “ApEONTE g TMS ZAK T SUaIMSNY ‘Ay ondAoeo Sun: treats Grunas WerkartsPotaspy Masters © Inertial Bak Dre 104 Al ih rere[1] 3 f Verbs: conditionals | and II If he applies, he ‘ll get the job. We normally use conditional I (f+ present + future) when the outcome is likely, and conditional IT (If + past + would) when the outcome is unlikely. Look at this advertisement for a job. Conditional I Conditional IT (likely) TRAVEL COURIER (unlikely) Reqd by Local Tourist Company BILL Qualification: Degree in Mod Langs. MIKE, rz ‘Age: 18-25, Applicants must enjoy meeting people and be willing to travel widely Salary: £9,000pa plus bonuses ‘Age 22 ‘Age 26 Degree in French and Spanish Degree in History enjoys travel enjoys travel sociable sociable present salary £9,200 present salary £6,000 If Bill applies, hell probably get the job. If Mike applied, he probably wouldn't get the job. If Bill applies for it, hell ask for more money. If Mike were younger, he would apply for the job. If Bill doesn’t get more money, he won't ‘Mike isn't desperate for the job, so he won't accept the job. apply for it. Uniess Bill gets more money, he won't ‘Mike wouldn't apply for the job unless he accept the job. were (was) desperate. NOTE Unless is similar to If not. Other people saw the advertisement and were interested in the job. Complete the sentences using conditional I or Il Sally: ‘Td love the job, but I'm married, s0 I won't apply.” 1 If Sally (not be) married, she (apply) for the job. Tim: ‘Thave a house in London. I don’t want to leave it, so I'm not very keen.’ 2 If Tim _ (get) the job, he (have to) leave his house. 3 Ithe (not have) a house in London, he (be) quite interested in the job. Liz: ‘It looks great — I wonder how long the holidays are? I must ask.’ 4 If the holidays (be) long enough, Liz (apply) for the job. Sam: ‘Twill only take a job with a good pension scheme.” 5 Sam ___(not be) interested unless there _ (be) a pension scheme. Maggie: ‘My degree’s in Chinese. i don’t think they'l be interested in me.” 6 If Magaie’s degree (not be) in Chinese, she (send) in an application. Mark: ‘The salary isn't as much as I get now so I'm not prepared to leave my present job.” 1 He_ (not leave) his present job unless they (offer) him more money. 8 Ifthe salary (be) better, the job (appeal) to many more people. dod aso ura «9 yondte pynom cof ony son (acd #00 Kees NT. ‘ouout of ay 20 edo i 217 “yous Bu azo akepHOU AIT sou uy safe Aon saqun got quod sy 9027 ,200 91 of gw posto woneoqdde we ut use cxmnb ag pynom 94 ‘wopury w ano © seDy ZUBIP OMIT mon 949 “sour wt ao {uso 98uB9p $3I8HEK ITB ‘snot sty ax8o| 02 anny pron ay ‘ao ot 18 KL FTE ‘usage Uosusd ws} ay ssaqum passes a9 juor Weg Q goto) soo ppnos ays poraiea (,uaam) yu SOS ITT SUaMSNV Andy aod Ane actos: treats Grama WsaP Mat tera ack Daas id 1994 Al ight eee(T] 3 5 Verbs: conditional Ill Ej | would have called if you had told me. ‘When we use if to talk about the past (the impossible conditional), we must use had in the if clause, and would, should, could or might + have in the main clause. Examples: The bomb might have exploded if you had trodden on it. We could have saved a lot of time if we had gone by train. ‘The flood would not have happened if they had strengthened the defences. ‘We can start the sentence with If: In this case, we should separate the if clause from the main clause by a comma. Example: If the concert had started on time, we might have missed the beginning. Id braked, we would have crashed! Exercise A Join each clause in A to a suitable clause in B. A B 1 Ifit hadn't snowed this week, ) most of the cattle would have died 2 He might have been arrested b) if Thad realised thet they would raise taxes. 3 If the drought had continued, ©) we couldn't have gone skiing 4 IfJohn had won the competition, 4) the company might not have collapsed. 5 Lwouldn’t have voted for this party @) he would have been the local champion. 6 Ifhe had invested more wisely, 1) if the police had been more alert. Exercise B Complete the following sentences with the verb given in a suitable form, as in the example. Example: She (not marry) him if she had known about his past. ‘She wouldn't have married him if she had known about his past. 1 The team could have won the cup if they (practise) a bit harder. 2 Ifhe had gone to university, he (apply) for this position. 3 The mosque might have been destroyed if the fire brigade (not arrive) in time. 4 If Shakespeare had been born in France, (he write) Romeo and Juliet in French? 5 Ifyou (buy) some cheese, I could have made that recipe for dinner. © Exercise C Do Exercise 11 on the cassette. 1wgioog pey @ ‘uarum aney ay pinom > :paauue you poy g pardde aney aystuypinaapiaom g Sposnoesd pey TAL peagerweye sty ‘SUAMSNV Andy and Aue aca Itrmeinte Grin Wve Pry Marrs nero! Bk Dts Ll 196 Al ghee,Look at the difference between these two sentences. It's time to get up. | (You always get up at this time.) It’s time you got up is like the second conditional. If you got up now, it would be a good idea. (past) (conditional) Look at the difference between these two sentences. I would rather go to the disco than the opera. (You prefer to do something else.) I'd rather you didn’t smoke is like the second conditional. If you didn't smoke I would prefer it. (past) (conditional) NOTE Td rather =I would rather. It’s time you got up! Verbs: conditional (It’s time/I’d rather) al ities youaor © ] Qe Y | (It’s much later than you normally get up.) Twould rather you didn't smoke. (You prefer somebody else to do something) Rewrite the sentences below starting with the phrase given and making any other necessary changes. 1 It’s late ~ shall we go home? It’s time 2 Tdon't want him to come now ~ tomorrow would be better. Td rather 8 T've got tooth-ache and I haven't been to the dentist for ages. It’s time 4 Instead of having it repaired, why don’t you give me a new one? Td rather 5 Your hair's getting too long, isn’t it? Its time 6 Tdon't want you to pay me tomorrow —I need the money now. Td rather 7 It's no good complaining that you never win. You don't know the rules! Its time 8 You'll never succeed if you don't do any work. It's time “yuo ous pyp nos own 831 ‘oye otp poureoyurutejdwn poddoys nox ou af “wou Aauous 943 9 BABU ped NOK ZOKE PL ya srey 2006 yo8}an9 are ey NOK au SH "suo nau 8 aut ane noc soqpe2 PIF EHHOP OM} OOH INST “MoMOWy UES 2 JIE PI ‘og jum 9m a9 RATT SUaMSNV ‘Any cn Arey Sak Intrmeite Gree Worahet Photo Mater iterating Bk Ditters a 164A ee vere3 7 Verbs: conditional revision | would if | could. Review of Conditional Tenses @ GENERAL TRUTH If'it rains in England, no-one is surprised. 1 LIKELY SITUATION Ifit rains in England tomorrow, some people will use an umbrella. I UNLIKELY SITUATION _If'it rained more often in Africa, there would be more food. Il PAST IMPOSSIBLE Ifit had rained more in Africa last year, there would have been more food. II PAST/PRESENT Ifit had rained more in Africa last year, there would be more IMPOSSIBLE food for the people today. Put the verbs in the appropriate forms to complete the dialogue. Mike: Twas sure the shop would have been open yesterday. Joan: But jewellers aren't allowed to open on a Sunday. Mike: Well, I think the law should be changed. All shops should be allowed to open on Sundays if they @ (want) to so that we can do our shopping. Joan: But you always play golf on a Sunday! You (2) (not go) shopping even if they (3)__e) open. ‘Mike: Ah, but if the jewellers (4) (be) open yesterday 1(5) (buy) you your birthday present. I didn't have time on Saturday. Joan: Huhl If you (6) Get) up a bit earlier, you (7) (not miss) the bus, and then you (8) (have) more time. ‘Mike: But you know I need a lie-in on Saturdays! If (9) (not get) enough sleep, I (10)__ (become) very bad-tempered. Joan: Well anyway, if all the shops (11) (open) on Sundays, the assistants (12) (have to) work much longer hours, and they (13) (not like) that very much Mike: Yes, but what about the unemployed? There are lots of people who (14)___ (work) on Sundays if they (15) (be offered) the chance. Joan: But I don’t think the stores (16) (create) new jobs unless they (17) (have to). Anyway, Sunday is supposed to be a day of rest. Mike: But Sundays can be so boring, and you know if people (18) ___(be) bored they as). (turn) to crime. There (20) (be) a lot less crime if more people (21) ___ (have) jobs. So you reckon that opening more shops on Sundays (22), (reduce) the crime rate? Definitely. And if (23)__(go) to the supermarket next Sunday, you (24) (come) with me? Mike: Not unless it (25) (rain), Tve got a golf match arranged against my boss, and if I (26) (not play), 1(27) (be) unemployed! ‘qo 2g ‘Sed yuop gg ‘sures gz ‘mm Ve ‘08 gg ‘sOnpEL PlnoM zz ‘PEN TE ‘94 PION OF "IM |r !Az" BT ‘OTPEY LT ‘awa phon QT ‘pos2yo aon gr 30M proaM FE ‘ay AUPIMOM EI ‘Oh ancy plHom GI ‘pauedo TT ‘uO. OF “aH LLP G ‘oy ancy pines g ‘pore axcy yUPINOM zo poy g Aynog ancy pynom g ‘uEq PUY y SOLON B Lo UPIHOM g ‘UUM T SUaMSNV Any en Adee Jak Intra Grammar Werabata Pht Mater © trata ask Debts i 100, Al gh nerd3 8 Verbs: forget, remember, stop, try + -ing or to Let's try doing it this way. ‘These verbs ean be followed by a gerund (doing) or an infinitive (to do) according to the meaning. Tl never forget eating spaghetti for the tirst time, Don't forget to feed the cat. (earlier action) (new action) & ES\2 & Do you remember going to your first party? I must remember to drive on the left. (earlier action) (new action) Stop fighting! ‘They stopped (driving) to admire the view. fend an action) (new action) & \ 2 = we Mes af ‘Try holding your breath. Te tried to lose weight but I can't! (do something to solve a problem) (attempt to do something difficult) Complete the following dialogue, putting the verbs in brackets into the gerund or infinitive. Elma: You won't forget (1) (post) the gas bill this time, will you Walter? We don’t want tobe eut off. Walter: No, this time I won't stop (2) (watk) for any reason. Yesterday I only stopped @ (help) a young man with his old car. He'd been trying (4) et) it started for ages . He'd already tried (5) (turn) the starting handle but that didn’t help. Then another man and I tried (6) (push) it for him. It. was downhill, so it was easy, but it still wouldn't start. Do you remember (7) (push) our old Ford when it wouldn't start? Elma: Only too well. Ill never forget (8) (show) it to my parents when we bought it. ‘They were horrified! They tried (9) (persuade) us to buy a better one but we wouldn't listen, Ah well, you're only young once! Anyway, here's the gas bill. You will remember (10) (post) it, won't you dear? ‘jod os of ‘apensiod on g Suimogs g Hurysnd 2 SRurgend g uswam g Boy p idjoy oy g uryTEM g Sod oy T ‘SUaMSNV Ay nA acne Grammar Werks Pots Maser © naruto Bek rts Ld 104 Al gh ere3 9 Verbs: from adjectives | = | It’s too long - we must shorten it. Could we shorten this? I think we need to loosen this! é i Many adjectives have corresponding verbs, formed by adding -en to them. However, this is not always possible (the ones that don't work are marked *** below), and sometimes the verb is formed from the noun rather than the adjective. Look at the following table and note the verbs in bold which do not follow the standard pattern. short shorten | tight tighten bright brighten | narrow *** white whiten | long lengthen | thick thicken | shallow *** —} dark darken | strong _— strengthen | black blacken | thin thin wide widen | deep deepen loose loosen | weak weaken Exercise A ‘The above adjectives and verbs form pairs of opposites. Complete the table below, pairing each adjective with the opposite verb. (If there is no appropriate verb, write X.) short lengthen | tight bright narrow white long thiek shallow dark strong black thin wide deep loose weak Exercise B Now respond to the statements below, using the model given. Example: This canal is much too narrow. Yes, welll have to widen it. __ 1 I think the background is far too dark. 2 These bridges are dangerously weak. _ 8 The export controls are much too tight. 4 The fish pond is rather shallow. = 5 The examination is very short. 6 Don't you think this soup is rather thin? 7 The programme is much too long. © Exercise C Do Exercise 12 on the cassette. 7 UORIOYS o} ancy |L9M SOK, 3 UoyONT oy aay [Lam ‘SOK “ay wax 8u9j 0} aney |L9M “SOK "4 uada9p o} ane [Lam SOK ‘up u2800] 03 ane [19m “62K wou wo4ySuas¥ 0} O40 [LOM "OK 3 uanyug oy ancy [2m 22K uoipBuanspon sunyBry scoot ‘xAd29p “Kop fap NA TURTUNAEIG fuovOMsuONS ‘uorysuqrTEP odoapKoqys “URN swoOgEuO] uHBMLATATY A. 1 fumpiaymoures rosea tuMsoo[ ANB "uOEOLAOYS y ‘SUAMSNV ‘Andy and Aude nea Iomedine Grama Wakes Poop Manes Inertial Bok Disb 1 94 Al igh vseA 0 Verbs: future continuous ej She ‘ll be coming round the mountain when she comes. We use the fixture continuous (will be +ing) for a period of time in the future when we refer to the middle of an action, just as we ean use the present continuous to refer to the middle of a present action. Examples: At 11.30 tomorrow I'l be playing golf. (I plan to start at 9.30 and finish at 12.30.) Tean't answer the phone ~I'm having a bath! (I am in the water now.) Exercise A Answer the following questions by making a sentence from the words below, using the future continuous or present continuous. Example: Shall I phone you at half past seven? have No, I'll be having my dinner then. have / study / not give / write / live / visit / celebrate / play / look for / attend 1 Is Dr Brown in his office? No. Tmatfraid conference 2 Where will you be at 11 o'clock? my hair eut 3 Why can't Sampras give the demonstration match next week? Becauss at Wimbledon 4 Why can't you come for a drink? Because for anexam. 5 What's so special about the 15th? my 0th Dirty, 6 Where will Phyllis and Les be this time next year? in Hong Kong. 7 How about a game of squash at four o'clock tomorrow? No, later, I reports until at least five, 8 Is the Queen at home in Buckingham Palace at the moment? Nc Canada. 9 Has the Minister got a sore throat? Yes. I'm afraid _a.speech, 10 Will you still be at university next year? No, a job. Exercise B Do Exercise 13 on the cassette. of a0) Suy00; LEON OF “apap oe £0 SRG OGL sounds © fuss oq vom 94 presgew'=9R Chere tej Rayos eh ome, p ‘peso BURN EHS ON woporquiyy we uxked sa) Bade og Lo osm “ony 00 aun suiodau SUR 9g LESION 1 so Se NY TLL oy 20H wy FO 9qTAOKL, 9 souasoyuo © Huypusnye fay prae WALON TV. SUaMSNY. ody and Ase Jaton Intermedia Grammar overs Pvp Mars © Intemational Bonk Date L164 Al ghar a(T] A] Verbs: fufure perfect | = | We'll have finished by the time they get here. We use the future perfect tense to talk about actions that have started or are completed before a particular point in the future. We look back on the action from that point. Example: The bus is due to leave at ten o'clock. Charles expects to get to the bus station at 10.80, so the ‘bus will have left by the time he gets there, ‘We can also use a future perfect continuous tense, where the action is likely to continue into the future. Example: We have been working since three o'clock. In half an hour it will be five o'clock Then we will have been working for two hours. Exercise A Choose the best verb from the list given and put it in the future perfect tense (simple or continuous) in the sentence. (Warning - two of them are negative!) clean up / get / live / rise / make / vote / reach / build / cook / treat 1 By the time the polls close, how many people____ inthis eleetion, do you think? 2 On 11 October, the Pattersons here for ter years, 3 The company claims that it_____ 500 houses by the end of the decade. 4 Between now and Christmas the doctor at least 500 patients. 5 Scientists claim that the sealevel___—__————s_—S__three centimetres before the year 2000. 6 It’s no good phoning before eight. I back by then. 7 The climbers the summit until sunset, 8 ‘your aunt: dinner by the time we arrive? 9 Don't worry — we all the mess by the time my parents ‘come home. 10. Its the firm's anniversary next week. They furniture for 50 years. © Exercise B Do Exercise 14 on the cassette. “Bupqwar woeq axey [THs OF “dm poursaps ean TH. g "PEHOED Ary MEA g “PEARL AARY OU TT Z “aH eAPy NOM 9 ‘wor aney io § "Pave aney THO FIG Ome [Ko g pany NEY fm) BuIA wAEG ane TEM Z “ParOA AREY TK TY. ‘SUAAMSNV Ay and Audie cantare Grammar WrhahtePozopy Mawes © otra Hock Dr i 109 Al ig reeT f 2? Verbs: future review What will the weather be like tomorrow? In English there is no one special tense to talk about the future. The tense we use depends on the situation, Look at the following summary of some of the different. forms used to talk about the future. PLANS/INTENTIONS She's going to have a party at the weekend. (going to + verb) ARRANGEMENTS Yim meeting John at 8.30 outside the cinema. (present continuous) TIMETABLES/PROGRAMMES The train leaves at 9.45am. (present simple) PREDICTION Unemployment will increase next month. _ (future simple) QUICK DECISIONS TU have soup please. (fature simple) PROMISES/OFFERS Yes, of course I! pay you back tomorrow. (future simple) SUGGESTIONS ‘Shall we go to the cinema? (future simple) NOTE For the future continuous and future perfect tenses see Worksheets 40 and 41. Exercise A Complete the following dialogues with a suitable form of the verb given on the right. Say which type of future it is. 1 ‘Yes, madam? ‘I the blue sweater please.” (have) 2 ‘What about going out this evening?’ ‘No, 1 my hair! (wash) 3 “These cakes are really good, aren't they?’ you another one” (have) 4 ‘You lost the address last time.’ ‘Well I it this time. (not lose) 5 ‘Tl miss you while you're away.” ‘I to you every day.” (write) 6 ‘Why are you hurrying” ‘My favourite programme. halfan hour.’ (start) 7 ‘Let's go away for the weekend.’ ‘But your mother on Saturday!" (come) 8 ‘It’s Tom's birthday tomorrow.’ I him a cake” (make) 9 “We've got no money.’ ‘What time the bank 7 (open) 10 a)‘ we ‘to the building society and ask about a mortgage” @o) b) ‘don't know. Do you think the interest rates again?” (go up) Exercise B Decide which of the following sentences have the correct uses of the future tense, and correct those which are incorrect. Put a tick (¥) if you think it is correct. Example: When isthe film ending? When does the fil 1 I think she is marrying him in the end. 2 The train is going to arrive at 9.30pm. 8 No, I'm not going to forget to post the letter. 4 What time does the concert start? 5 Have you forgotten you have lunch with Mr Hill at 12.30pm? 6 I don't think it will rain tomorrow. 7 By the time we get there, there won't be anything left. 8 9 T'm having a cup of tea, please. ‘Where will you have your hair cut? {(wonaipoat do on (guoH>9p) a¥ om THUS (© OT no ay ano Suan nak ausjoumy Buy wok arm ase, 6 {foqqeam) wade meq ot 6p 6 oneal ono 4098 9664 TL 8 ‘ayo oye LEYS a ‘qqusaesenase) S09 8 2 28 ecmmeitord) 8 @ {yn Saye ate no wane NOK ane, Yond) onan tf TA ¥ ——vouanyerwoud) aso on Buy ou wo 30m TF ood oy 398305 yu0m "ON 99 FINED ING > “anyo) 2864 908 Ih “ude 38 sau ue UL {unjdquowatuesi) yawn oy AOA UNOM Wg poo agg uy Laem ln SUS TENT Ta “cuoeep) Suey LL TY SHAMSNY ‘ody an Andrey Jaen letras Orr Workers Psy Matera @ neat! Bak Ds Ld 104 Al ihe rendVerbs: get I've got to getready. ‘The verb get is probably one of the most overused verbs in English, Students at school are sometimes adyised to avoid it, But foreign students of English should be able to use it. Here are some of its many uses. get receive/buy/obtain (general meaning) Tee got Thave (possess) (mainly British English — in popular spoken language the have partis often dropped) Te got to Tmust Gn popular spoken language this often becomes I gotta) _get + past participle become! washed, dressed, married, divorced, do the action to yourself ‘drunk, tired, los, illed, etc.) get + adjective become (ready, angry, rich, ete.) ‘get something done have something done (get your hair cut, get the car repaired) ‘get someone fo do something persuade someone to do something (You'll never get me to.eat snails!) ‘get someone down depress (phrasal verb type ID) (See Units 53 to 66.) ‘get through to someone make someone understand (phrasal verb type 1) ‘get on with something continue (phrasal verb type TV) ‘get back return (phrasal verb type 1) get over recover from (phrasal verb type ID {get round someone {nfluencelpersuade (phrasal verb type 11) get out Teave/eacape (phrasal verb type 1) ‘get something/body out help someone eseapeltake out (phrasal verb type ITT) Replace the underlined verb phrases in the following text with a suitable form of get from the list above. I must tell you what happened to me last week. I was off work; (1) Lhad @ “flu but (2) Lwas recovering from it, although (3) it had been depressingme. (2) ‘My husband had arranged to (4) have the house painted without tellingme (3) anything about it. (6) Lhad just dressed myself and (6) was preparing togo (4) downstairs when I looked through the window and (7) Lreceived a real @ surprise. A man had placed a ladder against the wall and (8) was taking @ ‘equipment out of a van and putting it in our garden. I told him to(9) leave, (8) but he laughed at me and said (10) he had to continue his work. (11) | (9) became angry and started to shout at him but (12) Leouldn't make him a understand. I went indoors and rang my husband’s office, but they said he (a2) ‘was out (13) having his hair cut. The secretary told me not (14) tobecome {13 upset, and that (15) she would ask him ta phone later. (a4) Tastayed inside for the next two hours, watching the man (16) continuing his (15) work until my husband finally called. He apologised and explained. By the (16) time (17) he returned, (18) Lhad recovered from the shock and forgave him, (17) especially as (19) he had bough: me a big bunch of lowers on the way home. (1) He knows how (20) to influence me! aor, ‘au punas 88 04 gg ‘ou 708 pay oy GT "080 10H peN| | BT ‘9>ER Yo oy L1 Siu0m ary qi uo SumnOH T “ouoyd on ny aH prnom ays gt 28M 8 pr fio sTEy sy FUE BE UIY oy yON a8 yupleo> y gL “Aaluw 18 | Ty “yw vo 7A oy pey ay OF "IM9 72H g ‘sno quawdmba Bua Sea g 0B] 2 ‘APeas Tumas ‘Sw 9 ‘possoup 12 inf pul |g “powuted asnoy ay} 1a ‘unop ow Surad 99g pee iano Suna# om | g [08 pT SHAMSNV ‘Ay ond Are aan trad Grammar WaraorsPtazpy Masters © lateral Bok Dart LA 6A ight reVerbs: infinitive phrases after question words | don’t know what fo do! Where the subject of thie second verb is the same as the first verb, we can use fo + infinitive. Compare Ihave no idea who to speak to. with Ihave no idea who you should speak to. Exercise A Complete the following sentences with an appropriate question word (who, what, where, when, ete.) asin the example. Example: John was wondering __how __ to get to work. 1 The judge eouldn’t decide dog to choose. 2 Treally don't know to say. 8 She's not sure to go for her holidays ~ Portugal or Blackpool. 4 Tm lost—can you remember ‘to get there? 5 Ive forgotten ‘to call him — was it Thursday or Friday? 6 My daughter is learning to drive. 7 The messenger wants to know to give this letter to. 8 My son has decided to study at university. We can also use an infinitive after certain reporting verbs (see Unit 30), where the verb has an object. ‘This object is the subject of the infinitive. Example: The boss told me where to go. Exercise B ‘Change the following sentences into reported speech, using a fo + infinitive phrase. Example: ‘You should stay in bed for a while, give up smoking and stop taking pills.” ‘The doctor advised me what todo, 1 ‘Turn left, take the second right, and then follow the signs’ ‘The traffic warden showed him where 2 ‘No fat, milk or bread ~ only vegetable: ‘The dietician told me what 8 ‘You'll need a clean shirt, a jacket and a tie for the interview. ‘My supervisor advised me how 4 ‘Should I say it's John’s fault or Mary's?” Jimmy asked his classmate who 5 ‘You must get out of the water by five, ind fruit for a week.” ‘The pool attendant told the swimmers when Tey @ Loy L Imoy g "UHR g ‘no 128. @ iaunjg od y ‘esespO g stem BORO TE saoy F JOY B 4EuK BOA TV ‘SUSAMSNV ‘Ay and Aud cn ltrmedinta Graar Wakao Poterary Masters eternal Bok Dats Ld 108 A he eared ryt naaia A 5 Verbs: in newspaper headlines MAN LANDS ON MARS? ‘To keep newspaper headlines short, articles (see Worksheet 14) are often left out and verbs are simplified or omitted. ‘The verb to be is sometimes left out. Examples: PRIME MINISTER ANGRY WITH UNION (The Prime Minister is angry with the Unions.) SEA LEVEL RISING (The sea level is rising.) ‘The present simple tense is used for past actions. If no time reference is given, the complete sentence uses the present perfect tense. Example: ACCIDENT KILLS 52 (An accident has killed 52 people.) ‘The infinitive is used for the future, Example: POPE TO VISIT US (The Pope is going to visit the United States.) ‘The past participle is used in place of full passive forms. Example: 52 KILLED IN ACCIDENT (52 people have deen killed in an accident.) ‘Make complete sentences for each of the following newspaper headlines, putting in articles where necessary and changing the “ense of the verb where necessary. 1 LATEST PEACE TALKS END IN STALE-MATE, 2 FAMILY OF FOUR DIES IN HOUSE FIRE. 3 GENERAL SINTA REPLACED IN MILITARY COUP 4 BUCHANAN TO LEAD PEACE MISSION 5 DRAMATIC CHANGE IN FOREIGN POLICY ANNOUNCED BY FOREIGN SECRETARY 6 POP STAR IN POLICE CUSTODY 7 DRUGS FOUND IN BABY’S PRAM 8 NURSES UNHAPPY WITH HOSPITAL CUTS 9 NUMBER OF JOBLESS INCREASING 10 MINERS TO STRIKE OVER LATEST PAY OFFER -repsoog wtisog omy 5 ‘oy Sod soe] oxy J0s0 925 oF Hun ase sioUrE aK, OF pedunoK veeq Hy Aoxod UBasn UF auEND InP YG fusesaut st soyoC30 Jaquml OL, G | “UolsT awed (ow py oy BuIa# oF WEEE (AN) sno qendsoy an uae Addy ae soe doo Ayn w ut poodasusog oy eS OOD wei oq wut panos uoay one sStup ows Z "iy onto wu orp aay J} Jo) VE pons oq ute doy ‘vues ut popuo ay eye seed asye] Ou, SUaMSNY ‘ody and Astro JahenIntrmete Grammar Worth Pheopy Matas © Inertial ook Dsus Lid 194A igh sere[I] f 6 Verbs: modals of obligation and advice eS You should be more careful. Imust do my homework. Thave no choice. (often suggests obligation felt by the speaker) Thave to pay the fine. Thave no choiee. (often suggests obligation imposed by others) Tve got to go to school. Thave no choice. (usually more informal) Ishould respect my parents. Itis a good thing, but depends on me. Loughe to work hard. Itis a good thing, but depends on me. Tid better do what the doctor says. It is a good thing. (normally used for specific rather than general ideas) I shouldn't smoke. It is a bad thing, but depends on me, Tmustn’t steal Thave no choice. ve got to finish all these before the boss gets back! Exercise A Rewrite the following sentences using a suitable modal, as in the example. Example: You/write to your aunt to thank her for the present. (a good thing) ‘You should write to your aunt to thank her for the present. 1 We/make too much noise in case we wake the baby. (no choice) 2 Dr James can't come to the party, He/work all night, (no choiee — external ebligation) 3 D/fillin these forms. (no choice - internal obligation) 4 Youlreport the thet to the police, (good idea ~ specific) 5 The people who paid too much/complain to the manager. (a good thing) 6 Shelstay in bed for a week. (no choice — informal) 7 The boy with the bad back/lift such heavy weights. (a bad thing) 8 Weltake an umbrella in case it rains (good idea - specific) 9 You/get a visa to visit Tibet. (no choice ~ external obligation) 10 That player/practise a lot more. (a good thing) Exercise B gq Do Bxercise 15 on the cassette. aspoend 04 awinopinowr sade yey OF “AF oF eum NOK g SFL Jong PM g SUH AHEM SPINONS Kon ou, BAO O28 ROHS @ ‘ureydaos oy yBnoynONs aod a, ¢ Hoda son09 NOK F ‘UE IY IGT SALOMON SEY FE & Cage AMEN TY ‘SUaASNY Aso Sehnert Gras Wakes Pop Matas nteratin| Bak Diners L196 Al ihrerA 7 Verbs: modals of past probability Se You must have been a beautiful baby. ‘When we know that something happened in the past, we use a normal past tense. (He did it, I saw them, etc.) If we are not completely sure, we use a modal (must, may, might, could + have). The choice of modal depends on the degree of certainty, as in the following table. PROBABILITY VERB EXAMPLE 100% past simple ‘She knew. almost certain must have We must have arrived. quite likely may have Epa He may have missed the train. 50% (possible) could have participle | She could have forgotten. possible but unlikely might have We might have made a mistake highly unlikely can't couldn't have You can’t have lost it 0% past simple negative He didn’t know. Exercise A ‘The following sentences are about an escaped criminal. Rewrite them using a modal from the above table, as in the example. Example: It is almost certain that he left before breakfast. He must have left before breakfast. 1 Itis highly unlikely that he carried the gold by himself. 2 It seems quite likely that he had an accomplice. 3 He has almost cortainly been spotted by the police by now. 4 It is possible but unlikely that he headed towards London. 5 It’s quite possible that he gave himself up. 6 It is almost certain that he realised how serious it was. 7 Itis highly unlikely that he thought things through clearly. 8 Possibly he escaped by boat. 9 It’s quite likely that he made contact with his friends. 10 It is possible but unlikely that he committed suicide. @ Exercise B Do Exercise 16 on the cassette. “eprams poraruraos any uaa oF ‘spuausy sry aim Prey pew aney Ket oF, "809 Aq poder aay pIn0> EL “Aueop yng sBuya wyfnoys any QuplnOIAUeD aH “sua snOUeS oy postfoas AREY STU IL in omar wan anny Ketan at “wopury spzeais popeoy aney ayBtLH oH ‘mow qsoyjed aun q porods us9q aney ena 34 “soydunsoe ue pey osey Sou off “gost 6 ples op patsze ancy 3uprn0o7, UE Fy SUTASNY ‘dyed rey Soko intrmeit Grammar Wosahet Photsepy Dar © ineratona eek Dates Let D4 Allie reserA 8 Verbs: modals of probability You must be the new sales assistant. When we know that something is true, we use a normal present tense. (He does it, I see them, etc.) If we are not completely sure, we use a modal (must, may, might, could). The choice of modal depends on the degree of certainty, as in the following table. PROBABILITY VERB EXAMPLE 100% present tense ‘She knows. almost certain must It must be late. quite likely may You may find this difficult. 50% (possible) could + infinitive It could happen at any time. possible but unlikely might ‘She might be waiting. highly unlikely can't couldn't You can't be serious. 0% present tense negative He doesn't know. Rewrite the following sentences using a modal from the above table, asin the example. (Make sure that you retain the continuous or simple aspect.) Example: Itis almost certain that you know where you left your car. You must know where you left your car! 1 It is highly unlikely that they are coming this evening. 2 It’s quite likely that Joan enjoys football. 8 It’s possible that this fish weighs over 15 kilos. 4 It’s possible he'll find the answer but not likely. 5 It’s highly unlikely that the government intends to inerease taxes, 6 It’s almost certain that he is influenced by local opinion. 7 It’s unlikely to snow this winter, though possible. 8 You are quite likely to find him in his office. 9 It’s almost certain that you are exhausted. 10 This disease is possibly contagious. snoweuos oq noo osvosrp AL, OK SORIA VeTONDUY ox pusNU AUpMOGA,UND wNOUILAOROT OM —g ‘powsnstx9 aq Nt TOR G spusue omy puy WB OH ‘ooo sry a wy puy Kou noR g ‘soo gt 2960 YOM PID HEY SEL, aquun iyp MOUS BU 1eq300j Sofua Kew weOp ‘worndo yoy €q paouanyur oq snus 21g suyuona ayy Farweo 9q 44H Soy}, T SUSASNV ‘nyo oy Jaton Intame tts Gear Wass Py Maser letra Hock Dats id HON, Aes aeA 2 Verbs: perception + participle or infinitive | can hearsomeone coming. in ee eth WP Quick! I can hear someone coming! 1 Verbs of perception ean be followed by either a present participle (I watched him climbing the Eiger) or a simple infinitive (I saw the girl jump from the plane). 2 The present participle suggests that the action is incomplete. (He was still climbing the Eiger when I went home.) 8 The infinitive suggests a complete action. (Then her parachute opened safely.) 4 The following verbs can be used in this way. sense see. watch = observe — notice © hear _—iistento —_—feel whichever is the most suitable. Fill the gaps in the sentences with a verb from the list below in either the present participle or infinitive, leave / win / build / cut / play / grab / walk / cut / shout / speak Harry saw some kids football on the way home. Have you ever heard him French? He's got a dreadful accent, Where have they gone? I didn't notice them Jill spends hours obeerving swallows. their nests under the eaves. Although it was pitch dark, she sensed someone slowly towards her. She watched her son. the 50 metre race in the school sports. T didn't see anything, but I felt someone my wallet out of my pocket. I'm going to complain — I've been listening to the neighbours, at each other all day. Iwatehed him the lawn for a while, and then I fell asleep. 10 I watched him the lawn and then he started washing the car. e©oreas owe 479 of ‘Bumns g ‘Buynoys g ‘qBs8 4 “ume g BUTE @ “FuIplINg y ‘onva, g Burywodspyeads g BuLkyd 1 SUaASNV ‘ody an Schone Grama Wrst Pht Marx Intel Bok Dav Ud 194 A ign eeTi 5 0 Verbs: passive, causative Be | must get my hair cut. When we want to do something, but cannot or do not want to do it ourselves, we ask someone else to do it for us. The person who does it may be less important to us than what is done, so we use the causative passive ~ we use have or get with the past participle of the verb (v-ed): You really must get your hair cut. We're having a pool built in the garden. Get and have mean the same, but we use have in more formal situations (and with the present perfect to avoid the confusion with other uses of have got). Exercise A Rewrite the following sentences using have + v-ed if it is formal (F), and get + v-ed if itis informal (1). (Make sure you keep the same tense, and omit the words in italics.) Example: Tomorrow the dentist is going to fill my tooth. (F) Tomorrow I'm going to have my tooth filled. 1 The shoe shop mended my football boots for me last week. (1) 2 Imust ask someone to fix my bike. (I) 3 The optician was testing her eyes because she used the computer so much. (F) 4 I forgot to ask the window-cleaner to clean the windows at the weekend. (1) 5 [should ask the gardener to cut the grass before my mother-in- yw arrives. (I) 6 My lawyer is altering my will for me in the near future. (F) 7 Did somebody repair your roof? (F) 8 An engineer is checking Simon's central heating today. (I) 9 Has anyone ever read your palm? (F) 10 I want somebody to decorate my room. (1) 11 He told the police to arrest his chief accountant for fraud. (F) © Exercise B Do Exercise 17 on the cassette. [pneay4oy poysouze yuevunSDe JOY SM POY OH TT 2 paye1oo9p woos Kur oy ue | QT “PURyEA 94 Te PauEap SMopUL up 28 1 OHIO} | gpvos tupod 06 pey soH9 Nok aKeHE 6 "yon os s9jndiao> ‘Kop poysoyp Sunway festuaa siy SumraS st uowis g yy poem oys aenso0q paysay Saco soy BuIARY Som YS “pated joor mos a4ey NOK PIL ‘pony ayeq fu yt sm || ‘aungny sou 949 uf pouoe em Sur Boxaey we] “oom set popuous sq qn) KN EET TW SUANSNV ‘Ayan Aso Jct Intrmette Grammar Wonkabat Phtoopy Mater © ternational ost Distasi D4. Allright enedMee MM eee ee We Ur hm = record has been broken. 5 ] Verbs: passive, general | om | ACTIVE PASSIVE to make it | to be made prosent simple she makes it | it is made present continuous he is making it | it is being made present perfect simple | she has made it | it has been — made past simple he made it | it was ‘made past continuous she was making it | it was being made past perfect simple he has made it | it has ‘been made future (will) she will make it | it will be made future (going to) they are goingto make it | it is goingto be ~—made future perfect we will ave made it | it will have been made conditional he would make it | it would be made past conditional she would have made it | i would have been made ‘modal (must, can,ete.) | they must make it | it must be made past modal we may have made it | it may have been made NOTES 1 The passive form always has one more part than its active equivalent (he makes ~ 2; it is ‘made — 3), The last part is always the past participle (-ed form), and the second last part always part of the verb to be. 2 Only transitive verbs (verbs which take an object) can be changed to passive. Intransitive verbs (go, smile, etc.) ean never be passive. 8 We use the passive when we are more concerned with the object of the action, and don't know, are not interested in or want to avoid mentioning the person or thing that did the action. If we wish to include this original subject, it follows the verb and by (He was killed by a lion). 4 Where a verb has two objects (He gave me a book) either object can become the subject (I was given a book /A book was given to me). The first example is more common. Exercise A Rewrite the following sentences in the passive. Omit the agent (the active subject) where appropriate. 1 The government is going to raise taxes again this year, 2 Someone had broken the window before we got here. 8 Lightning may have struck the church tower. 4 Twould have finished the painting if you hadn't interrupted me. (2 passives) 5 Leonardo da Vinei invented this machine. 6 They will not sign the agreement at the summit meeting. 7 The referee postponed the match because of the fog. 8 Somebody needs to repair this damage. 9 Would it solve the problem if they came earlier? 10 They were mending the road, so we had to go a different way, Exercise B Do Exercise 18 on the cassette, ‘hom ‘UIA vp opssuoe] &q pojuanut sem sunypeU STA, 1uosmyp #09 01 pey am oF ‘popusta Suroq su poos 24 ‘peadnaaqus u90q {sotz00 ours dou poafos oq woygoud oxn PIEOM {.8pEy 131 PoysUY wad axBy pymoe SuRUTEd OU, pairedoy 0q 0 spoou aware ery, “SurunyBi @ yonANS uoog axe AOU JOMon YANN SU, “esau Jo asre309 poundysed Sea Y>HeU HLL, “aro 08 94 0304 Uayo4G HOO PRY NOPULA ATL, stunour yawns of 78 pou aq YoU fm YuauaNaN ay, “aX sig wtede pres oq 0} Hui ore sone, SUaASNY ‘Andy and Adee Jahan: Grammr Work Pansy Mars @ neon] Bask Destin Ld 106 Aighting = 2 Verbs: past perfect eS When | looked up, she had gone. When we talk about things that happened at a certain point in the past, we use the past simple tense. But we sometimes need to talk about things that happened before that point, so we use the past perfect tense. Past Perfect Past Simple When the guards arrived, the prisoners had escaped. _ When the guards arrived, the prisoners eseaped. If the relationship between the two actions is clear, we don't always use the past perfect form, Example: L reached the hospital at 8 o'clock, but the baby was born at 6.30. Exercise A Link each item in A with a suitable ending in B, and put the verbs in the past simple or the past perfect. A B 1 Ben (be) late for school this morning a) Ben (score) a hat-trick, 2 His tutor (be) annoyed b) the football match (start) 3 She (keep) him in class ©) because the visiting team (have) to get home quickly. 4 When he (reach) the sports field, €) because he (miss) the bus. 5 It tart) early ) someone (teal) his bag. 6 By the time he (get) onto the pitch, ) until he (finish) the exercise. 7 However, by the end of the match, #) because he (not do) his homework. 8 When he (go) to get changed at the end, h) his team (give) away two goals. Exercise B Fill in the gaps in the following story, using the verbs from the list in the past simple or perfect. Use each verb once only. vanish / search / know / drink / look / strike / do / tell / eseape / hear / ask / smoke /leave Sherlock Holmes (1) __round the room. He could see immediately that the murderer (2)___ through the window. ‘The victim must have known him, because they (3)____ sherry together. One of them (4) acigar. The murderer 6) ‘the victim on the head with a heavy object, and before leaving, (6) through his desk. Papers were scattered everywhere. The landlady (7) Holmes that she(8)__a noise and (9) who was there. The murderer must have panicked, for when the landlady reached the room, he (10) - Buthe (11) one very obvious clue. Holmes (12) ‘at once who (13) ‘the foul deed. & Exercise C Do Exercise 19 on the cassette. copays poy (o-+ atom g ea ‘pauoos peye + ‘sump peu eT ‘payarees pey_ 9 ‘oa pe (q+ 208 (PHD) 9 ‘nou ST ‘ona poy ipeyo pawns pey Spa pey TT ipayous poy F ’ ‘poysrues pe OF ‘ump pey & e pose (Pe) 6 spedase pe & t pay Peg ‘poyeol T ty SUaASNY ‘Ayn Aen Sahn Titre Ose Works Pht Man © terol ask tats i 394 Alri5 3 Verbs: phrasal verbs | I'm nearly ready - hang ona minute. ‘A phrasal verb is a verb with one or two additional mall words ealled particles. Examples: look out, take off ‘There are four basie types of phrasal verbs. This is TYPE ‘VERB + particle (no object) This is a two-part verb which does not have an object. Examples: If you don't apologise, Vl hang up. (put the phone down) After five years abroad, the boy suddenly turned up. (arrived unexpectedly) Because there is no object, this type of phrasal verb cannot be used in the passive form. Here are some ae eH aye set off call in pass out (start a journey) (visit casually) (faint) he ic = ¢ ef f i break down took out fallout (stop working) (be careful) (stop being friends) take off 80 off fall through (go into the air) (turn bad) (go wrong) ‘Choose one of the above verbs to complete the sentences below. Change tne tense if necessary. 1 !'There’s a hole in the road. 2 It was such a hot day that the palace guard 8 They loaded the suitcases into the ear and , 4 The jumbo jet zoomed along the runway and 5 They forgot to put the milk in the fridge and it, 6 When the car ‘on the motorway, they had to call the AA. 7 After 30 years of marriage they are still good friends and have never I 8 When she shouted down the phone that he was a liar, he 9 Why don't you for a coffee on the way home? 10 Their holiday plans when the travel company went bankrupt. vqsnox 1) OT ‘urea g Yn Suny g ‘yno uo} J Fuaop syoxq 9 "Yo vem g ‘YOON F {YOIe g ‘Ino paBKe g [INO T ‘SUSAN ‘dyn Any Sacha: Trains Orme WrantsPhey Manes. neti Bok Dirt La 108 Al igh rad5 A Verbs: phrasal verbs II Give it up! A phrasal verb is a verb with one or two additional small words called particles, Examples: turn ....on, put up There are four basic types of phrasal verbs. This is TYPE Il. VERB + object + particle/VERB + particle + object, This is a two-part verb which has an object. Where the object is a noun, the particle can be placed before or after it. Example: Look the word up in a dictionary. OR Look up the word in a dictionary. Where the object is a pronoun, the particie must come after it. Example: Look it up. Teta Fill in the gaps in the sentences below, using the verbs illustrated above, Make sure you use the correct form of the verb. 1 Kerry says that one disadvantage of living in London is having to somany friends when they come to see shows. 2. An American teenager is suing his parents for not. him properly. 8 When they entered the house, they could smell gas, so Lisa the mains supply 4 The trouble with giving parties is that you have to everything afterwards. 5 The neighbours complained about our last party, because it was so noisy. We had to the 6 Before Jane bought the computer, she took it home to it 7 After his tenth accident on the Swiss slopes, John decided to skiing and to ‘Tai Chi. 8 Zoe was late for school again. She forgot to her alarm 9 Catherine had planned to go on holiday, but it until she got her exam results. 10 Ifyou want everybody at the back to hear, you'll have to the volume ‘dn wna oF yor" and g 2p F ‘yo powns g ‘dn SupoUG Z ‘dn and T ‘SUIMSNV suo um g Sdmoyeyin aay “y90- yg Sumop many g dn ‘Ady aed dey Sekon nara Gana Workbet Pcony Mars Ineo Bok Dts od 104 A ih eae5 5 Verbs: phrasal verbs Ill What does RSVP stand for? A phrasal verb is a verb with one or two additional small words called particles. Examples: ask for, look after ‘There are four basic types of phrasal verbs. This is TYPE UI. VERB + particle + object ‘This is a two-part verb like Type II but, unlike Type IT phrasal verbs, the particle cannot be separated from the verb. Examples: He asked for the bill. (requested) When I do without breakfast, I get very hungry. (not have by choice) More examples: R run into someone look after someone [thing fall for someone think of someone thing (meet by chance) (take care of) (be attracted to) (have an opinion) i & f carry on working feel like something stand yor something take after someone (continue) (want) (represent) (resemble) Choose one of the ten verbs under the pictures or in the examples above to complete the dialogue below. Lisa: You've really (1) Kevin Costner, haven't you, Jane? You've seen that film three tim Jane: So what? He's a really good actor, What did you (2) the film? Lisa: It wasn't bad, but I find them all the same. If he (3) making similar films, people will get bored. Jane: won't. Anyway, I'm thirsty. Do you (4) a drink? Lisa: OK, but I'm not going to (5) a milkshake this time. The last one Thad was horrible! Jane: Thope we don't (6) Stephen this time. He's so stingy. Why should we always have to buy hima drink? Lisa: He (7) hhis father. He doesn’t like spending money either. They certainly @) the pennies. dane: By the way, what’s his middle name ~ what does the ‘A’ (9) 2 Lisa (laughing): ‘Alphonse’, though he hates telling people. Jane (laughing): OK —if he comes in this evening, T'l call him Alphonse all the time. And I'm certainly not offering him a drink. If he doesn’t have any money, he ean (10) one. Snot ©p OF S10} puns g ‘oye yoo] § eye SoH Z SOWUT UNE 9 39) ASE 9 ‘OHI OR] F *UO SoHEIED g JOURN g "265 UT T ‘SUGAMSNY Any and Aude ncaa Gramma Waka Patepy Manes © eternal Bok Dnt La DP Al igre96 Verbs: phrasal verbs IV Mick's gone down with ‘flu. A phrasal verb is a verb with one or two additional small words called particles. Examples: come up with, get away with ‘There are four basic types of phrasal verbs. This is TYPE IV. VERB + particle + particle + object asin tr do cmt | | ceghacenant Sige eokigitrsiens J LE iret atu {est Sido ae ast or wich ty a three-part verb and, as in Type III, the particles cannot be separated from the verb. godown with become ill with put up with tolerate ‘come up with think offfind get away with avoid being punished for something geton with —accept/ike run out of have no more back out of refuse to doafter agreeing to look forward to anticipate with pleasure face upto _try todeal with abig problem get rid of dispose of/not have Match the two halves of the sentences. 1 The manager came up with a) a deal he'd made with the army. 2 The swimmer came down with b) allot of bureaucracy to get a visa. 3 Parents have to face up to ©) half million pounds. 4 The general wasn't popular when he backed out of d) a plan to save the company. 5 Sometimes teenagers don't get on with e) their responsibility for educating children. 6 The bank robber got away with ) some weight. 7 You often have to put up with g) going somewhere warm on holiday. 8 I wonder if the Gulf will ever run out of h) their parents, 9 Fat people go on diets to get rid of i) a virus and couldn't compete. 10 In winter most people look forward to D oil. Soryetear29ugeyoers PT SUSMSNV ‘ya iy Sackon:- etree Gram Worse Poy Mars nario] Bk Dr Ld 186 Al igh reed 1 Wy yy ey yt ty& 7 Verbs: plus gerund or to + infinitive Do you mind waiting? Some verbs are followed by a gerund (doing) or to + infinitive (¢o do). Examples: Rachel enjoys swimming. Sheila offered to help. Enjoy is always followed by a gerund, Offer is always followed by a to+ infinitive. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A GERUND VERBS FOLLOWED BY A TO + INFINITIVE admit give up agree long appreciate imagine aim manage avoid involve arrange neglect, can't face justify ask offer can't help ‘keep (on) attempt plan can’t stand mention can't afford prepare carry on mind can’t wait pretend consider miss choose promise postpone/put off decide refuse practise expect seem resent fail tend resist, happen threaten suggest, hope want tolerate Jearn wish Put the verbs in brackets into the gerund or the éo + infinitive. 1 Tam longing (ee) my family and friends, 2 It's time Robin decided ___(get) a job. 3 The east of England tends (have) less rain than the west. 4 The ambassador arranged (meet) the Prime Minister before leaving the country. 5 Ican't stand __(queue) for buses in cold weather. 6 My hands are full - would you mind (open) the door for me please? 7 Lcan'timagine ___(get) married and_ (have) children, 8 What do you plan (do) when you finish university? 9 Do you fancy (go) to the cinema this evening? 10 When did you learn (drive) a car? 11 Tm broke ~I can’t afford. (buy) a jacket like that. 12 They have refused (give) us any more time. 18 Treally dislike (answer) questions like this. 14 The gangster threatened (kilt) the detective. 15 You should practise (read) these sentences aloud. Buwpear oF Me FE Bauomswe gr Haas gr eq ©} 11 9Aupo OF “FuIOH g ‘opr g ‘Buiney Suna y “Sumuedo g Bumanb g “eouroy y ‘aKey o g AHO g "39501 T SUSASNV Andy wo dey SakeIntrmaite Grammar Wrst Psa Matrn Interests ad 194 Alia re5 8 Verbs: plus object + simple infinitive eS Please don’t make me go home! We use the verb make + object + simple infinitive to show cause or obligation. Examples: The medicine makes me feel sleepy. The referee made the players move back 10 metres. We use let + object + simple infinitive to show permission. Example: The doorman let the girls go through without paying, ‘The guards made the prisoners work hard. The guards let the visitors see the prisoners. Exercise A Put make or let in the correct tense with a suitable verb in the following passage. visit feel listen finish stop get watch understand start treat show work Bo come keep have stay continue Thad a terrible childhood. My father used to (1) me hard all the time. He wouldn't (2) me television in the evenings. He (3) me all my homework before he (4) me out to see my friends, My mother was no better. She (5)__ me __ my room tidy and never (6)_me_ to musie. I wanted to leave school when I was 16, but they(7)__me___ my studies and wouldn't (8)____me__a job, even at the weekends. Their attitude (9)__ me. very frustrated, but I didn't (10) my feelings because I knew this would ay my father shouting. When I got to university they had to (12) me ‘a bit more freedom. They tried to (13) me home at weekends, but I refused, and (14)___ them that I was independent. Eventually, I started a career and then got married. But my husband (15) me work. He tried to(16)__me__ at home, and wouldn't even (17) me my old girlfriends. I wasn’t prepared to (18) him me this way and, after a few months, I packed my bags and went home. Exercise B ‘Do Exercise 20 on the cassette eas} wy >| BT SLA 99] BE “Keys ow OCU QT ‘dows ow pew eT “pUEYSIBPUR LEHI) FT ‘woo ou ayou gy f2a0y au 22, gr “ORS JoYpe) Au aoa TT “mOYS eBusoo} Lary OF “]se} gu apou g “a8 2U73] B fenupuoe out 9peur g ‘uereH ous 79[ g fdooy ou opowE g ‘08 out] y ‘ySIUY ou opoUE g "yPIUM BHO] g [HAN OWE HELL T SuaMSNV ‘yen Ave Jokes Grammar Woes Paap Mar nana Bank Date i904 Al ahs ord See peep ppp tt toto ott ot tad[I] 5 9 Verbs: plus object + to + infinitive | want you to help me. ‘There are a number of verbs, most of them to do with speaking, which can be used with the following structure. VERB +OBJECT +to+ INFINITIVE Examples: John wants his brother to return his lawnmower. Sue has invited ‘her aunt. to go on holiday with her. My doctor has advised me to go on a diet. Ge. ‘The following verbs can all be used with this structure. want / ask / invite / persuade / advise / remind / order / expect Exercise A Use each of the above verbs, together with a suitable object and infinitive from the lists below, to complete one of the sentences below. Make sure you use the correct tense, me / your teacher / my mother / the queen / her / his troops / him / the prisoner toread / to tell / to lend / toopen / to retreat / toring / to explain / to say 1 My mother hates me using her car, but last week I it tome, 2 Has Fred phoned? I__ me this evening. 8 The local eouneil___ the new sports centre yesterday. 4 Asachild, I always me stories from an old book. 5 Ifyou can't do the exercise, why don't you it? ‘The lawyer ______ nothing when the police questioned him. TITTLE e eA 6 7 As they were losing the battle, the general 8 You must _________you that joke about the elephant, Exercise B When these verbs are used as a short answer, we keep the fo particle at the end. Example: Arthur has resigned. (I/advise) Yes, Ladvised him to Give a short answer to each of the following sentences, using the subject and verb given. 1 The Queen has refused to see him. (we /expect) 2 The boys have invited Mary to the party. (Sue/ask) 3 We have finished all the work. (I/tell) 4 ve tidied my room. (your mother/want) 5 The mouse has come out of its hole. (I/persuade) prea pumas g ‘aoasqas 0 soos sy pasopio 66s 03 ou0stid oy pestAE_g ‘0191 pepensiod 1894, @ ‘umede> 0} 19470} OK SE g 0} nak popu soqout mak SOK ‘peas oy sqm fur peice ‘oynoe pa T'S9AE ‘odo oj woanb ayy powsut yay PASE INS SOA Z dus ov uy porrodxa ‘soy papodeo on s0K Tf ‘pupt on soy popeasiod Ty SUBMSNY ‘Any en An Jan trie Gramma Wrens Pop Mans © narnia Bok Dr 1 10 Al rer6 0 Verbs: present perfect versus past Have you been there? Yes, | went last week. We use the present perfect when we are concerned with the present results of a past action. We are not interested in when the action took place. Examples: I've lost my wallet. I've never eaten meat. Have you finished? We use the past when we talk about an action that happened at a specific time in the past. We always understand when (unless we are asking when!) Examples: | found my wallet when I was cleaning my room, Some dinosaurs didn't eat meat. When did Beethoven write the Moonlight Sonata? Have you seen my razor? I lost it three weeks ago. Put the verbs in the correct tense (present perfect or past) in the following sentences. you the news? There a terrible fire in hear /be Birmingham. It yesterday morning. A chemical factory happen explode oe you the TV last night? I really the see enjoy documentary.’ ‘No, I TV for ages. too busy.’ not watch /be 31 three letters since 1 you last. write/see I after lunch and I , even for a cup of tea. start /not stop 46 the boss in yet?" Yes, he up early, but come turn he to London for a conference. He five minutes ago. g0/leave 5 Most people some Shakespeare, even though he read /write his plays about 400 years ago. He probably how popular they not realise would be. 6 Mr Jones. his car again! He a blue one last week, change /have but he in a red one now. I wonder how much it 2 arrive cost 1809 /paause sey / ey /PABLAYD SEY g ‘eaqeen you pip 201m / peas axey g ‘at / 2408 sey 7 paeina /ate9 “SH spoddons yuasay j pases / wos / uorHm Any ‘upoq axey / paytes \uaany /pasolua /205~ pid z “popotdxa /pouaddey osq seq pseaq ke T SUSAMSNV ‘nye Ant acon: tee Grae Weihasts Pots Maver © neratinn Mok arb a 1094 Al ight ore“61 Verbs: present simple versus continuous | know what I’m doing! PRESENT SIMPLE a) Habitual actions He gets up at 6.30 every day. He usually gets up at 6.30. b) Permanent state She lives in Cambridge. He doesn’t like fish, ©) Eternal truths Water boils at 100°C. ‘The moon goes round the earth, 4) Future with timetables, programmes, ete. ‘The bus leaves at 5.30. ‘The shop closes at 6.00. ) Conditional Ifit rains, I'l stay at home. If you don’t phone, I'l be angry. £) Verbs of perception, emotion and belief I believe in God. I don’t understand this. ) Other verbs: think, know, mean, forget, remember, suppose, trust, like, love, prefer, hate, wish, want, need, see, hear, feel, smell, taste, notice, recognise, seem, appear, cost, depend PRESENT CONTINUOUS a) Temporary actions happening now I'm phoning from work. He's camping in France. b) Repeated actions, but not permanent state I'm having driving lessons. She's going to evening classes. ©) Irritating habits with ‘always’ She's always biting her nails. He's always whistling in my ear. 4) Future arrangements ‘My son's getting married soon, Tim leaving York on Friday. After the following questions and statements, find a suitable response. 1 When do you leave? a) 2 When are you leaving? b) 3 Where does Rhona live? ° 4. Where is Rhona living? a) 5 The bus is leaving. e) 6 The bus leaves in half an hour. 0 7 John always phones late at night. ® 8 John’s always phoning late at night. h) 9 The sun sets at 7.20, i) 10 The sun is setting, D Responses That's nice of him. We shouldn't miss it this time. Usually at 8.30. ‘That's inconsiderate of him. Quick, take a photo. At 8.30 tomorrow morning. Oh no, we've missed it. It gets dark half an hour later. Chester at the moment: Her home's in Dalston, soryePerz ae Serr teysor SUaMSNV nya ay Satan: ntrmaiata Grammar Wrobel Mtr © nero ak Dros Lid 104, All igh ere[I] 6 2 Verbs: transitive and intransitive He walks his dog in the park every Sunday. A transitive verb is followed by an object and is marked in the dictionary (T]. Example: I love reggae music. I love what?) An intransitive verb is never followed by an object and is marked in the dictionary (I) Example: The accident happened yesterday morning. However, some verbs are transitive and intransitive and are marked in the dictionary [1,1 Example: He walks his dog in the park every Sunday. [T ] ‘He walks in the park every Sunday. [1] Exercise A Write the following verbs in the appropriate column in the box below. take arrive practise happen ron want enjoy grow sleep openvelose £0 do put laugh move ‘TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE ‘TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE | Exercise B Six of the sentences below require an object, Place each of the object phrases from the table in the appropriate space. the dance your eyes the company | the furniture his own vegetables ‘an account, 1 My father enjoys growing . They taste so fresh. 2 Your son’s growing fast! He was a baby the last time I saw him. 3 They practised until it was perfect. 4 She wanted to play the violin well 90 she practised every day, 5 Tom was late for work, so he ran all the way. 6 Mr. Leech ran for 25 years. 7 They had to move out of the room before they could decorate. 8 Don't move T'm trying to take a photograph. 9 She opened at the bank, 10 What time does the bank open? 11 The meeting closed ____at 10pm. 12 Close I T've got a surprise for you! ‘049 amok gL = 11 OF tunosoe ue g ~ g ‘ounnuany oun 4 SAunduio amp g t= gy SsouEp ox; gS g ‘SoIQmIABIA UNO SY T gL axour ‘ssopyuedo ‘mod una ‘asnoesd aaqypsEsyey ey, ys] ‘08 “dons uaddy ‘one aatyysuesyuy “nd ‘op tue quEM "oye SABIE, Y SUaMSNV ue aan ya ty Shwe Intarmie Grammar raat Phy Mair © Tratnal eok Dsbtars ad 1864 Algheroa Verbs: tense revision | Have a nice meal! ‘This is a general revision of tenses. Refer to the Intermediate and Elementary Worksheets that deal with past and present, simple and continuous. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Be careful ~ there are two passives and three negatives! James Smith is a businessman. His company (1) (export) a lot of machinery, but James @ (speak) any foreign languages. Last year he (3) (go) to France on a business trip. While he (4) (stay) for a few days in a small hotel just outside Nice, he (5) (have) an interesting experience. The first morning, he (6) (sit) eating his breakfast when a Frenchman (7) (come) to his table and (8) (sit) down. The Frenchman @ (say), ‘Bon appetit/ so James Smith (10) (smile) and (11) (reply), ‘James Smith.’ As neither (12) (can) speak the other’s language, they (13) (eat) their meals in silence. ‘The next morning, exactly the same thing (14) (occur) and the scene (15) (repeat) on the third morning, so James (16) (go) to see the manager of the hotel, who (17) Tas) (want) to complain, but there (19) (speak) excellent English, and sai (be) a very strange man staying in your hotel. 1 (20) (begin) to get worried. Every morning he (21)____ (come) to my table and (22)___(ell) me his name.” ‘Really?’ said the manager, ‘And what (23) (he call)?” "Something like “Bon Appetit”,’ (24) (reply) James. ‘No, no,’ said the manager,That (25) (be) his name. That is just a polite expression in French. We (26) (say) it to other people before we (27) (start) to eat. It simply means “Have a good meal”. ‘Oh, yes, how silly of me,’ said James. ‘Thank you for the explanation.’ ‘The next morning, he (28) (wait) for the Frenchman to come up to the table, and before he could speak, James (29) (say) in his best French accent ‘Bon appetit!” The Frenchman was a little surprised, but then he smiled and (30)__ (respond) in his best English, ‘James Smith!’ popuodsas Og ‘E> 6g ‘PaIO gg Sum 2g “AMS 9g “Rus gg ‘pondoE HE ‘paNED ONS! ex Se) BE ssouuo 1g Buqwurdoq ue 0g 5} 4 ‘ues. uOp GT ‘ayods 21 Avon gy ‘poreodai sem gy ‘pounove PE Iv EI “P02 BL spoyax TY tients Cleon WW, RA ita sereTapescript 1 Exercise 1 Adjectival phrases Look at Worksheet 3. Jane is telling Mary about the people she has just met at a party. Listen, Jane: I've just met a man. He was wearing a pink wig. Mary: Really! You met a man wearing a pink wig? Jane: Yes, and I met a girl who had a snake round her neck. Mary: Really! You met a girl with a snake round her neck? ‘Now you take the part of Mary. Jane: I've just met a man. He was wearing a pink wig. Mary: Really! You met a man wearing a pink wig? Jane: Yes, and I met a girl who had a snake round her neck. ‘Mary: Really! You met a girl with a snake round her neck? Jane: Yes, and then I met a film producer. He had a long beard. Mary: Really! You met a film producer with a long beard? Jane: Yes, and then I met a dentist. He was wearing a white coat, ‘Mary: Really! You met a dentist in a white coat? Jane: Yes, and then I met a countess. She was wearing a tiara. Mary: Really! You met a countess wearing a tiara? Jane: Yes, and then I met a priest. He was carrying a large bible. Mary: Really! You met a priest carrying a large bible? Jane: Yes, and then I met a rock singer. He had a ring in his nose. ‘Mary: Really! You met a rock star with a ring in his nose? Jane: Yes, and then I woke up!Tapescript 2 Exercise 2 Adjectives: order Look at Worksheet 4. Richard is talking to James about his shopping trip. Listen Richard: I bought a watch. It was German and very expensive. James: So you bought a very expensive German watch. Now you take the part of James. Richard: I bought a watch. It was Swiss and very expensive. James: So you bought a very expensive Swiss watch. Richard: That’s right, And I bought a jacket. A leather one ~ dark brown. James: So you bought a dark brown leather jacket. Richard: That's right. And I bought a shirt. Pure silk. Made in Italy James: So you bought an Italian pure silk shirt. Richard: That's right. And I bought some whisky. It’s malt. Scotch, of course. James: So you bought some Scotch malt whisky. Richard: That’s right. And I bought some cheese. French, I think it was, and smelly. James: So you bought some smelly French cheese. Richard: That's right. And I bought some lamb from New Zealand. Frozen. James: So you bought some frozen New Zealand lamb. Richard: That’s right. And I bought some Indian curry. It's really hot, James: So you bought some really hot Indian curry. Richard: That's right. And I bought a CD player. Japanese. The very latest. So you bought the very latest Japanese CD player. That’s right. And I bought a computer game. An American one. It's fantastic. any and Aude Juan: Itermatinte Grammar Werks Potcpy Nata Intron Bok Dun 1 994A i re1| Tapescript 3 Exercise 3 Adjectives: compound: Look at Worksheet 6. The pop star, Dick Twit, is being interviewed on a chat show. Listen. Interviewer: Have you ever done a concert that lasted three hours? Dick: Yes, of course I've done a three-hour concert. I've done it all, man. Interviewer: Really? Have you ever sung in a band with five men? Dick: Yes, of course I've sung in a five-man band. I've done it all, man. ‘Now you take the part of Dick Twit. Interviewer: Have you ever done a concert that lasted three hours? Dick: Yes, of course I've done a three-hour concert. I've done it all, man. Interviewer: Really? Have you ever sung in a band with five men? Dick: Yes, of course I've sung in a five-man band, I've done it all, man. Interviewer: Really? Have you ever signed a contract for a million dollars? Dick: Yes, of course I've signed a million-dollar contract. I've done it all, man, Interviewer: Really? Have you ever worn heels that were six inches high? Dick: Yes, of course I've worn six-inch heels. I've done it all, man. Interviewer: Really? Have you ever eaten a meal with twelve courses? | . Dick: ‘Yes, of course I've eaten a twelve-course meal. I've done it all, man. Interviewer: Really? Have you ever performed with a snake measuring two metres? Dick: Yes, of course I've performed with a two-metre snake. I've done it all, man. Interviewer: Really? Have you ever done a tour lasting nine months? Dick: Yes, of course I've done a nine-month tour. I've done it all, man, Interviewer: Really? Have you ever given away a watch worth fifty thousand pounds? Yes, of course I've given away a fifty-thousand-pound watch, I've done it all, man, Really? Have you ever made a tape lasting ten hours? Yes, of course I've made a ten-hour tape. I've done it all, man, : Have you ever crashed a Rolls Royce worth £150,000? ‘Yes, of course I've crashed a 150,000-pound Rolls Royce. I've done it all, man. : Well, thank you for the interesting interview, Mr Twit, ‘ody and Ayako ntrmedit Grama Workabets hl Mater Iteration ak tute ad 164, Al hie rodTapescript 4 Exercise 4 Adjectives and adverbs: comparatives and superlatives Look at Worksheet 7. Joe and Anita are trying to decide what clothes to buy. Listen. Joe: I like these shoes ~ they're pretty. Anita: They're OK, but I'm sure we can find some prettier ones. Joe: Look. I like this jacket. It’s really smart. Anita: It's OK, but I'm sure we can find a smarter one. Now you take the part of Anita, like these shoes ~ they're pretty. They're OK, but I'm sure we can find some prettier ones. Look. I like this jacket. It’s really smart. : It’s OK, but I'm sure we can find a smarter one. Look. [like those trousers. They're fashionable. : They're OK, but I'm sure we can find some more fashionable ones. Look. [like this cardigan. It looks quite warm. : It’s OK, but I'm sure we can find a warmer one. Look. Ilike these socks. They're really long. : They're OK, but I'm sure we can find some longer ones Look. [like that shirt. It looks very elegant. : It’s OK, but I'm sure we can find a more elegant one. Look. [like this tie. It’s quite colourful. Its OK, but I'm sure we can find a more colourful one. Look. Like these boxer shorts. They're fairly cheap. : They're OK, but I'm sure we ean find some cheaper ones. Look. [ike that anorak. It looks reasonably waterproof. : It’s OK, but I'm sure we can find a more waterproof one. : Look. like that sales assistant, She looks really helpful. ‘Anita: She's OK, but I'm sure we can find a more helpful one. Joe: Anita, remind me to go shopping on my own next time.a) oo a rT Pa) a “a rw Yu ! Tapescript 5 Exercise 5 Adverbs of degree Look at Worksheet 12. ‘Theresa has just come back from a holiday. She is talking to Amanda. Listen Amanda (enthusiastic): So you say the weather was really nice? ‘Theresa (non-committal): Yes, it was fairly nice Amanda: But you look tired, ‘Theresa: Yes, I am rather tired. ‘Now you take the part of Theresa. Amanda: So you say the weather was really nice? ‘Theresa: Yes, it was fairly nice. Amanda: But you look tired. ‘Theresa: Yes, I am rather tired. Amanda: You're lovely and brown, ‘Theresa: Yes, I am fairly brown, Amanda: But it was an expensive place? ‘Theresa: Yes, it was rather expensive. Amanda: But you say you had a comfortable apartment? ‘Theresa: Yes, it was fairly comfortable. ‘Amanda: But it was a long way from the beach? Theresa: Yes, it was rather a long way from the beach. Amanda: And very noisy? Theresa: Yes, it was rather noisy. Amanda: But your friend was very romantic? Theresa: Yes, he was fairly romantic. Amanda: And he was a good dancer? Theresa: Yes, he was a fairly good dancer. Amanda: But his English was poor? Theresa: Yes, his English was rather poor. Amanda: Never mind. You can go back and teach him next year! Ay and Ase un Ite Gras Werte Pty Masters © nents Dosk Distr LA 196 A sigh rer(1) Tapescript 6 Exercise 6 Pronouns: one Look at Worksheet 22. Charles and Diana are sorting out some of their belongings. Listen. Diana: Whose is this black bag? Charles: Mine. You haven't got a black one. Diana: And whose are these leather gloves? Charles: Mine. You haven't got any leather ones. ‘Now you take the part of Charles. Diana: Whose is this black bag? fine, You haven't got a black one. Diana: And whose are these leather gloves? ine. You haven't got any leather ones. Diana: And whose are these new binoculars? Charles: Mine. You haven't got any new ones. Diana: And whose is this Swiss watch? fine. You haven't got a Swiss one. ‘And whose is this red coat? fine. You haven't got a red one. And whose are these foreign stamps? Mine. You haven't got any foreign ones. And whose is this gold pen? s: Mine. You haven't got a gold one. And whose are these silk pyjamas? ‘Mine. You haven't got any silk ones. ‘And whose is this toilet bag? Mine. You haven't got one. And whose is this electric razor? : Mine. You haven't got an electric one. ‘You know, I don't think any of these things are mine! ‘Any od vey Sala: Insert Games Wrkons Peony Muster ©Intereatinal Bik Dsrbtors Lid 104 Al igh eee| Tapescript 7 Exercise 7 Reported speech: passive forms. Look at Worksheet 28. Michael and Julia are discussing the news. Listen. Michael: I see they've signed the agreements. Julia: Well, they're supposed to have been signed, but I doubt it. Michael: And they say the new road is open. Julia: Well, it's supposed to have been opened, but I doubt it. ‘Now you take the part of Julia. Michael: I see they've signed the agreements. Julia: Well, they're supposed to have been signed, but I doubt it. Michael: And they say the new road is open. Julia: Well, it's supposed to have been opened, but I doubt it ‘Michael: I hear they've finished the preparations, Julia: Well, they're supposed to have been finished, but I doubt it. Michael: And I see that the world land speed record has been broken, Julia: Well, it's supposed to have been broken, but I doubt it. ‘Michael: It says here that they have saved the rain forest in Togo. Julia: Well, it's supposed to have been saved, but I doubt it. Michael: And I read somewhere that they've discovered a cure for cancer. Julia: Well, it's supposed to have been discovered, but I doubt it. Michael: I see they've chosen Oslo for the next Olympics. Julia: — Well, it's supposed to have been chosen, but I doubt it. Michael: And I hear they've found the missing Picasso. Julia: Well, it's supposed to have been found, but I doubt it. Michael: According to this article, they've lowered the interest rates. Julia: Well, they're supposed to have been lowered, but I doubt it. Michael: And here it says that fox hunting has been banned. Julia: — Well, it's supposed to have been banned, but I doubt it. Michael: You know, I think you are becoming cynical. POT Andy ad dey Sack! intent Granmar Woraht Pholooy Matar © Innate ook Dabs e104 igs eer aTapescript 8 Exercise 8 Reported speech: reporting verbs Look at Worksheet 30. Mr Enfield is deaf. He has difficulty in hearing what the doctor tells him. Listen. Doctor: _ Now Mr Enfield. Please get back into bed Mr Enfield: Pardon? Nurse: The doctor asked you to get back into bed. Doctor: _ Mr Enfield. Stop switching that light on! ‘Mr Enfield: Pardon? Nurse: The doctor told you to stop switching that light on! Now you take the part of the nurse. Doctor: _ Now Mr Enfield. Please get back into bed. Mr Enfield: Pardon? Nurse: The doctor asked you to get back into bed. Doctor: _ Mr Enfield. Stop switching that light on! Mr Enfield: Pardon? Nurse: The doctor told you to stop switching that light on! Doctor: _ Mr Enfield. Please put your pyjamas on, Mr Enfield: Pardon? Nurse: The doctor asked you to put your pyjamas on. Doctor: _ Mr Enfield. Lie down on your back. Mr Enfield: Pardon? Nurse: The doctor told you to lie down on your back. Doctor: _ Mr Enfield. Say ahh. Mr Enfield: Pardon? Nurse: The doctor told you to say abt. Doctor: _ Mr Enfield, Please take a deep breath. ‘Mr Enfield: Pardon? Nurse: The doctor asked you to take a deep breath. ‘Aad ad sndey Seco Intermcat Grammar WorkabtsPotoop Masia ©fteratenal Bock Distribute Li 14. Al ight wired . “ 2 7 n : a a = - ai |Tapescript 9 Exercise 9 Subordinate clauses: time Look at Worksheet 31. Jane's father wants her to help him. Listen. Father: Are you still doing your homework? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: I will as soon as I've done my homework, Now you take the part of Jane. Father: Are you still doing your homework? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: I will as soon as I've done my homework. Father: Are you still having your shower? I need someone to give me a hand, Jane: I will as soon as I've had my shower. Father: Are you stil listening to the Pop programme? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: I will as soon as I've listened to the Pop programme. Father: Are you still brushing your hair? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: Iwill as soon as I've brushed my hair. Father: Are you still painting your toe-nails? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: Iwill as soon as I've painted my toe-nails. Father: Are you still tidying your room? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: Iwill as soon as I've tidied my room. Father: Are you still eating your dinner? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: Iwill as soon as I've eaten my dinner. Father: Are you still writing to John? I need someone to give me a hand. Jane: willl as son as I've written to John. Father: Are you still sorting your books? I need someone to give me a hand, Jane: Iwill as soon as I've sorted my books. Father: Are you still practising for the concert? I need someone to give me a hand, Jane: Twill as soon as I've practised for the concert, Father: Too late. Tl do it mysel ‘Andy en ere Joke Intrmsite Grammer Worst Photocopy Metre Iteration ak Dats Lid 864A ghar(T] Tapescript 10 Exercise 10 Time expressions: still, yet, already Look at Worksheet 33. Rachel wants to go out and is waiting for Sam. Listen. Rachel: You're not still having a shower, are you? Sam: I'm afraid so. I haven't finished yet. Rachel: And you won't forget to water the plants? Sam: Don't worry - I've already watered them. ‘Now you take the part of Sam. Rachel: You're not still having a shower, are you? Sam: I'm afraid so. I haven't finished yet. Rachel: And you won't forget to water the plants? Sam: Don't worry — I've already watered them. Rachel: You're not still washing your hair, are you? Sam: I'm afraid so. I haven't finished yet. Rachel: And you won't forget to feed the cat? Sam: Don't worry ~T've already fed it. Rachel: And you will remember to switch off the heating? Sam: Don't worry -Tve already switched it off. Rachel: You're not still roning your shirt, are you? Sam: I'm afraid so. I haven't finished yet. Rachel: You're not still polishing your shoes, are you? Sam: I'm afraid so. I haven't finished yet. Rachel: Don't forget to draw the curtains. Sam: Don't worry I've already drawn them. Rachel: And remember to set the alarm. Sam: Don't worry ~ I've already set it. Rachel: You're not still chewing that gum, are you? Sam: I'm afraid so. haven't finished yet. Rachel: I really don’t know why we bother going out in the evenings. 4 rk Ditters a 1964 Alghero‘I| Tapescript 11 Exercise 11 Verbs: conditional III ‘Look at Worksheet 35. Harry is discussing with Sally why their holiday went wrong. Listen. Harry: We shouldn't have waited. We missed the flight. Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we hadn't waited, we wouldn't have missed it. Harry: We didn’t read the instructions properly, so we didn't spot the mistake Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we had read them properly, we would have spotted the mistake. ‘Now you take the part of Sally. Harry: We shouldn't have waited. We missed the flight. Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we hadn't waited, we wouldn't have missed it. Harry: We didn’t read the instructions properly, so we didn’t spot the mistake. Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we had read them properly, we would have spotted the mistake. Harry: We should have asked the travel agent. He would have told us. Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we had asked the travel agent, he would have told us. Harry: And you didn't listen to your sister, so we chose the wrong week. Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if I had listened to my sister, we wouldn't have chosen the wrong week. Harry: And the hotel manager didn’t speak English, He didn’t explain the problem. Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if the hotel manager had spoken English, he would have explained the problem. Harry: And we should have changed more money, so we didn't run short of cash. Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we had changed more money, we wouldn't have run short of cash Harry: And the weather was so bad, we didn't go skiing. Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if the weather hadn't been so bad, we would have gone skiing. Harry: You didn’t remember the video camera, so we didn’t get a film of the holiday. Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if I had remembered the video camera, we would have got a film of the holiday. Harry: You were sick, so we didn't go out. Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if] hadn't been sick, we would have gone out. Harry: We should have stayed at home. I would have had more fun. Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we had stayed at home, you would have had more fun, Ady ad Andry Jae: Interdit Gruner Worshats Ploy Mater © Interatral Bik Dit A 304. sheerTapescript 12 Exercise 12 Verbs: from adjectives Look at Worksheet 39. Mike and Joan are planning to decorate their house. Listen. Mike: I think the bathroom floor is too weak to support a jacuzzi. Joan: I agree. We'll have to strengthen it, Mike: And I think the door is too narrow. Joan: I agree. We'll have to widen it. Now you take Joan's part. Mike: I think the bathroom floor is too weak to support a jacuzzi Joan: I agree. We'll have to strengthen it, ‘Mike: And I think the door is too narrow. Joan: I agree. We'll have to widen it. Talso think the colours in the living room are too dark, Tagree. We'll have to brighten them. : On the other hand, | think the colours in the kitchen are too bright. Tagree. We'll have to darken them. ‘Mike: You know, I reckon the bookcase is too long. Joan: I agree, We'll have to shorten it. ‘Mike: But the curtains in the dining room are too short. Joan: I agree. We'll have to lengthen them. ‘Mike: And the rails on the stairs are too loose. Joan: I agree. We'll have to tighten them. ‘Mike: And the fish pond in the garden is too shallow. Joan: I agree. We'll have to deepen it Mike: Why don't we just move to a new house? eeTapescript 13 Exercise 13 Verbs: future continuous Look at Worksheet 40. ‘Sarah is telling William about the holiday she is about to go on. Listen. William: So they have a pool? Sarah: Oh yes, Il be swimming every day. William: And a golf course? Sarah: Oh yes, I'l be playing golf every day. ‘Now you take the part of Sarah. William: So they have a pool? Sarah: Oh yes, I'll be swimming every day. William: And a golf course? Sarah: Oh yes, I'll be playing golf every day. William: And you say they have a tennis court? Sarah: Oh yes, I'l be playing tennis every day. William: And I hear they have an excellent shopping arcade. Sarah: Oh yes, I'l be shopping every day. William: You say there’s a theatre next to the hotel too. Sarah: Oh yes, I'll be going to the theatre every day. William: Has it really got a casino too? Sarah: Oh yes, I'll be gambling every day. William: And it has three squash courts? Sarah: Oh yes, Ill be playing squash every day. William: And they have a private flying club next door? Sarah: Oh yes, Il be flying every day. William: And they offer free champagne to all the guests? Sarah: Oh yes, I'l be drinking champagne every day. William: So why can't I eome with you? ‘Anaya dry Saka: tarde Gras ores Phtopy Mane © Irn Bak attr Li D4 AD ight vdTapescript 14 Exercise 14 Verbs: future perfect ‘Look at Worksheet 41. Bill and Daisy are expecting guests, Listen Daisy: Look at the time! We haven't hoovered the floor yet. Bill: Don’t worry. We'll have hoovered it by the time they arrive. Daisy: But we haven't cut the grass. Bill: Don't worry. We'll have cut it by the time they arrive. Now you take the part of Bill ‘Daisy: Look at the time! We haven't hoovered the floor yet. Don't worry. We'll have hoovered it by the time they arrive. But we haven't cut the grass. Don't worry. We'll have cut it by the time they arrive. But we haven't watered the plants. Don't worry, We'll have watered them by the time they arrive. : But we haven't polished the furniture Don't worry, We'll have polished it by the time they arrive. : But we haven't tidied the living room yet. Don't worry. We'll have tidied it by the time they arrive. : But we haven't prepared the vegetables. Don't worry. We'll have prepared them by the time they arrive. : But we haven't cleaned the windows. Don't worry. We'll have cleaned them by the time they arrive : But we haven't set the video. Don't worry, Welll have set it by the time they arrive, But we haven't changed our clothes Bill: Don't worry, Welll have changed them by the time they arrive. Daisy: Are you sure we invited them for this evening? ‘Andy and Aue Jac Intrmete Grama Wc Pai Matar © Intentional Boe Dts L104 Al hte eeeTapescript 15 Exercise 15 Verbs: modals of obligation and advice Look at Worksheet 46, Luey is talking about school with her mother. Listen. Lucy: The teacher told me to do this exercise for homework. Mother: In that case you must do it, dear. Lucy: And she asked me not to copy. Mother: In that case you shouldn't copy, dear. Now you take the part of Lucy's mother. Lucy: The teacher told me to do this exercise for homework. ‘Mother: In that case you must do it, dear. Lucy: And she asked me not to copy. ‘Mother: In that case you shouldn't copy, dear. Luey: And she told me not to write too much. Mother: In that case you mustn't write too much, dear. Lucy: And she asked me to be neat. ‘Mother: In that case you should be neat, dear. Lucy: And she told me to check my spelling, ‘Mother: In that case you must check it, dear. Lucy: But she asked me not to use the dictionary. Mother: In that case you shouldn't use it, dear. Lucy: And she told me not to forget my textbook. ‘Mother: In that case you mustn't forget it, dear. Lucy: And she asked me to take some photographs. ‘Mother: In that case you should take some, dear. Lucy: And she told me to clean my shoes. ‘Mother: In that case you must clean them, dear. Lucy: And she asked me to behave better. Mother: In that case you should behave better, dear. Lucy: Can Istay at home tomorrow, mum? Ay and Ai ain rn Ora Weer Psp Maar © natin Bs Discs Ld 104 A ih reserved[1] Tapescript 16 Exercise 16 Verbs: modals of past probability Look at Worksheet 47. Two rescue workers are discussing a party of walkers who are missing. Listen Betty: It's almost certain that they got lost. Brian; Yes, you're right. They must have got lost, Betty: Possibly they went the wrong way. Brian: Yes, you're right. They could have gone the wrong way. ‘Now you take the part of Brian. Betty: It's almost certain that they got lost. es, you're right, They must have got lost. Betty: Possibly they went the wrong way. : Yes, you're right. They could have gone the wrong way. Betty: And it seems quite likely they had no food. Brian: Yes, you're right. They may have had no food. But it’s highly unlikely that they knew how dangerous it was. : Yes, you're right. They couldn't have known how dangerous it was. It’s unlikely that they missed the weather forecast. es, you're right. They couldn't have missed the weather forecast. Ils almost certain that they found shelter somewhere. : Yes, you're right. They must have found shelter somewhere. Mind you, it’s possible they met another group. es, you're right. They could have met another group. Betty: And it's quite likely that they went back the same way. Yes, you're right. They may have gone back the same way. So what are we worrying about?‘ ps} i) iy ta) ha Tapescript 17 Exercise 17 Verbs: passive, causative Look at Worksheet 50. Sybil is complaining to her husband Basil about the state of their hotel at the beginning of the season. just look at the long grass! ‘es, I must get it cut before the season starts. Basil: Yes, I must get it painted before the season starts. ‘Now you take the part of Basil. il: Just look at the long grass! Yes, I must get it cut before the season starts, And the front door needs painting, ‘Yes, I must get it painted before the season starts. Just look at: those dirty windows. ‘es, I must get them cleaned before the season starts. And the gate needs oiling, ‘Yes, I must get it oiled before the season starts. |: And the car needs a service. il: Yes, I must get it serviced before the season starts. il: And you have to renew the TV licence. il: Yes, I must get it renewed before the season starts. And somebody needs to check the toilets. ‘Yes, I must get them checked before the season starts. And the sign still wants mending. |: Yes, I must get it mended before the season starts. And the menus need updating. : Yes, I must get them updated before the season starts, And the front drive could do with sweeping. il: Yes, I must get it swept before the season starts, ‘Acad Ani en Irmo Grammar Wakes Psticory Master Interatiel Hose Distr Ld 104 Al gece[I] Tapescript 18 Exercise 18 Verbs: passive, general Look at Worksheet 51. A detective is discussing the scene of a crime with a colleague. Listen. Detective: So we haven't found any fingerprints. Constable: That is correct, sir. No fingerprints have been found. Detective: And nobody has reported a car stolen in the neighbourhood? Constable: That is correct, sir. No car has been reported stolen, ‘Now you take the part of the constable. Detective: So we haven't found any fingerprints, Constable: That is correct, sir. No fingerprints have been found. Detective: And nobody has reported a car stolen in the neighbourhood? Constable: That is correct, sir. No car has been reported stolen. Detective: And I see somebody broke this window. Constable: That is correct, sir. The window was broken. Detective: And they forced this cupboard open. Constable: That is correct, sir. The cupboard was forced open. Detective: And they have taken all the jewellery. Constable: That is correct, sir. All the jewellery has been taken. Detective: And they disconnected the phone. Constable: That is correct, sir. The phone was disconnected. Detective: But somebody saw them leaving. Constable: That is correct, sir. They were seen leaving, Detective: And somebody recognised one of them. Constable: That is correct, sir. One of them was recognised. Detective: And you have already arrested them. Constable: That is correct, sir. They have already been arrested, Detective: So you have solved the case. Constable: That is correct, sir. The case has been solved. ‘Andy and Audrey Juchva Interment Grazmar Wrkahots Paton Masters © latent Bos Disb Ee 1004 Al ight renee, nrangprnnnnnnnnnpre FP Pee ppp pp pp yp py op op op py‘T| Tapescript 19 Exercise 19 Verbs: past perfect Look at Worksheet 52. Mr Bean is discussing a party he went to with a colleague, Miss Harris, Listen, Miss Harris: They made some wonderful speeches. Mr Bean: — Really? They'd already made them by the time I got there. Now you take the part of Mr Bean. Miss Harris: They made some wonderful speeches. MrBean: — Really? They'd already made them by the time I got there. i The bride opened lots of presents. Really? She'd already opened them by the time I got there. : The couple cut the cake together. Really? They'd already cut it by the time J got there. :: And they gave everybody a piece of cake. Really? They'd already given everybody a piece by the time I got there. : The photographer took hundreds of pictures. Really? He'd already taken them by the time I got there. : And the best man fell down. Really? He'd already fallen down by the time I got there : The vicar spoke to them for a long time. Really? He'd already spoken to them by the time I got there. : They opened sixty bottles of champagne. Really? They'd already opened them by the time I got there. : The couple left for their honeymoon quite late. Really? They'd already left by the time I got there. Ph iT BE iH Le wey we a E oi i Secs rite re Wn etn nn ok Dt a A iTapescript 20 Exercise 20 Verbs: plus object + simple infinitive Look at Worksheet 58. Tom and Martha are discussing their bosses. Listen. ‘Tom: — My boss insists that I arrive early every day. Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me arrive early. Tom: — My boss allows me to have an hour for lunch. Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me have an hour. Now you take the part of Martha. ‘Tom: — My boss insists that I arrive early every day. Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me arrive early. ‘Tom: — My boss allows me to have an hour for lunch. Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me have an hour. Tom: — My boss insists that I make the tea. Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me make the tea. Tom: — My boss allows me to smoke in the office. Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me smoke in the office. ‘Tom: — My boss insists that I wear a badge. ‘Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me wear a badge. ‘Tom: — My boss allows me to use the office phone. ‘Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me use the office phone. ‘Tom: — My boss insists that I do overtime. ‘Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me do overtime. Tom: — My boss allows me to borrow the company car. ‘Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me borrow the company car. Tom: — My boss insists that I call him sir. Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me call him sir. ‘Tom: — My boss allows me to claim expenses. Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me claim expenses. ‘Tom: — Well, I think I prefer my boss to yours. ‘oy an Aden Jacko Grama orks Pht Mater © Terns ob its:|1| Tapescript 21 Exercise 21 Verbs: used to, be/get used to Look at Worksheet 65. José has been in England for eight years. He is talking to Julia, Listen Julia: So you like English breakfasts? José: Yes. I've got used to eating them now. Julia: Did you eat a lot for breakfast in Colombia? José: No, I never used to eat a lot! Now you take the part of Jose. Julia: So you like English breakfasts? José: Yes. I've got used to eating them now, Julia: Did you eat a lot for breakfast. in Colombia? José: No, [never used to eat a lot! Julia: So you drive on the left now? José: Yes. I've got used to driving on the left: now. Julia: Did you drive on the left in Colombia? José: No, I never used to drive on the left! Julia: And you even play cricket sometimes! José: Yes. I've got used to playing cricket now. Julia: Did you play ericket in Colombia? José: No, Inever used to play cricket! Julia: And you like drinking English beer? ‘José: Yes, T've got used to drinking it now. Julia: Did you drink English beer in Colombia? José: No, Inever used to drink English beer! Julia; And I see you carry an umbrella now. José: Yes. I've got used to carrying one. Julia: Did you carry one in Colombia? José: No, Inever used to carry one! ‘soy an dre Jack Intermeate rama Worth Peto Mair © Tlernatisnal unk tbo id 1984 A gh sereExercise 22 Verbs: wish Look at Worksheet 66. Martin is visiting his friend John in hospital. John has a broken leg. Listen. Martin: So you went skiing then? John: Yes, but I wish I hadn't gone. Martin: Your wife won't be coming to see you then? John: No, but I wish she would come. Now you take the part of John. Martin: So you went skiing then? John: Yes, but I wish Ihadn’t gone. Martin: Your wife won't be coming to see you then? John: No, but I wish she would come. Martin: You won't be playing football on Saturday then? John: No, but I wish I eould play. Martin: You don't know how long you'll be in here then? John: No, but I wish I knew. Martin: And you can't get out of bed at all? John: No, but I wish T eould get out. Martin: Your mother's sent you lots of flowers then. John: Yes, but I wish she hadn't sent them. ‘Martin: And your boss wants to see you as soon as you're well. John: Yes, but I wish he didn't want to. Martin: And the TV in this room doesn't work? John: No, but I wish it worked. Martin: And the man in the next room keeps shouting. John: Yes, but I wish he wouldn't shout. Martin: And I won't go until you cheer up. John: No, but T wish you would go! Tapescript 22 4 5 A ‘Ant wd Aire duc: Intermediate Grammar Wrkserte Photacp Masts © Intentional Bak Dib id 194 Al igh eevd66 photocopiable worksheets on a wide range of grammatical areas One main grammar point per sheet with simple, clear, illustrated explanations, followed by practice exercises Inverted answers at the bottom of each page Designed for class or home use and s or resource centres, with ample space for students to write answers Glossary of grammatical terms List of common phrasal verbs Accompanying cassette with revision drills and pronunciation practice fapescripts included In this series: ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR WORKSHEETS, Cassette 0-13-253287-5 GRAMMAR WORKSHEETS Book 0-13-474610-4 Cassette 0-13-47460% I