Short questions and answers

EE1251 Electrical Machines II

1. Why almost all large size Synchronous machines are constructed with
rotating
field system type?
The following are the principal advantages of the rotating field
system type
construction of Synchronous machines:
The relatively small amount of power, about 2%,
required
for field system via slip-rings and
brushes.
For the same air
gap dimensions, which is normally
decided
by the kVA rating, more space is available in the
stator
of thepart
machine for providing more insulation to the
system
of conductors, especially for machines rated for
11kV or
above.
Insulation to stationary system of conductors is
not
subjected
to mechanical stresses due to centrifugal
action.

Stationary system of conductors can easily be

braced to
prevent deformation.
It is easy to provide cooling arrangement for a
stationary
system of conductors.
Firm stationary connection between external circuit
andsystem of conductors enable he machine to handle
large
amount of volt-ampere as high as 500MVA.

2. Write down the equation for frequency of emf induced in an

Altenator.
Frequency of emf induced in an Alternator,f ,expressed in cycles per
second or
Hz, is given by the following
equation
F = (PN)/120 Hz,
Where P- Number of poles
N-Speed in rpm
3. How are alternators classified?
According
type
field
system
Alternators
4. can
Namebethe
classified
types of
into
Alternator
the to
following
basedofontwo
their
types
rotor
according
Stationary
system
type
to its rotor
construction.construction
According
Smooth
Rotating
Smooth
Salient
to shape
cylindrical
cylindrical
pole
field
offield
type
alternator
field
system
type
type
system
type
alternator

5. Why do cylindrical Alternators operate with steam

turbines?
Steam turbines are found to operate at fairly good efficiency
only
highspeed operation of rotors tends to increase
speeds.
Theathigh
mechanical
losses
and so
the rotors should have a smooth external surface. Hence,
smooth type rotors with less diameter and large axial length
cylindrical
are
used for generators driven by steam turbines with either 2 or 4
Synchronous
poles.
6. Which type of Synchronous generators are used in Hydro-electric plants
and why?
As the speed of operation is low for hydro turbines use din Hydroelectric
plants,
salient pole type Synchronous generators are used. These
allow betterand also have other advantages over smooth cylindrical
ventilation
type rotor.
7. What are the advantages of salient pole type construction used for
Synchronous
machines?
Advantages of salient-pole type construction
are :
They allow better ventilation
The pole faces are so shaped that the radial air gap
length
increases from the pole center to the pole tips so
thatdistribution
the
flux
in the air-gap is sinusoidal in
shape which
will help the machine to generate sinusoidal
Dueemf
to the variable reluctance the machine
develops
additional reluctance power which is independent
of
excitation
8. Why is the stator core of Alternator
laminated?
The stator core of Alternator is laminated to reduce eddy
current loss.
9. How does electrical degree differ from mechanical
degree?
Mechanical degree is the unit for accounting the angle between two
points
based
ontheir
mechanical
or physical
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the
10.
electrical
magnetic
magnetic
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What
is
degree
ofGHJUHH
machines.
fields,
field.
the
poles
relation
is180
P,
used
the
the
electrical
electrical
to
between
electrical
all
account
electrical
electrical
degree
degree
the
machine
angle
is
is
machines
accounted
degree
accounted
has,
between
given
two
as
with
mechanical
the
points
by
with
angle
thein
placement.
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RQHthe

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His
E\
3
P andwinding?
rotating
following
degree?
thereference
between
help
11.
What
adjacent
equation
distributed
North
South poles.

When coil-sides belonging to each phase are housed or distributed

in
more
than
one slot under each pole region then the winding is called
distributed
winding
A full pitch coil has width of coil otherwise called coil-span as
180:KHUH- angle between adjacent slots in electrical degree and
x=
1,2,3
12. Why is short pitch winding preferred over full-pitch
winding ?
Advantages
Waveform of the emf can be approximately made to a
sine wave and distorting harmonics can be reduced or
totally
eliminated.
Conductor material , copper , is saved in the back and
front
end connections due to less coil Fractionalspan.
slot winding with fractional number
of
slots/phase
can be used which in turn reduces the
tooth
ripples.
Mechanical strength of the coil is
increased.
13. Write
down the formula for distribution
factor.
Kd = sin(mPVLQRU.dn = sin(mnPsin(n
m= number of slots/ pole/ phase
DQJOHEHWZHHQ
DGMDFHQW
VORWVLQHOHFWULF
n = order
of harmonic
GHJUHH
14.DODefine
winding factor.
The winding factor Kd is defined as the ratio of phasor
addition
of emf
induced
in all
the coils belonging to each phase winding to their
arithmetic
addition.
15. Why are Alternators rated in kVA and not in
kW? of any machine is generally defined as the
The continuous power rating
power the
machine or apparatus can deliver for a continuous period so that
the losses
incurred
inby
the
machine
gives
rise
a in
steady
temperature
not
inApart
bythe
Variations
the
16.
3from
generator.
phase
What
the
the
are
inconstant
winding

terminal
generator
the
AsVoltage
the
causes
which
loss
limit
current
voltage
variation
, of
incurred
depends
the
prescribed
changes
is
Alternators
intodirectly
Alternators
on
due
in
I2
Alternators
to
by
voltage
R,the
the
related
have
the
resistance
insulation
onsquare
only
inload
is
to
Alternators
their
the
apparent
condition
ofrise
of
copper
the
apparent
the
current

when
are
exceeding
the
delivered
loss,
power
due
loaded?
occurring
delivered
to the
power in
winding, VA/kVA/MVA
class.
R followingasthree
theircauses:
power rating.

 Voltage variation due to the leakage reactance of

the
winding, Xt
Voltage variation due to the armature reaction
effect,
17. Xa
What is meant by armature reaction in
Alternators?
The interaction between flux set up by the current carrying
armature
FRQGXFWRUV
a and the main fieOG IOX[ m is defined as the
armature reaction.
18. What do you mean by synchronous reactance?
Synchronous reactance X s= (Xl + Xa)
The value of leakage reactance Xl is constant for a machine
based on its Xa depends on saturating condition of the machine.
construction.
It is theof Xa , which represent the armature reaction effect
addition
between two acting magnetic fields that makes the total reactance
synchronously
Xa to be
called syncheornous reactance.
19. What is meant by synchronous impedance of an
Alternator?
The complex addition of resistance, R and synchronous reactance , jXs
canrepresented
be
together by a single complex impedance Zs called
synchronous
impedance.
In complex form Zs = (R + jXs )
In polar form
Zs = | Zs | <
Where
| Zs | = 52 + X2s )
And
WDQ-1 (Xs /R)
20. What is meant by load angle of an
Alternator?
The phase angle introduced between the induced emf phasor, E and
terminal
voltage phasor , U during the load condition of an Alternator is
called load
angle.
21. Upon what factors does the load angle
depend?
7KH PDJQLWXGH RI ORDG DQJOH LQFUHDVHV ZLWK LQFUHDVH LQ
22. voltage
The
AnThe
Alternator
nature
terminal
angle
voltage
fromofis
no-load
the
regulation
is
voltage
positive
that
found
load
23.
toonat
is
to
load
during
Define
no
of
load
of
have
load.
an
condition
leading
condition
generator
Alternator
the
itsWhat
term
terminal
power
expressed
isvoltage
;operation
the
is
the
factor
voltage
defined
nature
speed
regulation
as, and
aload
on
of
and
as
fraction
negative
load
the
the
excitation
consisting
of
load
change
condition
orduring
in
of

ORDG)XUWKHU

WKH

ORDG

morepercentage
resistance
than
terminal
conditions
motorof
connected?
Alternator.
operation.
and
remaining
capacitive
same.reactance.

Voltage regulation in percentage , URP = [(|E|-|U|)/|U|

]x 100
24. What is the necessity for predetermination of voltage
regulation?
Most of the Alternators are manufactured with large power rating ,
hundreds
of
kW or MW, and also with large voltage rating upto 33kV. For
Alternators
of
such power and voltage ratings conducting load test is not
possible.
Hence methods of testing are used and the performance like
other indirect
voltage then can be predetermined at any desired load currents
regulation
and power
factors.
25. Name the various methods for predetermining the voltage regulation of
3-phase
Alternator.
The following are the three methods which are used to
predeterminevoltage
the
regulation of smooth cylindrical type
Alternators Synchronous impedance / EMF method
Ampere-turn / MMF method
Potier / ZPF method
26. How synchronous impedance is calculated from OCC and SCC?
Synchronous impedance is calculated from OCC and SCC as
|Zs| = E0/Isc(for same If)
A compromised value of Zs is normally estimated by taking the ratio of
(E0/Isc)
at normal
field current Ifn. A normal field current Ifn is one which gives
rated voltage
Ur on open circuit.
|Zs| = Ur/Iscn
27. What are the advantages and disadvantages of estimating the voltage
regulation of
an Alternator by EMF method?
Advantages:
Simple no load tests (for obtaining OCC and SCC) are to
be
conducted
Calculation procedure is much simpler
Disadvantages:
29.28.InCompared
Why
synchronous
whatisway
the
todoes
synchronous
other
impedance
The
the
therefore
value
methods,
ampere-turn
method
of
impedance
voltage
this
theisvalue
method
always
method
regulation
ofdiffer
ishigher
voltage
of
called
estimating
from
obtained
than
regulation
thesynchronous
the
pessimistic
voltage
byactual
this
obtained
value
impedance
regulation
by
andthe
methodmethod.
is method?
considered as
always
pessimistic
higher than
method?
the actual value

The ampere-turn /MMF method is the converse of the EMF method in

the
sense that instead of having the phasor addition of various
voltage
drops/EMFs,
here the phasor addition of MMF required for the voltage
drops are carried out. Further the effect of saturation is also
taken care of.
30. What are the test data required for predetermining the voltage
regulation of an
Alternator by MMF method?
Data required for MMF method are :
Effective resistance per phase of the 3-phase
R
winding
Open circuit
characteristic (OCC) at rated
speed/frequency
Short circuit characteristic (SCC) at rated
speed/frequency
31. Why is the MMF
method of estimating the voltage regulation considered
as the
optimistic method?
Compared to the EMF method, MMF method, involves more number of
complex calculation steps. Further the OCC is referred twice and
SCC
is
referred
once while predetermining the voltage regulation for
each load
condition.
Reference of OCC takes care of saturation effect. As
this method
require
more effort, the final result is very close to the actual
value. Hence this
method is called optimistic method.
32. State the condition to be satisfied before connecting two alternators
in parallel
The following are the three conditions to be satisfied by
synchronizing
additionalthe
Alternator with the existing one or the common busbars. The terminal voltage magnitude of the incoming
Alternator
must be made equal to the existing Alternator or the
bus-bar
voltage magnitude.
The phase sequence of the incoming Alternator
voltage
must be similar to the bus-bar
The frequency ofvoltage.
the incoming Alternator voltage must
be
the same as the bus-bar voltage.
33.
How
do
thebright
synchronizing
indicate
the
correctness
oflamps
phase
34.
The
lamps
sets
the
What
correctness
of
grow
phase
after
are
lamps
the
sequence.
the
connected
of
advantages
other,
and
the
Thedark
If
phase
connections
interchanged
synchronous
across
onlamps
and
inthe
sequence
unison
disadvantages
the
other
3-pole
to
switch
after
it
can
hand,
any
isbe
of
two
shutting
using
anthey
checked
of
the
indication
machine
three
lamps
become
synchronizing
down
bydark
terminals
is
looking
bright
the
of
the
and
athave
sequence
between
existing
and
incoming
Alternators?
method
the
correctness
switch.
dark
three
of
to
one
Ifbethe
of inexpensive
synchronizing?
machine.
Advantages:

 Checking for correctness of the phase sequence can

be
obtained in a simple manner which is essential
especially
when the Alternator is connected for the first time
or for
fresh operation after disconnection
Disadvantages:
The rate of flickering of the lamps only
indicates
the
frequency
difference
between the bus-bar and the
incoming
Alternator. The frequency of the incoming Alternator
in
relation to the bus-bar frequency is not
available.
35. How synchronoscope is used for synchronizing
Alternators?
Synchronoscope can be used for permanently connected Alternators where
the
correctness of phase sequence is already checked by other
means. is capable of rotating in both directions. The rate
Synchronoscope
of rotation
of the pointer indicates the amount of frequency difference
between the
Alternators.
The direction of rotation indicates whether incoming
Alternatoris higher or lower than the existing Alternator. The TPST
frequency
switch
closed is
to synchronise the incoming Alternator when the pointer faces
the top
thick line marking.
36. Why synchronous generators are to be constructed with more
synchronous
reactance and negligible resistance?
The presence of more resistance in the Synchronous generators will
resist
or their synchronous operation. More reactance in the
oppose
generators
cause good can
reaction between the two and help the generators to
remain in spite of any disturbance occurring in any one of the
synchronism
generators.
37. List the factors that affect the load sharing in parallel
operating generators?
The total active and reactive power delivered to the load, connected
across
thebus-bars, are shared among Synchronous generators, operating
common
in
parallel, based on the following three
factors Prime-mover characteristic/input
appreciable.
power
The
Anbyincrease
shared
decrease
38.
itshared
to
Howby
decrease
The
does
in
by
in
other
39.
prime-mover
frequency
it

excitation
the
How
to
Percentage
generators.
and
change
does
increase
a of
corresponding
change
in
input
in
the
synchronous
one
and
prime
The
bus-bar
to
in
generator
achange
aexcitation
corresponding
mover
particular
increase
voltage
impedance
in
input
causes
reactive
affects
will
in
generator
affect
decrease
the
reactive-power
and
also
power
reactive
the
its
thesubjected
causes
load
R/X
in
load
sharing

Excitation
level
and
toactive-power
power
the
slight
shared
is
sharing?
activeshared
less
by sharing?
ratio
increase in value.

other generators. The change in active-power sharing is less

appreciable.
There will be a slight decrease in terminal voltage
magnitude also.
40. What steps are to be taken before disconnecting one Alternator from
parallel
operation?
The following steps are to be taken before disconnecting one
Alternator from
parallel operation
The prime-mover input of the outgoing generator has to
be decreased and that of other generators has to be
increased
and by this the entire active-power delivered by
the
outgoing
generator is transferred to other
generators.
The excitation
of the outgoing generator has to be
decreased
and that of other generators have to be increased and
by this the entire reactive-power delivered by the
outgoing
generator is transferred to other
generators.
After ensuring
the current delivered by the
outgoing is zero, it has to be disconnected from
generator
parallel
operation.
41. What is meant by infinite busbars?
The source or supply lines with non-variable voltage and frequency
are called
infinite
bus-bars. The source lines are said to have zero source
impedance and
infinite rotational
inertia.
42. How does increase in excitation of the Alternator connected to
infinite bus-bars
affect this operation?
Increase in excitation level of the synchronous generator will
effectively
increase
the reactive component of the current supplied by the
generator and
hence the active power delivered.
43. In what respect does a 1-phase Induction motor differ from a 3-phase
Induction
motor?
Construction
3-phase

A44.
the
plain
However,
What
motor
Asquirrel-cage
1-phase
are
plain
wise
if
can
the
the
1-phase
pick
Induction
ainherent
plain
rotor
up
Induction
Induction
its
1-phase
ismotor
characteristics
given
initially
speed
motor
is
Induction
and
motor
innot
adeliver
given
except
direction
used
does
of
motor
ain
not
that
the
plain
starting
practice
is
have
at
required
its
1-phase
more
which
any
torque,
stator
due
orstarting
the
less
tois
by
the
similar
provided
some
following
Induction
initial
torque
means,
to with
atorque
motor ?is inherent
onlyoutput.
1-phase
characteristics
winding.

45. Name the two different theories with which principle of 1-phase
induction motors
are explained.
The two different theories are
Double revolving field theory
Cross field theory
46. State double revolving field
theory.
Double revolving theory, formulated by Ferrari, states that a single
pulsating
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WLQJ
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synchronous speed proportional to the frequency of the pulsating
field.
47. Name any four types of 1-phase induction
motors.
Based on the method of starting arrangement provided, the 1-phase
Induction
motors are classified as follows
(i) Split-phase motor
(ii) Capacitor start motor
(iii) Capacitor start and run motor
(iv) Shaded pole motor
(v) Repulsion start Induction run motor
48. Why are centrifugal switches provided on many 1-phase Induction
motors?
Centrifugal switches are provided on many 1-phase Induction
motors tothe starting / auxiliary winding from the supply when
disconnect
the motor
reaches about 70% of its synchronous speed.
49. How is the direction of a capacitor start Induction motor be
reversed?
The direction of rotation can be reversed by interchanging the
terminals of
either the main winding or the starting
winding.
50. State
the principle of 3 phase
IM?
While
field
Lenzs
Itemf
is
No,
51.
starting,
produces
and
analogous
law
if
Induction
so
rotating
the
and
anaspeed
rotor
emf
hence
to
current
motor
flux
aisof
conductors
winding
the
induced
52.
and
induction
can
ifrotor
An
the
the
run
rotating
induction
in
circuit
rotor
starts
are
atthem
motor
synchronous
stationary
will
transformer
by
revolving
is
motor
iselectromagnetic
closed.
be
Ns zero
is
then
and
speed
in
generally
with
This
and
the
they
the
? so
relative
its
True
current
same
cut
induction.
noanalogous
secondary
the
or
torque
direction
false?
opposes
speed
is
This
as
revolving
induced
that
circuit
thebetween
Explain
of
cause
the
closed
magnetic
produced.
by
the
.
to ?magnetic
.
field.

53. Can the starting torque of of a slip ring induction motor being
increased?
Yes. It can be increased by adding resistances to the
rotor.
54. What would happen if a 3 phase induction motor is switched on with
one phase
disconnected?
The motor is likely to burn .
55. What happens if the air gap flux density in an induction motor
increases?
The increase in air gap flux increases iron loss and hence efficiency
decreases.
56. State the advantages of skewing?
It reduces humming and hence quite running of motor is
achieved.
It reduces magnetic locking of the stator and
rotor.
67 State the condition at which the starting torque developed in a slipring induction
motor is maximum.
When
68
What are R2=X2
the effects of increasing rotor resistance on
starting current
and
starting
torque?
The additional external resistance reduces the rotor
current and hence
the current drawn from the supply.
It improves the starting torque developed by improving the power factor
in high
proportion to the decrease in rotor
current.
68 What is slip of an induction motor?
The slip speed expressed as the ratio of synchronous speed is defined
as slip.
Percentage slip
S=Ns-N/Ns*100
72 Why is 71
not
69
70 possible
How
How
Whatthe
the
is magnitude
frequency
the
for normal
the rotor
of
ofvalue
rotor
rotor
Frequency
speed
ofemf
emf
slip
of is
is
an
Rotor
ofof
related
related
Irotor
an
M circuit
to
I emf/current
Mbe
to
tooperating
equal
the
the
emf slip
slip
per
to at
the
in
in
speed of its
full
an
an IIload?
M?
M?
rotating
phase
fr=Sfs
3 - E2r=SE2
magnetic
5%
field?

The machine will not be able to develop any mechanical torque

to run as a
motor.
73 State the condition at which the torque developed in a 3 phase
induction motor is
maximum.
When
R2=SX2
74. What
are the advantages of slip-ring I M over cage
I M?
(i) Rotor circuit is accessible for external
connection.
(ii) By adding
external resistance to the rotor circuit the
starting current
reducediswith the added advantage of improving starting
torque.
(iii) Additional speed control methods can be employed
with the
accessibility in the rotor
circuit.
75. What are the losses occurring in an I M and on what factors do they
depend?
Magnetic losses
Wi
Electrical losses
Wcu
Mechanical losses
Wm condition (with constant voltage and
For I M operating in normal
frequency)
magnetic and mechanical losses remain constant whereas electrical
losses
vary in square proportion to the
current.
76. What care should be taken at the time of construction to reduce
eddy current
losses in I M?
Make the resistance of the core body as large as
possible.This
is
achieved
by laminating
the stator core,stacked and revetted at right
angles
the
pathtoof eddy current.The laminations are insulated from each
other by thin
coat of varnish.
77. Why is there not appreciable magnetic losses in the rotor core of
Induction
motors?
Although the rotor core is also subjected to magnetic flux reversals
the
Wcu1
With
frequency
and
the
the stator
rotor
power
synchronous
of by
The
flux
input
core,
power
to
thethe
reversals
to
Wi,
rotating
input
speed
rotor
incurred
the
areto
motor
Ns.
met
by
in
magnetic
the
rotating
the
in
Torque
with,
Pi,
rotor
the
rotor,
after
the
field
rotor
Td
Pir
magnetic
is
remaining
fr
the
is
as
core
developed
=transferred
losses
power
Sfs,
field
is power
negligibly
is
input
in
in
which
very
the
the
is
from
to the
and
since
small,
transferred
stator
rotor
thewinding.
iron
Pir
rotor
to
the
loss
stator
rotates
as
78. What
small.
atPir
is meant
= Pi wau1
by synchronous
- Wi
watt?

a result of Pir and the equation for Pir can

alternatively be
expressed as
Pir 1s/60). Td
W
Or
Td = Pir Syn. W
79. How does the shaft torque differ from the torque developed in 3-phase
Induction
motor?
The mechanical power developed Pd causes the rotor to rotate at a
speed
due
to Nr
the torque Td developed in the rotor . Therefore, equation for
Pr can be
written as
Pd 1rTd / 60
The remaining power, after the mechanical losses Wm are met with,
available
in the shaft as mechanical power output
PoPo = Pd Wm
The mechanical power output Po, which is less than Pd is available in
the
shaft at a speed of Nr and with a shaft torque T. Therefore the
running
shaft torque
(T) is slightly less than the torque developed
Td, Pd 1rT / 60
Wm = Pd Po >1r(Td T)] / 60
80. Name the tests to be conducted for predetermining the performance of
3-phase
induction machine.
(a) No load test
(b) Blocked rotor
test
81. What are the informations obtained from no-load test in a 3phase I M?
(i) No load input current
per phase,Io
(ii) No load powerfactor and hence no load
phase angle
(iii) Iron and mechanical
losses together
(iv) elements of equivalent circuit
shunt branch
82What are the informations obtained from blocked rotor test in a 3phase I M?
(i)Blocked rotor input current per phase at
diagram
84
source,the
What is
The
are
used
prediction
(iii)
loci
the
to
When
advantages
of
Total
predict
83
stator
an
predetermining
can
Iresistance
(ii)
What
conditions
Mthe
be
current
and
operates
Blocked
is
carried
performance
disadvantages
circle
phasor
and
as
on
the
rotor
out
diagram
well
constant
leakage
performance
when
is
of
power
as
found
of
the
any
of
mode
reactance
circle
voltage
factor
machine
an
of
toof
of
Ithe
fall
diagram
3and
and
at
following
per
phase
onhence
constant
phase
a
I
normal voltage
different
information
method
of
circle.This
frequency
the of
motor
loading
circle
phase
as
angle
M?
M? is
refered
operation.
available
to the stator

The input line current., the input power factor, The active power
input,
Thepower input, The apparent power input, The output power ,
reactive
The
slip
of operation,
The torque developed, The equivalent rotor current per
phase,
Maximum output power, Maximum torque developed.
The only disadvantage is, being a geometrical solution, errors
made during
measurements will affect the accuracy of the
result.
85 What are the advantages and disadvantages of direct load test for 3
phase I M?
Advantages
Direct measurement of input and output parameters yield
accurate
results
Aside from the usual performance other performances like
mechanical
vibration, noise etc can be
By operating the motorstudied.
at full load for a continuous period, the
final steady
temperature can be measured.
Disadvantages
Testing involves large amount of power and the input energy and
the entire
energy delivered is wasted
Loading arrangement cannot be provided for motors of large power
rating
86 State the characteristic features of synchronous
motor.
a. the motor is not inherently self
starting
b. The speed of operation is always in synchronous with the supply
frequency
irrespective of load conditions
c. The motor is capable of operating at any power
factor.
87 In what way synchronous motor is different from other
motors?
All dc and ac motors work on the same principle. Synchronous motor
operates
due
to magnetic locking taking place between stator and rotor magnetic
fields.
88 Name any two methods of starting a synchronous motors
By an extra 3 phase cage induction motor
89 What
magnetic
TheSynchronous
is
speed
main
theattraction
proportional
of
pole
effect
operation
motor
feed.
onthe
established
speed
work
Since

to
motor
remains
By
frequency
on
if
the
operating
operating
the
the
constant
speed
between
principle
load
theof
the
is
at
motor
the
from
rotating
increased
constant
pilot
ofrotating
operates
no
force
excitor
load
magnetic
frequency
on
developed
magnetic
to
at
a as
maximum
3constant
field
phase
a bus
dc
due
field
is
By providing damper winding in pole phases
synchronous
and
load
tothe
in
directly
the speed.90 Why
bars.
motor?
amotor
synchronous motor is a constant speed motor?

91 What is the phasor relation between induced emf and terminal voltage of a
3 phase
synchronous motor?
The rotating magnetic field is initially established by the prime
source
of V. The main field then causes an emf e to get induced
supply
the 3 Hence when the machine operates as a synchronous
phaseinwinding.
motor
the emf phasor always lags the terminal voltage phasor by the
load/torque
DQJOH
92 At what load angle is power developed in a synchronous motor becomes
its
maximum value ?
:KHQ LWV ORDG DQJOH LV HTXDO WR WKH
LPSHGDQFH DQJOH
93 What are V and inverted V curves of synchronous
motor ?
The variation of magnitude of line current with respect to the
field
current
is called
V curve . The variation of power factor with respect to
the field
current is called inverted V curve.
94 What happens when the field current of a synchronous motor is increased
beyond
the normal value at constant input?
Increase in emf causes the motor to have reactive current in the
leading The additional leading reactive current causes the
direction.
magnitude ofline current, accompanied by the decrease in power
factor.
95 Distinguish between synchronous phase modifier and synchronous
condenser
A synchronous motor used to change the power factor or power
factor in
the supply lines is called synchronous phase
modifier.
A synchronous motor
operated at no load with over excitation
condition
to leading reactive current and power is called a
draw large
synchronous
condenser.
97 What
96power
Synchronous
reactive
How
type
lagging
the
factor
of current
synchronous
single
current
motor
to become
phase
and
is
andCeiling
operated
power
motor
power
unity.
induction
from
can
requirement
fan
The
onbe
the

motor
over
motor
used
capacitor
supply
excitation
would
as
does
ofsthe
lines.
synchronous
you
the
start
load
use
so
job
This
and
as
making
for
ofto
run
the
draw
the
following
condenser?
leading
capacitors
compensates
system and
the applications?
motor
henceCeiling
(i)
calledfan
as (ii)
synchronous
Wet grinder
condenser.

Wet grinder capacitor start

motor
98 After servicing a single phase fan it was found to run in reverse
direction. What
could be the reason?
The connection to the starting/ auxiliary winding would have
reversed.
99 What will be the direction of rotation of a shaded pole single phase
induction
motor?
The motor rotates in the direction specified by the unshaded to
shaded
region in the pole phase
100What is the property of a single phase single winding induction
motor?
It has zero starting torque
101Which winding in a double cage induction motor has high resistance
and low
inductance?
Outer cage winding

Long answer Questions

1.
State the requirements for paralleling of
alternators.
2. A two pole,50 Hz,
3-phase, turbo alternator is excited to generate the
bus-bar
voltage of 11 kV on no load.The machine is star connected and
the shortcircuit current for this excitation is 1000A. Calculate the
synchronizing power
per degree of mechanical displacement of the rotor and the
corresponding
synchronizing
3. A 3300V, 3 phase startorque.
connected alternator has a full load current of
100A.On
short circuit a field current of 5A was necessary to produce full-load
current.The e m f on open circuit for the same excitation was 900V.The
armature resistance was 0.8 ohm/phase. Determine the full load voltage
7. Aper
3-phase
4.
R1=2
slot,
per
Explain
no ohm,X1=1
load,
pole=55mWb.Calculate
8.
,star
coil
6.
(i)
The
the
Explain
it
span=160
Rotor
following
connected,
ohm,
construction
is
using
observed
regulation
current
R2=3
the
5. electrical
an
Develop
data
various
16
approximate
ohm,
that
the
pole
and
refers
(iv)
(ii)
for
the
line
X2=7
techniques
principle
it
alternaror
degrees,
draw
(i)
Supply
equivalent
takes
to
and
equivalent
0.8
athe
ohm.
20pole,460V,60Hz,
phase
current
3.9A
speed
of
pequivalent
of
When
has
foperation
speed
circuit
and
values
lagging
192
circuit
of
the
and
the
alternator=375
control
slots
motor
pf
of
total
of
(ii)
at
EMF
three
with
3-phase
(iii)
3-phase
is
5%
of
0.8
core
tested
slip,
38phase
p fI
conductors
onloss
rpm,
alternator
is
generated.
flux
Gross
450W.By
M :phase
load
calculate
torque
I M leading.
I circuit.
M

9. Explain about crawling and cogging

10. Describe any two methods of determining the voltage regulation of
3-phase
alternator
11. Explain the operation of single phase induction motor on the basis
of double
field revolving theory.
12. Explain the operation of the types of stepper
13. A 3 MVA , 50Hz, motors.
11 kV, 3-phase star connected alternator supplies
100A zero
at p f leading. The line voltage is 12370V.When the load is
removed,
linethe
voltage is 1100V.Find the regulation at full load,0.8 pf
lagging.
Ra=0,4ohm/phase.
14. Bring out the characteristics of two alternators working in parallel.
What is the
effect of change in excitation on load
15. Derive the equation forsharing.
torque developed by an I M. Draw the
tipical torque- slip curve and deduce the condition for maximum
torque.16. Write a note on Hysterisis motor
17. Write short notes on (i)A C series motor (ii) Reluctance
motor
18. How do
you determine the direct axis and quadrature axis
reactances of a
salient pole alternator?
19. A three phase star connected alternator has direct axis synchronous
reactance
of 0,7p u and quadrature axis reactance of 0,5 p u,If the
generator
kVAdelivers
at rated voltage at full load and lagging, find the
percentage regulation.Resistance drop at full load is 0,017
u.
20. Two alternators are pconnected
in parallel, what happens when we (i)
increase
the excitation of one machine (ii) increase the steam supply of one
21. machine.
Two similar 3000kVA synchronous generators work in parallel.The
governor
of first machine is such that frequency drops uniformly from 50Hz on
no 48
load
to
Hz on full load.The corresponding speed drop of second machine
is from
50Hz to 47.5Hz.determine the following
(i) How will the two machines share a load 5000kW at
full
(ii) load
What is the maximum load at u p f that can be delivered
without
overloading either of the two
machines.
22. Explain
why synchronous motor is not self
starting.
23.
Explain the various schemes of starting of 3
phase Isupply
M
24. Describe how 3-phase
produces a rotating magnetic field of
25.
Derive
the
EMF
Equation
of
3
phase
alternator
distribution
constant
value at constant
speed .Define
with vector
diagrams.
factor and
coil span factor?