2

____________________________________________________________________

.

().

2.1

-
(,

), .


, ,
, ,.
25%
. , ,
(). (.
)
. (
).


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

, ( , )
( ). (
)

.

(, , , )

,11

17,18

19,20
.

.12,18
()

, fc,

. (
)
,
, , .

, , ,
(,
, , ),

.

,
.

28


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

28 ,
(
)
C . ,
C16/20 16
MPa 20 MPa, .
(. )

(
). ,
(. 2.1) .

2.1
.

, .18
Portland ( ) 7 14
30% 20%, , 28
, 3

29


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

15-20%, 1 25-40% 3 50%

. 25
2 3 28 .
..
28 28
.
()

10%

. ,
(
). ,

. , , (..
, ) , ' ,
.
( ,
. 2.2,

()

2.2 A

30


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

17,18)

, 2.1:18
fct = 0.3 fc2/3

2.1

fct fc
MPa
(

) .17,18
( Brazilian test)
150 mm 300 mm
P
(. 2.3).
h,

, h=2P/dl.
h
() .

2P/dl

P/l

2.2

P/l

31


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

fct,sp ,
,
PSP :
fct,sp = 2 PSP/dl

2.2

fct0.9fct,sp.18
, - 150mmx150mm
600 mm 700 mm
, , (.
2.4).
' , 2.4
=M/W.

. fct,fl ,
, :

maxM=

P1
6

P/2

P/2

h=1/3
1/3

1/3

1/3
P/2

P/2
maxM=

P1
4

h=1/3
1/2

1/2

P/2

P/2

2.4

32


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

fct,fl = max M/W

2.3

W (=bh2/6 ).
2.3
.
fct0.5fct,fl.18
()

.. .

,
, , 2.5.

2.6.1,16
1, 2,
2, 3, 3, 1 ,
1, 2, 3
1=2=3
.
1, 2 3.

1
3
2

2.5 .

33


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

3oc

r=3o
60
3o

z=3o
(1=2=3)

1
1 > 2 >3

> >

3
2>3 >1

3>2 >1

2 = 3
2

2 >3 >1

3>2 >1

2.6 E .
() .
() .
(1,2,3 )

2.6
(.
2.7),

.1,16 ,
.
2.8.1,16

. ,
2.8 0.1fc ( fc
)
50%,
0.05fc .1,21

34


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

1.5

2/fc

0.5

0
-0.5

0.5

1.5

1 /fc
-0.5

2.7

/fc
2

0
0

2c/fc

2.8 A

35


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

()

- -
(c)

() ()

(. 2.9). -
,
. ,
, () 1/3 .
.
, cm
fcm
9,10
cm=9500 fcm1/3

cm fcm MPa.

/fc

0.5

-4

-3

-2

-1

2.9 -

36

2.4


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

, 2.9,
,1,22 .
,
.
(),
(

, , .).15
"" (
)
-
(
1).

.1,15
()

(i)

()


. ,
,
,
( van der Waals)
.

37


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

17,18 : (1)
(
), (2) (
)
(3) (

).
(. 2.10).
120
100

80

60
20
40
20
0
10

90

28

10

20 30

( )

2.10 -

50% 70%.
cs t= ( 70
) 2.1,9,10

, ho=2A/u ( u
)
, RH, . (
.)

38


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

(t, to)
I 2c/u ( mm)

to

()

50

150

600

50

(RH=50%)

1
7
28
90
365

5.5
3.9
3.0
2.4
1.8

4.6
3.1
2.5
2.0
1.5

3.7
2.6
2.0
1.6
1.2

150

600

(RH=80%)
3.6
2.6
1.9
1.5
1.1

3.2
2.3
1.7
1.4
1.0

2.9
2.0
1.5
1.2
1.0

cs (t, to) 103

2c/u ( mm)
150
600

(%)

50

- 0.60

- 0.50

80

- 0.33

- 0.28

RH =

c
u


, u
.
, 150 600 mm
.
2.1
(t, to) cs (t, to) .

39


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

(ii)
M
()
.
(i)
.
,
,
, . ,
Poisson,
(. =0.15 =0.25). 4050%
( - . 2.11)

1000

95%

800

75%

x 10-6

32%
600

400

200

20

40

60

80

100

100 x (/)

2.11

.

40


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

(.
).
(
) .
:17,18 (1)

(
), (2)
=/ (
), (3)
(
), (4) (
) (5)

(
, ,

,
).17,18
tot t (
) 0.5fc to,
to,
:
tot(t,to)=[1/Ec(to)+(t,to)/ Ec28]

41

2.5


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

:
Ec(to) to,

. Ec(to)=1.05cm(to) ( cm(to)
2.4).
Ec28

28 (
2.4)

(t,to) ()
.
(t,to) t=70
2.1
.9,10 (t,to) to
, ho
RH. ,
.

2.2

- ,

.


. 2.12 () ()

.
Es=200 GPa.
()
. fy Pa
S

42


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

800
700

(MPa)

600
500
400
300

S220

200

S400
S500

100
0

10

15

20

(% )

()

700
600

(MPa)

500
400
300
200
100
0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

(% )

0.8

()

2.12 ()- ()
: () ()

43


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

() . (.. S220
S400)
( ). -
(.. S500)
.
f0.2, ()
0.2%. - ,
,
. ,
ft . ft/fy
, u
.

..10
(1)

S220.

(StI) .
. .
, .
, 6, 8, 10 12 14
mm, ().
(2)

( ) S400

S400s. (StI).

, 14 m (
) 12 m ( ) 8 mm 32 mm.

S400,

44


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

).
( Mn V). S400s ()
.
(3)

( ) S500

S500s. V (StV StVs).

, ,
S400.
(500 MPa)
. 500s, ,
(
)
.
,
.
500s 12 mm .
S500
, .
(4)

S500.

Vb StVb. 500 MPa.

(-).
()
() , () 2.15 m x 5.0 m.

,
.
,
. S220

45


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

S400, ,

. S220 ,
, ..

S400 S500s. S500s
S400.

2.3

..

.

.
, ,
,
.23-25

.
.
, .

, ,


.

.26

46


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

.

.
. ()

.

,
b (. 2.13)

Fs

Fs + Fs

2.13 ()
(b)

b = Fs/(ul) .

2.6

Fs Fs l
u. Fs=s2/4 u= ( s

47


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

Fs ), 2.6

b =s /(4l) .

2.7

bfbd

s /(4l)fbd .

2.8

fbd .


:9
fbd=0.36fc1/2/c

( )

2.9()

fbd=0.47fc2/3/c ( ) .

2.9()

c =1,5 (. 1.2.2.3)
2.8 l
l=s /(4 fbd) .

2.10

l
s. 2.9 s fy,

lb= fy /(4 fbd) .

48

2.11


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

fyd (. 2.14). lb ()
.

2
Fy =
fyd
4

lb

fbd

2.14 ,
()
(fbd).

,
fy, lb
.
100%


. 7.

49


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

To
. 2.15
4

r>

lb

min (8r, 16)

min (8r, 24)

min (4r, 8)

min (4r, 12)

2.15 K (lb)

.

() 2.16,

Fs +Fs

Fs = - = -
= Fs
Fs = - Fs

Fso

Fs +Fs

Fs

Fs
= -
Fs
Fs = Fs e-

Fs

2.16

50


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

.6 ,

( -),
(. 2.17)
4

x=2r

Fs

4
x=r

2.17
Fs

:27
= Fs/(x)

2.12

:27
fa = 1.5fck /(1+2/ab)

2.13

fck

ab

. (
ab = +.)

51


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

2.4

, .

,
.,
- .

.

52


2
__________________________________________________________________________________

53