K THUT GIM THIU HIU NG FADING

7.2.4. La chn thut ton cho s b tr (ngang bng) thch ng:

K t khi mt b cn bng thch ng b cho mt knh khng khng bit r v thi gian
thay i, n i hi mt thut ton c th cp nht cc h s cn bng v theo di s
thay i ca knh. Cc yu t xc nh hiu sut ca thut ton l:
Tc hi t: s ln lp li cn thit cho thut ton, p ng mt u vo khng i,
hi t gn gii php ti u. Hi t tc nhanh cho php thut ton thch nghi
nhanh chng vi mi trng khng i ca s liu thng k khng bit.
lch: cung cp mt thc o nh lng ca lng gi tr cui cng ca li bnh
phng trung bnh, trung bnh trn mt tp hp cc b lc thch nghi, lch t mt li
bnh phng trung bnh ti u.
phc tp tnh ton: s hot ng cn thit lp li hon ton ca thut ton.
c tnh s: khng chnh xc nh tp m lm trn v li tiu biu trong my tnh, m nh
hng ti s n nh ca thut ton.
3 thut ton cn bng c in l ngun gc cho hu ht cc tiu chun khng dy ngy
nay. Chng bao gm thut ton p khng Zero Forcing (ZF), thut ton bnh phng
trung bnh ti thiu Least Mean Square (LMS), v thut ton bnh phng ti thiu
quy Recursive Least Square (RLS). Sau y, chng ti tho lun mt vi trong s cc
thut ton thch nghi.
Thut ton LMS (Least Mean Square bnh phng trung bnh ti thiu)
Thut ton LMS l thut ton n gin da trn s ti thiu ca MSE gia u ra cn
bng mong mun v u ra cn bng thc t, nh tho lun trc . y li h
thng, MSE v cc gii php ti u Wiener vn nh c nh c a ra khun kh cn
bng thch nghi.
Trong thc t, vic ti thiu ca MSE c thc hin quy, v c th thc hin bng
cch s dng thut ton gradient (dc) s liu thng k. l thut ton cn bng n
gin nht v ch yu cu 2N + 1 hot ng mi ln lp. Cc trng s b lc c cp nht
bi phng trnh cp nht. Cho php bin n biu din di cc chui lp i lp li, LMS
c tnh lp i lp li bi:

y ch s k biu th giai on tr th k trong vic cn bng v l kch thc bc

iu khin tc hi t v s n nh ca thut ton.

B cn bng LMS ti a ha t l bin dng tn hiu u ra ca n trong phm vi hn ch

ca chiu di b lc cn bng. Nu mt tn hiu u vo c c im phn tn thi gian l
ln hn tr truyn dn trong b cn bng, sau b cn bng s khng c kh nng gim
mo. Tc hi t ca thut ton LMS l chm do thc t rng ch c mt tham s, kch
thc bc, m iu khin tc thch ng. ngn chn s thch ng tr nn khng n
nh, gi tr ca c chn t

y i l tr s c trng th I ca ma trn phng sai R.

Thut ton bnh thng ha LMS (NLMS)
Trong thut ton LMS, vic iu chnh c p dng cho k (n) l t l thun vi cc
mu u vo x(n k). Do khi x(n k) ln, thut ton LMS tm ra khuc i nhiu dc.
Vi s bnh thng ha ca kch thc bc LMS bi ||x(n)||^2 trong thut ton NLMS,
vn ny c loi b. Ch khi x(n k) tr nn gn bng 0, cc mu gii hn ||x(n)||^2
trong phng trnh MLNS tr nn rt nh v yu t iu chnh c th phn ra. V vy,
mt s dng nh c thm vo mu gii hn ca yu t iu chnh. y, kch
thc bc l thi gian khc nhau v c biu din nh sau:

Do , phng trnh cp nht thut ton NLMS c dng:

7.3. S phn tp
Phn tp l mt phng php c s dng pht trin thng tin t mt vi tn hiu
truyn trn khong truyn Fading. N li dng tnh ngu nhin ca s lan truyn m
thanh bng cch tm ng dn tn hiu c lp trong truyn thng. N l mt khi nim
n gin m nu c mt con ng b gim i su, mt con ng c lp c th c mt
tn hiu mnh. Khi c nhiu hn mt con ng chn, c s tc th v SNRs trung
bnh bn nhn c th c ci thin. Thng thng quyt nh phn tp c thc hin
bi bn nhn. Khng ging nh s cn bng, phn tp khng i hi b truyn ng trn
cao nh b truyn ng ni tip l khng cn thit bn pht. Lu rng nu khong
cch gia 2 bn thu l bi s ca /2, c th xy ra giao thoa trit tiu gia 2 tn hiu. Do

 bn thu trong k thut phn tp c s dng trong cch l tn hiu nhn c bi

mt c lp khc. Chng ti a ra loi one by one trong phn tip theo.

7.3.1 Cc loi phn tp:

Phn tp khng gian (space diversity):
Phng php truyn, nhn hay c hai, trong s tc ng ca Fading l ti thiu bi
ng thi s dng 2 hay nhiu anten vt l ring bit, khong cch l tng l bng mt
hoc nhiu ln na bc sng. Tn hiu nhn c t cc anten phn tp khng gian c
ng bao khng ging nhau.
Phng php tip nhn phn tp khng gian c th c chia thnh 4 dng: la chn,
thng tin phn hi hoc qut, t l ti a kt hp v tng bng cch kt hp.
a) Phn tp la chn (selection diversity):
Cc nguyn tc c bn ca phn tp loi ny l la chn cc tn hiu tt nht trong tt c
cc tn hiu nhn c t cc nhnh khc nhau u thu cui. Phn tp la chn l k
thut phn tp n gin nht. hnh 7.3 cho thy s khi ca phng php ny b
iu hp M c s dng cung cp phn tp cc ngnh M m li ch thu c iu
chnh cung cp SNR trung bnh tng t cho tng nhnh. Nhnh thu c SNR tc th
cao nht c kt ni vi b gii iu ch.
Hy c lp M knh fading Rayleigh c sn ti pha thu. Mi mt knh c gi l mt
nhnh phn tp v cho mi nhnh c SNR trung bnh tng t. Cc tn hiu t l
nhiu c xc nh:

 y Eb nng lng mang trung bnh, N 0 l nhiu PSD, l mt bin ngu

nhin c s dng i din gi tr bin ca knh fading.
SNR ( i ) tc thi thng c xc nh nh i = nng lng tn hiu tc thi trn mi
nhnh / nng lng nhiu trung bnh trn mi nhnh. Vi knh fading Rayleigh, c
2
phn phi Rayleigh v do v i c phn phi chi-square vi bc 2 t do. Hm

mt xc sut cho mt hm nh vy l:

Xc sut m bt k nhnh n c SNR tc th t hn mt ngng xc nh l:

Tng t, xc sut m tt c M nhnh phn tp c lp nhn c tn hiu m ng thi

nh hn ngng SNR xc nh l:

y PM () l xc sut ca tt c cc nhnh khng t SNR tc th = . Hon ton

ng, PM () < PM (). Nu mt nhnh tn hiu t c SNR > , sau xc sut
m SNR > cho mt hay nhiu nhnh c cho bi:

l nhiu hn SNR cn cho mt nhnh tn hiu bn thu. Biu thc ny cho thy u
im khi la chn phn tp c s dng.
xc nh t l nhiu tn hiu trung bnh, u tin chng ti tm ra pdf ca nh sau:

SNR trung bnh , c th c biu din nh sau:

x = / v l SNR trung bnh cho nhnh n, khi khng c phn tp c s dng.

Phng trnh ny cho thy s ci thin trung bnh trong bin lin kt m khng i hi
cng sut pht d phng hay mch phc tp, v n l d dng thc hin nh cn mt
trm gim st v mt b chuyn i anten bn pha thu. N khng phi l k thut phn
tp ti u v n khng s dng ng thi tt c cc nhnh c th.
b) Phn tp phn hi hoc qut:
Qut tt c cc tn hiu theo trnh t nht nh cho ti khi c tn hiu vi SNR ln hn
mt ngng xc nh c xc nh. Phn tp phn hi hoc qut l rt ging phn tp
la chn ngoi tr vic thay v lun s dng tn hiu tt nht ca N tn hiu, N tn hiu
c qut theo trnh t nht nh cho ti khi mt trong s chng c tm thy l trn
mt ngng xc nh trc. Tn hiu ny sau c thu cho ti khi n xung ti di
ngng v qu trnh qut li bt u li. Cc kt qu thng k fading l hi thp, nhng
u im l n rt d thc hin (ch mt bn thu c yu cu).
c) Kt hp t l ti a:
Tn hiu t tt c m nhnh c ti theo tn hiu t l nhiu in p ca ring h v sau
tng kt li. Tnh hiu ring l phi ng v (be cophased) trc khi c tng hp, m
i hi mt my thu ring v gim mch cho mi phn t anten. Kt qu SNR u ra
bng vi tng ca tt c SNR ring l. u im ca sn xut mt u ra vi mt SNR
chp nhn c thm ch khi khng c tn hiu ring l no chp nhn c. K thut
DSP hin i v u thu k thut s hin nay ang lm cho hnh thc ti u ny, v n cho
php gim thng k tt nht ca fading ca vic kt hp bt k phn tp tuyn tnh c
bit n. Gii hn ca tn hiu in p:

Gi l tng ch v ri l tn hiu in p t mi nhnh.

d) Kt hp tng ch ngang bng (equal gain combining):
Trong mt s trng hp, n khng thch hp cung cp cho kh nng bin trng yu
cu cho kt hp t l ti a ng. Trong trng hp ny, trng s nhnh l thit lp thng
nht tt c, nhng tn hiu t mi nhnh phi ng v cung cp c bng phn tp kt

hp. N cho php bn thu khai thc tn hiu thu c ng thi mi nhnh. Hiu sut
ca phng php ny l hi thp hn phn tp kt hp t l ti a v cao hn phn tp la
chn. Gi s tt c cc gi tr Gi c ng nht, n l:

Phn tp phn cc:

Phn tp phn cc da trn the decorrelation ca 2 cng thu t c tng ch phn
tp. 2 cng thu phi phn cc cross. Phn tp phn cc ti mt trm c s khng yu cu
khong cch gia cc anten. Kt hp cp phn tp phn cc ca anten vi phn tp trc
giao (ngha l ngang/dc, nghing 45, bn tri/bn phi CP). Cc tn hiu phn x
c th tri qua s phn cc thay i ty thuc vo knh. Kt ni 2 cc b sung, iu ny
c th lm mt tc hi (tc dng) h thng t phn cc khng thch ng s gy ra tn hiu

suy yu khc. Phn tp phn cc chng t gi tr i pht thanh v cc trm gc thng

tin di ng v n t nhy cm vi s nh hng ngu nhin ca anten truyn.