: CHAPTERAV x Integration and Differentiation of different functions using operational matrices for Integration and Differentiation 4.0 Operational Matrix for Integration “The operational matrix for integration is foend out in BPF domain. The BPF funcion sets have been shown in fig. 2 of chapter, Those are used to derive operational matrix for Iteration as shown be aw. 4.1 Integration of block pulse functions. ‘We take up the block pulse function set and integrate each ofits componsts to ‘express the result in matrix form, Starting with the first member ‘of the BPF set, we integrate [7] each member and express the result in non-optimal function domain, We consider m = 4 and ie, h= Tim Ls 5 5 and integrate i, Figd.1 shows the result of integration which is fanction like fit) =tand three block poise functions | wot Jawat Fig = Iga of fst fom members ofthe SHE et Integration ofthe first member ofthe BPF set can be expressed mathemateally as[es Q Seed ole cdf lw] er, we have left ou the sgument for converenes on d= HEE 1 Uy a Similarly, integration ofthe second, third and fourth members of the 3PF set may be written as Jrac=nfo sr aly, 42) Jeru=nlo 0 $ IK (43) Jrare nfo 0 0 s]% ia) Expressing equations (4.1) 10 (44) nati form, we have fee] ryan Bea] | gaa roa") oy [Pl Ia} t a Leads] itso B eff a ie as) where, ly isthe identity matrix of order 4 and Qj, isthe delay matrix of order 4, having the general steuaturesy (4.6) nde lowing prop i Qin = Opn Ua] a + 0) Pr ovm ad an Where, Flam, iS the operational matrix fer integration in block pulse function demain Which is meant for operation upon BPF functions only using both optimal and non- optimal coefficients. lq) is @ unit mateix of order m. P.y.g, isthe operational mat» for integration. This operatonal matrix fr integation is applicable i both OBPE and NOBPF domain. Piy.., can beexpressed as 1 fe bet ay ooo0 in whih beasbt ‘| 4.2 Operational matrices for Differentiat on The operational matrix for integration... for BPF domain, has been derived by Chen eral ‘Though it performs approximate integration, it may be improved if necessary, To drive ‘he operational mati fordiferentation Dyq, We invert Phy to obtainfom ened 2-tn s comeal as Dim) is als identical lke yin both optimal and non-optimal BPP domains. Any particule funetion canbe expand in tw ways in BPE domain. Thus, optimal and sxn-ptimal [BPF coefficients are obtained. Then, thes omsins using Dn ficients ae use to perform differentiion in both For Finear functions these 190 series (optimal and ron-optimal) of coefiiens are ‘demteal but for norfinear functions these series of expansions differ from each other. Thus, he application of Pym or Dia) 00 a Tinear funtion gives identical reslt in both domain. For non- linear fonctions we gt different results in each domain. 43 Integration of different functions using operational matrix for integration We approximate & function via BPF to find out optima! BPF cocicens. These values are used for integration via operatioral matrix for integration, Piqy. Then the non-optimal coefiients ate found out via BPF. These coeicens are useé to perform integration in NOBPF domain, The same operational matrix fo integration, Pi is used to perform the epeation, 43:1 Integration of a function using optimal BPF coefficients Example 4.tc@) Let us considera function f(t) =«? in Ot ct. We find out optimal coetieients ofthe function and using Pe We tabulate the results of integration. By convetonal method, we get {1d Taking TI 8, number of component functions and f= ps the resulsare shown in Table 4.1