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    electical property of material

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    electical property of material

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    5 views5 pages

    Kro Enig Penney

    Uploaded by

    michalnaffri
    electical property of material

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 5
    ‘THE KRONIG-PENNEY MODEL, Metals gencrally have a cystine structure, thats, the ions are aranged ina sway tha exhbiteaspatl periodicity. This periodicity hasan effect on the motion ofthe fee electrons in the metal, and this effect is exhibited inthe simple model ‘hat we will now discus "The pesiodcity will be b tint the potential, for which we require that Ver +4) = voy 635) ‘Since the kinetic energy term ~(8/2mNl"/4x*) $6 unaltered by the change xx + 2, the whole Hamiltonian i invariant under displcements by a For the fase of 220 potential, when the solution corresponding to given energy Ea ae/amis we 696) the displacement yields Wer ta) = re = ges) om ‘hati the original solution multiplied by a phase factor, so that lier + ay = [poor 695) The observables will therefore be the same at ras atx +4, thats, we cannot tell whether we ae atx or at x + a In our example we shall iso insist that a) and ‘Yar +2) diller only by a phase factor, which need not, however, be of the forme sont ati fre potenti sown in ig 515 Os appointee fr ta sision risen spp Se cto pts 100 ‘CHAPTER 5 OND-DIMUNSIONAL roreNTIALS We digress beey to discuss this requirement more formally. The invarlance ofthe Hamiltonian under a displacement x > x ‘a can be treated formally a5 follows. Let D, bean operstor whose rile of operation i that DJd= fro om) ‘The invariance impisthat tH Dy 6-100) We can find the eigenvalues ofthis operator by noting that Da ye = Aye «a0» together with e102) plies that A= 1 0 that A, must be ofthe form e*. Consider nov a simul- taneous eigenfunction of Hand D,, a) and define ut) =" yo) 6-105) Then Dae) = ule +0) = =D, G0) ren) 6109 = Om Yo) = ud ‘Thus us) ia periodic function of a obeying we #0) = ued 6-105) and y(o) = eu. IE we now take into account that square integrability requires that the real part of o mast vanish, we get the condition thet a simultaneous ‘igenfanction of H and D, must be ofthe form = 2) = eres) (5-106) vith wa) = ur +) Ts convenient to write Ima = #/s. This statement, known, 88 Bloc theorem, was fst use by F Bloch in the context of quantum mechanic, butts also known in the mathematical iterature ae Floquet s there. "To simplify the algebra, we Wil ke a series of repulsive delt-fancton, potentials, £2 8 wow oun ve) Away from the points x= na, the solution willbe that of the ree-partile equation, ‘that i, some linear combination of sn lx and cos kx (we deal with zeal fonctions ‘nie kxowte-renaey MoE 101 for simplicity). Let us assume thatin the region Ry defined by (n ~ 1)a-3'< nae wehave (C0) = Ae in He ~ na) + By cos ie ~ ns) ©-108) and inthe region Res, defined by na = x < (r+ Da we have 8) = Ages sin REx ~ (+ Dal + Bugs cos Kx ~ Gr + 108) 6-108) Continuity ofthe wave function implies that & = ne) ate tatiana enw nde cont onion 1B ede eo BB sit, = enn Ate ranpaeion ye Anse s gonm—ini, Ror= (gant coi, + Ante weet = "Belem fom Bc ere at fre) «ere ra) = cto eee) GID spt 0) = 03 en Ti sted ed sus ‘When this is inserted into (119), we finda consistency condition that reads (4 ~ cos ian ~ g sink ~ cos fn) = sh bag cok ~ sin) thats, 4 eos la + g sin ks) +1 “Multiplication by gives con ¢ = cos in + sin he ene) 102 ‘CHAPTER $ ONE-DIMENSIONAL. PoTUINALS 1 we take periodic boundary conditions for our “erystal” so that ey ow ‘We used square insgrabilty to show that o had to be imaginary. Ifthe x-vabes

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