Giao trnh cung cap ien

PGS.TS. Quyen Huy Anh

CHNG VI

TRAM BIEN AP
6.1. Chon so lng va cong suat cua tram bien ap
Von au t cua tram bien ap chiem mot phan rat quan trong trong tong so von au t cua he
thong ien. V vay, viec chon v tr, so lng va cong suat nh mc cua may bien ap la viec lam
rat quan trong. e chon tram bien ap can a ra mot so phng an co xet en cac rang buoc cu
the va tien hanh tnh toan so sanh kinh te - ky thuat e chon phng an toi u.
1. Chon v tr tram bien ap
e xac nh v tr hp ly cua tram bien ap can xem xet cac yeu cau sau:

Gan trung tam phu tai

Thuan tien cho cac ng day vao/ra

Thuan li trong qua trnh lap at va thi cong xay dng

Thao tac, van hanh, sa cha, quan ly de dang

Phong chay, no, am t, bui bam va kh an mon tot

An toan cho ngi va thiet b.

Trong thc te, viec at tat ca cac yeu cau tren la rat kho khan. Do o, can xem xet va can
nhac cac ieu kien thc te e co the chon phng an hp ly nhat.
2. Chon so lng va chung loai may bien ap
Co nhieu phng phap e xac nh so lng va chung loai may bien ap, nhng thng van
phai da vao nhng nguyen tac chnh sau ay:

Chung loai may bien ap trong mot tram bien ap nen ong nhat (hay t chung loai), e
giam so lng may bien ap d phong trong kho va thuan tien trong lap at, van hanh.

So lng may bien ap trong tram bien ap phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to nh: yeu cau ve
lien tuc cung cap ien cua ho phu tai, yeu cau ve la chon dung lng may bien ap
hp ly, yeu cau ve van hanh kinh te tram bien ap oi vi ho phu tai loai mot,
thng chon hai may bien ap tr len. oi vi ho phu tai loai hai, so lng may bien
ap c chon con tuy thuoc vao viec so sanh cac hieu qua ve kinh te ky thuat. Tuy
nhien, e n gian trong van hanh, so lng may bien ap trong mot tram bien ap
khong nen qua ba may va cac may bien ap nay nen co cung chung loai va cong suat.

3. Xac nh cong suat may bien ap

Hien nay, co nhieu phng phap e xac nh dung lng may bien ap, nhng van phai da
theo nguyen tac chnh sau ay:

Chon theo ieu kien lam viec bnh thng co xet en qua tai cho phep (qua tai bnh
thng). Mc o qua tai phai c tnh toan sao cho hao mon cach ien trong khoang
thi gian xem xet khong vt qua nh mc tng ng vi nhiet o cuon day la 98oC.
Khi qua tai bnh thng, nhiet o iem nong nhat cua cuon day co the ln hn (nhng
gi phu tai cc ai) nhng khong vt qua 140oC va nhiet o lp dau pha tren khong
vt qua 95oC.

Kiem tra theo ieu kien qua tai s co (h hong mot trong nhng may bien ap lam viec

H S phm K thut Tp HCM

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song song) vi mot thi gian han che e khong gian oan cung cap ien.
a. Phng phap cong suat ang tr
He so qua tai thng xuyen co the c xac nh t o th kha nang tai cua MBA. o la quan
he gia he so qua tai cho phep K2cp, he so phu tai bac mot K1 va thi gian qua tai t2. e s dung
phng phap nay can phai bien oi o th phu tai nhieu bac cua MBA thanh o th phu tai hai
bac ang tr.
Cong suat ang tr cua MBA trong khoang thi gian xem xet c xac nh theo bieu thc:
n

S t

St

i 1
n

2
i i

t
i 1

(6.1)

ay: Si la phu tai cua MBA thi khoang ti .

Khi bien oi thanh o th phu tai hai bac ang tr co the co cac trng hp sau:
- o th phu tai nhieu bac cua MBA co mot cc ai vao buoi chieu (Hnh 6.1.a):
Theo bieu thc (6.1), tnh St2 vi thi gian luc qua tai la t2 va tnh St1 vi thi gian trc

luc qua tai la 10 h (t1=10h).

- o th qua tai nhieu bac cua MBA co mot cc ai vao buoi sang (Hnh 6.1.b):
Tnh St2 vi thi gian qua tai la t2, tnh St1 vi thi gian sau khi ket thuc qua tai la10 h.
- Neu o th phu tai cua MBA co hai cc ai trong mot ngay (Hnh 6.1.c) th phu tai ang
tr bac hai c tnh oi vi cc ai nao co tong Siti at tr so ln nhat. Khi o, chon c St2 ,
con St1 se tnh nh mot trong hai trng hp neu tren.
Neu St2 < 0,9 Smax th chon St2 = 0,9 Smax. Thi gian cap th hai c tnh nh sau:

t2 = ( St2 )2 t2/(0.9Smax)2

(6.2)

St2
Sm

St1
t2

t1=10 h
0

Sm

12

t2
18

24

a.

t1=10 h
12

18

24

b.
t2

Sm

Sm

10 h
0

12

c.

18

24

12

d.

18

24

Hnh 6.1. o th phu tai cua may bien ap

H S phm K thut Tp HCM

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o th phu tai ang tr hai bac c bieu dien (Hnh 6.1d).

Trong trng hp MBA lam viec vi o th phu tai hai bac (hoac o th phu tai nhieu bac a
bien oi ve o th phu tai hai bac ang tr) th trnh t xac nh qua tai cho phep cua MBA theo
ng cong kha nang tai c tien hanh nh sau:
Tnh K1 = St1/Sm, K2 = St2 /Sm
T K1 va t2, tra cac ng cong qua tai cho phep cua may bien ap e tm K2cp va so sanh vi
K2. Neu K2 K2cp th may bien ap a chon la chap nhan c, ngc lai can thay oi cong suat
may.
Trong trng hp khong co ng cong qua tai cho phep cua MBA, co the xac nh he so
qua tai bnh thng theo qui tac 3%:
Kqt = 1 +(1-Kk).0,3

(6.3)

ay: Kk la he so ien kn cua o th phu tai.

Khi tram co 2 may, can lu y ti kha nang qua tai s co cua may. Kha nang qua tai nay c
xac nh theo hang che tao. Neu khong co thong tin cu the co the chap nhan 140% cho cac may
Lien Xo vi ieu kien he so tai trc o khong c vt qua 0,93 va 130% cho cac may cua
cac hang khac theo IEC 354. Khi ay, dung lng MBA co the chon theo bieu thc sau:
Sm Smax/(n-1)Kqtsc

(6.4)

ay: Smax la phu tai cc ai, Kqtsc la he so qua tai s co cho phep cua may bien ap, n la so
lng MBA trong tram.
Kha nang qua tai bnh thng may bien ap cua hang ABB c bieu dien Hnh 6.2.
Lu y: Neu nhiet o trung bnh hang nam tb ln hn nhiet o trung bnh hang nam nh mc
m cua may bien ap th cong suat nh mc cua may bien ap phai ieu chnh theo bieu thc sau:
m

S 'm S m 1 tb
(6.5)

K2 100
1 .6

K2

1 ,6

1 .5

t = 0,5h1h

1 ,5

1 .4

t = 2h

1 ,4

t = 0,5h
t = 1h
t = 2h

1 ,3
1 .3

t = 4h

1 .2

t = 8h

1,6

t = 24h

0 .2 5

0 .5

t = 8h

1 ,1

1 .1
1

t = 4h

1 ,2

0 .7

a.

K2

0 .8

1 K1

0 .9

t = 24h

0 ,9
0 ,2 5

0 ,5

0 ,7

b.

0 ,8

0 ,9

1 K1

t = 0,5h

1,4

t = 1h

a. m=20oC, b. m=30oC,
c. m=40oC

t = 2h

1,2

t = 4h

1
0,8
0,25

0,5

0,7

c.

H S phm K thut Tp HCM

0,8

0,9

K1

Hnh 6.2. ng cong qua tai cho phep

cua MBA ABB

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Kha nang qua tai may bien ap Lien Xo c bieu dien Hnh 6.3.

a.

c.

b.

d.

MBA
a. Dau va kh oi lu t nhien S <1MVA
b. Dau va kh oi lu t nhien S <32MVA
c. Dau oi lu t nhien va kh oi lu cng bc S<32MVA
d. Dau oi lu t nhien va kh oi lu cng bc S<63MVA
e. Dau va kh oi lu cng bc S <125MVA
f. Dau va kh oi lu cng bc S >125MVA

e.

f.
Hnh 6.3. ng cong qua tai cho phep cua may bien ap Lien Xo vi m=30oC

6.2. S o noi day tram bien ap

1. S o noi day cua tram bien ap

S o noi day cua tram bien ap phai ap ng cac yeu cau ve ch tieu kinh te ky thuat, cu
the la:
- am bao lien tuc cung cap ien theo yeu cau cua phu tai
- S o noi day n gian, thuan li trong van hanh va x ly luc s co
- An toan trong van hanh va sa cha
- Hp ly ve mat kinh te tren c s am bao cac yeu cau ve mat ky thuat
2. Tram bien ap trung gian 110/15 (22) kV

Trong thc te, oi vi cac tram bien ap trung gian co cong suat nho (< 40 MVA), ien ap
110/22 kV (15 kV) thng c s dung s o noi day vi cac lu y sau ay:
-

oi vi tram bien ap co mot may bien ap, pha s cap thng khong s dung thanh
gop ma ket noi trc tiep vi ng day tren khong va pha th cap s dung s o
thanh gop khong phan oan

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oi vi tram bien ap co hai may bien ap, pha s cap thng s dung s o thanh gop
co phan oan hay s o hai thanh gop co may cat vong va pha th cap s dung s o
thanh gop co phan oan

Cac tuyen day vao/ra tram neu la ng day tren khong eu c trang b thiet b
chong set

oi vi cac tuyen cap ngam ng day vao/ra tram thng khong can trang b thiet b
chong set

e bao ve chong qua ien ap lan truyen vao tram s dung hai chong set at hai pha
cao va ha ap cua may bien ap

Trong trng hp cac tuyen day vao/ra la cap ngam th cac may cat at tren cac tuyen
nay thng la cac may cat kieu hp bo, at trong nha

Cac dao noi at c trang b nham tiep at thiet b a co lap khoi mang, am bao an
toan cho ngi sa cha. Mot so dao noi at co lien ong c kh vi dao cach ly (dao
noi at ong th dao cach ly m va ngc lai) nham tranh s co do thao tac nham lan

Cac tram bien ap eu c trang b may bien ap o lng VT va CT phuc vu cho bao
ve rle va o lng

Cac tram bien ap trung gian eu co trang b bien ap t dung nham cung cap ien cho
phan ieu khien, bao ve, o lng va sinh hoat

Cac may bien ap phan phoi thng c bao ve bi he thong bao ve rle, con may
bien ap t dung do co cong suat nho ch can ong cat va bao ve bang dao cat kem cau
ch t ri (FCO).

Di ay gii thieu mot s o vai tram ien hnh cua li ien thanh pho Ho Ch Minh:
a. Tram An Khanh (Hnh 6.3)

Tram An Khanh c cung cap nguon t hai ng day 66 kV Sai Gon va Chanh Hng. Pha
s cap MBA 3 cuon day 40 MVA 115/23/10 kV /Y/Y noi ket vi ng day bang may cat at
ngoai tri (731). Pha th cap la thanh cai TC51 va 4 lo ra co trang b cac may cat hp bo at
trong nha. Tram c cung cap ien t dung qua may bien ap 2T 100 kVA, bien ap nay c bao
ve va ong cat bi dao cat kem cau ch (FCO). Cac thiet b chong set LA e bao ve qua ap lan
truyen theo ng day vao tram va cac dao noi at e tiep at cac thiet b am bao an toan cho
ngi sa cha. e ieu chnh ien ap pha th cap, s dung cac au phan ap s cap
(9x1,78%).
b. Tram An Ngha (Hnh 6.4)

Tram An Ngha co s o tng t nh tram An Khanh, nhng cac lo ra pha th cap la ng

day tren khong nen c trang b loai may cat at ngoai tri va co cac thiet b chong set tren cac
tuyen day nay. Do may bien ap cua tram la loai may bien ap hai cuon day 11,5 MVA 115/15 kV
(22 kV) Y/ nen e tao trung tnh pha th cap, tram phai s dung bien ap noi at 1500 kVA
15/5,5/0,4 kV Y/ .
c. Tram Sai Gon (Hnh 6.5)

Tram Sai Gon c trang b mot MBA 3 cuon day 40MVA 115/15/6,6 kV Y/Y/ va mot may
bien ap hai cuon day 20MVA 115/15 kV /Y. Pha s cap s dung he thong hai thanh gop (TC
71 va TC 72) cung vi dao cat vong (733-1, 733-2 va 734-1, 734-2). He thong thanh gop kieu
nay cho phep sa cha mot thanh gop ma khong ngng cung cap ien. Hai au may bien ap co
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thiet b hai may cat e ong cat may bien ap khi can thiet. Pha th cap s dung s o thanh gop
co phan oan, bnh thng may cat phan oan 500 trang thai m (NO) nham han che dong
ngan mach khi xuat hien s co ngan mach tren mot trong hai phan oan. Cac ng day ra ket
noi vi cac phan oan thanh gop eu la ng day tren khong, s dung may cat at ngoai tri.
GT1, GT2, GT3 la cac may phat ien tuocbin kh e cung cap ien vao he thong theo ke hoach
ieu o chung cua ieu o li.

Hnh 6.3. S o nhat th tram An Khanh

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Hnh 6.4. S o nhat th tram An Ngha

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Hnh 6.5. S o nhat th tram Saigon

3. Tram bien ap phan phoi 22 kV(15 kV)/0,4 kV

Cac tram bien ap phan phoi 22 kV(15 kV)/0,4 kV thng la cac tram cong suat nho co cong
suat may bien ap en 400 kVA. Loai tram bien ap nay co the co cac s o au day nh sau:
a. S o n
DAY TRUNG THE 15kV
3 LA-12 kV
3FCO 24 kV-100A
Fuse: 20kA
Wh

3CT: 24 kV-10/5A
ien ke 208/120V-5A
3VT: 8400/120V-5A
3xM25 boc 24 kV
MBT 3P- 315 kVA
15/0,4 kV

Cap ngam ha the XLPE

2x(3M240 + M120)

5x CB 100A - 500V

PHU TAI

Hnh 6.6. S o nguyen ly tram 3 pha 315kVA

H S phm K thut Tp HCM

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Tram c cap nguon bang mot day re t mang phan phoi trung the. e thc hien chc nang
ong cat va bao ve may bien ap, thng c trang b dao cat tai (LBS), cau ch t ri (FCO),
dao cat tai kem cau ch (LBFCO), hay dao cach ly va cau ch (DS+F). mot so quoc gia, oi vi
tram bien ap co cong suat nho hn 160 kVA va co ket cau dang treo th pha trung ap may bien
ap khong trang b LBS/LBFCO/FCO. Trong trng hp nay, cac thiet b bao ve va ong cat at
xa va thng ieu khien ng day tren khong truc chnh cung cap ien cho cac tram.
b. S o oi (Hnh 6.7)

Tram c cung cap bang hai day re t mang phan phoi trung the. Hai day nay c ket noi
vao thanh cai qua dao cach ly DS. May bien ap c noi vao thanh cai qua cau ch t ri FCO,
pha ha the may bien ap c trang b may cat ha ap hay cau dao ha the. Cac ng day cung
cap cho cac phu tai thng c bao ve bang cau ch.
c. S o mach vong (Hnh 6.8)

Mach vong (RMU Ring Main Unit) la mot truc phan phoi lien tuc co dang mach kn vi
iem bat au va ket thuc eu tren cung mot thanh gop. Moi au cua no c ieu khien bi
mot may cat rieng. Mach vong thng c ket noi e tao vong chnh hay truc phan phoi - lien
lac, thanh gop cua no se chu dong cua toan vong hay toan bo s lien lac gia hai tram.
Moi mach vong cha ba lien ket:
-

Hai lien ket en, moi cai cha LBS/dao cach ly va mot dao tiep at

Mot lien ket ra va ngan bao ve chung co cha cau ch/LBS hay to hp may cat vi
dao tiep at.

S o mach vong cho phep ho phu tai s dung hai nguon cung cap, nang cao o tin cay cung
cap ien. Kieu s o nay thng c dung trong li cap ngam phan phoi trung ap o th.
120/208V 30
5A
Wh

VT
8400/120V

Thanh gop 24kV

DS-24 kV - 3 - 600A

CT 24 kV
(....)/5A

DS - 24 kV - 3 - 600A

au cap 24 kV XLPE

Sm 1000kVA
15 220/0,4 kV

CB ha ap

Phu tai
TRAM BIEN AP Sm < 1000 kVA - 2 au cap

Hnh 6.7. S o oi
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RMU

Sm < 300 kVA

15 - 22/0,4 kV

CT - 1000V
./ 5A

Wh

220/380V
5A

CB Ha ap

Phu tai

Hnh 6.8. S o mach vong

d. S o truc phan phoi song song

Trong s o truc phan phoi song song, pha trung the co hai day hay cap ngam cung xuat phat
t mot thanh gop. S khac biet chu yeu cua s o truc phan phoi song song vi s o mach vong
la hai lien ket thng co khoa lien ong. Khi lien ket nay ong th lien ket kia m. Khi cung cap
ien b gian oan tren lien ket ong th thiet b ong cat se tac ong cat mach va lien ket con lai
se ong vao hoac t ong hoac bang tay.
S o nay thng c s dung cac ni co mat o phu tai cao, phu tai yeu cau o tin cay
cung cap ien cao va c cap ien bang cap ngam.
22 kV

FCO

MBA
22/0,4kV

Cap ngam song song

CB Ha ap
0,4 kV

Phu tai
Hnh 6.9. S o truc phan phoi song song

H S phm K thut Tp HCM

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6.3. o lng va kiem tra trong tram bien ap

1. Nguyen tac chung

Thiet b o lng va kiem tra trong tram bien ap nham cac muc ch sau:
- o lng cac ai lng ien (V, I, P, Q, A)
- Giam sat tnh trang van hanh thiet b va phan oan trang thai van hanh tram
Cac yeu cau can at c la:
- Cac thiet b o lng va kiem tra phai at o chnh xac va tin cay can thiet
- Cac thiet b o lng va kiem tra can at v tr de quan sat
- So lng thiet b o lng can at t nhat nhng am bao theo doi van hanh tot
2. o lng va kiem tra trong tram trung gian
a. S o ng day may bien ap (Hnh 6.10)

- Pha s cap may bien ap trang b mot ong ho Ampe

va cong tac chuyen mach

- Pha th cap may bien ap trang b mot ong ho Ampe A va cong tac chuyen mach
AS , mot ong ho V kem cong tac chuyen mach VS , ong ho o cong suat tac dung
H
HH,
ong ho o cong suat phan khang Var , ien nang ke
W
- Cac tuyen day phu tai trang b ien nang ke
tac chuyen mach AS

KWh

, ong ho Ampe ke

kem cong

- Cac may bien dong ien CT va may bien ien ap VT c s dung e bien tn hieu
dong va ap ve gia tr thch hp vi cac c cau o (5 A va 120 V).
b. S o co thanh gop phan oan (Hnh 6.11)

- Neu hai ng day en hai phan oan ti t hai nguon khac nhau th can trang b ong
ho V , tan so ke f , ong ho hoa ong bo Syn
- Pha s cap may bien ap trang b ong ho Ampe ke
- Pha th cap may bien ap trang b
KWh

, cong tac chuyen mach

, kem cong tac chuyen mach

AS

AS

, ien nang ke

3. o lng trong tram phan phoi

o lng trong tram phan phoi co the thc hien trung ap hoac ha ap. Thng ch can co
ong ho ien nang ke

KWh

, neu can th bo sung them ong ho

, kem chuyen mach

biet chat lng ien ap, o cos e co the co giai phap nang cao cos, ong ho
mach

VS

VS

, e

, kem chuyen

, e theo doi tnh hnh tai cua may bien ap va ng day.

6.4. Bao ve ien tram bien ap

Mang ien va cac thiet b trong tram phai c bao ve sao cho tnh trang qua dong va qua ap
phai c nhanh chong loai ra khoi he thong trc khi gay ra nguy hiem va h hong.
Qua dong do qua tai thng cho phep keo dai lau hn qua dong do ngan mach va thiet b bao
ve c thiet ke lam viec theo s tang toc o tang cua dong (v du ac tuyen thi gian nghch/dong cua rle qua dong).
1. Bao ve qua tai

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Qua tai lam tang nhiet o cua cac day dan va cua may bien ap. ieu nay lam tang toc o gia
coi cua cach ien, giam tuoi tho cua thiet b. Thiet b chong qua tai thng c at pha sau
may bien ap oi vi tram bien ap khach hang, nhng thng c at pha trc cac tram bien
ap cong cong.
oi vi may bien ap: thong thng bao ve chong qua tai c thc hien bang cach s dung
rle qua tai co tre (hoac la loai rle nhiet co thanh lng kim hoac thiet b ien t). Bao ve nay
se tac ong cat mach pha au ra cua may bien ap. Thi gian tre nay nham bao am khong cat
nham may bien ap trong trng hp qua tai ngan han. Tuy nhien, con ton tai cac hnh thc bao
ve khac:
-

oi vi loai may bien ap kieu treo, rle nhiet thng c s dung e cam nhan nhiet o
cuon day MBA vi mc chnh xac u e am bao an toan cho cach ien

oi vi may bien ap kho thng s dung bo cam bien nhiet o c cai phan nong nhat
cua cach ien cac cuon day e bao tn hieu va tac ong cat may bien ap.

Cac may bien ap lam mat bang dau co cong suat ln thng co cac thermostat vi hai ch so
at, mot e bao tn hieu va mot e cat may bien ap.
110 kV
DS
CB
LA
CT

AS

25MVA
110/15kV

DS

DS

CB

CB

LA
CB
V

CT

AS

MW

Mvar

CT

AS

CT

AS

KWh
Syn

VS

VS

VS

DS

DS

DS
CB

DS

15 kV

FCO

DS

DS

CB

CB

T1

FCO
CT

KWh

AS

CT

KWh

AS

T2

CB

CB

DS

DS
A

CT
T dung

Phu tai 1

AS

KWh

KWh

AS

CT

Phu tai 2

Hnh 6.10. S o o lng ng day tram bien ap Hnh 6.11. S o o lng tram co thanh gop phan oan
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2. Bao ve s co ben trong may bien ap

Bao ve may bien ap chong cac dang s co ben trong thung dau may bien ap c thc hien
oi vi may bien ap co thung dau phu va thng s dung rle c loai Buchholz. Cac rle nay co
the kiem tra s tch tu cham hi do dau may bien ap boc do ho quang xuat hien cho cham cac
cuon day do h hong cach ien, hoac do s xam nhap cua khong kh khi dau b ro.
Kha nang kiem tra ot bien ve s boc hi cua dau may bien ap trong rle Buchholz cho phep
cat may cat nam pha s cap may bien ap mot cach tc thi neu xung dau xay ra trong ong noi
thung dau phu va chnh.
Vi loai may bien ap cong suat ln 10MVA hien nay, he thong tan nhiet, lam mat c
thiet ke kieu oi lu. Do o, s dan dau se khong gay nen tang ap suat, nh cac canh tan nhiet
(xem hnh 6.12). Trong trng hp nay, rle hi kieu Buchholz khong ap dung c, ma phai s
dung thiet b bao ve DGPT gom cac chc nang:
-

Kiem tra lng hi boc ra

Kiem tra qua ap suat

Kiem tra qua nhiet o.

Hai ieu kien au se tac ong may cat pha s cap bien ap con ieu kien th ba se cat may
cat pha th cap.
3. Bao ve ngan mach

Bao ve chong cham at co o nhay va toc o cao c coi la tieu chuan oi vi pha s cap
cua may bien ap phan phoi cong cong va bien ap phan phoi khach hang. S o tren hnh 6.13 co
the ap dung oi vi may bien ap co cuon s cap noi tam giac hoac sao trung tnh khong noi at.
S o nay c goi la Bao ve chong cham at co gii han (Restricted Earth Fault-REF).
Trung the

Ha the

3
N
E/F relay

Hnh 6.12. Bao ve chong cham at pha cuon day s cap

S o REF se phat hien s co cham at ch khi nao co s co nay xay ra cuon s cap hay
pha sau cua bien dong ti au cuon day.
u iem cua s o bao ve nay la:
-

n gian va gia thanh lap at thap

Tac ong tc thi

o nhay cao

Han che ti mc thap nhat moi nguy hiem cua ien ap lan truyen (do tac ong cat mach
tc thi)

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Khong can phai phoi hp vi cac bao ve pha sau s co cham at xay ra pha ha ap coi
nh ngan mach tren pha - pha pha s cap. Do o, bao ve REF se khong lam viec.

Thng tren mang cong cong khong co may cat pha ha ap (CB) ma ch n gian la cau dao
phu tai LBS (Load Break Switch). Rle bao ve qua dong (ch can 2 bo) c noi noi tiep vi cac
bien dong tren mach noi REF, nh hnh ve phan t net tren Hnh 6.12. Nhng rle qua dong
nay am bao nhiem vu chong ngan mach va qua tai pha sau cua may bien dong. Tuy nhien, can
phai phoi hp chat che vi cac thiet b bao ve qua dong pha ha ap.
4. Chon thiet b bao ve at pha trc may bien ap cho tram bien ap

Theo tieu chuan cua mot vai quoc gia, s la chon nay c thc hien theo gia tr dong
chuan Ib. Gia tr cua no se la:
-

Neu c o pha th cap, ay se la dong nh mc thong thng cua may bien ap

Neu c o pha s cap, dong nay se la tong cua dong nh mc thong thng cua may
bien ap va cua cac may moc khac lam viec mc ien ap trung ap khac (v du cac ong
c, ...), gia tr nho nhat cua dong ngan mach 3 pha trung ap tai iem lap at.

Khi dong chuan nho hn 45A va ch co mot may bien ap, co the thc hien bao ve bang cau
ch hoac may cat
Khi dong chuan bang hoac ln hn 45A hoac khi co nhieu may bien ap, se can phai s dung
may cat e thc hien nhiem vu bao ve.
a. Bao ve bang cau ch

Khi tram ch co mot may bien ap, dong nh mc cua cau ch In phai thoa man cac quan
he sau:
I
I n 1,4I b va I n c
6

ay: In, Ib, Ic lan lt la dong nh mc cua cau ch; dong nh mc s cap cua bien ap;
dong nho nhat pha s cap khi co ngan mach tren au cuon th cap.

Khi tram c cung cap bang ng day tren khong, hoac khi mang ha ap rat nhay vi
ieu kien ap b mat oi xng (khi mang co nhieu tai ong c ba pha, khi xay ra h hong
cua mot cau ch nen cat ca ba pha nh tac ong cua he thong t ong cat mach cua LBS
trung ap (v du to hp dao cat - cau ch).

Can chu y la sau khi co mot hoac vai cau ch tac ong cat ngan mach hoac qua tai, ca ba cau
ch tren ba pha nen c thay v co the cac cau ch khong t trong qua trnh xay ra s co a b
xuong cap do phai chu dong ien ln i qua.
b. Bao ve bang may cat

Neu tram c cap nguon thong qua mot may cat trung ap can phai am bao la cac ieu kien
bat thng (s co ngan mach hay qua tai ) trong mach ha ap se khong lam cac rle bao ve tren
mang cung cap tac ong nham. Nguyen tac bao ve can ban phai tuan theo la may cat gan nguon
nhat se co thi gian cat ngan mach lau nhat, trong trng hp ang phan tch, ay la may cat
pha trung ap cua may bien ap.
Tuy nhien, thi gian cat lau nhat nay khong c vt qua tr so c nganh ien lc cung
cap.
Khi thc hien bao ve chong cham at nh a trnh bay, khong can phoi hp thi gian tac
ong vi cac bao ve khac khi pha s cap cua may bien ap noi tam giac hoac noi sao trung tnh
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khong noi at. Ly do v khi co cham at mot pha pha ha ap, dong xuat hien tren hai pha pha s
cap giong tnh trang ngan mach pha - pha tai ay. S co cham at tai pha trung the cua tram co
the c loai bo tc thi nh s o bao ve REF.
e cat tc thi s co ngan mach pha - pha xay ra pha s cap, co the s dung cac thiet b
bao ve n gian tng t nh cac rle tr so at cao.
Nguyen tac tr so at cao da tren yeu to neu dong i qua thiet b bao ve u ln hn tr so
tac ong cua thiet b nay th s co at han c xay ra tren pha s cap v khi ngan mach pha ha
ap hoac tren cac cuon day, dong ngan mach se khong u ln, lam cho cac rle pha s cap khong
tac ong c.
Cac rle qua dong co tr so at cao nay (2 hoac 3 cai nh c ghi chu trong phan bao ve
chong ngan mach) se c noi tiep vi mot rle qua dong co ac tuyen thi gian phu thuoc (t =
f(I)), phan nay c ve bang net t tren hnh 6.13. oi vi may bien ap loai phan phoi, cac rle
nay thng c chnh nh dong at bang 25 lan dong ay tai cua may bien ap. Bang cac bien
phap n gian neu tren, viec loai bo tc thi s co ngan mach xay ra pha s cap cua may bien
ap co the c thc hien ma khong anh hng ti viec phoi hp gia cac thiet b bao ve pha ha
ap.
Tuy nhien, khi co s khac nhau gia mc o cua dong ngan mach cc ai va cc tieu rat ln,
can thiet phai s dung s o bao ve so lech cho may bien ap.
Bao ve so lech da tren nguyen tac so sanh dong i vao cuon s cap cua may bien ap vi
dong i ra khoi cuon th cap (sau khi a quy oi thong qua cac bien dong e chung cung o ln
va goc pha). Khi co s chech lech ang ke gia hai tr so dong nay, rle se tac ong cat may cat
noi vao may bien ap.
Mach bao ve nh vay se cung cap o nhay thch hp vi toc o cat s co cao va se khong
anh hng ti s phoi hp bao ve cua cac thiet b pha ha ap.
Can phai ghi nh rang cac rle tac ong nhanh c s dung trong cac s o bao ve REF,
bao ve tr so at cao, bao ve so lech phai c on nh hoa nham tranh tac ong sai do s bao
hoa cua cac bien dong (v du khi ong may bien ap).
Thong thng, bao ve REF, bao ve qua dong co tr so at cao va bao ve so lech c at
trong cung mot hop rle.
5. Chon thiet b bao ve pha sau may bien ap

Thiet b bao ve may cat ha ap (CB) hoac cau ch - cau dao at sau may bien ap phai tuan thu
cac yeu cau sau:
-

Phai co dao cach ly (nham am bao an toan cho ngi), dao nay co tiep iem khi m tao
khoang h co the nhn thay mot cach ro rang

Co dong nh mc tng ng vi may bien ap lien quan

Co dong cat nh mc phu hp vi dong ngan mach 3 pha pha th cap

Co so cc phu hp vi kieu s o noi at cua mang: 4 cc, oi vi s o noi at kieu IT

co day trung tnh, s o TT va TN S; 3 cc, oi vi s o IT khong co day trung tnh va
mang TN - C.

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6.5. Ket cau tram bien ap phan phoi va bang ke vat lieu chi tiet
1. Tram bien ap treo
Tram bien ap treo (Hnh 6.13) la kieu tram ma toan bo cac thiet b cao ha ap va may bien ap
eu c treo tren cot.MBA thng la loai mot pha hoac to ba may bien ap mot pha.Tu ha ap
c at tren cot.Tram nay thng rat tiet kiem at nen thng c dung lam tram cong cong
o th cung cap cho mot vung dan c.May bien ap cua tram treo thng co cong suat nho( 3 x
75 kVA),cap ien ap 15 22 / 0,4 kV,phan o em c trang b pha ha ap. Tuy nhien loai tram
nay thng lam mat my quan thamh pho nen ve lau dai loai tram nay khong c khuyen khch
dung o th.

TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

CH DAN
a L.75x75x8 - 2,4 m
Thanh chong 60x6 - 0,92 m
S ng 24 kV
U clevis va ong ch
Streo 24 kv polymer
Khoen neo
Kep cang day
LA 12KV
FCO 24KV - C thch hp
May bien the 1 22/ 0,4 kV
Gia chum treo may bien the
Ong PVC 114
Co ong PVC 114
Kep ong PVC 114
Thung ien ke
Thung thiet b ha the n
Kep va coc tiep a 2,4 m
Kep noi ep - c thch hp
Kep quai - c thch hp
Kep hotline - c thch hp
Chang tru
Bulong 20x800 ven rang
Long en vuong 22
Bulong 16x250
Bulong 16x350
Bulong mat 16x300
Bulong 16x400 VRS
Long en vuong 18
Bulong 12x40
Bulong 12x120
Long en vuong 14
Day ong boc 24 kV 25 mm2
Cap xuat ha the - c thch hp
Day ong tran 25 mm2

SL
2
4
2
1
3
6
3
3
3
3
1
5
1
3
1
1
2
8
3
3
1
3
6
5
2
3
4
28
4
6
20

Hnh 6.13. Tram treo Sm 3 x 75 kVA

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2. Tram bien ap gian

Tram gian (Hnh 6.14) la loai tram ma toan bo cac trang thiet b va may bien ap eu c
at tren cac gia bat gia hai cot.Tram c trang b ba may bien ap mot pha ( 3 x 75 kVA)
hay mot may bien ap ba pha( 400 kVA),cap ien ap 15 22 kV /0,4 kV.Phan o em co the
thc hien pha trung ap hay pha ha ap.Tu phan phoi ha ap at tren gian gia hai cot ng day
en co the la ng day tren khong hay ng cap ngam. Tram gian thng cung cap ien cho
khu dan c hay cac phan xng.

TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

Hnh 6.14. Tram gian Sm 400 kVA, o em ha the

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

CH DAN
a L.75x75x8 - 2,4 m
Thanh chong 60x6 - 0,92 m
a L.75x75x8 - 3,2 m
a U.160x68x5 - 3,4 m
a U .100x46x4,5 - 0,5 m
a U .100x46x4,5 - 1,1 m
S ng 24 Kv
U Clevis va s ong ch
S treo 24 kV Polymer
Khoen neo
Kep cang day
LA 12 kV
FCO 24 kV - C thch hp
May bien the 3 22 /0,4 kV
Ong PVC 114
Co ong PVC 114
Kep ong PVC 114
Thung ien ke va
thiet b ha the oi
Kep, coc tiep a 2,4 m
Chang tru
Kep Splitbolt
Kep quai
Kep Hotline
Bulong 16x250
Bulong 16x300
Bulong 16x350
Bulong 16x400
Bulong 16x300 VRS
Long en vuong 18
Bulong 20x800 ven rang
Long en vuong 22
Bulong 12x40
Bulong 12x120
Long en vuong 14
Day ong tran 25 mm2
Cap xuat ha the
a L.75x75x8 - 2,4 m
Thanh chong 60x6 -0,92 m
a L.75x75x8 - 3,2 m

SL
3
6
4
2
4
2
6
1
3
6
3
3
3
1
4
2
2
1
4
1
16
3
3
5
4
10
4
2
54
6
12
2
6
12

3
6
4

3. Tram nen

Tram nen thng c dung nhng ni co ieu kien at ai nh vung nong thon, c quan,
x nghiep nho va va.oi vi loai tram nen.thiet b cao ap at tren cot, may bien ap thng la to
ba may bien ap mot pha hay mot may bien ap ba pha at bet tren be ximang di at, tu phan
phoi ha ap at trong nha. Xung quanh tram co xay tng rao bao ve (Hnh 6.15).ng day en

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co the la cap ngam hay ng day tren khong,phan o em co the thc hien pha trung ap hay
pha ha ap.

TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

CH DAN
a L.75x75x8 - 2,4 m
Thanh chong 60x6 - 0,92 m
S ng 24 kV
U Clevis va s ong ch
S treo 24 kV Polymer
Khoen neo
Kep cang day
LA 12 kV
FCO 24 kV - C thch hp
Day ong tran 25 mm
Cap xuat ha the
May bien the 3 pha
Thung ien ke va thiet b ha the
oi
Kep va coc tiep a 2,4 m

SL
7
14
6
1
3
6
3
3
3

1
1
4

TT
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

CH DAN
Chang tru
Kep quai
Kep Hotline
Kep Splitbolt
Bulong 16x250
Bulong 16x300
Bulong 16x300 VRS
Bulong 16x350
Long en vuong 18
Bulong 20x800 ven rang
Long en vuong 22
Bulong 12x40
Long en vuong 14
a L.75x75x8 - 2,4 m
Thanh chong 60x6 - 0,92 m
S ng 24 kV

SL
1
3
3
5
5
2
6
2
30
6
12
14
28
7
14
6

Hnh 6.15. Tram nen MBA 3 pha, o em ha the

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4. Tram kn

Tram kn la loai tram ma cac thiet b ien va may bien ap c at trong nha.Tram kn
thng c phan lam tram cong cong va tram khach hang.
Tram cong cong thng c at khu o th hoa,khu dan c mi e am bao my quan va an
toan cho ngi s dung.
Tram khach hang thng c at trong khuon vien cua khach hang khuynh hng hien nay
la s dung bo mach vong chnh(Ring Main Unit) thay cho ket cau thanh cai,cau dao,co b ch va
cau ch ong e bao ve may bien ap co cong suat nho hn 1000 kVA.oi vi loai tram kieu nay
cap vao va ra thng la cap ngam .Cac ca thong gio eu phai co li e phong chim ,ran ,chuot
va co ho dau s co.
5. Tram tron bo

oi vi nhieu tram phc tap oi hoi s dung cau truc noi mang nguon kieu vong hoac tu
ong cat cha nhieu may cat, gon, khong chu anh hng cua thi tiet va chu c va ap, trong
nhng trng hp nay cac tram tron bo kieu kn c s dung. Cac khoi c che tao san se
c lap at tren nen nha be tong va c s dung oi vi tram o th cung nh tram nong
thon .
Cac u iem cua tram kieu nay la :
+ Toi u hoa ve vat lieu va s an toan
+ Giam thi gian nghien cu va thiet ke,giam chi ph lap at
+ n gian trong lap at thiet b va ket noi.
+ Cac tram kieu nay chac chan,gon ep thng c dung cac ni quan trong nh c quan
ngoai giao,van phong,khach san.
Hien nay, oi vi tram bien ap trung gian cao/trung ap con co xu hng s dung tram tron
bo cach ien bang kh SF6 goi la tram phan phoi kn GIS.ac iem cua tram loai nay la dien
tch xay dng tram nho hn khoang vai chuc lan so vi tram ngoai tri.

Hnh 6.16. Tram bien ap phan phoi kieu tron bo

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6.6. LAP BAO CAO NGHIEN CU KHA THI THIET KE TRAM BIEN AP
Di ay liet ke cac bc thc hien khi trien khai lap bao cao nghien cu kha thi mot d an
xay dng tram bien ap:
1. Cong tac chuan b i thc a
Trc het la chuan b ban o khu vc d kien thiet ke tram. Chu nhiem e an ket hp vi bo
phan khao sat, i khao sat s bo ngoai thc a e xac nh v tr d kien at tram bien ap. Bc
tiep theo la thoa thuan vi a phng ve cac phng an v tr tram. Trong giai oan nay, cung
can phai xin c cac van ban thoa thuan cua UBND tnh va cac nganh lien quan nh quy hoach,
giao thong khi pham vi e an thiet ke giao cheo vi ng sat, ng song
2. Lap e cng yeu cau khao sat
Ket thuc chuyen cong tac thc a, chu nhiem e an can lap e cng yeu cau khao sat (a
hnh va a chat) kem theo ban o the hien v tr tram, v tr cac ho khoan, cac yeu cau ky thuat
ac biet khac neu tram co thc hien au noi vao li ien hien hu.
Mot so yeu cau cu the co the liet ke nh sau:
- Thu nhap cac thong tin d lieu ve v tr a ly, dan sinh kinh te, nhu cau s dung ien,
ieu kien kh tng thuy van khu vc thc hien d an (nhiet o, o am, gio ma giong set, mc
nc lu
- o at bnh o khu vc, v tr at tram e lam c s tnh toan khoi lng san nen, a hnh
a vat xung quanh v tr tram, ke ca cac tuyen ng day hien hu, tuyen giao thong cong trnh
ngame lap bien phap to chc thi cong
- Tham do thanh phan hoa hoc cac mau nc, cac ch tieu c ly at e lam c s tnh toan
mong cho cac giai phap xay dng tram
- Gia tr ien tr at e tnh toan noi at chong set cho tram
- Cac van ban thoa thuan v a phng hay cac nganh chc nang trong vung anh hng
cua d an e lam c s phap ly cho viec thc hien d an
- Cac ieu kien ve moi trng xung quanh e lap bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng
- So lieu ve nguon von au t, lai suat vay, ieu kien cho vay
- Mot so d lieu khac tuy ac iem cu the cua cong trnh.
3. Khao sat
Bo phan khao sat se trien khai cac cong tac ngoai thc a da tren yeu cau cua chu nhiem e
an. Qua trnh nay bao gom ca cong tac a hnh, a chat va thu thap cac so lieu kh tng thuy
van, goi chung la cong tac ngoai nghiep (ngoai tri). Bc tiep theo sau khi co so lieu o ac,
thu thap, ket qua phan tch la phai the hien nhng thong tin o tren ban ve va lap thanh mot bao
cao: cong tac nay goi la noi nhgiep (trong phong). Co the hieu nh sau:
Bo phan khao sat phai o ac c tat ca cac a hnh a vat xung quanh va ngay ca cac v tr
d kien at tram, khoan mot so v tr e lay mau nc, at a, ieu tra thu thap tat ca cac d
lieu ve kh tng thuy van chu nhiem e an a yeu cau trong e cng khao sat. Tap hp tat ca
nhng ket qua o lap nen mot bao cao khao sat va cac ban ve (a hnh, a chat va kh tng
thuy van).
4. Thiet ke
Ket qua khao sat (bao cao va cac ban ve) c xem la d lieu au vao cho qua trrnh thiet ke.
Giai oan thiet ke bao gom hai noi dung chnh la ky thuat va kinh te. Trong yeu to ky thuat th
quan trong nhat van la cac giai phap cong nghe chnh (ien va xay dng). Pham tru kinh te cua
d an e cap en nguon von thc hien d an, phan tch kinh te tai chnh cac nguon von vay va
tong gia tr au t cong trnh.
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Sau ay, e giup hnh dung ro hn nhng cong viec thc hien, gii thieu bien che mot e an
mau.
5. Bien che mot e an mau trong thc te
e hieu them ve qua trnh thiet ke hay nhng noi dung cu the, trch dan bien che mot ho s
thiet ke tram bien ap t 110 kV tr len. Trong thc te, tuy theo ac iem cong trnh cu the ma co
the thay oi cho phu hp. Thong thng, mot ho s bao cao nghien cu kha thi tram bien ap co
cap ien ap t 110 kV tr len c bien che thanh ba tap nh sau:
- Tap 1: thuyet minh - liet ke thiet b vat lieu cac ban ve
- Tap 2: tong mc au t
- Tap 3: Bao cao khao sat s bo.

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