I

---------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------1.
..........................................................................
1.1. ..................................................................................
1.2. ..............................
1.3. ...............
2. .................................................................................
2.1. ..........................................................
2.2., .............................
2.3. ....................................................
2.4. ............................
2.5. ..................................................................
2.6.
3. .......................................
3.1. .....................................
3.2. ......
3.3

4.
4.1. .........................................
4.2. .......
5.
5.1. ...................................................................
5.2. ....................................
5.3. ....................
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.1.



,
.

, ( )



.


.

.

(materialist method),
.
,
,
,
( ) .
,
, ,


.


,
,
.
.
,




19 , .


,
,


1930,

. ,
-



(
welfare capitalism)
19 . ,
20 (
1970 1980)


,

,
,
,
.

2007
1970,

,

. ,

(financialization)




, .
,

.

,

, ..
,
. ,

,
(

 )
.


,
.

,
/

.
,
, (
)
,
,
,

,

,


,

.

,
, ,
, ,
.

, ,

 ,

,
,

1930
.
,
,


,
1970,

,

.
,



.

1.2.
-- :

1

(mode of production)
, )
, , , (), )
, (economic base) , ) .
1

 ,
.
,
,
,

. ,




.


,
,
.


.
, ,
,
.



,
.
.
,


.
8

,

,
.
,


. ,
,
,
.
(
" ")
( , ,
, )
.
( )
1844
.

1843 (Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy).

(
)
1844.
(
, . . )

.
,
,

.

.

, , alienated
labor, (
,
)
,
,
.
( )
,

,
.
1845-1848
( . ) "
"
(
, )

.

.

( . . )
,
(
)
.

1845-1848
1845: " "
1845: " "
1846: " "
1847: " "
1847: " "
1848: " "
10


, ,
, .


.
""
, , , ,
.,


( absolute impoverishment of the
working class) .



,
.
, ,



.
1848-1850

.
1848

"...
..."
()
,
.

11

 1850-1857
"".
,
(
)
.
1857 (


)

1848
. 1857
1858 Grundrisse (
).


.
, () ,
()
.
, ,
, , ,
,
, , , .. ,
,



, " " .

12


.
, Grundrisse
,
( 1 )
.

, 1859

( ) ()
,

. ()
,


.

...
....
1861-1863
(
1908 .
)


. 1862 :

("Economics").
1864-1865

1867
. ,

13

 (
,
) .


(1875), (1876),
(1870, 1878)

, 1885,
, 1894.




,
.

,
,
,
.

,

.
,

.

14

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1: "" ""
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(6 )
.
1.

(3 )
.
1.

1) 2.
1)

3-5.

1)

6.

2.

7-8.

3.
4.

.
.

1-3.

4.

5.
6.
7. (Revenues)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

,
1850


(1859)
(1867). ,
,
,

15


,
.
,

, /

.

(.. ,
) (..
,
)
.


.

1.3.

:
civil society (
),

,

.


("guiding principle") .

16


,
, ()
.



- - .

"
, ,

, , ,
,
." (, , , . 103,
).
. ,
(
"
", 1841)
, (The Essence of Christianity,
1841)
, . ,
, ,

()
,
. /


.
,

17



, ,

. , (economic base),
(
,, ,

) (, superstructure)
, , , , ,
.

( )
,
,
.
()

.
, ,

,
, (fetter)




, .
...
.
,

18

19

 ,
,

.
,

, ,
.



,
,
.

.
()
,

.
:
,


......
.... (, , . 12, 16 ).
""
( )

, , ,
.., ,
, ... ,
(, , ,

20

, , , ..)
,

. ,



(.. ,
, ).
,
.


. ,
,
,

,
.
(abstraction)
2.




.
(concrete) (abstract)
, ,
,


.
" . ( , . , . 12).
2

21

 .
, ,

(concrete)
, ,
. ,


.




.

,
(
)
.
(, ) , ,
, , , () , ,
,
,


.

(
,
,
, ,
,

22

 ,
- )


, , ,
.

23

(
)

-
-

-
/
--
-

, "
, ,
". ,

24

 ,
.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: ()

( ),

, ,
.
: ( ),
,
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ,

,
.

,
,


.
,
()
, .

, 3

.


" Mandel (1978, p. 17).
3

25

 , , ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
.

.
,

.

,
.
....
, ,
,
. ....
, ,
(Grundrisse, . 62, 65)
(
)

.




.
, . ,
, , ,
(..

26

 ,
)
.
,
,

,
, .
,
- (logicalhistorical method).


.
... ,
, (
)
. ....
.
, .
.
.
.
....

(Grundrisse, . 70-71).

"
"
, ,
,
.

27

,
.

, . , . , , , 1978,
. 11-26.
, . ,
, , 1956, . 5-9.
, . Grundrisse (
, . ) . , , 1990, .
. "" . , , 1976,
. 40-51.
Fine, B. and Harris, L. Rereading Capital, Macmillan Press, London, 1979,
ch. 1.
Fine, B. and Saad-Filho, A. (2003) Marxs Capital, (4th ed) London, Pluto Press.
Foley, D. Understanding Capital Harvard University Press, Cambridge,
1986, ch.1.
, , ,
, 1998.
Little, D. "The Scientific Standing of Marx's Capital" Review of Radical
Political Economics 17 (4) 1985.
Mandel, E. Marxist Economic Theory Vol I Monthly Review Press, New
York, 1971, Introduction.
Mandel, E. The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx
Monthly Review Press, New York, 1971, chs 1, 5, 10.
Mandel, E. Late Capitalism Verso, London, 1978, ch.1.
Moseley, F. (ed.) Heterodox Economics: True or False? Edward Elgar,
Aldershot, 1995.
Oakley, A. The Making of Marx's Critical Theory Routledge and Kegan

28

Paul, London, 1983, chs 1 - 6.

Rosdolsky, R. The Making of Marx's Capital Pluto Press, London, 1977,
ch. 2

29

2.

2.1.


.

,


.

,
,

,
:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- ---- --- .

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

30



.

.
, ,


.
,
,

:
, ()
()

()

,
, ,
( , )
(simple commodity production).


.

. ,
,
,

.

,

31


.

,

. ,
-
, .



- ,
.

,
,
.
.

2.2. ,
, , ,
(use-value),
(exchange-value). , ,
(, ,
, ..)
.
,
,
. , ...
(,
. , . 50).

32

 ,


.
(
,
)
, .
20 = 1 =
1 = 3 = 100

, ,
.
,

,

( )
.
(, , )



,
,
( , . 52).
,
(M. Dobb, Political Economy
and Capitalism, p. 38).

. ,

33

 () ()
.
, , ,
, ,
. (congealed)

, , .

,

.

,
, , ,
()
, , ...
(,
)
. /
(
) .

(socially necessary labor time) ...


(skill) (intensity) (,
. , . 53). ,





.

34

 :
,

, .

,
2
8.66
.
2: .

10000

1000

10

25000

5000

30000

1500

20

65000

7500

--------

8.66

(second sense of socially necessary labor time)


( )
.
(..
)
()
,

, ,

.

35


( ) ,
() , :
3:

60.000

30.000

40.000

20.000

100.000

50.000

100.000 50.000
(= = )

1 = 2 = $2

1 = ( ) $1
() = 40.000
> 40.000 $2 = $80.000 ()
, 1 $2 = 2
( $1.6 = 1.6 )
50.000 $1.6 = $80.000 () .
100.000 = $100.000
80.000 = $80.000
.
... ,
.....
(, , . 791)
( )

.

,
.

36

. (, , .
791).

( )
(
)

.

,

.

2.3.
, ,
. ,
(useful, concrete labor)
,

.

(

,
,
)
... .
, , (simple, abstract labor)

, (,

37

. , . 58) , ,
(congealed)
.
,
, ,

, (substance of value).


, (regulating principle)

.

(
)

.
, ( ) (
) = .

, , , ,

,
() .
,
,
, (, . ,
. 60).

38

, ,

=
=

39

2.4.

,
(value - form).
, ,


.
, , ()
,
. ;
;
(. , , . 175).
, ,
.
,
:
=
20 () = 1 .
(relative
form of value) (equivalent form).

.

. .

.
.

40

 20 = 20 ,
. ,
,
. 1 = 20
(
). ,
,


.


( ,

).

.
. = , ,

, , .

. .
.

.

, ,
.
.
.

, , .
,
. .

41



.
, .

.
, .

,
.
.






.

,
.
. ,
.
.

, ,
.

.

, ,
, ,

42

 ,
.

,
, ,
, .

5 =
5 = 1
.

.


,

.


.



.


.

20 = 1 20 = 1/2 20
= 2 20 = 3 20 = 1
, ...

43

 ,
( )

,
, ,
.

, "....
.

,
" (, , . ...).

,
, ,
.

1
1/2
2

= 20

3
1
...



,
, .
(
)
.

44




( , . 201) . , ,
,

. ,


.

1
1/2
2

=2

3
1
20
...
,
,

, , (price-form)
20 2
(.. 10 ) , 20 = $2, $2
2 ( 1
= $1 mint price).
(20 )
, ( = 10
, = $2).

,
45

 ,
,
(, . , . 83).
,

,
.....
, .
, .
, ( ),
( ) : 20 = 1
= .
, , ,
, ,
.. ,
.
, : 20
= 1 , : 20
= 2 , . . ( , . 203 204).

2.5.

,
, , ,

, .
(
,
, )
.
46


(
)
( )
,
. ,


( direct prices)



. .
(11 1868)
,


.

:
,

.


.
, ,
.

.



.
.

.
,

47

 ,
.
.

,
.


,

.


.
.
.
.
. .
. .
.

.

:
) ( )
( )
)
)
( )
48

 )
(
)
( )
,

(
), .
() /
,
.



,

,
.
.
,
,
, ,
( ,
) .
, ( ,
)
(


) .

, ,
(surplus labor)

49

 (surplus value)
.
,

,

.

(social division of
labor)
)
) (
) .

, , , ...
,

,
,
. ,
,
,
()
(circulation or exchange sphere). , ,

,
( , ) ,
() .


. ,

50

 .

.



(occasional or
accidental barter),

.
.

. ,

( )
,
.
, .

.

(regular barter)

.

, , ,
.
,
.

. ()

51

 ,
.
,
.

,
.

(simple commodity production).

,
.


,
,
(
, ) , (regulate)
, .
,
(,
. , .88). ,
,
(l), ,
, (c),
( = c + l),
.


(. ,
, ...)
.
52

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

()

,
( )

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

,
,
,
,


.

(
)
, (direct prices),
.
() i = 10 /
() g = 2 /
( , mint price) 3 . (1 = 3
.) Pg = 10
/ : 2 / = 5 /
Pi = 15 /. Pi
i
,
() .
53


,
, ,
.


. ,


, - (
) ,
,
,
...,
. ,

( )
,
.


. ,

,

. , ,

-

54

 , / .



,
(),
.
,

,
,
,
(, , . 85).


.


,
( )

,
.

2.6.

,
,

, ,

55

. ,


( ) .

.
( )
(. , , . 45).


(

).

.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1. (Money of account)
1) (measure of value)
1) (standard of price)
2. (Medium of circulation)
2) (means of purchase)
2) (means of payment)
3. (money).
--------------------------------------------------------------------2.6.1.

(measure of value) ,
, (
) ,
.
,

56

 ( )
. ,


, .
-
- . (, , . 107).

,


....

.



(, , . 108 - 109).
(

)
,

.
,
.
( )
(
)
(standard of price). Pi = 10
,
( )
(, 1 )

57

, (
) () ,
,
(, , .
107).
, (mint price)

(.. 1 = $2)
(price form)
Pi = $20.

.
,
3 , 17 10.5 .


(, , . 113).

,
( )
.
() ( ,
, , ...),
.
2.6.2.

,
()

1 - - 2 , 1, 2 (
) = .
(means of purchase)

58


( )
(means of payment).

(
) ,
,
.


.

-
,
- ( )
- ,
. (
,
)
,
- .
(

)

.
,
,

( )
.

,

59

 (
)
.
(forms of money)

.
(gold coins)

:
Pi = (i / g ) R
Pi = , i = (
) , g = ( )
(.. ), R mint
price (.. 1 = $2).

,

,

.


.

:
circ V P Q Mcirc = P Q / V = (/g) R (Q / V)
M = Mcirc + Mhoards

60

, = , circ =
, Mhoards = , V =
,
, P = , Q
= (),
() ,

( , , .)

circ ,
(.
)
(),
(g) (), R.


, > circ ,
, hoards
.
. ,
( )
( )
(, g , R P Mcirc).
.
( ) Q V
,

,
(M
P). ()

,

61


. ,

,

( )
, (..
)

.
.
(convertible tokens of gold)


, ,
(paper money)

(.. 1 = $2 ($)
)
.

(
)
.
(
)
,
R (.. 1 = $4 $2 ). R
, P
()
,
g . ,
62


.
:

....

,


.
. 1 2 1
. 1/8 1/4.

.
1 2
(, , . 140-141). Q V
( )
P , g R
.

( )


(mint price).

.
.

.
( )
,
(
) .

63

 (inconvertible paper money)

.

.



. ,



.



.

() R (


),
, P
.


. ,


,
(, , , ...)

64

 (
)
.

(commodity money)

()

(paper money)
;

,

,
/
.

2.6.3.

:
.
( ) .
( )


,

,
(,
, . 142).

. ,

,
()

65

 , (fiat paper money).

, .
, , ,
( )
.

, . ,
,
,

.

.
()

.

,

.

(S. DeBrunhoff, Marx on Money, Urizen Books, New York, 1976, p. 42)
,
,
.
(hoarding)
,
.

.

66

 .

,

.

( )
.

67

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.1.
,


, .

,


.

- -
- -


,

(, , . 159).

(, circuits). ,

,
. () ()
( - )
( - )
68

 .

.
,

.
- - ,
() , ,
.
,

,
.
: (surplus value). ,

, , (valorized).
. (, , . 163).
()

.

- - ,
,
- -
.

.

. ,
- -
,
.
.

69

 .
- -
. - -


. ,
- - ,

- - .

,

.
, ()
,


, , (,
, . 168). (circuit)
- - ( - )
( - )
. ,


.


(s = X - X).


.
(, , . 172-173).

70

 .


- - .
()
() ( - )
( - ) ()
() .


.

(
)

(
. ).

.
40 .
(50 .)
, (90 .)
.

.
.
- .
(, , . 176).



().
.

71

 (, , . 178). ,

,
.

.
,

()
,
.
(labor power)

.

.
, ,
,
(, )
(
)


( /).


,

, ,
.


.

72


(, , . 183).
(value of labor
power).

.

, /
/ .




.


.
(
)
.

:

,
( )
( ) .
,
,
,
,

.
/

73


.


(valorized)
.
( )
,

,
(
6).

.
(domestic labor) /
/ (, , ,
) .


.

()
,
.

(" ")
(. ,
, , , )
(. , , , ).

(
6).

74

 (" ")
. 4
.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.
= + +


.
()
=


.
()
=

-
()

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

75

 = V +

V=

=
-

subsistence wage

.

(, , . 188).

.

3.2. .

76

 ()

(labor process)
(valorization process).



.

.
(, , . 190).


, .


.

(, , .
191).


(manual and mental labor)


.

:

( ) + (
+ ) .

77


(.. )
(
)
.

.


,
.

. ,


.

() . ,



.



.
()
. ,


.

78

 ,

.
1 ( )
1 (mint price)
1/2 . 1
1/2 . ,
1 , 1 2/3
1 2/3 .
6 , 10 20
10 .,
()
, 4 2 . 10
.
10 24 12 .

()
.
, ...
(, , . 201).

()
.

3 . 6 .

,
, , ,

()
.
6 ,
()

79

(. 5).
(10 ) (15 . 30 )

. ,

.
,

,
... ,
.

(, , . 206).

6 12
,
( 5).
20 12 (
) 6 . 3 . (6 )

3 . (6 )

.
. .

. .
, ,
. .
.

20 () 30 (.).

. 1.5 (.)

80

(), . 3
(.) . ,
,
.

. ,

(, , . 207).
(valorization process)



(self-expansion of value).


,
,
(, , . 209).

81

 5
(, , . 199-211)
3) = 6 (= )
,

10

10 .

+
20
+
= 24 +
6
=
1=1.5.
30
4
= 3
10
+
=12 .
+
3 .
=
15 .
2.
1 = 1 , 1 = 1/2 (mint price). 1
1 2/3 1 2/3 . 1
2 . 6 10
() 4 = 2 . 10
. = 3 = 6
5
: = 12 (=
+ )
,

20 .

20 .

+

40
6 (v)
+
= 48 +
+ = 12 = 60
1 = 1.5 =
8
= 3
6 (s)
20
3 (v)
+
= 24 . +
+
= 6 . = 30 .
4 .
3 (s)

. ()
.
,

82

 .
(3 . = 6 )
( 6 . = 12 ).

-- --
:
--- (, ) ...... ....... --- = +
= , = , =
, = - = .



. ,


. (
) (


, )
.


.

(constant capital)

. ,

(variable capital)

83


.
,
( ) ( )


.

(,
, )

()

(rate of surplus value).
,
, ,

.
, .
,
, ,
(, , . 229).

,

( - - )
.



,
,

84

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

+
=
(6 )
(6 )
(12 )

+
(3 .)
(3 .)
(6 .)

+
(2 . )
(2 . )
(4 . )
<----------------- ----------->
= / = 100%
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(s)
(v) ,
, (c)
(v).


, ...




.

,
.

85



, (
, )
() ().


, , ,

.

.



.
, ,
, , ,
(, , . 244).


( )

,

.

(
, )
,
,
/ /.

86


..........................................................
<--------------------10 --------->
<------------------------12 ----------------->

(

)
(absolute surplus value).




(relative surplus value).

/ /.
,
,
.

, ,


.
.
,

.

87



.


, , (,
, . 246).
,

.

,

. ,

,

. ,

,
,



. ,
,


.
,
,

.

88

 . ,

(, , . 296).

.

.


()
()
( )
(
)
( ).

.


:

S = V x S/V = N x v x (S/V)
S = , V = , S/V =
, N = , v = .


, . ,

.
24 .
7 ,

89

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
, . (, ,
. 9)

(V)

(V+S)

(N)
12

500

(v)

s/v=200%

200

(S)

3 .

1500 .

3000 .

1500 .

(6 )

(3000

(6000

(3000)

3 .

600 .

1800 .

1200 .

(6 )

(1200

(3600

(2400

s/v=100%
18

12 18
100% 200%
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(
- )
.
,
-
-

,
(, , . 319 - 320).

90


(

)
(
)
.

(
)

( )
. (
)
(
) .
...





. ,


( ,
,
, .) ,
.
(
)
,

91

 (direct prices) ,
.

3.3.




(
,
)
( )
, ,
, .

, (
4,
)
,
(v)
. ,

,
(c+v).


" " : "
...
.
, ,
,
,
(, . , . 39-40)
4

92

 ()

. ,

(, , . 54).
( )



.

(), (c+v).
[r = /(c+v)]i
( )

( ),
.

( )

.


() (
10) .
,
( ),


()
. ,

93



.

(tendential
equalization)
(convergence)
(long-run equilibrium) ,
. ,

(gravitational center)
.
(tendential regulation)
,
.

(, )
, , .
(natural prices) .
(prices of production), ()
.
(direct prices) ()
-

- ()
( 8)
.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

94

c1 + v1 + s1 = p1

s1
r1 = s1 / (c1+v1) = v1
c1
1
v1

c1/v1>c2/v2

s1/v1=s2/v2

c2 + v2 + s2 = p2

s2
r2 = s2 / (c2+v2) = v 2
c2
1
v2

r1<r2

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------p = , r =

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


.
,
:
,
(regulates) ,



.
,
()
,
,
.

95

 , (
9)
.

9: , .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(-

(-

,
.
,

,
.
,
.

96

 rgeneral
(),


( )
.
Kugelmann (11 1868) ,

, ....


.

.


,
(

, "direct prices") ( )
.
,
.

(
) .

.

(c/v) (s/v)
.

97

 ( )

. , (Pi)
(C+V)i
. (i)

. ,
,

(
) (
).
)
(Pi)

Qi

Ci

Vi

Si

Pi =

p=Pi

i=Pi-

/Qi

(C+V)i

Pi=

ri

100

1000

1000

1000

3000

50%

3333.33

33.33

1333.33

II

100

500

1000

1000

2500

66.6%

2500

25

1000

III

100

1000

1000

2000

100%

1666.6

16.66

666.6

300

1500

3000

3000

7500

66.6%

7500

s/v = 100%, = 1 /, 1 = 3000 , 2 = 2500 , 3 = 2000 .

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

.
(, , . 324).

98

3000


,
,
.

( )
,



. ,
( ,
) ()
, (

)
.

.
,
,
,

.

,


.

99

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.1.
( , . 60)


,


,
.

.

,
. ,


.
()



(
10),
100

 , /
. ,

( ) ,

(pricetakers) .

, .

, (
) .

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10.
, (,
, . 10).

c = $1

Q=12

l=v+s=$24/12= =c+l=$1+$2=
$2

c = $1

Q=24

$3

l=v+s=$24/24= =c+l=$1+$1=
$1

$2

= 12 , 1 = 1 , 1
= $2 ( , mint price).
c = , Q = , l =
( ) , v =
, s = , =
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V = $20 w x Q = 3
x 12 = $36, s = ( - c - v) x Q = ($3 - $1 - $1.666) x 12 = $36 - $12 $20 = $4.

101

 24 12
(
)
, $1 $2,
.
() ($3)
, ($2),
p = $2.5, , s = (p - c - v) x Q = ($2.5 $1 - $0.833) X 24 = $60 - $24 - $20 = $16.

, ($16 - $4 = $12)
()
( )


.


,


.


... (, , . 330).



, .

102


.


.
,

( 12 $3 $2).


,

.

. ,
(, , . 334). ,

,
.
:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( , ,
(=) ) ------->
( ) ---------->
------------>
(
) ---------------> ----------->
() .
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

( )

103

(Pi)

i=Pi

Pi =

p=Pi

i=Pi-

/Qi

(C+V)i

ri

-
I

100

1000

1000

1000

3000

50%

3333.33

33.33

1333.33

II

100

500

1000

1000

2500

66.6%

2500

25

1000

III

100

1000

1000

2000

100%

1666.6

16.66

666.6

300

1500

3000

3000

7500

66.6%

7500

3000

s/v= 100%

-- ----
.

L ()

20

30

50

100

500

300

200

1000

200

300

500

1000

200

300

500

1000

V+S =l

400

600

1000

2000

C+V (=K)

700

600

700

2000

C+V+S

900

900

1200

3000

104

s= S/V
c= C/V

250%

100%

40%

100%

50

30

20

100

c (=C/Q)

10

10

10

10

v (=V/Q)

10

25

10

s (=S/Q)

10

25

10

v+s

20

50

20

(c+v) =(C+V)/Q

14

20

35

20

c+v+s

18

30

60

30

= p

33.3

33.3

33.3

= [p-(c+v)]

19.33

13.33

-1.666

13.33

(=Q)

966.66

399.99

-33.333

1333.33

r = /

138%

66.6%

-4.76%

66.6%

-S

766.66

100

-533.33

333.33

Q ()

s/v= 100%, = 10 , = 2 /, = 10 , v =
5

,




.

4.2.

105

(cooperation),

 (manufacture)
(machinery and large-scale industry).



, ,
(, , . 340)
.


.

,
,

,

(, , . 337).

. ,
, ,
, ,
.

.

,

(, , . 339).


,

106

 ,
,
.

.

,





.
,
,
.
,
,

( )

.
,
.
,
,
,
(, , . 348).

( )

. ,

107



...
...
,

(, , . 351).

16 18
,


(division of labor), (manufacture).

:



(),

. ,


,
. ,


,

.

108

 ,

.

, .
()
,

.
,

,

.
.

.



(, , . 354).

,
(division of labor in manufacture),
(division of labor in society) . O
()
,
()

.

109

 .


.

. (
) ,

.




.
,



. ,
, ()
,

.
,

,
(, , . 372)


,

.

110

 ,
(
),


.
,

,
,
.


...
...
(, , . 381).


.
,
(
)
( )
.

,

(
),

111



.
(, , . 386).



,
.

.

. ,


.

, ,


, ,
,
, .
.


(
- / ,
)

.

,

112


. ,


( )
,

.
,
()
.


( )
. [c/(c+v+s)]
[(c+v+s)]

.

(moral
depreciation) (
)


.

(
)
(
)
.
()

113

 ,
.
,
,
. 2
24 ....

,
, ,
(, ,
. 422 - 423).
,


.

(
)


.
,




.

,

(formal and real subsumption of labor to capital) -

114


- ,

...

,
.



.
(, , .
525 - 526).



,

.

.

, ,

.



.
, () ,
,

-.

115

 ,


, , . ...
,
,
,
.

(. ,
, /, 1984, . 104).




.

. ,
,
,
,
,
.

,



( , . 108).

,
, ,
.

116



(). ( )
.
,
( )
()

, ,
, ,
.

-------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

117

5.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.1


. ,
,
,
,
.
,

(
) ,
, , , .


,

,
.

.

( - {, } ............... - )
,

118


,
.

, ,
,
(, , . 599).


.
,
()
, ()
()
.




.
(drafts)

.

(, , . 588).

( )
( )
,
,
, (
11)
.

119


(
)
.

11:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: c1 + v1 + s1 = c1 + c2
v1 + s1 = c2
: c2 + v2 + s2 = v1 + s1 + v2 +s2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

,
(
)

.

.
(),
,
,
.
... sine qua non (
) ...
.

,

120


(, , . 591, 598-599).

5.2

(, , .
600).

, ( )
,

. ,

( )
, .
.
.

(
)
. ,
()
.

,



.


121



,

.




.
,
(, , . 613).

5.3


,
(technical, value and organic composition of capital)
,

.


.

(). ,
()
.



122



.

: .
,
(, , . 634).


.

(

)
(
) .



.

.


.
...
(, , . 641).
()


.

...

123


(,
, . 641, 643).
.


.

(natural law of population)



.
,


. ,

.



.




. , ,
, ,
, ,
, , .,

.

124

 ,


,



.


.

. ,

.

()

() ,

,
(reserve army of labor).
,
.
,
(, ,
. ).




.

125

 .


.


.

.

(, , . ).
,
, ,
.
( )


( ).




.




.

(
)
.

126


. ...

() (pauperization).
,
(, , . 667).
A
.

faux frais [ ]

(, , . 667 ).
,

,

, .

.




.

---------------------------------------------------

127