Artificial Lighting

Units of Light
 LUMINOUS FLUX

 UNIT: LUMENS
 Flux is a measure of how
much total light is being
emitted, Reflected, etc. Its =
most common use is to
quantify how much light a bare
lamp is emitting.
 A commonly used analogy is
to think of a garden hose
being used to water your yard.
The amount of water, or
number of gallons, being
carried by the hose is the
equivalent, conceptually, of
the flux or number of lumens
being emitted by the lamp.
Units of Light
 LUMINOUS INTENSITY
 Units: Candelas
(candlepower) =
 This term is used to describe
how much light is being
emitted in a particular
direction. Think of an
adjustable bib at the end of
our hose. We can set it such
that it sends out a
concentrated flow of water in
one direction while very little
water, if any, goes in the other
directions. Or we can set it to
make a gentle spray over a
wide range of directions.
Units of Light
 ILLUMINANCE
 Units: footcandles (English) or
lux (Metric)
 Illuminance is a measure of how
much light is falling on a surface.
If we continue our hose analogy, =
we might spray 10 gallons of
water over an area of 5 square
feet. This would give us 2 gallons
per square foot. Likewise, if we
cover the floor of a 20’ x 20’ room
with 40,000 lumens, its
illuminance is 100 lumens per
square foot, which is 100
footcandles.

 1 footcandle = 1 lumen/square
foot
 1 lux = 1 lumen/square meter
 1 footcandle = 10.76 lux
COLOR TEMPERATURE
 Color temperature is
the term used to
specify the color of a
lamp. In laymen’s
terms, it is the
temperature a
standard piece of
metal would have to
be to “glow” a certain
color.
COLOR RENDERING
 Color rendering is the
lamp’s ability to
accurately show the
colors of objects
illuminated by that
lamp.
 This attribute is
measured in CRI
(Color Rendering
Index) which peaks at
100.
LIGHTING FIXTURE
SELECTION
Considerations in Determining Target
Light Levels (IESNA)
1. The task being performed
2. The age of the occupants
3. The importance of speed and accuracy
Considerations in Determining
Lighting Fixture Selection (IESNA)
1. Fixture efficiency
2. Lamp lumen output
3. The reflectance of surrounding surfaces
4. The effects of light losses from lamp
lumen depreciation and dirt accumulation
5. Room size and shape
6. Availability of natural light (Daylight)
GENERAL AIM OR PURPOSE OF
ILLUMINATION OF BUILDINGS
1. A SOFT WELL DIFFUSED
ILUMINATION
2. A GLARELESS AND ADEQUATELY
ILLUMINATED INTERIOR
What are some common
lighting problems
Poor lighting can cause several problems
such as:
Insufficient light - not enough (too little) light for
the need
Glare - too much light for the need
Improper contrast
Poorly distributed light
Flicker
 To reach proper light levels, many
light fixtures are designed to reflect
light off walls, ceilings and objects.
The amount of light reflected off a
surface can be measured.
Suggestions for the percent of light
reflected off surfaces in a typical office
include:
 window blinds (40-50%)
 walls (50% maximum)
 business machines (50% maximum)
 ceiling (70-80%)
 floor (20-40%)
 furniture (25-45%).
 The percent value refers to the
amount of light that a surface reflects
relative to the amount that falls on the
surface.

In addition, light fixtures that are too widely spaced

or wrongly positioned can create shadows. Objects
between the light fixture and work being done can
block the light and cast shadows. Likewise, workers
sitting with their backs to windows, with light fixtures
directly overhead or to the rear, cast shadows on
their own work surfaces.
 Recommended Illumination Levels
Type of Activity Ranges of Illuminations
Public spaces with dark surroundings 30
Simple orientation for short temporary visits 50

Working spaces where visual tasks are only 100

occasionally performed
Performance of visual tasks of high contrast 300
or large scale
Performance of visual tasks of medium 500
contrast or small size
Performance of visual tasks of low contrast 1000
or very small size
Performance of visual tasks near threshold 3000-10000
of person's ability to recognize an image

IESNA Lighting Handbook. 9th ed. Illuminating Engineering Society of North

America, 2000. p. 10-13.
How much light is needed for various
situations or activities?
 The amount of light we need varies and
depends on:
the type of task being done (such as demands for
speed and accuracy)
type of surfaces (does it reflect or absorb light) the
general work area
the individual's vision.
 The amount of light falling on a surface is
measured in units called lux.
 Depending on the factors noted above,
adequate general lighting is usually between
500 and 1000 lux when measured 76 cm (30
inches) above the floor.
GLARE

 Glare is a common lighting problem.

Glare is what happens when a bright light
source or reflection interferes with how
you are 'seeing' an object. In most cases,
your eyes will adapt to the brightest level
of light. When this adaptation happens, it
becomes harder to see the details in the
duller or darker areas of the work space
(even though they are actually sufficiently
lit!). Glare can cause annoyance and
discomfort, and can actually decrease a
person's ability to see.
 Reflected glare is caused by:
 Light reflected from polished, shiny or glossy
surfaces the glass on picture frames, or windows
at night and VDT screens.
 Direct glare is caused by:
 very bright light from poorly positioned light
fixtures, or sunlight.
SOURCES OF GLARE
 When in your normal
working position, look
at a distant object at
eye level. Block the
light "path" from the
fixtures with a book or
cardboard. If the
distant object is now
easier to see, the light
fixtures are probably
producing glare.
SOURCES OF GLARE
 To detect reflected glare, look at
the task from your normal
working position. Block the light
falling on it from the front or
above. If details are now easier to
see, reflections are a problem.
 Place a small mirror face up on
the work surface. The mirror
reflects light from above, the light
fixture is responsible for glare.
 Look for shiny objects that reflect
light. Glass in picture frames,
glossy table tops and VDT
screens are common examples.
 Ask workers if they experience
sore or tired eyes, headaches or
if they need to squint to see.
HOW TO CORRECT GLARE
 Using several small low-intensity light
fixtures rather than one large high-intensity
light fixture.
 Using light fixtures that diffuse or
concentrate light well. Indirect light fixtures
or direct light fixtures with parabolic louvres
are two possibilities.
 Covering bare bulbs with louvers, lenses or
other devices to control light.
 Increasing the brightness of the area
around the glare source.
 Using adjustable local lighting with
brightness controls.
 Positioning light fixtures to reduce reflected
light that is directed toward the eyes.
 Using low gloss paper or apply flat or semi-
gloss paint and matte finishes on 'offending'
surfaces. Remove highly polished and shiny
objects.
 Keeping general lighting levels at
recommended levels.
 Positioning the work station so that windows
and fluorescent light tubes are parallel to
the worker's line of sight.
 Do not position the work station so that light
fixtures are to the front or directly overhead.
METHODS OF ILLUMINATION

1. GENERAL LIGHTING
2. LOCAL LIGHTING
3. COMBINED GENERAL AND LOCAL
GENERAL LIGHTING

General lighting provides fairly uniform

lighting. An example would be ceiling fixtures
that light up large areas.
LOCAL LIGHTING

A SYSTEM OF LIGHTING WHICH IS

CONCENTRATED AND OF HIGH
INTENSITY
Local (or task) lighting increases
light levels over the work and
immediate surroundings. Local
lighting often allows the user to
adjust and control lighting and
provides flexibility for each user.
LOCAL/GENERAL

Localized-general lighting uses overhead

fixtures in addition to ceiling fixtures to
increase lighting levels for particular tasks.
TYPES OF LIGHTING FIXTURES
 The complete lighting unit (also called the light
fixture) controls and distributes the light. (Light
fixtures are often referred to as "luminaires" in
technical publications.)
 Various types of light fixtures are designed to
distribute light in different ways. These fixtures are
known as:
 direct, direct-indirect, indirect and shielded
(various types).
 No single type of light fixture is appropriate in
every situation. The amount and quality of lighting
required for a particular workstation or task will
determine which light fixture is most suitable.
 Luminaires or Lighting
Fixtures
The device which supports the source or sources of
electric light and redirects or helps to control the light
rays from the source. Control of the rays is necessary
to secure even distribution, to avoid glare, to cut-off
direct rays to the eyes, and eliminates disturbing
reflection of the rays from polished surfaces.
Lighting Systems
1. Cornice Lighting
a system where light sources are
shielded by a panel parallel to the
wall and attached to the ceiling to
distribute light downwards over the
wall. This is considered as direct
lighting.

2. Cove Lighting
a system where light sources are
shielded by a ledge to distribute light
upwards over the ceiling and upper
wall. It is a form of indirect lighting.

3. Valance Lighting
a system where light sources are
shielded by a panel parallel to the
wall usually across the top of a
window. This provides light both
upwards and downwards over the
wall.
 Classifications of Luminaires

1. Indirect
• 90% to 100% of the light output is directed
towards the ceiling and upper walls of the room.
2. Semi-indirect
• 60% to 90% of the light is directed upwards;
40% to 10% downwards.
3. General diffuse or direct-indirect
• provides approximately equal distribution of
light upwards and downwards.
4. Semi-direct
• 60% to 90% of light is directed downwards;
while 40% to 10% is directed upwards.
5. Direct
• 90% - 100% of the light output is directed
downwards
Shielded light fixtures use diffusers, lenses and louvers to cover bulbs from direct view;
therefore, helping to prevent glare and distribute light.
•Diffusers are translucent or semi-transparent (see-through) covers made usually
of glass or plastic. They are used on the bottom or sides of light fixtures to control
brightness.
•Lenses are clear or transparent glass, or plastic covers. The lens design
incorporates prisms and flutes to distribute light in specific ways.

Louvers are baffles that shield the bulb from

view and reflect light. The baffles can be
contoured to control light and decrease
brightness. Parabolic louvers are specially
shaped grids that concentrate and distribute
light.
Quality Measures
1. Visual comfort probability (VCP)
 Indicates the percent of people who are comfortable
with the glare (brightness) from a fixture.
2. Spacing Criteria
 Refers to the maximum recommended distance
between fixtures to ensure uniformity
3. Color Rendering Index (CRI)
 Indicates the color appearance of an object under a
source as compared to a reference source.
Quality of Illumination
1. Glare – is the sensation caused by luminances in the
visual field that are too bright. Discomfort, annoyance,
or reduced productivity can result.
How to reduce GLARE
a) Do not exceed suggested light levels
b) Use equipment designed to reduce glare.
c) Consider indirect lighting
d) Proper fixture placement can reduce reflected glare
2. Color Rendition
a) The ability to see colors properly
b) Light sources vary in their ability to accurately reflect the true
colors of people and objects.
c) The CRI scale is used to compare the effect of a light source on
the color appearance of its surroundings.
Quality of Illumination
3. Uniformity of Illuminance of Tasks
 How to evenly spread light over a task area
a) Spacing Criteria – Ratio of maximum recommended
fixture spacing distance to mounting height above task
height.
b) Fixtures that are retrofit with reflectors or louvers that
narrow the light distribution.
 Non Uniform Illuminance
a) Inadequate light levels in some areas
b) Visual discomfort when tasks require frequent shifting of
view from underlit to overlit areas
c) Bright spots and patches of light on floors and walls on
floors and walls that cause distraction and generate a
low quality appearance
Characteristics of Light Sources
1. Efficiency
 Ability of a lamp type to convert energy to visible light.
 This refers to the number of lumens leaving the lamp compares to the number
of watts required by the lamp ( and ballast)
 Unit: lumens per watt

2. Color Temperature
 This is a measure of “warmth” or “coolness” provided by the lamp.
 Eg. A “warm” color light source actually has a lower color temperature.
 Unit: Kelvin

3. Color Rendering Index (CRI)

 It measures the degree that perceived colors of objects, illuminated by a given
light source conform to the colors of the same objects when they are lighted by
a reference standard light source.
 A scale of 0 to 100 defines the CRI.
 A higher CRI means better color rendering or less color shift.
 The CRI no. does not indicate which colors will shift or by how much. Two
different light sources may have identical CRI values, but colors may appear
quite different under these two sources.
Types of Lamps
1. Filament Lamps 3. High-Intensity Discharge
a) Incandescent Lamps Lamps are members of the
b) R and PAR electric discharge family of
c) Tungsten - Halogen light sources (as are
fluorescent lamps). Light is
produced when a high-
2. Gaseous Discharge Lamps pressure electric arc is
(Low Intensity Discharge passed through a gas vapor,
Lamps) rather than by a low-pressure
arc as in fluorescent lamps.
a) Fluorescent Lamps
b) Energy Savings Lamps a) Mercury Vapor Lamps
c) Neon Vapor Lamps b) Metal Halide Lamps
d) PL lamps c) High Pressure Sodium
Lamps
Lighting Fixtures
Incandescent Lamps
Incandescent Lamp
 These lamps are composed basically
of a sealed glass containing a filament
connected at its ends to the contact
area in the base thereby completing
an electric circuit.

 The glass envelope comes in a variety

of shapes and sizes; bulb designations
consist of a letter to indicate its shape,
and a number to indicate the diameter
in eights of an inch.

 The glass envelope contains a mixture

of nitrogen and a small amount of
other inert gases such as argon. Some
incandescent lamps, such as some
flashlight lamps, also contain xenon.
Some of these incandescent lamps
are called xenon lamps, but are not
the same as the high-pressure xenon
lamps that will be discussed later.
Incandescent lamps have come a long way since Thomas Edison’s first carbon
filament lamp, which, when introduced in 1879, had a life of about 40 hours.
Today, commonly available incandescent lamps have average lives of between
750 and 2000 hours.
Incandescent Lamps
 The various shapes are:

 Standard - A
 Globular - G
 Straight - S
 Tubular - T
 Pear-shape - PS
 Flame - F
 PAR - Parabolic
Aluminized Reflector

 A PS 30 Lamp therefore is a pear-

shaped bulb 30/8 or 3-3/4” in diameter
Incandescent Lamp Colors
Incandescent Light
 Light bulb most people use.
 Burns about 700-1000 hours.
Tungsten Halogen Lamps
 Unlike incandescent lamps, halogen lamps use a halogen gas
fill (typically iodine or bromine), to produce what is called a
“halogen cycle” inside the lamp.
 Halogen gas combines with the tungsten that evaporates from
the lamp filament, eventually re-depositing the tungsten on the
filament instead of allowing it to accumulate on the bulb wall
as it does in standard incandescent lamps.
 The tungsten- halogen lamp has several differences from
incandescent lamps:
1. The lamps have a longer life (2000-3500 hours).
2. The bulb wall remains cleaner, because the evaporated tungsten
is constantly re-deposited on the filament by the halogen cycle.
This allows the lamp to maintain lumen output throughout its life.
3. The higher operating temperature of the filament improves
luminous efficacy.
4. The lamp produces a “whiter” or “cooler” light, which has a higher
correlated color temperature (CCT) than standard incandescent
lamps.
5. The bulbs are more compact, offering opportunities for better
optical control. Halogen lamps are sometimes called “quartz”
lamps because their higher temperature requires quartz envelopes
instead of the softer glass used for other incandescent lamps.
Halogen Lamps
 Discharge Lamps
Discharge lamps produce light by passing an electric current through a gas that
emits light when ionized by the current. An auxiliary device known as a
ballast supplies voltage to the lamp’s electrodes, which have been coated
with a mixture of alkaline earth oxides to enhance electron emission.
Two general categories of discharge lamps are used to provide illumination:
1. Fluorescent lamps
2. High-intensity discharge
Fluorescent Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps
 It comprises a cylindrical glass tube, sealed at
both ends and containing an inert gas usually
argon and mercury vapors. Built into each end is
a cathode which supplies the electrons to start
an maintain the mercury arc or gaseous
discharge. This light is absorbed by the
phosphors in which the inside of the tube is
coated and is re-radiated in the visible light
range.
 For the operation of some fluorescent tubes, an
automatic switch known as a starter is required,
in addition to the normal wall switch. The starter
is self contained in a small tubular jacket which
is inserted in the fixture body and is a
replaceable part.
 All fluorescent light sources, require a control
device or an auxiliary, called a ballast, located in
the metal base.

 The ballast serves the following functions:

1. Supplying the high voltage necessary to start the
arc;
2. Limiting the current in the arc after it is formed.
Linear Fluorescent Lamps
 Linear fluorescent lamps range in length from six
inches to eight feet, and in diameter from 2/8
inch (T2) to 2-1/8 inches (T17). Their power
ranges from 14 to 215 watts.
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
Fluorescent Lamp Classification
1. According to shape
 Standard
 Slim-line does not require a starter, have single-pin bases, come in diameters
3/4”, 1”, and 1-1/2” ; and come in lengths from 42” (4 ft) to 96” (8 ft).
 Circline

2. According to method of tube operation

 Pre-heat
 requires a starter which preheats the cathodes so that less voltage is required to strike
an arc. There is a 2-5 seconds delay in the start of lamp after switch is on. This class is
also called a ”switch-start” or “starter-start” lamp. In certain cases, the starter can be
eliminated by using a device called a “trigger-start ballast”. This ballast provides both a
current-limiting function and an appropriate automatic starting system.
 Instant Start
 When the lamp is first switched on, a sufficient voltage is applied between the
electrodes to strike the arc without preheating them. Instant-start lamps start as soon as
current is turned on and eliminates the need for external starters. They have single-pin
bases which are called “slim-line” lamps.
 Rapid Start
 are the most recent developments and the one that is most widely used. Rapid-start
lamps use low-resistance electrodes which can be heated continuously with low current
loses. These are the only fluorescent lamps that can be electrically dimmed or flashed.
They start as quickly as the instant-start lamps; require no external starters; and the
ballasts are smaller and more efficient.
High Intensity Discharge
Lamps
High Density Discharge Lamps
 These lamps generate light by passage of an electric arc through
a metallic vapor which is contained in a sealed glass or ceramic
tube.
 HID lamps are available with lumen outputs considerably greater
than those of the highest-wattage fluorescent lamps available.
 Each time an HID lamp is energized from a cold start, the lamp
produces a dim glow initially and there is a time interval called
warm up time until the lamp attains its full lumen output.
Types of HID
a. Mercury Vapor Lamp
b. Metal Halide Lamp
c. High Pressure Sodium Lamp
Comparison of Performance is based on:
 Efficacy
 Starting Characteristics
 Color Rendering
 Lumen depreciation
 Price
 Life
Mercury Vapor
Lamps
 In a high-pressure mercury vapor
lamp, light is produced by an
electric discharge through
gaseous mercury. The mercury,
typically along with argon gas, is
contained within a quartz arc tube,
which is surrounded by an outer
bulb of borosilicate glass.
 It contains mercury vapor in a
clear quartz arc tube, which when
electrically excited, produces
visible light of characteristically
blue-green color. It is suitable only
for limited industrial areas, general
outdoor applications and street
lighting.
Metal Halide Lamps

 A metal-halide lamp is a mercury

vapor lamp with other metal
compounds (known as halides)
added to the arc tube to improve
both color and luminous efficacy.
 These lamps are a modification of
the mercury vapor with an arc of
improved color. In addition to
mercury, the arc tube contains
metallic vapors such as indium
iodide, thallium iodide, or sodium
iodide. It possesses therefore
increased light output, improved
color rendition without the use of
phosphors, and small source size.
High Pressure Sodium Lamp

 Light is produced in a high-

pressure sodium (HPS) lamp by
an electric discharge through
combined vapors of mercury and
sodium, with the sodium radiation
dominating the spectral emission.
The hard glass outer bulb may be
clear, or its inner surface may be
coated with a diffuse powder to
reduce the brightness of the arc
tube.
 Fastest restart time
 Color: Yellowish
 It strengthens yellow, green and
orange, but grays red and blue.
 Turns white skin complexions
yellow.
 May be coated to improve color
rendering, but efficacy is reduced.
Xenon Lamps
 Unlike the other three
HID lamps described
here, xenon lamps do not
contain mercury vapor.
They contain xenon gas,
kept at a pressure of
several atmospheres.
Xenon lamps are
available in wattages
from 5 to 32,000 watts.
 The figure shows some
examples of xenon
lamps.
Lamp Comparison Chart
Considerations in Fixture Selection
1. Conformance with the chosen lighting method.
2. Degree to which a fixture assists in meeting objectives for quantity
and quality of light through emission and distribution of light.
3. Luminous efficiency of a fixture, ratio of lumen output by the fixture to
lumens produced by the lamp.
4. Aesthetics – in particular, coordination of size and shape of fixtures
with room dimensions so that the fixtures are not overly conspicuous.
5. Durability
6. Ease of installation and maintenance
Types of Installations
1. Flush or Recessed mounting
2. Ceiling Mounted
3. Pendent
4. Wall Mounted
5. Structural – a term applied to lighting fixture built into the structure of
the building or built to use structural elements, such as spaces
between joists, as part of the fixtures.
Ceiling Mounted Downlights
Spotlights
Pendants
Wall Lights
Task and Table Lights
Floor Lights
Fluorescent Fittings
Oddities
Exterior Lights
Lighting Symbols
Lighting Application
Thank you very much