Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Caesar II Applications Guide
Caesar II Applications Guide
00 CAESAR II
Applications Guide
Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction
1-1
Chapter 2
Bends
2-1
Chapter 3
Restraints
3-1
Anchors..................................................................................................................................................... 3-2
Anchors with Displacements .................................................................................................................... 3-3
Flexible Anchors....................................................................................................................................... 3-4
Flexible Anchors with Predefined Displacements .................................................................................... 3-5
Flexible Nozzle - WRC Bulletin 297........................................................................................................ 3-6
Flexible Nozzle with Predefined Displacements ........................................................................... 3-7
Flexible Nozzle with Complete Vessel Model .............................................................................. 3-8
Double-Acting Restraints ....................................................................................................................... 3-13
Double-Acting Restraints - Translational .................................................................................... 3-13
Double-Acting Restraints - Rotational ........................................................................................ 3-13
Single-Directional Restraints .................................................................................................................. 3-15
Guides ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-16
Limit Stops.............................................................................................................................................. 3-18
Windows ................................................................................................................................................. 3-20
Rotational Directional Restraints with Gaps........................................................................................... 3-21
Single-Directional Restraint with Predefined Displacement .................................................................. 3-22
Single-Directional Restraint and Guide with Gap and Predefined Displacement................................... 3-23
Restraint Settlement................................................................................................................................ 3-24
Skewed Double-Acting Restraint with Gap............................................................................................ 3-25
Skewed Single-Directional Restraint ...................................................................................................... 3-27
Restraint Between Two Pipes Using CNodes......................................................................................... 3-28
Restraint Between Vessel and Pipe Models............................................................................................ 3-29
Restraints on a Bend at 45 Degrees ........................................................................................................ 3-30
Restraints on a Bend at 30 and 60 Degrees............................................................................................. 3-31
Vertical Dummy Leg on Bends .............................................................................................................. 3-32
Near/Far Point Method ................................................................................................................ 3-32
On Curvature Method.................................................................................................................. 3-32
Chapter 4
Hangers
4-1
Chapter 5
Expansion Joints
5-1
Chapter 6
Miscellaneous Models
6-1
Introduction
Chapter 7
Examples
7-1
Chapter 8
Tutorial A
8-1
Chapter 9
Tutorial B
9-1
CH AP TER
Chapter 1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the organization of the manual and important information regarding user assistance.
In This Chapter
Overview .................................................................................... 1-2
Program Support / User Assistance ............................................ 1-3
COADE Technical Support ........................................................ 1-4
1-2
Overview
The CAESAR II Applications Guide is intended to serve as an example guide, showing the application of CAESAR II. Users
should refer to this manual for examples of specific piping components, as well as complete example jobs.
Chapters 2 through 6 of this manual illustrate the techniques and methods used to model individual piping components,
restraints, and attached equipment. These chapters should be referenced often when modeling seldom-used components or
unusual geometries. Users should recognize that the numeric data used in these examples is not necessarily applicable in all
cases. In general, the numeric values used in these examples are fictitious quantities, unless otherwise noted.
Chapter 7 is a chapter of worked examples, illustrating the application of CAESAR II to various piping problems. These
examples illustrate modeling, problem solving, and program operation.
Chapters 8 and 9 contain a tutorial that walks users through the modeling and analysis of a complete system.
Users are encouraged to work through these chapters, especially if a particular analysis has not been previously attempted.
The component modeling examples in Chapters 2 through 6 are especially useful, for both modeling techniques and general
program understanding. The examples in Chapter 7 also provide engineering guidelines and indicate where assumptions
must be made in attempting to solve real-world problems.
Introduction
1-3
1-4
281-890-4566
E-mail:
techsupport@coade.com
Fax:
281-890-3301
WEB: www.coade.com
CH AP TER
Chapter 2 Bends
This chapter illustrates the modeling techniques for various bend techniques in CAESAR II.
In This Chapter
Bend Definition .......................................................................... 2-2
Single and Double Flanged Bends or Stiffened Bends ............... 2-4
180 Degree Return Fitting-To-Fitting 90 Degree Bends ............ 2-5
Mitered Bends............................................................................. 2-6
Closely Spaced Mitered Bend..................................................... 2-7
Widely Spaced Mitered Bend ..................................................... 2-9
Elbows - Different Wall Thickness ............................................ 2-13
Bend Flexibility Factor ............................................................... 2-15
2-2
Bend Definition
Bends are defined by the element entering the bend and the element leaving the bend. The actual bend curvature is always
physically at the TO end of the element entering the bend.
The input for the element leaving the bend must follow the element entering the bend. The bend angle is defined by these
two elements.
Bend radius defaults to 1 1/2 times the pipe nominal diameter (long radius), but may be changed to any other value.
Specifying a bend automatically generates two additional intermediate nodes, at the 0-degree location and at the bend midpoint (M).
For stress and displacement output the TO node of the element entering the bend is located geometrically at the far-point on
the bend. The far-point is at the weldline of the bend, and adjacent to the straight element leaving the bend.
The 0-degree point on the bend is at the weldline of the bend, and adjacent to the straight element entering the bend.
The FROM point on the element is located at the 0-degree point of the bend (and no 0-degree node point will be generated)
if the total length of the element as specified in the DX, DY, and DZ fields is equal to:
R tan ( / 2)
where
is the bend angle, and R is the bend radius of curvature to the bend centerline.
Nodes defined in the Angle and Node fields are placed at the given angle on the bend curvature. The angle starts with zero
degrees at the near-point on the bend and goes to degrees at the far-point of the bend.
Angles are always entered in degrees. Entering the letter M as the angle designates the bend midpoints.
Nodes on the bend curvature cannot be placed closer together than specified by the Minimum Angle to Adjacent Bend
parameter in the Configure-SetupGeometry section. This includes the spacing between the nodes on the bend curvature
and the near and far-points of the bend.
The minimum and maximum total bend angle is specified by the Minimum Bend Angle and Maximum Bend Angle
parameters in the Configure SetupGeometry section.
Bends
2-3
2-4
Flanged Bends
Bends
2-5
2-6
Mitered Bends
Evenly spaced mitered bends, whether closely or widely spaced, are uniquely defined by two parameters:
Number of cuts (changes in direction)
Equivalent radius <or> miter spacing.
For closely spaced miters the equivalent radius is equal to the code defined R1 for B31.3 and R for B31.1. The equation
relating the equivalent radius to the spacing for evenly spaced miters is:
Req = S / [ 2 tan( ) ]
Where:
Req - equivalent miter bend radius
S - spacing of the miter cuts along the centerline
- code defined half-angle between adjacent miter cuts:
=
/ 2N
Where:
- total bend angle
N - number of cuts
An additional parameter B (length of miter segment at crotch) is checked for closely spaced miters when using B31.1. B
may be found for evenly spaced miters from:
B = S [ 1 - ro / Req ]
Where:
ro - outside radius of pipe cross-section.
Bends
2-7
S / [ 2 tan ( ) ]
/ 2N
=
90 / [2(4)]
11.25 deg.
40
2-8
Bends
2-9
r * [1 + tan ( )]
2-10
= 10.375 in.
Pipe Thk.
= 0.500 in.
Bend Angle
= 90 degrees
Cuts
=2
Req
= 45 in.
= /2 =90/(2 2) =22.5
Find that 37.279 >6.9826 (Check the Closely Spaced Miter Requirements). The bend is widely spaced. The
reduced miter bend radius is needed to define widely spaced beds in CAESAR II.
Bends
2-11
Calculate the coordinates to get from the tangent intersecting point of the single cut miter bend at node 10 to
the single cut miter bend at node 15.
Note: The straight pipe section coming into and going out of the bend must be
Reqsin (
).
2-12
Bends
2-13
2-14
Thick Elbow
Bends
2-15
CH AP TER
Chapter 3 Restraints
This chapter details the modeling of various restraint types in CAESAR II.
In This Chapter
Anchors....................................................................................... 3-2
Anchors with Displacements ...................................................... 3-3
Flexible Anchors......................................................................... 3-4
Flexible Anchors with Predefined Displacements ...................... 3-5
Flexible Nozzle - WRC Bulletin 297.......................................... 3-6
Double-Acting Restraints ........................................................... 3-13
Single-Directional Restraints...................................................... 3-15
Guides......................................................................................... 3-16
Limit Stops ................................................................................. 3-18
Windows..................................................................................... 3-20
Rotational Directional Restraints with Gaps............................... 3-21
Single-Directional Restraint with Predefined Displacement ...... 3-22
Single-Directional Restraint and Guide with Gap and Predefined Displacement 3-23
Restraint Settlement.................................................................... 3-24
Skewed Double-Acting Restraint with Gap................................ 3-25
Skewed Single-Directional Restraint.......................................... 3-27
Restraint Between Two Pipes Using CNodes............................. 3-28
Restraint Between Vessel and Pipe Models................................ 3-29
Restraints on a Bend at 45 Degrees ............................................ 3-30
Restraints on a Bend at 30 and 60 Degrees................................. 3-31
Vertical Dummy Leg on Bends .................................................. 3-32
Vertical Leg Attachment Angle.................................................. 3-35
Horizontal Dummy Leg on Bends .............................................. 3-36
Large Rotation Rods - Basic Model ........................................... 3-38
Large Rotation Rods - Chain Supports ....................................... 3-40
Bi-Linear Restraints.................................................................... 3-41
Static Snubbers ........................................................................... 3-43
Plastic Hinges ............................................................................. 3-44
Sway Brace Assemblies.............................................................. 3-45
3-2
Anchors
The following are general guidelines and information concerning anchors:
The anchor default stiffness for translational and rotational degrees of freedom is defined in the Configuration file.
Connecting nodes can be used with anchors to rigidly fix one point in the piping system to any other point in the piping
system.
Entries in the Stif field apply to all 6 anchor degrees of freedom.
Displacements should not be specified at an anchor. If the displacements of a particular point are known, they should be
input directly without any additional restraints or anchors.
Accurate input of the piping boundary conditions (i.e. restraints) is probably the single most important part of system
modeling, requiring experience both with piping fabrication and erection, and with CAESAR II.
The first group of examples illustrates a large number of boundary condition applications and their proper modeling using
CAESAR II.
Restraints
3-3
Degrees of freedom not defined (left blank) in any displacement vector are assumed to be free in all load cases.
Anchor Displacement
3-4
Flexible Anchors
Follow these guidelines to model flexible anchors:
Use six flexible restraints.
Put four restraints on one spreadsheet and the last two restraints on the next element spreadsheet.
See the following flexible nozzle examples to improve modeling methods for intersections of this type.
Restraints
3-5
3-6
Restraints
3-7
3-8
Restraints
3-9
3-10
Restraints
3-11
Vessel Element
3-12
Restraints
3-13
Double-Acting Restraints
Double-acting restraints are those that act in both directions along the line of action. Most commonly used restraints are
double-acting.
A CNode is the connecting node. If left blank then the restrained node is connected via the restraint stiffness to a rigid point
in space. If the CNode is entered then the restrained node is connected via the restraint stiffness to the connecting node.
If a gap is specified, it is the amount of free movement along the positive or negative line of action of the restraint before
resistance to movement occurs. A gap is a length, and so is always positive.
Schematic
Input
3-14
Restraints
3-15
Single-Directional Restraints
The following are some important facts pertaining to single-directional restraints:
The sign on the single-directional restraint gives the direction of free movement; that is, a +Y restraint may move
freely in the positive Y direction and will be restrained against movement in the negative Y direction.
Single-directional restraints may define restraint along positive, negative, or skewed axes.
Any number of single-directional restraints may act along the same line of action. (If more than one single directional
restraint acts along the same line of action, then there are usually two in opposite directions and they are used to model
unequal leg gaps.)
A CNode is the connecting node. If left blank then the restrained node is connected via the restraint stiffness to a rigid
point in space. If the CNode is entered then the restrained node is connected via the restraint stiffness to the connecting
node.
Friction and gaps may be specified with single-directional restraints.
3-16
Guides
The following are some important facts pertaining to Guides in CAESAR II.
Guides are double-acting restraints with or without a specified gap.
Connecting Nodes (CNodes) can be used with guides.
Guides may be defined using the global system coordinates or with the restraint type GUI.
A guided pipe in the horizontal or skewed direction will have a single restraint, acting in the horizontal plane,
orthogonal to the axis of the pipe.
A guided vertical pipe will have both X and Z direction supports.
CAESAR II computes direction cosines for guides. Guide direction cosines entered by the user are ignored.
Restraints
3-17
3-18
Limit Stops
The following are important facts pertaining to Limit Stops:
Limit stops are single- or double-acting restraint whose line of action is along the axis of the pipe.
The sign on the single-directional restraint gives the direction of unlimited free movement.
Limit Stops/Single Directional Restraints can have gaps. The gap is the distance of permitted free movement along the
restraining line of action.
A gap is a length, and is always positive. Orientation of the gap along the line of action of the restraint is accomplished
via the sign on the restraint.
Connecting Nodes (CNode) may be used with any Limit Stop model.
Limit Stops may be defined using the restraint type LIM.
Limit Stops provide double or single-acting support parallel to the pipe axis. Limit Stops may have gaps and friction.
The positive line of action of the Limit Stop is defined by the FROM and TO node on the element.
CAESAR II computes direction cosines for orthogonal or skewed limit stops. Limit Stop direction cosines entered by the
user are ignored.
Restraints
The stop at 195 permits unlimited free movement un the minus X direction, and 1.0 in. of free
movement in the plus X direction
3-19
3-20
Windows
Keep in mind the following facts when modeling Windows in CAESAR II.
Equal leg windows are modeled using two double-acting restraints with gaps orthogonal to the pipe axis.
Unequal leg windows are modeled using four single-acting restraints with gaps orthogonal to the pipe axis. (See the
following example.)
The gap is always positive. The sign on the restraint determines the direction of movement before the gap closes. If
there is no sign, then the restraint is double-acting and the gap exists on both sides of the line of action of the restraint.
If there is a sign on the restraint then the gap exists on the restrained line of action of the restraint, i.e. a +Y restraint is
restrained against movement in the -Y direction, and any gap associated with a +Y restraint is the free movement in the
-Y direction before the restraint begins acting.
Restraints
3-21
3-22
Restraints
3-23
3-24
Restraint Settlement
Keep in mind the following facts when modeling restraint settlements:
Model using a single-directional restraint with predefined displacements. The magnitude of the predefined
displacement is the amount of anticipated settlement in the minus Y direction.
The Displacement Load Case is used to include the effect of the settlement (non thermal).
The settlement displacements are prescribed for the connecting node at the single directional restraint. For more
information, refer to Single-Directional Restraint with Predefined Displacement.
Restraint Settlement
The weight of this pipe data at
node 95 exerts a sufficient load on
the foundation node 1095 to cause
a calculated .325 in. settlement.
Restraints
3-25
3-26
Restraints
3-27
3-28
Restraints
3-29
3-30
Restraints
3-31
3-32
On Curvature Method
Easy input
Dummy leg acts at the proper place on the bend curvature
Dummy leg does not act along the centerline of the vertical run
Difficult input
Dummy leg acts at the proper place on the bend curvature
Dummy leg acts along centerline of vertical run
The element immediately after the bend must define the downstream side of the bend. Do not define dummy legs on the
element spreadsheet immediately following the bend specification spreadsheet.
Dummy legs and/or any other elements attached to the bend curvature should be coded to the bend tangent intersection
point. The length of the dummy leg will be taken directly from the DX, DY, and DZ fields on the dummy legs pipe
spreadsheet. There will be no automatic alteration of the dummy leg length due to the difference between the bend tangent
intersection point and the actual point on the bend curvature where the dummy leg acts. The true length of the dummy leg
should be input in the DX, DY, and DZ fields on the dummy leg element spreadsheet.
Input and output plots of the dummy leg always show it going to the bend tangent intersection point.
For each dummy leg/bend model a warning message is generated during error checking. The user should verify that the
warning message description of the bend is accurate.
Restraints
3-33
3-34
On Curvature Method
Restraints
3-35
3-36
Restraints
3-37
3-38
In the example below, the rod pivots about the structural steel support. There is a very short swing arm, and so even a small
amount of horizontal movement will produce a relatively large swing. In the output report for this restraint, the user will see
X and Y direction loads.
Restraints
3-39
3-40
Chain Supports
Restraints
3-41
Bi-Linear Restraints
Bi-linear restraints have the digit 2 following the direction in the restraint TYPE field.
When a bi-linear spring is entered the restraint fields change as follows: Stif changes to K1, which is the Initial Stiffness,
Gap changes to K2, which is the Yield Stiffness, and Mu changes to Fy, which is the Yield Load.
Bi-linear restraints are used most often to model soil support where some soil ultimate load bearing capacity can be
calculated.
Both the yield stiffness (K2) and the yield load (Fy) are required entries. The initial stiffness (K1) may be left blank, and a
rigid initial stiffness assumed. The yield stiffness may be negative if necessary. Some subsea pipeline resistance tests have
shown that load carrying capacity drops after the ultimate load is reached, and displacement continues.
More detailed use of the spring types used to model underground piping systems is illustrated in the CAESAR II User Guide Underground Pipe Modeler.
3-42
Restraints
3-43
Static Snubbers
Static snubbers are translational restraints that provide resistance to displacement in static analysis of occasional loads only.
It is assumed that this occasional loading is dynamic in nature, such as a static seismic, or static wind loading. SNUBBERS
ARE INACTIVE FOR ALL EXPANSION, SUSTAINED, AND OPERATING STATIC CASES, AND ARE ACTIVE
FOR ALL TYPES OF TRUE DYNAMIC ANALYSES, i.e. HARMONIC, MODAL, OR SPECTRAL. These restraints are
active in all static load cases defined as OCCASIONAL in the load case list.
Static snubbers (or static analysis snubbers) have SNB following a translational direction in the restraint Type field.
When a snubber is entered, the restraint fields change as follows: Gap and Mu are disabled.
Static snubbers may be directional, i.e. may be preceded by a plus or minus sign. To model static snubbers follow the steps
below.
Note the displacement locations in all six degrees of freedom to determine where to add the snubbers.
3-44
Plastic Hinges
The steps in setting up a plastic hinge are illustrated below. The leg from A to B is overheated, causing bending of the B-D
support leg. This example models the plastic deformation at cross-section E-E. The plastic hinge is formed between the
nodes 10 and 15. The expansion joint is used to provide translational and torsional rigidity at the plastic hinge junction. Two
bi-linear supports are used to model rigid resistance to bending until a breakaway force (yield force) is exceeded at which
point bending is essentially free.
Restraints
3-45
3-46
Sway brace opposing compression force (movement occurs after pre-load is overcome).
CH AP TER
Chapter 4 Hangers
This chapter demonstrates methods for incorporating spring hanger design into CAESAR II models.
In This Chapter
General Information.................................................................... 4-2
Simple Hanger Design ................................................................ 4-3
Single Can Design ...................................................................... 4-4
Constant Effort Support Design.................................................. 4-5
Constant Effort Supports - No Design ........................................ 4-6
Existing Springs - No Design ..................................................... 4-7
Multiple Can Design................................................................... 4-8
Old Spring Redesign................................................................... 4-9
Pipe and Hanger Supported From Vessel ................................... 4-10
Hanger Design with Support Thermal Movement ...................... 4-11
Hanger Between Two Pipes........................................................ 4-12
Hanger Design with Anchors in the Vicinity.............................. 4-13
Hanger Design with User-Specified Operating Load ................. 4-15
Simple Bottomed Out Spring...................................................... 4-16
Lift Off Spring Can..................................................................... 4-17
Bottom Out Spring Can Capability............................................. 4-18
Modeling Spring Cans with Friction .......................................... 4-19
4-2
General Information
Select MODELHANGER DESIGN CONTROL DATA from the menu on the Input Spreadsheet to enter parameters affecting hanger
design throughout the model. The hanger control spreadsheet items, with default values, are shown below. Complete
descriptions of each item can be found in the Technical Reference Manual. These items can greatly affect the hangers
designed and should be reviewed carefully at least one time so that the user is aware of the capability available.
Whenever CAESAR II designs a zero load constant effort support, a proposed spring location is found to be holding the
pipe down at that point. In this case, that hanger location is removed from the analysis, and the restrained weight case is
rerun to redistribute the weight loads.
There are instances where the stiffness of the adjacent piping and the hanger location restraints in the restrained weight case
unfavorably interact, producing an undesirable distribution of loads. Often reducing the stiffness used to compute the hanger
loads in the restrained weight run can eliminate these load distribution problems. The default for this stiffness is 1.0E12.
Values on the order of 50,000 or 75,000 have been used successfully to relax the system somewhat and redistribute these
piping loads. This stiffness can be changed through the Computation Control tab of the Configuration/Setup item of the
Main Menu.
The operating case for hanger travel (free thermal case) can be analyzed either with no spring stiffness at the hanger
locations, or with the stiffness of the selected springs inserted at those locations (in the latter case, the springs are selected
through an iterative process). This is controlled via the Include Spring Stiffness in Hanger OPE Travel Cases option of
the Configuration/Setup item of the Main Menu. Inserting the actual hanger stiffness into the Operating Case for
Hanger Travel may give a technically more accurate result, but may introduce convergence problems as well. Also, please
note that in the latter case, it is very important that the hanger load in the cold case (in the physical system) be adjusted to
match the reported hanger Cold Load.
Hangers
4-3
4-4
Hangers
4-5
4-6
Enter the constant effort support load (per hanger) in the Predefined Hanger Data field.
The hanger design algorithm will not design hangers that are completely predefined.
Note:
Hangers
4-7
Enter the Spring Rate and the Theoretical Cold Load (installation load, on a per hanger basis) in the Predefined
Hanger Data fields.
The hanger design algorithm will not design hangers that are completely predefined. Any other data can exist for the spring
location but this data is not used. Entered spring rates and theoretical cold loads will be multiplied by the number of hangers
at this location. CAESAR II requires the Theoretical Cold (Installation) Load to pre-define the spring. Theoretical Cold Load
= Hot Load + Travel * Spring Rate, where upward travel is positive.
4-8
Enter the number of hangers or cans as a positive number in the No. of Hangers at Location field.
Tip: Placing a negative number in that field allows CAESAR II to design up to that number of hangers at the location.
Hangers
4-9
4-10
Hangers
4-11
4-12
Hangers
4-13
4-14
The anchor at 5 is freed in the Y-direction, the anchor at 105 is freed in all directions
Hangers
4-15
4-16
Used most often to conveniently enter predefined springs into the piping system model. These spring restraints provide a
bottoming out capability that occurs when the spring has exceeded its maximum travel limit.
Users should always enter the stiffness Stif, the allowed travel x, and the initial load on the spring F, to properly utilize the
bottomed out spring model. If the travel x is not entered it defaults to zero. If the initial load is not entered it also defaults to
zero, and its sign is taken as positive. Note that no hanger should be entered at the same position as a bottomed out spring.
Hangers
4-17
4-18
1023 lb.
260 lb./in.
1690 lb.
To get from the installed condition to the bottom-out condition the can must be displaced in the minus Y direction.
Hangers
4-19
Alternatively, element 15-20 may be omitted, with the +Y restraint (with friction) placed directly on node 15.
Tip: This modeling technique can also be applied to situations where the shoe or trunnion slides on top of a bolted spring
can.
CH AP TER
In This Chapter
Simple Bellows with Pressure Thrust ......................................... 5-2
Tied Bellows - Simple vs. Complex Model................................ 5-4
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Simple Model .......................... 5-5
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Complex Model ....................... 5-7
Universal Expansion Joints - Simple Models ............................. 5-9
Universal Joint - Comprehensive Tie Rod.................................. 5-14
Universal Joint With Lateral Control Stops - Comprehensive Tie Rod Model
Hinged Joint................................................................................ 5-16
Slotted Hinge Joint - Simple Model ........................................... 5-18
Slotted Hinge Joint - Comprehensive Model.............................. 5-20
Slip Joint ..................................................................................... 5-21
Gimbal Joints .............................................................................. 5-23
Dual Gimbal ............................................................................... 5-25
Pressure-Balanced Tees and Elbows .......................................... 5-27
5-15
5-2
Expansion Joints
5-3
EffectiveArea
Bellows ID =
In the system shown below, the untied bellows runs between the nodes 8 and 9. The elbow at 11 is anchored to take the
thrust load developed in the bellows. The manufacturer's specification for the joint's axial stiffness is 6530 lb./in. with a
transverse stiffness of 3250 lb./in. The bending stiffness is left blank, and will be calculated by CAESAR II since the bellows
has a finite length. The pump and the baseplate at 5 must be able to withstand the large axial force that may develop due to
pressure thrust in the bellows.
Bellows ID =
= 9.28 in.
5-4
Expansion Joints
5-5
KTR =
KTR =
=
Zero-weight rigid
element (tie rod)
Build the CAESAR II model of the flexible portion of the expansion joint. Note how the rotational restraints between nodes
29 and 30 keep the two flanges parallel. In the field, the tie bars at four points around the expansion joint will keep the
flanges parallel. (The flanges and the tie bars form a parallelogram upon lateral deflection.)
5-6
Expansion Joints
5-7
5-8
Expansion Joints
5-9
5-10
The top model is used when the analyst is provided with global assembly data for the universal, i.e. the assembly lateral
stiffness.
The second model is used when the analyst is given angular spring rates for each of the two bellows used in the model.
Expansion Joints
5-11
5-12
Expansion Joints
5-13
5-14
The following groups illustrate the method used in constructing the universal expansion joint model shown above.
Rigid Elements (Flanges)
15-17 / 31-33
Rigid Elements normal to the pipe axis, and between the pipe and tie bar
centerlines.
At the end where there are nuts on either side of the flange, fixing the tie-bar to the flange.
33-1033 / 33-2033 / 33-3033
Rigid Elements normal to the pipe axis, and between the pipe and tie-bar
centerlines.
At the end where there are nuts only on the backside of the flange.
15-1015 / 15-2015 / 15-3015
Intermediate lateral tee supports (Rigid)
23-1023 / 23-2023 / 23-3023
25-1025 / 25-2025 / 25-3025
Tie-bars
1033-1034-1035-1036
2033-2034-2035-2036
3033-3034-3035-3036
Restraints with connecting nodes at the tension-only flange end.
RESTR NODE =
1036 CNODE =
1015 TYPE =
-X , Y , Z
RESTR NODE =
2036 CNODE =
2015 TYPE =
-X , Y , Z
RESTR NODE =
3036 CNODE =
3015 TYPE =
-X , Y , Z
Restraints with connecting nodes at the intermediate support points.
RESTR NODE =
1035 CNODE =
1023 TYPE =
Y , Z
RESTR NODE =
2035 CNODE =
2023 TYPE =
Y , Z
RESTR NODE =
3035 CNODE =
3023 TYPE =
Y , Z
RESTR NODE =
1034 CNODE =
1025 TYPE =
Y , Z
RESTR NODE =
2034 CNODE =
2025 TYPE =
Y , Z
RESTR NODE =
3034 CNODE =
3025 TYPE =
Y , Z
Expansion Joints
5-15
The following groups illustrate the method used in constructing the universal joint with lateral stops shown above. Only the
right side tie rod elements are shown below.
Standard pipe elements
34-36
/
36-38
Rigid flange elements
30-32
/
40-42
Bellows elements
32-34
/
38-40
Rigid elements from the pipe to the tie-bar centerline
(Normal to the pipe axis)
30-1030 / 36-1036 / 42-1042
Tie-bar elements
1003-1002
/
1002-1001
Restraints with connecting nodes
RESTR NODE=1001 CNODE = 1042 TYPE = +Y , X , Z
RESTR NODE=1002 CNODE = 1036 TYPE = Y w/gap=1.5 , X , Z
5-16
Hinged Joint
The relationship between the rotational bellows stiffness used in the model and the axial bellows stiffness should be
approximately:
Kbend = (1/8) (Kax) (D2)( /180)
This is typically the value given in expansion joint manufacturers catalogs. This equation and the bending stiffness value
from most manufacturers catalogs should only be used with a zero length expansion joint.
The hinged joint is defined using a zero length expansion joint with axial, transverse, and torsional stiffnesses rigid. The
bending stiffness is set equal to the bending stiffness of the hinge.
Hinge directions are defined using restraints and connecting nodes. The restraint line of action is always normal to the hinge
axis.
Hinged joints are designed to take pressure thrust. The analyst should make sure that the joint manufacturer is aware of the
design loads in the hinges.
Some expansion joint manufacturers believe that the hinge friction can provide considerable additional resistance to
bending. Certainly as the axial load the hinge is to carry becomes large, this hinge friction effect will increase.
Approximations to this increase in bending stiffness can be made by increasing the stiffness of the bellows in proportion to
the axial load on the hinge. The expansion joint manufacturer can hopefully provide assistance here.
Several typical geometries for hinged expansion joints are shown in the figures below:
In the example that follows, the hinged joint is zero length and is defined between nodes 45 and 46. X is the hinge axis,
i.e. all relative rotations are permitted between 45 and 46 about the X axis. 45 and 46 are fixed rotationally relative to each
other in the Y axis. (See the second note above.)
Expansion Joints
5-17
The following figures display the coding of the hinged joint for the model shown on the bottom of the previous page.
5-18
Expansion Joints
5-19
Note: In this model, the relative rotation at the hinge about the Y axis is assumed to be zero. The slots on either side
will provide some limit to this Y rotation. In most applications of this type, the relative Y rotation is zero because the
problem is kept planar using guides. A good first pass can be made using the model shown, then if the analysis shows that
the RY restraint between nodes 15 and 16 is supporting load, a further refinement to the model can be made.
5-20
Zero weight rigid elements defining the hinge assembly are listed below:
10
10
55
55
15
35
50
30
15
35
30
50
20
40
45
25
The finite length bellows must be defined accurately between nodes 10 and 55. This typically means entering the correct
flexible length and using the manufacturers axial and lateral spring rates. Remember that manufacturers angular spring
rates should not be used in finite length expansion joint models.
Expansion Joints
5-21
Slip Joint
Large slip joints are usually difficult to install and difficult to accurately model.
Smaller diameter slip joints are telescoping, axial displacement devices that permit considerable axial displacement of the
slip joint ends and moderately rigid resistance to pipe bending.
Smaller slip joints are usually categorized by having two annular packing glands separated axially along the joint by a dead
air space, or by a small bellows sleeve.
The following figure shows the cross-section of a typical large slip joint. The stiffnesses between nodes 15 and 25 are a
function of the packing stiffness for transverse and rotational relative deformation and of packing stiffness and tightening
for axial relative deformation.
Slip Joint
5-22
K1 is the spring stiffness for forces below the yield force, FY.
Note 3: K2 is the spring stiffness (for joint compression) for forces greater than FY. The best
estimate for this resistance is cumulative friction effects of guides and supports, given by the
vendor.
Where (N) is the nominal pipe diameter in inches,
temperature in inches per 100 ft.
Note 4: Fy is the joint friction thrust from the vendor catalog. Typical values are given as 400 lbs
times the nominal pipe size.
Expansion Joints
5-23
Gimbal Joints
Gimballed joints are designed to resist pressure thrust. The analyst should make sure that the joint manufacturer is aware of
the design loads on the gimbals.
The angular-only gimbal can be input as a zero length expansion joint with rigid axial, transverse, and torsional stiffnesses.
The bending stiffness is set equal to the rotational stiffness specified in the manufacturer's catalog.
Angular and Offset gimbals should probably be thoroughly modeled as shown in the following figures. Angular and Offset
gimballed joints are usually installed in large diameter lines where lumped property assumptions for the bellows may not be
within reasonable engineering accuracy.
Angular Only
5-24
Expansion Joints
5-25
Dual Gimbal
Dual gimbal joints are two, usually angular-only, gimballed joints in series in the pipeline. Putting two (or even three)
angular-only gimballed joints together provides for an ability to absorb lateral and possibly axial deformation.
A Pipe Flexibility program will never be able to model the axial-only component of the possible deformation because it
requires large rotation of the expansion joint componentssomething not considered in such programs.
The single angular deformation only gimbal should always be used in series with at least one other gimballed joint. It is
only in series that the angular deformation only gimbal provides for any lateral movement.
Gimballed joints are designed to take pressure thrust. The analyst should make sure that the joint manufacturer is aware of
the design loads on the gimbals.
Each individual angular-only gimbal joint should be modeled as a zero length expansion joint with rigid axial, transverse,
and torsional stiffnesses. The bending stiffness should be equal to the manufacturer's published rotational stiffness term.
The minimum required distance L between adjacent single gimballed joints (shown as 8-7 in the following example), is
principally a function of the angular and rotational deformation to be absorbed, the diameter, and the number of
convolutions per joint.
The following figure shows a dual gimbal comprised of two angular-only gimbals. The bending stiffness for each gimballed
joint is 490.0 in. lb./deg.
5-26
Expansion Joints
5-27
The example below shows briefly the coding of a pressure-balanced tee in a turbine exhaust line. The bottom side of the tee
is blanked off. The tee is a standard unreinforced fabricated tee. The tie bars will only act in tension.
CH AP TER
In This Chapter
Reducers ..................................................................................... 6-2
Ball Joints ................................................................................... 6-4
Jacketed Pipe .............................................................................. 6-5
Cold Spring................................................................................. 6-7
Connecting Equipment ............................................................... 6-8
6-2
Reducers
Define the length of the reducer just like any other pipe element.
Tip: For eccentric reducers be sure to skew the element such that the TO node matches the position of the centerline of the
following pipe elements.
2
Tip: If the element preceding and following the reducer are already defined (such as inserting this element) then CAESAR II
will automatically calculate all the reducer input data and the user can leave this field blank.
3
Enter the diameter and wall thickness of the pipe that will follow the reducer.
Tip: Nominal diameter and wall thickness can be entered here and CAESAR II will convert these to actual diameter and wall
thickness if this portion is activated in the units file (in the Diameter and Wt/Sch fields on the spreadsheet convert nominal
to actual then so will the Reducer dialog).
Tip: Alpha is the slope of the reducer transition in degrees. If left blank, the value will be set from an estimated slope equal
to the arc tangent times 1/2 the change in diameters times sixty percent of the entered reducer length.
Note: IGE /TD -12 requires entry of the reducer alpha a swell as R1 and R2, which are the reducer transition radii of the
large end and small end respectively. For more information see the diagrams below.
Miscellaneous Models
6-3
6-4
Ball Joints
Ball joints can be modeled with zero length expansion joints, or with restraints and connecting nodes. When using
expansion joints, each ball and socket is defined with one zero length expansion joint having rigid axial and transverse
stiffnesses, and essentially zero bending and torsional stiffnesses.
When bending and torsional stiffnesses should be small, use a value of 1.0.
Tip: Results are invalid for large rotations.
Miscellaneous Models
6-5
Jacketed Pipe
Jacketed piping systems are input by running the jacket elements directly on top of the core elements where the two are
concentric.
A very simple way to generate a jacketed pipe model is to run through the entire core and then duplicate the core piping
using a proper node increment (such as 1000). This will produce a second run of pipe, which will be modified to build the
jacket model. For the jacket, change the pipe size, temperature, bend radii, etc., to finish the model. Then attach the jacket
and core by changing the node numbers and adding restraints.
Typically, the end caps connecting the core to the jacket pipe are much stiffer than either the core or the jacket. For this
reason node pairs like (10 and 1010), (25 and 1025), (35 and 1035), and (40 and 1040) are often joined by using the same
node for each, i.e. the displacements and rotations at the end of the core pipe are assumed to be the same as the
displacements and rotations at the end of the jacket pipe.
Internal spiders offer negligible resistance to bending and axial relative deformation. Node 15 might be connected to node
1015 via a restraint with connecting node. For an X run of pipe, rigid restraints would exist between the two nodes for the Y
and Z degrees of freedom.
The +Y support acting on the jacket at node 1020 does not cause any stiffnesses to be inserted between 20 and 1020. Node
20 is included in the model so that outside diameter interference can be checked at the 20-1020 cross section. Should there
be any concern about interference, or interference-related stresses at the 20-1020 nodes, then restraints with connecting
nodes and gaps can be used to approximate the pipe-inside-a-pipe with clearance geometry.
Since CAESAR II constructs the jacketed piping model by associating nodal DOFs, the program really does not know one
pipe is inside of another. Therefore the following items should be considered.
If both the jacket and the core are fluid-filled, the fluid density of the jacket must be reduced, to avoid excess (incorrect)
weight.
If wind loads are specified, the wind or wave loading must be deactivated for the core, or else the core will pick up wind
load.
The core pipe should probably have its insulation thickness set to zero.
6-6
Miscellaneous Models
6-7
Cold Spring
See the CAESAR II Technical Reference Manual for a detailed discussion of the method for analyzing Cold Springs.
Cut Short
6-8
Connecting Equipment
Vertical Vessels
Vertical Vessel models are built using combinations of straight pipe and nozzle flexibility simulations (WRC 297). The
following figure illustrates the most accurate way to define vertical vessel flexibility.
Miscellaneous Models
6-9
3. The rigid element from 225 to 230 models the flange at the end of the nozzle and should be rigid
relative to the nozzle diameter.
4. Local shell flexibilities are defined between 130 and 135 and 220 and 215.
5. The above model considers the cantilever bending and shear in the vessel from the skirt, and also
the local flexibility of the vessel shell in the vicinity of the nozzle.
The partial spreadsheets below illustrate input for the flexible vessel/nozzle model.
FROM 5RESTRAINT(Y/N) Y NODE 5 CNODE
TO10 TYPE A [ANCHOR]
DY 15-0 STIF
DIA 90.0 TEMP #187.0 GAP
WT 0.375 MU
FROM 10
TO 15
DY 20-3 TEMP #1325.0
DIA 78.0
WT 0.75
FROM 15
TO 20
DY 10-7
FROM 20
TO 25
DY 6-9
FROM 15
TO 215 RIGID WEIGHT <leave blank>
DZ 39.0
RIGID(Y/N) Y
FROM 20
TO 125 RIGID WEIGHT <leave blank>
DX 39.0
RIGID(Y/N) Y
FROM 220
TO 225
DZ 13.75
DIA 16.0
WT 0.5
FROM 225
TO 230
DZ 5.25 RIGID WEIGHT 275.0
RIGID(Y/N) Y
6-10
FROM 130
TO 135
DX 13.75
DIA 10.750
WT 0.5
FROM 135
TO 140 RIGID WEIGHT 112.0
DX 4.0
RIGID(Y/N) Y
NOZZLE NOZZLE
N1
Nozzle Node Number
Vessel Node Number
Nozzle Outside Diameter
Nozzle Wall Thickness
Vessel Outside Diameter
Vessel Wall Thickness
Vessel Reinforcing Pad Thickness
Dist. to stiffeners or head
Dist. to opposite side stiffeners
Vessel centerline Direction Vector X
Vessel centerline Direction Vector Y
Vessel centerline Direction Vector Z
N2
130220
125215
10.75
0.5
78.0
0.75
16.0
0.5
78.0
0.75
6-917-4
30-10
20-3
1.0
1.0
Miscellaneous Models
6-11
Horizontal Vessels
Horizontal Vessel models are built using combinations of straight pipe and nozzle flexibility simulations (WRC 297). The
following figure illustrates the most accurate way to define horizontal vessel flexibility.
NOZZLE N3:
OD
= 12.750
Wall = 0.687
Flange length =5.0 inches
Flange weight = 250 lb.
Notes:
1. Elements 5 to 6, 6 to 10, 15 to 16, 16 to 20, and 20 to 22 should be rigid and the associated
diameter and wall thickness should be that of the vessel. (These rigid elements should be stiff
relative to the vessel.)
2. The rigid element from 26 to 30 models the flange at the end of the nozzle and should be rigid
relative to the nozzle diameter.
3. Local shell flexibilities are defined between the nodes 22 and 24.
4. The above model considers the flexibility of the horizontal vessel section, the free translation
horizontal restraint at 125, and the local flexibility of the vessel shell in the vicinity of the
nozzle.
The following partial spreadsheets illustrate the modeling techniques used to define the horizontal vessel.
6-12
FROM
CNODE
TO
DY
DIA
WT
RIGID(Y/N) Y
FROM
TO
DY
RIGID(Y/N) Y
6
10
4-0
FROM
TO
DX
10
20
27-6
FROM
TO
DY RIGID(Y/N) Y
20
16
4-0
FROM
CNODE
TO
TYPE Y
DY -2-7
RIGID(Y/N) Y
16
FROM
TO
DY
RIGID(Y/N) Y
20
22
4-0
FROM
TO
DY
DIA
WT
24
26
14.0
12.75
0.687
FROM
TO
DY
RIGID(Y/N) Y
26
30
5.0
6
2-7
8-0
0.875
RESTRAINT
(Y/N) Y
NODE 5
TYPE A
TEMP #1
100.0
RIGID WEIGHT <leave blank>
TEMP #1
350.0
RESTRAINT
(Y/N) Y
NODE 15
15
TEMP #1
100.0
TEMP #1
350.0
Miscellaneous Models
6-13
Data entered in the nozzle spreadsheet for the horizontal vessel model is shown
below:
Nozzle Node Number
24
Vessel Node Number
22
Nozzle Outside Diameter
12.75
Nozzle Wall Thickness
0.867
Vessel Outside Diameter
8-0
Vessel Wall Thickness
0.875
Vessel Reinforcing Pad Thickness
Dist. to stiffeners or head
7-3
Dist. to opposite side stiffeners or head
27-6
Vessel Centerline Direction Vector X
1
Vessel Centerline Direction Vector Y
Vessel Centerline Direction Vector Z
Axial Stiffness (lb./in.)
Longitudinal Bending Stiff (ft.lb./deg.)
Circumferential Bending Stiff(ft.lb./deg.)
error checking
445613
139355
34644
CAESAR II
computed values
displayed during
CH AP TER
Chapter 7 Examples
This chapter provides examples for a variety of design challenges faced by piping engineers.
In This Chapter
Example 1 - Harmonic Analysis - TABLE................................. 7-2
Example 2 - Relief Valve Loads - RELIEF ................................ 7-7
Example 3 - Dynamic Analysis of Water Hammer Loads (HAMMER) 7-19
Example 4 - Dynamic Analysis of Independent Support Earthquake Excitation
(CRYISM) .................................................................................. 7-32
Example 5 - Structural Analysis - FRAME ................................ 7-47
Example 6 - Dynamic Analysis - NUREG9 ............................... 7-57
Example 7 - Omega Loop Modeling - OMEGA......................... 7-64
Example 8 - Jacketed Piping - JACKET..................................... 7-69
Example 9 - WRC 107................................................................ 7-79
Converting Forces/Moments in CAESAR II Global Coordinates to WRC 107
Local Axes.................................................................................. 7-81
Example 10 - NEMA SM23 ....................................................... 7-91
7-2
Enter the model as shown and set the material density on the pipe spreadsheet to be zero. (All weights are input as
concentrated masses.) Do not enter bends, but rather only straight elements.
Member Properties
Pipe Outside Diameter
2.375 in.
0.154 in.
Elastic Modulus
27.9E+06 psi
Poisson's Ratio
0.3
Run the static case and then access the Dynamic Input.
Examples
7-3
First, additional masses may be added, or degrees of freedom deleted. In the eigensolution of larger systems the deletion of
un-needed degrees of freedom may be a very important factor in keeping the run times reasonable. In most normal cases,
however, masses must neither be added nor deleted. The mass of the piping, fluid, and insulation is automatically calculated
and included by CAESAR II. For the current example the weight of the pipe is zero and all masses are concentrated and
prespecified as lumped masses.
Turning off the Frequency Cutoff and setting the value of the maximum number of Eigenvalues guarantee us to acquire the
first five natural frequencies in our results.
7-4
When the eigensolution is completed, the calculated natural frequencies are printed on the screen below:
Choose OUTPUT-VIEW ANIMATION from the Main Menu to view the animations of the 5 modes of vibration. The first mode is
back and forth along the x-axis, the second mode is transverse along the z-axis and the third mode is a twisting about the yaxis. The next two modes are combinations of the previous three.
t ) lb.
FX @ 13 = ( 95 cos
t ) lb.
What is the largest stress in the small piping structure subject to these dynamic loads?
Examples
7-5
Note The 120 Hz vibration falls between the structural resonant frequencies 115 Hz and 137 Hz. The torsional mode will
most likely be excited because the sign difference on the forces promotes a twisting of the structure. The model has already
been built and so dynamic input is simply modified. There is only a single harmonic frequency of excitation to be
investigated.
Harmonic loads are input next. The user is first asked for harmonic forces, and then harmonic displacements. Harmonic
forces act at points (8) and (13) on the example piping system. The forces act in the X direction, with an opposite sign,
and with a magnitude of 95 lb. The force acting at point (8) can be plotted as a function of time as shown in the following
figure:
For the example problem there are 120 cycles per second.
Harmonic force data input is shown as follows. Harmonic displacements may exist in the same problem with harmonic
forces if necessary. The example problem has harmonic forces only.
7-6
Note: The same force effect could have been achieved by entering +95.0 lb at each node, and entering a phase angle of
180.0 degrees at node 13.
Calculations for the example problem take less than 30 seconds to complete. The user may view the structure in animated
motion or view standard displaced shape plots from the Dynamic Output using the Display Graphical Results option
(shown below). Additionally, for harmonic results, restraint loads, forces, and stresses can accurately be calculated for the
maximum displacements due to the harmonic loads.
Examples
7-7
Analyze the two relief valve systems, shown as follows, subject to the simultaneous firing of both valves.
7-8
Examples
7-9
7-10
GIVEN:
Venting steam stagnation properties are given. The CAESAR II Relief Load Synthesis option is run to compute the
maximum thrust load magnitude at the vent pipe exit. This dynamic load will act downward at the vent elbow nodes 65 and
100. Venting will last for approximately one second, and the opening and closing time for the relief valve (as provided by
the manufacturer) is 8.0 milliseconds. A static load case is run first to perform spring hanger sizing at nodes 20 and 22. The
static load case #3 is the operating case, and will be used to set the nonlinear restraints for the dynamic analysis.
SOLUTION:
The spectrum table name is arbitrarily selected as Relief and is defined as having a Frequency range and a Force ordinate.
(A # sign precedes the name in the spectrum definition because the shock table is to be read from an ASCII file on the hard
disk.) The spectrum definition follows:
The DLF Spectrum Generator builds the ASCII file Relief that contains the relief valve spectrum table. Input to the DLF
Spectrum Generator is the filename, maximum table frequency, number of points, and the time-history waveform. For this
example a maximum frequency of 33 Hz and 20 data points are used to generate the table. The points in the time history
waveform are entered as shown as follows. These points represent the valves opening, its one-second vent time, and it's
closing.
Examples
7-11
The resulting DLF Spectrum is shown below. The Frequency vs. Dynamic Load Factors are written to the file "Relief."
7-12
The thrust loads act at points 65 and 100. These loads are defined as Force Sets and are entered as shown as follows:
There is one static/dynamic combination case of interest and that is the combination of the sustained static load case with
our one dynamic load case. This is defined as follows:
Examples
7-13
Only one item needs to be set on the Control Parameter spreadsheet. It defines the static load case to be used for setting the
nonlinear restraints, (3). Alternatively, the modal combination method could have been set to ABS instead of SRSS to
produce unquestionably conservative results.
7-14
The Displacement Report gives the maximum possible positive or negative displacement that may occur at some time
during the relief valves firing. Values in this report are always positive.
Examples
7-15
The Restraint Report gives the maximum dynamic load the support should be designed for. The top value is the maximum
support reaction. The second value is the largest support reaction due to any one mode. The last number on the left tells
which mode.
7-16
The Stress Report gives the maximum dynamic stress due to the relief valve firing. Stresses from a dynamic shock load
case should be combined with the sustained stresses from a static analysis and the result compared with the code defined
occasional stress for the material.
The Participation Factor Report shows which modes tend to be excited by the applied dynamic load.
The Displacement Report shows the maximum displacements that occur due to the relief loads. These displacements may
actually be positive or negative. Their true sign is indeterminate and always shown positive in the displacement report.
The following Stress Report shows element stresses due to the dynamic relief loads. The top value is the maximum stress
due to the interaction of all the system modes. The second value is the largest stress due to any one mode. The bottom
number on the left tells which mode.
Examples
7-17
For example:
The maximum stress at node 5 is 1481 psi. The stress at node 5 due only to mode #1 was 1280 psi.
The maximum stress at node 40 on the 40-50 element is 6430 psi. The stress at node 40 due to mode #4 was 3982 psi. Mode
#4 was the largest contributor to the stress at node 40.
7-18
Support reactions due to the combination of the static sustained and the dynamic solutions.
Stresses due to the combination of the static sustained and the dynamic solutions. This stress combination can be compared
to the B31 code allowables for occasional stresses.
Examples
7-19
Flow Velocity:
6 fps
313000 psi
SOLUTION:
The magnitude of the pump supply side pressure wave, which emanates from the pump discharge at node 5, can be
estimated from
dp =
c dv
Where:
dp - the pressure rise due to the pumps instantaneous stopping
7-20
Ef
c = (313000 lbf/ in2) (ft3/79.1875 lbm) (32.2 lbm ft/lbf sec2) (144in2 /ft2)1/2 = 4281 ft/sec
Note See the PIPING HANDBOOK, Crocker & King, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill pages 3-189 through 3-191 for a more
detailed discussion and evaluation of the speed of sound.
Apply the equation above for the magnitude of the water hammer pressure wave.
dp =
There are two distinct pressure pulses generated when a flowing fluid is brought to a stop. One pulse originates at the supply
side of the pump, and the other pulse originates at the discharge side of the pump. This example only deals with the supply
side water hammer effect, but the magnitude and impact of the discharge side water hammer load should likewise be
investigated when in a design mode.
The time history waveform for both types of water hammer pulses is shown as follows:
Examples
7-21
Pod
Discharge pressure
Ps
Pos
dp
Pressure fluctuation due to the instantaneous stoppage of flow through the pump
Pv
There will be an unbalanced load on the piping system due to the time it takes the pressure wave to pass successive elbowelbow pairs. The magnitude of this unbalanced load can be computed from:
F unbalanced = dp * Area
The duration of the load is found from t = L/c, where L is the length of pipe between adjacent elbow-elbow pairs. For this
problem the elbow-elbow pairs most likely to cause the large deflections at node 45 are 45-75 and 90-110.
The rise time for the unbalanced dynamic loading should be obtained from the pump manufacturer or from testing and can
be determined from graphs such as those shown above. For this problem a rise time of 5 milliseconds is assumed.
CALCULATIONS:
L 45-75 = 7 + 4(20) + 4 = 90 ft.
L 90-110 = 3(20) + 15 = 75 ft.
Area = /4 di2; di = 8.625 - (2) (0.322) = 7.981 in.
Area = /4 (7.981)2 = 50.0 in2
F unbalanced = dp * Area = (345.6) (50.0) = 17289 lbf
t duration = L/c
=
(90) / (4281)
(75) / (4281)
t rise
5.0 milliseconds
Because the piping in this example is ductile low carbon steel, the major design variable will be the large displacement; i.e.
the problem will be assumed to be solved when the restraint system is redesigned to limit the large displacements due to
water hammer without causing any subsequent thermal problem due to over-restraint.
7-22
Examples
7-23
7-24
Three Spectrum load cases are of interest here: Each spectrum separately and the two of them in combination as follows:
Examples
7-25
The sustained static load case is now combined with each dynamic load case for code stress checks. Note that for operating
restraint loads the static operating case would be combined with each dynamic load case as well. That is left for the user to
investigate.
7-26
Examples
7-27
On the pump or valve discharge side the maximum magnitude of the pressure wave is the difference between the fluid vapor
pressure and the line pressure.
On the supply side a positive pressure wave moves away from the pump at the speed of sound in the fluid. The magnitude
of the pressure wave is equal to the sum of the suction side pressure and dp.
On the discharge side a negative pressure wave moves away from the pump at the speed of sound in the fluid. The
maximum magnitude of this negative pressure wave is the difference between the pump discharge pressure and the fluid
vapor pressure. Once the pump shuts down, the pressure at the discharge begins to drop. The momentum of the fluid in the
downstream piping draws the discharge pressure down. If the fluid reaches its vapor pressure the fluid adjacent to the pump
flashes. As the negative pressure wave moves away from the pump these vapor bubbles collapse instantly. This local vapor
implosion can cause extremely high pressure pulses. In addition, there may be a fluid backflow created due to the rapid drop
in pressure. In this case the backflow slap at the idle pump can be accentuated by the collapse of created vapor bubbles,
resulting in an extremely large downstream water hammer loading.
Water hammer loadings will cycle to some extent. The pressure wave passes through the system once at full strength.
Reflections of the wave may then cause secondary pressure transients. Without a transient fluid simulation or field data the
usual procedure is to assume one or two significant passes of the pressure wave.
Where critical piping is concerned or where the maximum loads on snubbers and restraints is to be computed, the
independent effect of a single pass of the pressure wave should be analyzed for each elbow-elbow pair in the model. A
separate force spectrum load set is defined for the elbow with the highest pressure as the wave passes between the elbowelbow pair. The direction of the applied force is away from the elbow-elbow pair. An individual dynamic load case is run
for each separate force set, combinations of different force sets are usually not run. This approach has proved
satisfactory when applied to large, hot steam piping systems that have very few fixed restraints, and a high number of low
modes of vibration. Extrapolation to other types of piping systems should be made at the designer's discretion.
CAESAR II does not check the integrity of the piping system due to the local increase in hoop stress that occurs as the fluid
pressure wave passes each pipe cross-section. Slowing the mechanism that tends to reduce the flowrate can reduce the
magnitude of the water hammer loads. the case of valve closing, this means slowly closing the valve. In the case of a pump
going off line, this means slowly removing power from the pump. Slowly in each of these instances can be estimated from:
T
2L/c
=
Characteristic length of the piping system. Usually taken as the length between the
pump or valve and the source or sink.
Where
If the pump or valve stops in a time shorter than T then the water hammer should be analyzed as shown in this example for
instantaneous closure. Calculations for this problem are given as follows:
7-28
Of primary interest is the largest time that must be used to close a valve, or bring a pump flowrate to a halt such that water
hammer type pressure pulses are not generated. Calculations using the lengths of several reflecting systems will be made to
get a feel for the variation of the computed Ts. The longest time will be for the wave to leave the supply side at node 5
and move to the tank connection at node 125. This represents a total L of about 270 ft.
T = (2) (270) ft./(4281)ft/sec = 126 milliseconds
The length through which the wave passes that causes the most trouble is the length between nodes 45 and 75:
T = (2) (90)/(4281) = 42 milliseconds
So, if the pump or valve can slow down in greater than 126 milliseconds, the tendency for water hammer in the piping
system will probably be abated. If the pump or valve can slow down in greater than 42 milliseconds then the tendency for
water hammer in the 45-75 length will be abated.
Water hammer excitation initially produces axial acoustic waves in the steel pipe wall that can induce locally very high,
very short duration forces and stresses. These short duration loads are usually not a design problem in ductile steel piping
systems. Where crack propagation in welds and material due to water hammer loads is a concern the following rules should
be followed:
A very high number of natural frequencies must usually be included in the analysis. Cutoff frequencies of 300 Hz are
not unusual. These are the axial natural modes of the pipe between the excited elbow-elbow pairs. Higher modes must
be computed until the inclusion of extra modes does not produce an appreciable change in the force/stress response. The
maximum frequency cutoff can be estimated from SQRT (E/ )/L where: E = Pipe material modulus of elasticity, =
Pipe material density, L = Length of a single pipe element in the primary run that is to have accurate stresses computed
due to the passing of the water hammer originated acoustic stress wave. Calculation of the maximum cutoff frequency
for the 45-75 elbow-elbow pair for the 20 ft pipe lengths is given as follows:
f cutoff
SQRT ((30E6)(32.2)(12)/(0.283))/20
134.2 Hz.
Alternatively, including the Missing Mass Correction will approximate the contribution from the omitted modes.
The length of any element in the primary axial runs should not be greater than about ct/4, where c equals the speed of
sound in the pipe and "t" equals the duration of the water hammer load. Calculation of the greatest element length for
the 45-75 elbow-elbow pair is given as follows:
Lmax
ct/4
22.5 ft.
and so, to get an accurate estimate of the stresses due to the passing of the stress wave in the pipe, individual element
lengths should be smaller than about 20 ft. Shorter duration loads require shorter elements to monitor the passing of the
stress wave.
The inclusion of the response due to the higher modes will not affect the displacement results (only the force and stress
results). Displacement results, such as the 6 to 8 in. in the example can usually be computed accurately after the
inclusion of the low frequency modes with participation factors greater than about 0.01.
Examples
7-29
7-30
Displacement Report
This report gives the maximum possible positive or negative displacement that may occur at some time during the event.
Values in this report are always positive.
Examples
7-31
Restraint/Force/Stress Reports
If high modes are included, as discussed in the notes in this section, then these reports give the maximum values of the
forces and stresses in the system due to gross deformation and the propagation of an acoustic stress wave in the pipe. If the
high modes are not included, then these reports give the maximum values of forces and stresses in the system due to gross
deformation alone.
Combination Cases
The force spectrum approach to the water hammer problem does not include consideration of the time relationship between
modal or directional maximums. Completely conservative results can be guaranteed by taking the absolute summation of
both the modal and directional response properties. Running one load case for each main piping run, and a final load case
including all of the individual load cases typically gives the analyst a good feel for where problems exist.
In this example the main piping run between nodes 45 and 75 added the major contribution to the system dynamic
responses. The combination load case including the 45-75 and 90-110 contributions together yielded little extra information.
Problem Solution
A guide and axial limit stop at nodes 45 and 105 produces little increase in thermal stresses (which were low to begin with),
and serves to attenuate the large axial displacements in the line due to the water hammer load. Loads on this support due to
the low mode displacements are seen to be small. Local, very short duration loads may not be so small. The restraint should
be designed with this in mind. A few simple design rules are usually sufficient:
Flexible is better. The restraint should only be stiff enough to sufficiently attenuate the low frequency gross
deformation.
Areas of local discontinuities, such as the weld of the support to the pipe, should have extra weld or support plate area
(Discontinuities at other restraints in a problem area should probably also be beefed up to withstand the local passing
of the impact stress wave.)
7-32
100F
Operating Temperature:
-59F
Pipe:
Insulation:
Fluid:
0.232 SG
Columns:
W14x82
Beams:
W10x12
Examples
7-33
7-34
T sec
V in/sec
T sec
V in/sec
T sec
V in/sec
0.05
0.787
0.05
0.787
0.05
0.787
0.2
7.874
0.2
1.3
0.2
7.874
0.5
21.653
0.5
3.4
0.5
21.653
39.37
27.3
39.37
18.89
30.4
30.4
3.5
43.7
3.5
21.12
3.5
43.7
11.8
21.3
21.3
10
5.9
10
5.359
10
5.9
The necessity for the various spectra can be best understood by investigating the difference between independent support
excitation and uniform support excitation. These excitation methods are shown in the following figures.
Examples
7-35
For the analysis with steel supports, the structural steel must be included as part of the piping model. This can be
accomplished by using the INCLUDE STRUCTURAL INPUT FILES option from the KAUX feature of the CAESAR II spreadsheets.
The structural steel model for this problem can be generated by invoking the structural input from the Main Menu. The
input listing from the structural input session is shown as follows:
SECID=1, W14 X 82; COLUMN CROSS SECTION
SECID=2, W10 X 12; BEAM CROSS SECTION
MATID=1, YM=29E6 POIS=0.3 G=11E6 DENS=0.283
DEFAULT SECID=1
ANGLE=90
EDIM 1038 1039 DY=15-0; DEFINE ALL COLUMNS
EDIM 1043 1044 DY=15-0
EDIM 1048 1049 DY=15-0
EDIM 1053 1054 DY=15-0
DEFAULT SECID=2
ANGLE=0
EDIM 1039 1040 DZ=-2-0;DEFINE ALL BEAMS
EDIM 1044 1045 DZ=-2-0
EDIM 1054 1055 DZ=-2-0
FIX 1038 ALL
FIX 1043 ALL
FIX 1048 ALL
FIX 1053 ALL
7-36
The dynamics input for this problem is summarized in the figure that follows. Details of the dynamics input are contained
on the following pages.
Examples
7-37
7-38
Examples
7-39
To keep the documentation for this example brief, the only results presented are those for the uniform support excitation
case. Using this load case, the model with and without structural steel supports will be compared. The results from these two
models are shown in the tables that follow:
With Structure
7-40
Without Structure
Examples
With Structure
7-41
7-42
Without Structure
Examples
With Structure
7-43
7-44
Without Structure
Examples
7-45
Discussion of Results
These comparison tables illustrate the differences that can exist when the structural steel models are not included in the
analysis. In some cases, the results with the structural steel included are many times higher than the results computed
without the structural steel. The steel models add flexibility to the piping system. More flexibility means lower natural
frequencies and more modes to be excited by the shock. A comparison of the natural frequencies of the two models is given
as follows:
With Structure
7-46
Without Structure
In the above table, there are only five extra mode shapes for the system, which includes the structure.
The restraint moment at node 55 in the Z direction is much larger without the steel model than it is with the steel model.
Even though the piping is tied to the steel, the steel frame will not support much moment in the Z direction. The steel
frame bends slightly about the Z axis, and the moment is carried through from the pipe. In the "piping only" model, the
rigid anchor at node 55 will not rotate about the Z axis (or any other axis) and so ends up carrying the entire moment load.
Examples
7-47
= 15 in2 inertias
= 250 in.4
= 10 in2 inertias
= 500 in.4
= 5 in2 inertias
= 1 in.4
Material Density:
490 pcf
Beam Loading:
200 lb/in.
This example shows how to model a structure using the CAESAR II structural preprocessor. The figure below shows a
single bay, braced space frame. All beam and column lengths are 50 in. as shown. This frame is subjected to its own weight
load as well as a uniform load of 200 pounds per inch on all of the top-level beams. We wish to know the displacements,
reactions, and element forces for three load cases: self weight, uniform load, and self weight plus uniform load.
This example will illustrate how to use most of the keyword directives in the structural preprocessor. A standard finite
element modeling approach will be followed, where the system nodes are defined, then materials and section properties,
then elements, and finally the loading.
7-48
To process the input file Frame.str start the structural preprocessor by selecting option File-Open from the Main Menu
then select the type of file as Structure and select the examples directory to find the file.
Next, select INPUT-STRUCTURAL STEEL from the Main Menu to enter the input window shown (only the input portion of the
window shown here). Click Save or choose FILE-SAVE from the structural processor to error check and save the model.
Examples
7-49
After the input has been saved and error checked exit the structural steel input processor to go back to the Main Menu. The
analysis can be started immediately by selecting option ANALYSIS-STATICS. At this point CAESAR II will read the binary files
created by the structural preprocessor and recommend load cases. Note, in all probability you will not want to analyze the
structure with the recommended load cases. CAESAR II recommends load cases to satisfy piping code compliance. Therefore
occasional loads (like the current uniform load) will not be used. Edit the load cases as shown below. Note that load case 2
consists of only U1 and that it is designated as an operating case. It is purely a construction case and is segregated here only
because it may be interesting to see the loads produced by the Uniform Load solely.
7-50
The results for this analysis are shown in the following nine figures:
Examples
7-51
7-52
Examples
7-53
7-54
Examples
7-55
7-56
Examples
7-57
7-58
NRC
CAESAR II
9.360
9.362
12.71
12.708
15.38
15.379
17.80
17.800
21.60
21.606
25.10
25.102
32.03
32.039
38.07
38.075
40.29
40.299
10
48.90
48.905
11
57.51
57.524
12
61.50
61.510
13
62.54
62.550
14
69.35
69.359
15
77.44
77.456
16
78.88
78.893
17
101.7
101.731
18
103.6
103.598
19
108.0
107.983
20
115.1
115.116
21
135.2
135.265
22
155.2
155.244
23
160.6
160.626
24
203.8
203.820
25
209.9
209.957
Examples
7-59
TRANSLATIONS (in)
DY
DX
DZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
.0105
.0105
.0
.0
.0250
.0250
.0431
.0431
.0049
.0049
.0907
.0907
.0475
.0475
.0253
.0252
.0327
.0327
.0280
.0280
.0379
.0379
.0491
.0491
10
.0108
.0107
.0249
.0249
.0631
.0631
12
.0285
.0285
.0186
.0186
.0633
.0633
14
16
0849
.0476
0849
.0476
0085
.0001
0085
.0001
0635
.0402
0635
.0401
18
.0286
.0286
.0318
.0318
.0421
.0421
20
.0131
.0131
.0095
.0095
.0001
.0001
ROTATIONS (deg)
RY
RX
RZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
.0457
.0457
.0260
.0260
.0190
.0190
.0515
.0515
.0688
.0688
.0269
.0268
.0389
.0389
.1012
.1012
.0268
.0267
.0309
.0309
.0950
.0949
.0217
.0217
10
.0201
.0201
.0289
.0289
.0203
.0203
12
.0105
.0105
.0328
.0328
.0224
.0224
14
.0102
.0102
.0514
.0511
.0299
.0299
16
.0359
.0359
.0496
.0496
.0476
.0476
18
.0105
.0105
.0343
.0343
.0128
.0127
20
.0215
.0214
.0273
.0273
.0090
.0090
7-60
FX
FZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
90
90
65
64
177
177
708
707
446
445
11
206
206
13
164
164
15
188
187
188
187
263
262
17
58
58
198
197
103
103
378
377
192
191
245
245
21
DX
DZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
.0064
.0064
.0002
.0
0158
0158
.0267
.0267
.0031
.0031
.0574
.0574
.0295
.0295
.0162
.0162
.0207
.0207
.0170
.0170
.0242
.0242
.0311
.0311
10
.0029
.0029
.0152
.0152
.0399
.0399
12
.0103
.0103
.0110
.0110
.0400
.0400
14
.0530
.0530
.0053
.0053
.0401
.0401
16
.0301
.0301
.0001
.0001
.0255
.0255
18
.0103
.0103
.0187
.0187
.0267
.0267
20
.0033
.0033
.0057
.0057
.0
.0
Examples
7-61
ROTATIONS (deg)
RY
RX
RZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
.0289
.0289
.0165
.0165
.0116
.0116
.0326
.0326
.0435
.0435
.0172
.0171
.0247
.0247
.0641
.0640
.0171
.0171
.0199
.0199
.0599
.0598
.0132
.0132
10
.0134
.0134
.0075
.0075
.0120
.0120
12
.0071
.0071
.0204
.0204
.0134
.0134
14
.0062
.0062
.0307
.0307
.0184
.0184
16
.0228
.0228
.0276
.0276
.0301
.0301
18
.0070
.0070
.0208
.0208
.0079
.0079
20
.0128
.0128
.0074
.0074
.0053
.0053
FX
FZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
53
53
46
46
113
112
441
440
257
256
11
123
123
13
98
98
15
111
111
111
111
156
155
17
32
32
124
123
66
66
103
103
114
113
116
115
21
7-62
TRANSLATIONS (in)
DX
DY
DZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
.0090
.0090
.0
.0
.0220
.0220
.0373
.0372
.0044
.0044
.0800
.0800
.0411
.0411
.0235
.0235
.0289
.0288
.0237
.0237
.0355
.0355
.0434
.0434
10
.0043
.0043
.0227
.0227
.0556
.0556
12
.0148
.0148
.0164
.0164
.0558
.0558
14
.0741
.0740
.0074
.0074
.0560
.0560
16
.0420
.0420
.0001
.0001
.0355
.0355
18
.0148
.0148
.0281
.0372
.0372
.0372
.0049
.0049
.0085
.0085
.0001
.0001
20
ROTATIONS (deg)
RY
RX
RZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
.0402
.0402
.0229
.0229
.0163
.0163
.0456
.0455
.0606
.0605
.0244
.0244
.0347
.0346
.0894
.0893
.0252
.0252
.0282
.0282
.0835
.0835
.0196
.0196
10
.0197
.0197
.0112
.0112
.0179
.0179
12
.0104
.0104
.0285
.0285
.0199
.0199
14
.0092
.0092
.0429
.0429
.0260
.0260
16
.0318
.0317
.0387
.0387
.0421
.0420
18
.0104
.0104
.0291
.0291
.0116
.0116
.0191
.0191
.0110
.0110
.0079
.0079
20
Examples
7-63
FX
FZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II
76
76
70
69
156
155
607
607
350
350
11
184
184
13
146
146
15
151
151
151
151
212
211
17
45
45
169
168
91
90
152
151
170
169
158
157
21
7-64
Bend Radius:
24 in.
Material:
Temperature:
The objective of this example is to illustrate the techniques necessary to code a series of back -to-back bends. For this
example, we will use an Omega loop as shown below.
The given dimensions are the 6-ft 10-in. height, the 2-ft bend radius, and the bend angles of 135 degrees and 270 degrees.
From this information the other dimensions shown in the figure can be derived.
Figure 1
Examples
7-65
When coding a series of back-to-back bends it is important to remember that the delta dimensions should be measured from
the tangent intersection point (TIP) to the tangent intersection point. (See Chapter 2 of the Applications Guide for additional
information on the proper coding of bends.)
Figure 2 shows the node points, which will be coded on the spreadsheets to model the Omega loop. (The model will be
anchored at nodes 1 and 35.) The first bend (lower left bend) will span between nodes 5 and 10. Note that the TIP 10, is to
the far right of the bend. For analysis and output, the actual location of node 10 is at the far weld line, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 2
The second bend (upper left bend) will span between nodes 10 and 15. Recall that we code TIP to TIP. Therefore the delta
coordinates entered on the spreadsheet are the X and Y distances between nodes 10 and 15 on Figure 2. The actual location
of node 15 is at the far weld line, shown on Figure 3. Node 15 is the TIP for this bend, and lies to the left of the pipe.
The third bend (upper right bend) spans between nodes 15 and 20, where node 20 is the TIP. In coding from TIP to TIP,
only a delta x is required. Figure 3 shows the actual location of node 20 on the pipe.
The fourth and final bend (lower right bend) spans between nodes 20 and 25. In this case, a delta X and a delta Y are
required. The actual location of node 25 is shown on Figure 3. The element from 25 to 30 is a straight element necessary to
finish off the bend. (Recall a bend in CAESAR II requires an element beyond the far weld line to determine its orientation.)
7-66
Figure 3
Below is an input listing for the model. The delta dimensions shown were obtained from Figure 1. Note that 3 additional,
equally spaced points are located on each bend.
Note This example requires a change in Configuration/Setup to allow the error checker to accept large angle (> 95 deg.)
bends.
Examples
7-67
7-68
Examples
7-69
7-70
Examples
7-71
Segment A
This segment runs from the pump to the first elbow. Since this section is at ground level the 100 series nodes will be used.
Since the pump acts as an anchor, the start node of this segment will end in 5, thus the pump is assigned node 1105. The
length of the segment requires an intermediate node point for a spider, thus node 1110 is assigned 5 ft from the pump.
Nodes 1120 and 1115 are assigned to the elbow. Note that the +Y support is not at node 1115, since 1115 is part of the core
piping. The +Y will be applied at node 2115 (the jacket), and therefore we assign the 5 to this node point.
Segment B
This segment is the six-foot vertical section, beginning with the elbow at 1120. This section can be simply modeled by
coding to the top elbow and assigning nodes 1500 and 1510. Note that we are using the 500 series nodes here, because we
are now modeling the 2nd level piping.
7-72
Segment C
The first horizontal run in the 2nd level requires a node at mid-span to accommodate a spring hanger (on the jacket). This
mid-span node will divide the segment into two 9 ft lengths, which exceed the maximum spider spacing of 6 ft. Therefore,
the eighteen-foot span will be divided into four elements, each 4 ft 6 in. The nodes assigned are 1520, 1525 (for the hanger
location), and 1530. The segment is finished off with the elbow modeled by nodes 1540 and 1550.
Segment D
This horizontal segment in the 2nd level is modeled using nodes 1560, 1570, and nodes 1575 and 1580 at the elbow. The
nodes 1560 and 1570 are for spiders while 1575 is a hanger location
Segment E
This horizontal segment contains the valve. Nodes for this segment are: 1590, 1600, 1610, and 1615. Note that node 1615
terminates the elbow and is also a hanger location. The element from 1590 to 1600 should be declared rigid with a weight of
452 lb. Note also that starting with the elbow 1610-1615, all of the elbows will be modeled as individual elements. This will
ease the coding of the jacket later on. The elbows in this part of the model will consist of two straight pieces of pipe, equal
in length to the radius of the elbow.
Segment F
The third horizontal leg of the expansion loop, modeled using nodes 1620, 1630, 1640, and 1650.
Segment G
The last horizontal run of the 2nd level is modeled using nodes 1655, 1660, and 1670. Note that 1655 is a hanger location.
Segment H
The second vertical section of piping returns the system to ground level. The only additional nodes required for this section
are for the elbow, at 1130 and 1135. The node 1135 is a +Y location on the jacket.
Segment I
This is the last segment that terminates at the vessel nozzle. The nodes used to model this segment are: 1140, 1150, and
1155.
Examples
7-73
At this phase of the input, it would be prudent to save the input file and invoke the CAESAR II error checker. Running the
error checker at this time is a wise idea, because we intend to use the core piping model to generate the jacket piping model.
Any errors that exist in the core will be duplicated in the jacket, thus doubling our correction efforts.
The additional data required to finish the model (allowable stresses, temperatures, pressures, etc.) are contained in the
CAESAR II input file, which accompanies the software. This data is found in the file Jacket._a in the Examples subdirectory
of the CAESAR II installation directory.
7-74
Modeling of the jacket will begin by launching the List processor from the CAESAR II spreadsheet by choosing the Edit-List
menu option. The list options are available by choosing the appropriate tab at the bottom of the window. We want to choose
the Elements tab, which is the default. The resulting list of elements contains their associated delta coordinates. This screen
is shown as follows:
For the first half of the jacket, we will duplicate the core piping. The duplicated region will start at the pump and terminate
at the valve. The duplication can be accomplished by performing the following steps:
Examples
7-75
Click the mouse cursor to the row number for the element from 1105 to 1110.
Click the mouse cursor, while pressing the Shift key down, to the row number for the element from 1580 to 1590,
which is the element just before the valve. All rows between our two selections should now be highlighted.
Next, select BLOCK - DUPLICATE to generate the Block Duplicate dialog. Click the Identical radio button. Click the At
End of Input radio button to place the duplicate block.
Specify 1000 for the node increment. Click OK to close this dialog and again to close the Duplication Status window.
CAESAR II will duplicate the block and increment all of the node numbers by 1000. This will result in a section of pipe
identical to the pipe from 1105 to 1590 with node numbers from 2105 to 2590.
Three changes must be made to the new section of pipe to obtain the jacket piping. First the diameter and wall thickness
must be changed to 12 in., schedule 40. This is easily accomplished in the List Editor by finding the element from 2105 to
2110, and simply typing over the current values. The following values should also be specified here: jacket temperature,
jacket pressure, jacket insulation, and jacket fluid weight. The final modification requires changing all of the jacket bend
radii from long to short. The best way to accomplish this change is to enter the Bend list by clicking on the Bend tab on the
bottom of the list window. Then, starting at the bend at node 2120, change the radius from Long to 12.0 in. This change
must be made to all of the following bends.
Once the above changes have been made, the 1st half of the jacket is finished. A volume plot of the system will now show
the core piping overlaid by the jacket piping.
7-76
Note: Even though the two models are correctly positioned with respect to each other, they are not connected. All we
have done so far is duplicate several pipes. The fact that the graphics shows them positioned properly is merely coincidence.
As far as CAESAR II is concerned, we have two discontinuous systems in the same input file. The graphics module plots
discontiguous systems such that they all start from the same point, which is why the jacket and core line up properly in this
case.
The next step is to correctly connect the jacket to the core, and apply any external restraints. The connection between the
jacket and the core piping will model the spiders that align the two in the real system. These connections can be modeled in
CAESAR II by using restraints with connecting nodes (CNodes).
Note: A CNode associates degrees of freedom. Simply stated, if a CNode connects two nodes in the Y-direction, they will
experience identical displacements in the Y-direction. Use CNodes to restrain two nodes to each other without restraining
them to the "outside world."
The modeling of the connection between the jacket and the core will start at the pump. On the very first spreadsheet of the
model, the restraint field should be entered. Then add a restraint at node 1105 with a CNode at 2105 of type "anchor." This
will associate all six degrees of freedom between nodes 1105 and 2105.
On the same spreadsheet, add two restraints at node 1110. Both of these restraints have a CNode at 2110, one in the Ydirection, and one in the Z-direction. These two restraints model the spider between the core and the jacket.
Note: The spider was not modeled using gaps. The actual clearance between the spider and the pipes is very small, and
attempting to numerically model this clearance using restraints with gaps causes the job to be highly non-linear. Models
with gaps at each spider will have convergence problems and in all probability never reach a solution.
The next spreadsheet from 1110 to 1120 defines the first elbow. A total of four restraints should be added to this
spreadsheet: at 1115, put a CNode of 2115 with Y and Z-direction restraints, at 1120, put a CNode of 2120 with X and Zdirection restraints. Note that these restraints are perpendicular to the axis of the pipe. Also recall that at 2115 we have an
external restraint, a +Y. This support should be added to the system on the spreadsheet containing the node 2115.
In similar fashion, the remaining spiders should be added to the model (see the example job JACKET found in the
Examples directory to review these restraints). When node 1590 is reached, the CNode at 2590 is connected with an
Anchor. The spring hangers at nodes 2525 and 2575 should also be added.
Aside from the two anchors at the pump and the valve, all of the spider connections between the jacket and the core are
modeled using two perpendicular restraints, with connecting nodes. How are the other four degrees of freedom restrained?
What keeps this model from undergoing rigid body motion? These questions can be resolved by considering two points.
First, the jacket is continuous over the core from the pump to the valve. At both of these points we have connected all six
degrees of freedom. Second, the translational restraints obviously prevent motion in the three translational directions.
Additionally, these restraints also prevent rotation, because the jacket is continuous.
Note: Whenever a model is constructed, you must insure that the model, or parts of the model, cannot undergo rigid body
motion. Such a model produces a singular stiffness matrix, and the solution cannot be attained. An example of such a poor
model is a cantilever beam with a hinge at mid span.
At this point in the input session, the user should invoke the error checker (click the single running man button). The input
will be saved and any errors reported should be corrected at this time.
Examples
7-77
7-78
The completed input file can be found as part of the examples set, under the job name JACKET. Once the input task has
been completed, the job must be error checked and then analyzed for the specified loading conditions. The resulting output
should be checked to ensure that the system was modeled correctly. These checks should include the following:
Verification of the weight of the core system, the jacket system, and the combined system. The Sustained-Restraint
report can be used for this check. Be sure that the jacket pipe fluid density accounts for the volume lost due to the core.
CAESAR II does not do this automatically; users must reduce the density of the jacket fluid accordingly.
Verify that the piping system does not develop large axial loads in the core, the jacket, or the equipment anchors. This
can be caused by improperly over restraining the pipe in the axial direction, or the effects of thermal growth on
dissimilar metals.
Check the displacements at the elbows in the operating case and make sure that the core pipe does not tend to move
through the jacket. It is important to note that CAESAR II does not perform interference checking.
Check the displacements at the spiders, where the jacket and the core are connected. In the direction of the spiders the
displacements should be the same for both the jacket and the core.
If wind or wave loads are specified, they should be disabled on the core piping.
The core pipe should probably have its insulation thickness set to zero.
Examples
7-79
To determine whether the WRC 107 Bulletin is appropriate for the computation of the local stress state in the vessel due to
external loading, geometry guidelines should first be reviewed:
D = 120.0 in., T = 0.625 in., d = 12.75 in., t = 0.375 in.
d / D = 0.10625 < 0.33
Dm/ T = (D-T) /T = 191 > 50
7-80
In the present case, both conditions are satisfied. The actual preparation of the WRC 107 calculation input can now begin.
One of the most important steps in the WRC 107 procedure is to identify the correlation between the CAESAR II global
coordinates and the WRC 107 local axes. CAESAR II performs this conversion automatically. The user will, however, have
to identify the vectors defining the vessel as well as the nozzle centerline. The following figure is provided to illustrate the
definition of the direction vectors of the vessel and the nozzle.
Examples
7-81
7-82
The total sustained axial load on the nozzle may not be reflected in the restraint report. A pressure thrust load will contribute
an additional axial load to the nozzle. The pressure thrust force always tends to push the nozzle away from the vessel. For
example, with a pressure of 275 psi over the inside area of the 12-in. pipe, the total P load becomes:
P
-26 - P(A)
-31,128
The P load may be adjusted automatically for the input by CAESAR IIs WRC 107 module, if the user requests.
Start The WRC 107 module by clicking ANALYSIS-WRC-107/297 from the CAESAR II Main Menu. The program first prompts
the user for the analysis type then for the entries of geometric data describing both the vessel and nozzle, followed by a
spreadsheet for loadings. The values of the geometric entries in this example are shown in the following printouts from the
program.
Examples
7-83
7-84
Users may enter up to three sets of loadings representing Sustained (SUS), Expansion (EXP), and Occasional (OCC) load
cases. The program automatically performs the stress calculation of each of the load cases consecutively and then performs
the WRC 107 stress summation routine to compare the computed stress intensities against the stress allowables as required
in Appendix 4 of ASME Section VIII, Division 2. In the present case, we only have to be concerned about the sustained and
thermal expansion cases. The loads are shown in the following screen. The user can elect to leave any input cells blank if
they are found not applicable. If a static analysis has been performed on the system to be analyzed with WRC-107 then
CAESAR II can import the loads directly from the output file. This is accomplished using the Get From Output button on
the bottom of the dialog for each load case. CAESAR II will then read in the loads for the nozzle node number that was
specified under the Nozzle Data tab.
Examples
7-85
To run the analysis the user selects ANALYSIS-WRC-107/297 from the menu or clicks the Local Stress Analysis button. An
Output screen will be generated. The output may also be generated to MS Word by clicking the W button on the toolbar.
After the input echo, the parameters extracted from the WRC 107 figures are printed to this report. This step is similar to
collecting the data by hand. These non-dimensional values are combined with the nozzle loads to calculate the two normal
and one shear stress. The stresses will be reported on the outer and inner vessel surfaces of the four points A, B, C & D
located around the nozzle. The program provides the normal and shear stresses and translates them into stress intensities,
which can be used for comparisons against material allowables.
The outputs of the stress computations are shown on the following pages. As the output shows, the largest expansion stress
intensity (117485 psi) occurs at the outer surface of point B (Bu).
7-86
Type:
Node Number:
Diameter:
Wall Thickness:
Corrosion Allowance:
Vessel
Vessel
Vessel
Vessel
Material Name:
Working Temperature:
Cold Allowable Stress:
Hot Allowable Stress:
OD
Attachment Type:
Attachment Node Number:
Nozzle Diameter:
Attachment Wall Thickness:
Attachment Corrosion Allowance:
Vessel
Vessel
Vessel
Nozzle
Nozzle
Nozzle
Z-axis
Centerline
Centerline
Centerline
Centerline
Centerline
Centerline
UP?
Cosine
Cosine
Cosine
Cosine
Cosine
Cosine
Smc
Smh
OD
Cylindrical
60
120.000 in.
0.625 in.
0.000 in.
SA-516 70
500.000 F
20000.000 lb./sq.in.
20000.000 lb./sq.in.
Round Hollow
55
12.750 in.
0.375 in.
0.000 in.
VX
VY
VZ
NX
NY
NZ
0.000
-1.000
0.000
1.000
0.000
0.000
No
FX
FY
FZ
MX
MY
MZ
P
-26.000
-1389.000
32.000
-65.000
127.000
4235.000
275.000
Yes
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
FX
FY
FZ
MX
MY
MZ
8573.000
23715.000
-5866.000
31659.000
-5414.000
-52583.000
Force
Force
Force
Moment
Moment
Moment
Direction
Direction
Direction
Direction
Direction
Direction
ID: 10001
(EXP):
(EXP):
(EXP):
(EXP):
(EXP):
(EXP):
WRC107 Version/Year
Use Interactive Control
Include Pressure Stress Indices per Div.2
lb.
lb.
lb.
ft.lb.
ft.lb.
ft.lb.
lb./sq.in.
lb.
lb.
lb.
ft.lb.
ft.lb.
ft.lb.
Examples
7-87
P
VC
VL
MC
ML
MT
-31127.77
32.00
1389.00
127.00
4235.00
65.00
lb
lb
lb
ft.lb
ft.lb
ft.lb
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
P/Rm )
P/Rm )
P )
P )
MC/(Rm**2
MC/(Rm
ML/(Rm**2
ML/(Rm
*
*
*
*
Beta)
Beta)
Beta)
Beta)
)
)
)
)
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
3C
4C
1C1
2C
4A
2A
4B
2B1
12.082
14.994
0.097
0.060
5.631
0.045
3.511
0.052
(A,B)
(C,D)
(A,B)
(C,D)
(A,B,C,D)
(A,B,C,D)
(A,B,C,D)
(A,B,C,D)
7-88
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Shear VC |
2
2
-2
-2
0
0
0
0
Shear VL |
0
0
0
0
-110
-110
110
110
Shear MT |
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Tot. Shear|
7
7
2
2
-106
-106
115
115
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Str. Int. | 48372 29923 64738 42859 54564 34451 55331 35117
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P
VC
VL
MC
ML
MT
8573.00
-5866.00
-23715.00
-5414.00
-52583.00
-31659.00
lb
lb
lb
ft.lb
ft.lb
ft.lb
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
P/Rm )
P/Rm )
P )
P )
MC/(Rm**2
MC/(Rm
ML/(Rm**2
ML/(Rm
*
*
*
*
Beta)
Beta)
Beta)
Beta)
)
)
)
)
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.093
3C
4C
1C1
2C
4A
2A
4B
2B1
12.082
14.994
0.097
0.060
5.631
0.045
3.511
0.052
(A,B)
(C,D)
(A,B)
(C,D)
(A,B,C,D)
(A,B,C,D)
(A,B,C,D)
(A,B,C,D)
Examples
7-89
7-90
Once a reinforcing pad is selected, the program will automatically compute the stress at the edge of the pad as well.
Examples
7-91
7-92
Examples
7-93
7-94
Then, the square root of the sum of the squares of the forces acting on the exhaust nozzle yields 7922 nektons, which
converts to 1781 pounds. Similarly, the square root of the sum of the squares of the moments acting on the exhaust nozzle
yields 3000 Newton-meters, which converts to 2213 foot-pounds. Applying the 3F + M equation yields 7556. Since 7566 is
larger than 4333, this nozzle fails the requirements of the SM-23 Standard.
The same computations must also be performed on the inlet nozzle. The output displayed above shows that this nozzle also
fails the SM-23 Standard requirements. Also shown for the inlet nozzle are the moments about the discharge nozzle caused
by the inlet nozzle forces. Applying the standard right hand rule sign convention, a positive Y force offset a positive Z
distance, causes a negative X moment. Similarly, a positive Z force offset a positive Y distance, causes a positive X
moment. Therefore, the inlet nozzle forces cause an MX moment about the exhaust nozzle of: -(3296*.6) + (3999*0)
which yields -1978 meters-meters. The MY and MZ moments caused by the suction nozzle forces about the exhaust
nozzle can be computed in a similar fashion. These moments are needed to correctly comply with Section 8.4.6.2.
The above report is repeated for each extraction nozzle specified. This particular example did not contain extraction nozzles,
so these reports are not produced. Following the individual nozzle reports is the summation of forces and moments about
the exhaust nozzle. This report is shown in the figure below.
Examples
7-95
CH AP TER
Chapter 8 Tutorial A
This chapter provides: a step-by step tutorial describing the piping system input: a look at various output reports.
In This Chapter
System Overview........................................................................ 8-2
Reviewing the Static Results ...................................................... 8-25
Conclusions ................................................................................ 8-38
8-2
System Overview
This tutorial presents the flexibility and stress analysis of a piping system using CAESAR II. This process includes the
creation and entry of the pipe stress model, the analysis and evaluation of the results, and a re-design of the system. The
system chosen for this purpose, though small, exercises common modeling situations, as illustrated in the following figure.
As noted on the drawing, this system moves crude tower bottoms from the bottoms pump to a steam stripper unit, which is
utilized in a refining process. The end suction, top discharge pump has a 10-in. suction nozzle and an 8-in. discharge nozzle.
The 8-in. line runs through a check valve with a 6-in. bypass, up to a spring hanger support and over a hard support before
entering the vertical vessel.
The boundaries of this system are the pump discharge nozzle and the vessel nozzle. Other acceptable choices could have
been the pump support (or base) point and the vessel foundation. The pump nozzle is a satisfactory boundary because the
movement of that point (as the pump heats up in operation) is rather certain and easily calculated from the thermal strain
between the pump nozzle and the base point. The vessel nozzle is an adequate boundary because of the known thermal
growth of the vessel and the greater stiffness of the vessel with respect to the 8-in. pipe. An opposite approach may be taken
by running the model all the way to an immovable point - the vessel foundation.
Tutorial A
8-3
The check valve sits right on top of the welding tee for the 6-in. bypass piping. The 6-in. line runs through a gate valve
before re-entering the 8-in. line through a second welding tee above the check valve. The total weight and length of this
valving is unknown at this time, therefore the valve lengths and weights were pulled in from the CAESAR II generic
database. Note that the spring hanger above this valving will be quite sensitive to the weights used here. The difference
between the actual installed valve weights and modeled weights should be used to adjust the spring pre-load. It is best to
make sure that the hot load on the spring is toward the center of the manufacturers recommended spring working range to
allow errors in load estimation. If there is any appreciable change in these weights perhaps the system should be reanalyzed.
The hanger is included at the top of the vertical run to carry the deadweight and absorb its thermal growth. The hanger is
attached to the elbow and in line with the vertical pipe at the near end of the elbow. (Near is a term associated with the
path used to define the elbow. Here, by coding up the vertical leg and then the horizontal leg, the weld point on the vertical
run of the elbow is the near end and the horizontal run weld point is the far end.) The other end of the hanger is attached to
some available structure above this point. Because of the vertical thermal growth of the hanger attachment point a simple
rod hanger is not acceptable here. The analysis will be set to force CAESAR II to select a variable or constant support hanger
at this point. The program will probably select a variable, spring support and for that reason the Anvil table is specified for
its selection.
The horizontal piping rests on an unspecified support at the far end of the next elbow. This support, modeled as a rigid,
nonlinear restraint acting on the pipe centerline, allows the piping to grow upward but prevents downward motion. In some
cases a more accurate model for supporting structures may be required, in which case the structural steel may be included in
the model and analysis.
8-4
Note how in the plot the elbows are shown squared with the node assigned to the intersection. The elbows will be defined so
that output is available for the near, mid, and far points of the bend (at 0, 45, and 90 degrees). The hanger will be sized at
the first elbows near point (node 28).
Other information required for the model is collected on this drawing before the program is started. Most of the data should
be readily available but some research may be required. Items such as pump nozzle deflections and valve data details can
slow down the input session if not noted on the drawing. The next figure shows the dimensions for this system.
Tutorial A
8-5
8-6
Click the CAESAR II icon to start the program, CAESAR II will confirm the External Software Lock (ESL) connection.
Next, Go to FILE-NEW menu selection and enter a new filename of Tutor in the resulting dialog. Be sure to note the data
directory path that you will create and store the file in. You may want to use the Browse button to choose another directory
for storage of your CAESAR II data files.
Tutorial A
8-7
Start the input session by selecting INPUT-PIPING from the Main Menu. If the job is new, CAESAR II will present the list of
input units that will be used. Otherwise, if a job by the name Tutor already exists on the machine, the first piping element
spreadsheet will appear. If this is the case, exit out of this input by clicking the X in the top-right of the window or by
selecting FILE-EXIT from the menu. Return to the Main Menu to repeat the above process to pick an unused jobname. The
following window will be displayed if the file is new.
Tip: The Review Current Units window displays only if the file is new and did not previously exist in the data directory.
If the Units File Label field (bottom left of the Review Current Units dialog) does not show English Units then click
Cancel. Select TOOLS-CONFIGURE SETUP, click the Database Directives tab and select English in the units drop list there.
If the English units are shown, click OK to continue with the input. An empty piping element input spreadsheet will appear
as shown in the following figure.
8-8
All the input spreadsheets for this tutorial are provided on the following pages. Individual spreadsheets may be repeated if
more than one auxiliary field or command is used. Text will appear with the spreadsheets where explanations are required.
Use the Tab key, the arrow keys, or the mouse to navigate the input spreadsheet. Also, liberally use the Plot command to
review the work completed. To fix any errors made navigate to the appropriate spreadsheet [PgUp] and change the entry.
CAESAR II automatically generates the From and To Nodes when you start a new spreadsheet. The cursor is initially
positioned in the From field. The From Node/field should read 5 (assuming the node increment is set to 5 in
CONFIGURE/SETUP -- if not, it can be reset using Edit-Insert), but if not, simply select the node number in the white input box
and type 5 over it. Now use the Tab, Enter or Down Arrow key to move to the next input (the To Node in this case). Enter
a 10 in the To field if one is not already there. All the remaining data entered on this screen will now be associated with the
first element from node 5 to node 10 or these two end points.
Tutorial A
8-9
Move down to the DY cell and enter the element length of 2 ft by entering 2-, the
- indicates feet. Node 10 marks the centerline intersection of the 8-in. main line
with the 6-in. by-pass. In the next block enter the nominal pipe size of 8 in. Note
that upon leaving this cell the actual OD replaces this nominal. Also with the
standard wall thickness, the entered S is replaced by the actual wall thickness. The
insulation thickness and corrosion allowance are entered next. Note that fractions
are allowed in these cells as well.
Next enter the Operating Conditions of Temperature (600F) and Pressure (30
psi). We omit the units in our entries as CAESAR II already has our units'
information. The completed first column of data is given in the figure to the left.
At the top of the second column of this first spreadsheet double click the
Displacements check box to activate the Displacements Auxiliary Data area to
the right where we will enter our displacement information. For node 5 enter the Y
and Z anchor displacements of 0.077 in. and 0.046 in. respectively. These two
numbers are calculated as the thermal growth of the pump discharge nozzle from
the base support point. Note that the other four degrees of freedom must be
entered as 0 - without the entry of zero (or any other definition of these
boundaries), node 5 would be free to move in these four directions. The figure
below shows the displacements entered properly.
Next we enter the pipe material by clicking the drop list to the right of the Material label and choose number 1 Low Carbon
Steel. Material properties will now be read in automatically from CAESAR II's material database. Ambient Elastic
Modulus, Poissons Ratio, and Pipe Density will be filled in. The material number will also be referenced to pick up the
coefficient of expansion for the specified temperatures.
8-10
Now double click the Allowable Stress check box to activate the Allowable Stress Auxiliary data area to the right. The
first 21 materials are Generic and do not have Allowable Stress values associated with them in the database. However the
other materials in the list will also fill in the Allowable Stress values as found in the database. The cold and hot allowable
stresses (Sc and Sh) as defined by the piping code are entered for the type of piping material to be analyzed. Here the cold
allowable stress of 20,000 psi (dont use commas) and the hot allowable stress of 17,300 psi are not extracted from the
database so you must type these values. Exponential format may be used in these fields to simplify data entry and reduce
mistakes. Click the drop list and select B31.3 if it is not already there by default (The default code is defined in the
Configure/Setup). The material property and allowable stress entries are shown in the following figure.
Tutorial A
8-11
To move on to define the next piece of pipe, press ALT-C, select EDIT-CONTINUE, or click the Continue button on the far
right hand side of the Toolbar.
Note on this new spreadsheet that the To Node of the previous spreadsheet now appears as the From Node. Also, all the
distributed data values (the information that carries on from one pipe to the next) remain on this new screen. The user only
needs to add element length and any new boundary conditions or changes from the previous element. The distributed data
need only be re-entered when they change value. Allowable Stress data carries forward even though the check box on
subsequent spreadsheets is unchecked. Do not enable this box unless you have a change in material, code, or temperature.
Uniform Loads and Wind also carry forward without enabling the check box. None of the other check boxes in the input
carry forward.
This second element runs from the intersection point to the beginning of the check valve. This short run finishes out the
welding tee and is bounded by nodes 10 and 15 as entered by CAESAR II. The length of this element is 7 in. in the Y
direction so 7 is entered in the DY field. This data finishes the description of the second element. The entire Spreadsheet for
this second element follows.
8-12
The next element (15-20) is the flanged check valve. This CAESAR II element would include the flanged valve and the
mating flanges as these piping components are much more stiff than the attached pipe. If the length and weight of this
rigid element were known, this data could be entered directly by entering the length in the DY field, enabling the Rigid
box and then entering the Rigid Weight in the Auxiliary Data area. Here, for lack of better data and for convenience, the
CAESAR II CADWorx Valve/Flange database will be accessed to generate this input automatically. This data is made
available through the Model-Valve menu option or by clicking the Valve/Flange Database button on the toolbar. This
command will bring up the window shown below. If the following window does not appear, refer to Chapter 2 of the
CAESAR II Technical Reference Manual (Configuration and Environment).
Tutorial A
8-13
To select the valve type and class use the mouse to highlight the Check Valve selection as shown above (instead of the
default of Gate). A 150 psi class flanged check valve will be entered between nodes 15 and 20 when the OK button is
clicked or the Enter key is pressed. CAESAR II will make three entries on the input spreadsheet: The element length, the
Rigid check box is activated, and the weight is input into the Rigid Auxiliary Data area. Here the rigid element runs 2 ft.
3.75 in. in the +Y direction and weighs 470 pounds. When FLG End Type is selected, this rigid element includes the added
length and weight of the mating flanges.
The bypass piping rejoins the main line through a second welding tee sitting on top of the check valve. The run of pipe to
the intersection of the main line and bypass centerlines is 7 in. (half of the total length of the 8 x 6 welding tee). The next
figure shows the definition of this element 20 - 25 and the specification of the welding tee at 25.
The next node entered is located at the intersection of the vertical pipe centerline and the horizontal pipe centerline above it.
This construction point at node 30 is not actually a node on the piping system. Any additional input specified at 30 and all
output for node 30 will be located at the far weld point of the elbow which connects the vertical and horizontal runs. The
dimension of 10 ft. 2 in. runs from node 25 to node 30. Enabling the Bend check box specifies the elbow. The Bend
specification automatically generates additional nodes around this elbow locating the near weld point and the bend midpoint
(designated by the letter M). Node 28 is listed in the auxiliary data field at angle 0 and the elbow midpoint is listed as node
29. These added nodes will appear as output points and they may also be used to locate restraints. By default a long radius
elbow (1.5 nominal pipe size) will be added at the change in pipe direction. Users may also change the bend radius .
The hanger to be sized at this elbow is placed at node 28 in line with the vertical run of pipe. To enter the hanger sizing
information, double-click the Hanger check box. The Hanger Auxiliary Data area like that shown in the next figure
should be filled out as follows: node 28 is entered as the Hanger Node. For this first pass through the analysis, the default
settings will be used with no additional hanger design data specified. Press F1 on any of these input cells for more
information. Here, the hanger will be chosen from Table 1 the Anvil hanger catalog. Additionally, a short-range spring
will not be permitted at this point as the mid range spring will probably be cheaper.
8-14
The piping system continues on to the elbow at node 35. Again, the distance entered as CAESAR II input is the distance
between the intersections of the pipe centerlines; not the physical length of the straight piece of pipe between the elbows.
Here, -12 ft in the X direction. This X run of pipe will finish off the elbow at 30 by creating a 90-degree turn. Double click
the Bend check box to generate the long radius elbow at 35 with the two extra nodes. There is also a support at the far weld
point of this bend. This far end of the bend is node 35 in the model so the restraint is specified at node 35. This support will
not allow the pipe to move downward but it cannot prevent the pipe from moving upward. This non-linear restraint (a
restraint whose stiffness, rather than remaining constant, is a function of load or displacement) is entered as a +Y type. The
+Y indicated that the restraint supplies a positive Y (upward) load to the pipe; most users interpret the +Y as indicating the
pipe is free to move in the +Y direction. With no stiffness entered with this restraint, CAESAR II will set this to a very stiff
(rigid) restraint; meaning that under any practical load, the pipe will not push the restraint down. Note that up to four
restraints may be specified in this auxiliary data field. Except for the anchor designation, a restraint is a vector. If there was
a guide restraining lateral motion of node 35, an X restraint would also be defined here as the second restraint. Press F1 for
more information about these restraint parameters.
Tutorial A
8-15
From the second elbow, the pipe runs in the Z direction for 18 ft where it terminates at the intersection with the vessel wall.
As with the pump connection at node 5, node 40 is a satisfactory boundary for this model. The thermal growth of the vessel
at this point is calculated and entered as displacements of node 40.
The model now returns to the 6-in. by-pass piping around the 8-in. check valve above the pump. The welding tee nodes of
10 and 25 will be completely defined as reducing tees when these 6-in. piping elements are modeled. The figure below
shows the changes required to start the 6-in. line, which are explained here.
The input processor automatically shifts the previous To Node to the current From Node. Since the model is no longer
continuing from node 40, the From Node must be changed here to 10 and the To Node is set to 605 as the 600 series of
node numbers will indicate 6-in. pipe. The X length of -2 ft is measured from the 8-in. centerline to the centerline of the
vertical 6-in. line. Diameter is entered as 6 and Wt/Sch is entered as S. An elbow is specified at node 605 by doubleclicking the Bend check box. Note that CAESAR II automatically generates a long radius elbow for this 6-in. line. This elbow
is flanged on one end. This flange acts like a stiffening ring, which reduces the bending flexibility of the elbow. This
characteristic of flanged elbows is addressed by the piping codes through a modification of the flexibility factor and stress
intensification for the elbow. To include this effect, select Single Flange from the Type drop list in the Bend Auxiliary
data area. As simple by-pass piping, the inclusion of flange stiffening is probably insignificant and can be ignored.
8-16
150 Flanged Gate Valve Selected from the CADWorx Valve/Flange Database
Tutorial A
8-17
Resulting CAESAR II Element Definition for the 150# Flanged Gate Valve
The element from 615 to 620 is the length required to bring the pipe up level with the intersection at node 25. This distance
is easy to find by choosing the Distance command from the toolbar or from the menu with EDIT - DISTANCE. The Y-distance
in this case between 615 and 25 is 15 in., so we input this distance as DY on the spreadsheet for 615 to 620. Also a bend
must be specified here since the next element will connect the current element to the intersection at node 25.
The Y value of the distance between nodes 615 and 25 gives us the dimension for the element from 615 to 620.
For the element running from 620 to 25 we know from the previous Distance command that it is 2 ft in the x-direction. But
imagine for a moment that we did not have this information. In this case we can use the Close Loop command EDIT - CLOSE
LOOP and CAESAR II will calculate this dimension and enter it into the appropriate DX, DY, and DZ fields. First create the
spreadsheet and enter 25 for the To Node. Then perform the Close Loop command. DX will now have a value of 2 ft.
8-18
Close Loop on element 620 to 25 will fill in the distances for DX, DY, and DZ fields.
Input Review
Two commands are available on any input screen to review the data Plot and List. While the input can be checked by
paging through each input screen, these commands are useful in confirming and/or editing the entire model. The use of
these commands will be demonstrated in this section.
By default a plot of the model is displayed to the right of the piping input spreadsheet. The plot area can be increased if the
button in the upper right corner of the spreadsheet. To
piping input pane is closed. To close the piping input click the
display the Classic Piping Input spreadsheet and the model side by side click the Classic Piping Input tab that display in
the upper left corner of the spreadsheet and then click the
button twice. The volume plot of the current piping system
is shown; available toolbar buttons and menu commands can be used to perform various functions. To display the node
numbers press the letter N on the keyboard or click the
model with the node numbers displayed.
Tutorial A
8-19
8-20
The V key toggles different views. The Volume Plot shown below is especially useful for larger models as it uses less of the
computer's resources .
Tutorial A
8-21
The illustration below shows a view down the Z axis with a zoom and pan to show the pipe valving. This volume plot
shows the nodes and identifies the tees.
Volume Plot View Along Z-Axis Showing Nodes, Tees, and Displacements in Tutor
The
button or EDIT-LIST is used to quickly review and edit different categories of data in the job. Clicking on the
row number to the left of a line of data will highlight the entire row. Holding the Shift key down while clicking on a second
row of data will highlight all rows in between these two. Different types of data sets are available by choosing the
appropriate tab along the bottom of the spreadsheet. Use the scroll bar along the bottom of the list to view more element
data such as temperatures and pressures. The Element list displayed as default is shown in the following figure.
8-22
Tutorial A
8-23
Load Case Editor with Two Hanger Design Cases and the Standard Three Load Cases for Tutor
The standard three cases could use a little explanation here. CAESAR II creates load sets to analyze the operating conditions
of the piping system and the installed conditions of the piping system. The operating condition for this analysis consists of
the deadweight of the pipe, its contents and insulation, the design temperature and pressure, and the pre-load on the justselected hanger at node 28. The installed condition includes the deadweight and hanger pre-load. In addition to these
structural analyses, certain stress conditions must be addressed. For the piping code used here, the sustained and expansion
stresses must be calculated. Sustained stresses include deadweight, pre-loads and pressure. Sustained stresses can be taken
from the installed condition analysis if the pressure loads are included. CAESAR II will include the pressure term in the
installed case since pressure, in most cases, has no impact on the structural loads on the piping. With the installed case
structural analysis also serving as the sustained case stress analysis, no additional load case must be added to calculate the
sustained stresses. Expansion stresses reflect the change in system position from its installed position to its operating
position. Because of system non-linearity this change in position cannot be determined by analyzing thermal loads alone. By
default CAESAR II will construct a third load case to calculate the expansion stress (range). This case is not, strictly
speaking, a third, complete analysis of the system but instead a product of the operating and installed structural analyses
already performed. The difference in system displacements between these two cases is the displacement stress range from
which the expansion stresses are calculated. The third class of stress in piping occasional stresses (as opposed to
expansion and sustained) is not included in the recommended analyses and must be specified by the user. Likewise,
FATigue stress cases are provided only when specifically required by the active piping code (TD/12, for example).
For most systems, the recommended load cases are exactly what the user wishes to analyze. Here, Case #1 calculates the
deadweight carried by the proposed spring at node 28. Case #2 also calculates only one number the vertical travel of the
proposed spring. All the load categories, which compose the operating load case are used for this analysis - deadweight,
displacements, thermal set 1, and pressure set 1. With these two numbers - the load carried by the hanger and the amount of
travel it must accommodate - CAESAR II will enter the Anvil catalog and select the appropriate spring. This spring and its
proper pre-load are installed in the model for the remaining analyses.
8-24
Case #3 is the operating Hanger Load case. It is identical to case #2 but has the sized hanger pre-load included in the
category (H). This analysis will produce the operating forces and moments on the supports and the deflections of all points
in the system. Case #3 is a structural analysis case and not a B31.3 stress analysis case. The refining piping code does not
recognize pipe stress in the operating condition as a test for system failure and does not establish a limit for this state of
stress. Case #4 is both a structural and stress case. By eliminating the (assumed) thermal effects (D1+T1), the analysis is of
the cold system. By including pressure (P1), this case also has the necessary components to be used to report the systems
sustained stresses. Case #5 (L3-L4) is an algebraic combination of two basic load cases. The displacements of case #4 are
subtracted from the displacements of case #3 to produce these results. This case develops the displacement range of the
system in its growth from the installed position to the operating position. This displacement range is used for the calculation
of the systems expansion stresses.
With the selection of the recommended load cases CAESAR II will proceed with the static analysis. The program continues
with the data processing by building, sorting, and storing the equation (matrix) data for the system and the basic load cases.
This process may be terminated at any time by clicking Cancel. Once this is done the CAESAR II Solution Module is
entered briefly.
CAESAR II will analyze the four basic loads (hanger design, operating, and installed) before leaving this screen. At this point
the solution screen is replaced with messages concerning the post processing of this data. The displacement results of cases
3 and 4 are used with the element stiffness matrices to calculate the forces, moments, and stresses throughout the system.
The difference between these two sets of displacements is used to establish the displacement range of the piping system as
defined in load case #5. This new displacement set is similarly used to calculate forces, moments, and stresses. At the
completion of this step, all the results are loaded into the binary data file Tutor._p and the CAESAR II output processor
window is displayed so that output for this job may be reviewed. The ._p file can only be examined through the output
processor. The analysis need not be rerun to review these results at a later time, instead, the option OUTPUT-STATICS from the
Main Menu may be used to bring up the output from the TUTOR._P file.
Tutorial A
8-25
Usually the first look at output is to verify that the piping model is responding as expected. Checking deflections and
restraint loads in the operating and installed cases should quickly uncover any major problems with the system layout or
input. If there are unusual results, the input should be re-examined for correctness. If the output verifies the model, the
results can be used to collect pipe stresses, support and equipment loads, and any other useful data found in the output. This
information is useful in documenting a good piping design or troubleshooting an inadequate one.
A good view of the operating displacements of this piping system is available through Display Graphical Results button or
through OPTIONS-GRAPHICAL OUTPUT. Be sure to select a load case (not a hanger case) prior to issuing the command. The image
shown in the following figure will appear on the screen.
8-26
As in other CAESAR II windows both the toolbar buttons and menu items may be used to select display options. From the
menu select SHOW-DISPLACEMENT-DEFLECTED SHAPE. The plot will show the centerline plot along with a normalized deflected
shape of the system in the operating condition. This screen is shown in the next figure.
Tutorial A
8-27
When finished viewing the plotted output for the operating case, change the case to Sustained in the drop list on the left of
the second toolbar. Select SHOW-STRESS-OVERSTRESS and note that there is no over-stressed points exist in the system. Reset
the plot and select SHOW-STRESS-SYMBOL-CODE to display the code defined stresses throughout the system. The stress symbols
will appear on the screen and locate the highest stress points in the system. Now select SHOW-STRESS-MAXIMUM to list the
stress values on the plot; use the Enter key to list the stresses one at a time starting with the highest. The node number is
shown in parenthesis following the stress value placed on the screen and the element containing this node is highlighted.
Here, the highest (first) sustained stress listed is at node 40 (nozzle to vessel connection) with a value of 160859 psi. For a
quick review of the stresses as well as the displacements and restraint loads the Element Viewer can be enabled by clicking
button on the toolbar. This information displays in the next figure. Return to the output processor menu by
the
clicking Exit or FILE-EXIT.
8-28
For a quick look at the selected hanger data select Hanger Table with Text from the General Computed Results Column
in the main Output Processor. The program reports the Anvil Fig. B-268 Size 10 spring selected at node 28. This selection
is based on the values found in the first two analyses (both, of which, provide no load case reports in the output processor)
the expected hot load for the proposed support at node 28 and the thermal growth of node 28 (1220 lb. and 0.750 in.,
respectively). Return to the Output Menu and select only the operating load case and Displacements and Restraint
Summary. The restraint loads at nodes 5 and 60 will be compared to the pump and vessel load limits. Return to the Output
Menu and now select the installed case (turn off 3 and turn on 4) to examine the installed condition of the piping system.
(Both the operating and installed cases could be reviewed together by having both 3 and 4 highlighted at the same time.)
Now highlight the sustained and expansion cases (4 and 5) and Stresses. Each stress report will begin with a summary
stating that the code stresses are below their allowable stress. In the table that follows the summary, the stresses will be for
each node in the system. These nodes will be listed in pairs with their associated element. Note the last column lists the ratio
of actual stress to allowable stress in terms of percentage.
These results can be dumped to the printer or to a file rather than sent to the screen. Before creating the report, a title line for
the hardcopy may be generated through OPTIONS-TITLE LINES on the Output Menu. Enter the following two lines for the
report header:
CAESAR II TUTORIAL
BOTTOMS PUMP TO STEAM STRIPPER
Tutorial A
8-29
To send the output to the printer, select FILE-PRINT or click Print. It is recommended to use the output wizard to create a
book of reports in specific order and then send them to an output device. Click the [ More>>] button in the lower right
corner of the Static Output processor to access the wizard. Start the report with the hanger table by selecting it and
clicking [Add]. For the next selection turn off the hanger request (click on it while holding the control key down) and select
the operating and sustained load cases and Displacements and Restraint Summary reports, then click [Add] again.
Finally add the sustained and expansion stress reports by having only load cases 4, 5, and Stresses highlighted; again
clicking [Add] to service this request. This completes a typical output report after reviewing the reports order, select the
output device, click Generate TOC if desired, and then click [Finish]. Segments of the output reports are included at the
end of this section.
Note that an input echo is available through the output processor. A complete input listing can start the printed report or
output file created by this processor.
To archive the static analysis electronically, the report may be sent to a data file rather than to the printer. Use the above
instructions substituting the Save button for the Print button or use the appropriate output choice on the wizard screen. The
first time you click Save it will prompt you for a filename. The resulting data file, Tutor.out, may be copied with the
CAESAR II input and output files (Tutor._a and Tutor._p) to a floppy diskette. These files along with the configuration file
Caesar.cfg and the Time Sequencing File (Tutor.otl) present a complete record of the analysis and should be stored with the
drawing and any listings.
Hanger Report
8-30
Note
Tutorial A
Note:
Note: Node 28 again moves up 0.750 in. in the Y direction with the spring installed.
Sustained Displacements
8-31
8-32
Note: The zero position of nodes 5 and 40. When the imposed displacements are not included in the analysis, the node is
fixed with zero movement in each of the defined directions.
This restraint report lists the piping forces and moments on the restraint; not the restraint loads on the piping. The loads at
node 5 are the nozzle loads and can be used without sign change to check the API 610 allowable loads. Loads for node 40
may be used to check the vessel stresses due to the nozzle loads.
The loads at 28 shows the operating load and the actual installation load (with contents) for the selected spring. Note how
the spring carries the designed load of 1222 pounds in the operation condition.
The +Y restraint at node 35 shows its nonlinear nature. In the cold condition, the restraint is active. As the piping moves to
the hot position it disengages from the support. Refer back to the displacement reports to confirm that the Y displacement is
0.0 in the installed (sustained) condition and +Y in the operating condition.
Tutorial A
8-33
The summary shows that the sustained stresses throughout the system are below their allowable values. The sustained stress
closest to its allowable limit is at the vessel node, 40.
8-34
Tutorial A
8-35
For the stress detail report previous: Note the application of the tee and bend stress intensification factors. The tee at 25 has
SIFs other than 1.00 for all three listings: 25 to 28, 20 to 25, and 25 to 620. Bend SIFs are applied only on the bend side of
the node - compare node 28 on 25-28 and 28-29.
No stresses are listed for rigid elements as no valid moment of inertia is provided for these elements.
The summary shows that the expansion stresses throughout the system are below their allowable values. The expansion
stress closest to its allowable limit occurs along the header at the node 10 tee.
8-36
Tutorial A
8-37
For the stress detail report previous: Compare the bend side of 30 with the straight side of 30; the SIF doubles the calculated
stress. Also note the changing allowable stress. This is the result of applying an allowable stress, which takes credit for
unused stress in the sustained case.
8-38
Conclusions
The review of piping stresses show that the piping has adequate wall thickness and support to keep within the sustained
allowable stress and also enough flexibility to remain below the expansion allowable stress limit. A quick review of the
system displacements does not reveal any interference problems from pipe expansion. Equipment loads must still be
checked to ensure a safe and effective design. The pump loads at node 5 may be compared to the API (American Petroleum
Institute) Standard 610 (Seventh Edition, February 1989) - Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service. The nozzle
loads, too, can be compared to allowed maximum limits. The nozzle loads can be translated into local stresses using
Welding Research Council Bulletins 107 or 297 - Local Stresses in Cylindrical Shells Due to External Loadings on Nozzles
(WRC 107) or its Supplement (WRC 297). These local stresses can then be compared to allowable stress values established
in ASME Section VIII Division 2 Appendix 4 - Mandatory Design Based on Stress Analysis. Since the loads on these
boundary conditions are related to the piping system layout, the piping system cannot be properly approved until these load
limit are also verified. These verifications will be done in the following chapter.
CH AP TER
Chapter 9 Tutorial B
This chapter continues the tutorial by guiding users through equipment checks and a system redesign that was analyzed
previously.
In This Chapter
Evaluating Pump Discharge Loads............................................. 9-2
Creating Accurate Models .......................................................... 9-11
WRC 297 Calculations Completed at the End of Error Checking
Checking Nozzle Loads .............................................................. 9-20
System Redesign......................................................................... 9-24
Conclusion .................................................................................. 9-34
9-15
9-2
The discharge nozzle loads are found in the static analysis output that has just been run. Since the discharge nozzle served
as a boundary condition for this analysis, the nozzle loads are conveniently listed in the restraint reports. These forces and
moments on the restraint at node 5 are the piping loads acting on the discharge nozzle. No sign change is required. The
operating loads and installation loads must both fall below the defined limits. Examination of the restraint summary for the
operating and sustained (installed) cases reveals the operating loads as the controlling case. The terminal output showing
these numbers is found in the following figure. The operating case loads will be used for the discharge nozzle analysis.
Tutorial B
9-3
The API 610 processor is entered through the CAESAR II Main Menu selection Analysis-API 610.
After clicking Open you will be prompted: "The file specified does not exist, do you want to create one?"
Click Yes and the new file named Tutopump will be created. The API 610 window displays as shown in the next figure.
Enter the comments and notes related to the analysis here.
9-4
Select the Input Data tab and enter the information as described below. Arbitrary node numbers are assigned for the pump
base point and for the pump suction nozzle (1 & 105 respectively).
Use the data shown in the figure below to enter the remaining data. It is best to enter as much data as is currently available
so that when the remaining (suction) data is determined, recollection of data will be minimal. The factors for the Table 2
load multipliers are left blank. CAESAR II will use the default values established in API 610. If the pump manufacturer
defines pump load limits that are different from those defined in API 650, enter the modified limit here (This value must be
between 1.0 and 2.0).
Tutorial B
9-5
Define the pump shaft centerline direction, the nozzle types, node numbers, and nominal diameters under the Input Data
tab.
Next select the Suction Nozzle tab and enter the known data. The distance for the base point to the suction nozzle (not from
the nozzle to the base point) and the nozzle loads. Since the nozzle loads are unknown at this time, no forces and moments
are entered.
9-6
Tutorial B
9-7
The next figure shows the Discharge Nozzle tab with the Nozzle orientation. The nozzle orientation is taken from the
piping isometric.
Next, click Get Loads From Output File. From the pop up dialog navigate to and choose the name of the output file that
contains the restraint loads for this pump (in this case we select Tutor._P from the list).
9-8
The next dialog allows you to choose the appropriate load case for inclusion in the API-610 analysis. For this tutorial we
will select the operating case and click OK. Now the loads from the restraint report at node 5 are read in automatically. This
is the end of the input for the API Standard 610 pump load evaluation.
Tutorial B
9-9
Select the Analyze menu item or the EQP toolbar to perform the API-610 equipment check. The results will become
available under the Equipment Report tab.
With no suction nozzle data entered, the suction nozzle cannot be evaluated. But this report has some value in that the
individual load component limits for the suction nozzle are listed. The discharge nozzle report is complete in its comparison
of the operating loads on the nozzle and the defined limits. If the nozzle load components are less than the Table 2 limits, no
additional checks must be made. If the nozzle load components are greater than the Table 2 values but less than two times
the Table 2 values, the pump may still pass if other checks are within their allowable values. The CAESAR II report first
compares these loads to the Table 2 limits. If the ratios in the report (see the following figure) are all less than 1.0 the pump
is Ok; if all the ratios are less that 2.0, the pump must pass additional checks. The moments about the X and Z-axes are
greater than two times the API 610 standards therefore additional checks are not valid. The moment about the X-axis is
10,175 ft-lbf and the (conditional) limit is 5200 ft-lbf. The moment about the Z-axis is 5866 ft-lbf and the limit is 2600 ftlbf. The discharge nozzle loads must be reduced.
9-10
If the discharge nozzle loads were less than two times the Table 2 values, checks shown in the next part of the report would
be used to qualify the pump loads. Here, the resultant of the applied nozzle forces and moments on each nozzle are
compared to their related Table 2 limits (Condition F.1.2.2). Both the suction and discharge loads are also resolved to the
pump base point and again compared to a Table 2 limit (Condition F.1.2.3). For this analysis, these data have no
significance as the components of the discharge loads are greater than two times the Table 2 values.
Once the output has been reviewed, the user may review the reports again or send the report to a file or to the system printer
(FILE-PRINT). For this tutorial, the limits on the discharge nozzle will be noted for quick checks on future, re-design analysis.
Once this piping system is redesigned so that the discharge nozzle is not overloaded, the existing data in the equipment file
TUTOR can be updated for the final pump verification report. This ends the rotating equipment tutorial.
Tutorial B
9-11
Compare the operating loads on the pump to the installed loads on the pump if they are vastly different, the thermal
effects are the cause of the overload; if they are similar, the sustained effects cause the high loads. In this case, only the
operating loads are high, therefore this system has a thermal expansion problem. For a given amount of thermal growth,
thermal forces and moments will be reduced by adding flexibility to the system (F = KX; for a given X - thermal growth
between the end points - F or M can be reduced by reducing K). If the system would be overloading the pump due to
sustained effects, the system pressure or deadweight is causing the problem. Systems with pressure problems usually
include untied expansion joints; deadweight problems can be traced back to improper system support either spring
pre-loads or support locations.
Go back to the displaced shapes plot of the operating load case to examine the source of the high moments. Most
engineers / analysts find it easier to understand system response to loads in terms of system displacements rather than
internal forces and moments. The displacement plot is useful in identifying which runs of pipe are generating the
thermal strain and which runs of pipe are turning that thermal strain into the large forces and/or moments on the pump.
The next figure makes it clear that the large moment about the Z-axis at the pump is caused by the thermal growth of B
working against the stiffness of legs A and C. The large moment about the X-axis is due to the thermal growth of A
working against the stiffness of legs B and C. (The thermal growth of the vessel connection also may contribute to these
high loads.)
9-12
How can these excessive loads be reduced? Or, more to the point, how can additional flexibility be added to the system so
that these loads drop? Two possible solutions are the addition of an expansion loop to the piping and the installation of an
expansion joint. Before either of these choices is made a much simpler and cheaper solution will be examinedimproving
the model to incorporate the inherent flexibilities found in the vessel/nozzle intersection. Certainly the pump loads due to
expansion would drop if the thermal growth of the three legs A, B & C could deflect the vessel nozzle. Such nozzle
flexibilities are defined in Welding Research Council (WRC) Bulletin 297 - Local Stresses in Cylindrical Shells Due to
External Loadings on NozzlesA Supplement to WRC Bulletin No. 107. WRC 297 supplies curves by which the ODs and
thicknesses of the vessel and nozzle are used to define local nozzle flexibilities. These curves are limited to certain ratios of
nozzle and vessel terms, such as the following:
d/D < 0.5
d/t > 20
20 < D/T > 2500
d/T > 5
Where:
d = nozzle OD (= 8.625 in.)
t = nozzle thickness (= 0.322 in.)
D = vessel OD (= 60 in.)
T = vessel thickness (= 7/16 in.)
In this system where the vessel is vertical and the nozzle is in the Z direction, flexibilities are defined at node 40 for
translation in the Z direction and rotation about the X and Y-axis. The other three degrees of freedom (the three local shear
terms) remain rigid as in the original model where this nozzle was modeled as a rigid connection with its thermal
deflections. Note that the vessel wall thickness is 3/16 in. but the nozzle has a 1/4 in. pad reinforcing the connection; this
produces an effective vessel wall of 7/16 in.
Tutorial B
9-13
So before any costly system modification is made, the model will be refined to incorporate these WRC 297 nozzle
flexibilities. It is possible that a more thorough and accurate model of the system will show that re-design is not needed. To
assist in this model update, CAESAR II provides a processor, which will calculate and insert these flexibilities into the
system. This change will constitute the second analysis of this layout.
Return to the input processor for the job Tutor. Go to the spreadsheet that contains the nozzle node (40) and double click the
Nozzle check box. Enter the correct data in the Auxiliary Data Area as illustrated in the figures on the next page.
The nozzle pipe size is imported from the spreadsheet. If this nozzle connection had no associated thermal growth, the
vessel node number need not be entered. Since this vessel has thermal growth, the vessel node number must be identified
and the thermal displacements previously assigned to node 40 must be re-assigned to this new node number. Enter the
vessel node number as node 6000. The calculated nozzle flexibilities will be applied between nodes 40 and 6000. The vessel
dimensions are entered here in terms of OD, wall thickness, and reinforcing pad thickness. WRC 297 flexibilities are also
sensitive to the proximity of stiffeners to the nozzle. Here, a tray in the vessel is closest to the nozzle and is 4 ft above the
nozzle. On the other side of the nozzle, the bottom head tangent and skirt connection is 6 ft below. The vessel orientation,
based on a direction vector, is entered next. Enter 1 in the Y direction to indicate a vertical vessel. This Z nozzle and Y
vessel will define the orientation of the local stiffnesses assigned through WRC 297. This completes the definition of the
nozzle. There will be no piping element defined between nodes 40 and 6000. Now the displacements provided at node 40
must be moved to node 6000. Simply click on displacements and change node 40 to 6000.
9-14
Tutorial B
9-15
The previous report lists the flexibilities extracted from WRC 297 an axial stiffness of 318,640 lb./ in., a longitudinal
bending stiffness of 290,366 in.lb./deg, and a circumferential bending stiffness of 58,498 in.lb./deg. These three numbers
are certainly much less than the magnitude of the default rigid stiffness, which is 10E12. The local coordinate system is
defined by the nozzle/vessel orientation. With the nozzle in the Z direction and the vessel in the Y direction, this new axial
stiffness is in the global Z direction (the nozzle centerline), longitudinal bending is about the global X axis (bending into the
vessel centerline or long axis), and circumferential bending is about the global Y axis (about the vessel centerline).
9-16
After the display of the WRC 297 calculations CAESAR II shows the error processor is completed by summarizing the type
and number of messages. With no fatal errors encountered, click OK to build the new set of execution files and return to the
programs Main Menu. The model is now ready for a second static analysis; select ANALYSIS-STATICS to proceed. There will
again be five analyses - two for the hanger sizing followed by the operating case, the installed or sustained case, and the
expansion case.
Once the analyses are completed, the Output Processor is presented for output review.
With only a minor change to the input, a rigorous, error-checking review of the results should not be necessary. Instead,
check the sustained and expansion stresses to confirm they are still below their allowable limits, check the hanger selection,
and then the operating and sustained (installed) restraint summary will be displayed to check the loads on the pump nozzle
node 5.
Tutorial B
9-17
The highest sustained and expansion stresses are 986 psi and 14,096 psi, respectively; well below the allowable limits. The
program selected a lighter spring for installation at node 28. Previously a size 10 spring was selected, now a size 9 is
recommended. In the first analysis the spring carried 1222 lb. in the hot position, now it carries only 914 lb. The system
should still weigh the same so why is the spring load smaller? The reduced longitudinal bending stiffness at the nozzle may
explain this change. Finally, to further investigate the effect of the nozzle flexibilities, show the displaced position of the
piping system in its operating condition.
9-18
Something can be said about each of these restraints. The pump discharge nozzle loads at node 5 reveal the impact of the
change in flexibility at node 40. The operating moment about the Z-axis shows the greatest change dropping to 748 ft.lb.
from 5866 ft.lb. The shear force in the X direction has also been reduced by 50%. The axial force in the Y direction,
however, has risen from 1562 lb. to 1815 lb. This higher pump load is tied directly to the hanger selection, which was also
affected by the WRC 297 nozzle flexibilities. The spring support at node 28 is shown next. While the previous analysis had
the spring carrying 1222 lb. in the operating position, now it carries only 914 lb. This 300 lb. reduction in the spring load
returns as an additional 300 lb. load on the pump nozzle. With the spring installed directly above the pump nozzle, simply
increasing the load carried by the spring will reduce the load on the nozzle. If another analysis is required, the hanger sizing
procedure will be adjusted so that the hanger carries more load so that the pump load drops. Looking at the +Y support at
node 35 reveals why the hanger load has changed so much. In the first analysis, the support at node 35 was not active in the
operating case; the pipe rested on the support in its installed position but lifted off the support as it went into operation. The
hanger sizing algorithm readjusted the spring load so that it would carry its portion of the system no longer resting at 35. In
this second analysis, the restraint at 35 remains active in the operating position, therefore the hanger at 28 does not carry any
additional load from 35. The added longitudinal bending flexibility at node 40 is what allows the pipe to rest at node 35.
The support definition at node 40 shows the changes inherent in the WRC 297 nozzle flexibility calculations. Flexibilities
are added in the axial and bending directions (Z, RX, and RY) while the shear terms remain rigid (X, Y and RZ). This added
flexibility greatly reduces the bending moments about the X and Y-axes at node 40. Again, these reduced loads are not a
result of design modifications but modeling refinements. If the vessel nozzle connection meets the requirements of Welding
Research Council Bulletin 297, there is much to gain in nozzle flexibility.
Tutorial B
9-19
The final report from this analysis shows the displacements of node 40. The imposed thermal growth of the nozzle were
removed from node 40 and redefined at node 6000. This output would show the operating position of node 6000 as (0, 0.28,
-0.10; 0, 0, 0) [defined as (X, Y, Z; RX, RY, RZ)]. Comparing these numbers with node 40 above, one can again see the
impact of the nozzle flexibilities. The biggest difference is due to the circumferential bending flexibility (RY) but the
longitudinal bending flexibility (RX) plays a large role in the weight distribution of the system.
Do the new pump loads meet the allowable limits defined in API 610?
9-20
Tutorial B
Accept the processors warnings and continue with the analysis. The API 610 report follows.
9-21
9-22
Continued...
Tutorial B
9-23
The situation is better but not good enough. The Z moment on the discharge nozzle is well below the limit. The X moment,
however, remains more than twice the allowable load. Exceeding twice the allowable load would be fine if Condition
F.1.2.2 is satisfied but it is not. Condition F.1.2.2 states that even though the individual load components may be more than
twice their individual limit, the loads are satisfactory if the resolved forces divided by their resolved limits plus the resolved
moments divided by their resolved limits is less than 2. The sum of the ratios for the discharge nozzle is 2.822 so the pump
loads are still too high. There is a quick what if check that may prove the pump loads may be brought within their
allowable values. The discussion of the restraint loads mentioned that the set load directly controls the vertical load on the
discharge nozzle on the spring at node 28. This spring pre-load could be ideally set so that when the pump is in operation,
there is no pump load in the Y direction. At this point the hanger carries 914 lb. in the operating position while the pump
carries 1815 lb. If the spring load carried 2729 lb. it stands to reason that the load on the pump would be zero in Y. Would
that satisfy Condition F.1.2.2? Rerunning the API 610 processor with the Y load set to zero will show the Condition F.1.2.2
reduced to 2.313, which still remains above the limit. Spring load adjustment is useful but system redesign is indicated.
9-24
System Redesign
The probable causes of the large X moment at node 5 were developed earlier. This excessive load is caused by the thermal
expansion of the leg from node 35 to 40 (the A leg) working against the stiffness of the remainder of the system (legs B
and C). Assuming the thermal strain of leg A is fixed, only the system stiffness may be changed to reduce the operating
load at 5. This reduced stiffness may be realized by the addition of an expansion loop or the addition of an expansion joint.
For this system an expansion loop is chosen.
Where should the expansion loop be added? As a rule of thumb, the best location for an expansion loop is determined by the
orientation of the leg, which produces the thermal strain causing the problem. Here leg A sets the orientation of the loop.
The added piping to generate the expansion loop will lie perpendicular to leg A that runs in the Z direction. This means
that for this system pipe may be added in either the X or Y direction. This added pipe effectively increases the cantilever
length, which is displaced by leg A. By increasing cantilever length, stiffness is reduced and load(s) will drop. It will be
sensible, therefore, to add a loop on the A run of pipe (35 - 40) by adding pipe in the X direction.
How long should the loop legs be? There are several conditions, which would set the loop size: available support location,
maximum distance between supports, cost of pipe, and space available to name a few. For this system an eight-foot by 8-ft
loop will be used. For systems that are not analyzed, the recommended maximum spacing between supports for 8-in. waterfilled pipe is 19-ft (see ASME B31.1 121.5 or MSS SP-69). The 8-ft loop run will lengthen the 30 - 35 pipe from 12-ft to
20-ft, which is close to this recommended spacing.
Tutorial B
9-25
Return now to the CAESAR II Main Menu and re-enter the input processor with TUTOR as the current jobname. When testing
layout modifications, which may not prove successful, it is wise to create a new input set with the proposed changes and
leave the original model intact. If the proposed changes do not produce the desired results, the original model is still
available for the next attempt; the proposed changes need not be de-constructed from the model. The easiest way to do this
is to choose FILE-SAVE AS from the menu and give the model a new name. The current model will now be the new one.
Changes can be made to this new model and the original is intact with the original name. Let's call this new model Tutor2.
There are several ways to add the loop to Tutor2. For this tutorial try following these steps:
Change the length of 30 - 35 from 12 ft to 20 ft
[PgDn] through the element input screens to display the element From 30 To 35. Move the cursor over the DX field and respecify the twenty-foot length by highlighting the current value and then entering -20Move the +Y support from 35 to 33
The recommended maximum spacing between supports for this size pipe is 19 ft *. Leaving the support at 35 would place
the support 21-feet from the hanger at 28 so the support is moved closer - to node 33. Move the cursor to the Restraints
field. Once the cursor is in the restraints field the Auxiliary Data Area will display the current +Y restraint at node 35. Move
the cursor over the 35 and enter 33.
Break 30 - 35 by adding 32 at the midpoint
Node 32 is added as an output point to check mid-span sag. Still on element 30 35 select MODEL-BREAK to call up the Break
command. Answer the questions so that node 32 is added to this line 10 ft from node 30 with no restraints at node 32. The
dialog box for this line break is shown in the next figure.
9-26
The maximum distance between supports as specified in ASME B31.1 and MSS SP-69 ensures a very low sustained
stress in the line. Since CAESAR II calculates these sustained stresses, the output would confirm that much greater
distances between supports are safe. The recommended spacing also limits the pipe sag between supports to 0.1 inch.
The recommended spacing is conservative but it serves as a useful guideline here.
Break 35 - 40 8 ft down the line by adding 135.
[PgDn] to the element 35 - 40. Break this element and add the new node 135, 8 ft (8-) from node 35. Double-click the Bend
check box to add the bend specification at node 135.
Insert an 8-ft element after 35 - 135.
While still on the (new) element 35 - 135 press I to invoke the Insert command. Select the After button to place this new
element after the element 35 - 135. CAESAR II then displays a new input screen for the new element. Enter the To Node as
235, specify the length in the DX field as 8 ft (8-) and double click the Bend check box to add the bend at node 235. [PgDn]
to the next element (135 - 40) and change the From Node (135) to the new node 235. This change will button up the
system to finish the entry of the new element. One final step is required for this element - the specification of the bend at
node 135. [PgUp] two elements to display element 35 - 135 and double click the Bend check box.
Tutorial B
9-27
One final modification is suggested for this analysis. A large vertical load remained on the pump nozzle after the hanger at
node 28 was sized and installed by CAESAR II. The spring selected from the Anvil Hanger Table should carry more of the
deadweight of the pipe and valving. The sizing algorithm may be adjusted so that the pump nozzle carries no load when the
program calculates the load to be carried by the spring. This change will greatly reduce the final nozzle load by sizing a
larger spring at 28. To make this change, enter the Hanger Input auxiliary data area. Type in a 5 in the Free Anchor at
Node field; Then move down to Free Code field and select Y from the drop list. With this change, CAESAR II will
disconnect the Y restraint at node 5 while it calculates the deadweight load carried by the proposed spring at 28.
9-28
To launch the error checker select either FILE-START RUN or select the Start Run toolbar. This data should now process
without error. If any errors do occur, carefully read the error messages and return to the input processor to correct them. If
everything looks correct, allow CAESAR II to create the execution files and return to the Main Menu.
The job is again ready for static analysis. Enter ANALYSIS-STATICS from the Main Menu and run Tutor2 with the same load
cases that where created for Tutor. Do this by accepting the default setting on the Load Case Editor. The Output Processor
will be presented once the analysis is complete.
As previously recommended, the sustained and expansion stresses are first checked to confirm that they remain below their
allowable limits. The hanger selection and the operating and sustained (installed) restraint summary will be displayed to
examine the impact of this model modification on the pump nozzle loads at node 5. The highest sustained and expansion
stresses are 1708 psi and 5415 psi, respectively; well below the allowable limits. The sustained stresses increased a small
amount due to the longer spans between supports while the expansion stresses show a significant reduction. The added
system flexibility caused this reduction in expansion stress; a good indication that the nozzle loads has dropped as well.
Now select the Hanger Table with Text from under the General Computed Results column. The program selected a
heavier spring for installation at node 28. In the last analysis a size 9 spring was selected, now a size 12 is recommended.
The spring now carries 2221 lb. in its hot position. This greater load is the result of the modification to the spring hanger
selection criteria where the pump is disconnected when the springs hot load is calculated. Hopefully, the added loadcarrying capability of the spring will reduce the vertical load on the pump nozzle. Be aware that the spring loads can be
further manipulated if the nozzle load needs additional adjustment. Select Operating and Sustained load cases and Restraint
Summary to display the restraint summary report. Finally, to quickly check the effect of the loop on the overall
displacement, show the displaced shape of the piping system in its operating condition. The following figures show the
various reports referred to above.
Tutorial B
9-29
9-30
Tutorial B
9-31
9-32
The pump discharge nozzle loads at node 5 look much better; revealing the impact of the change in flexibility at node 40.
The loop adds flexibility in the Z direction. The Z force on the pump fell from 750 lb. to 235 lb. The large operating
moment about the X-axis and the target of this re-design dropped from almost 10,000 lb. to 2753 lb. Another interesting
effect of this added flexibility is the increase in the Z moment from -300 ft.lb. to +1541 ft.lb. The pump load in the Y
direction exhibits the adjustment to the hanger selection. The hot load on the pump is -204 lb. and the cold load on the pump
is +332 lb. The absolute magnitude of the pump load could not be much smaller. If necessary, the hanger load could be
adjusted to bring the pump installation load to zero or the pump operating load to zero. The spring support at node 28 now
shows a hot and cold load of 2221 lb. and 2558 lb., respectively. By releasing the anchor in the initial weight analysis the
spring carries the riser load. This load was only 913 lb. in the previous analysis. The extra flexibility has also changed the
support load at node 33. Previously the support load dropped as the pipe became hot; now the load increases as the pipe
heats up. The vessel nozzle loads at node 40 shows a similar pattern of change as the pump nozzle. Most loads drop but
there is one moment (here its X) that increases.
Are the nozzle loads OK?
The API 610 processor need not be used to confirm that the discharge nozzle loads are below their maximum allowed
values. Refer back to either of the previous analyses to quickly locate the individual limits and compare them to the new
operating loads on node 5:
Tutorial B
9-33
Direction
API Limit
Model Results
X (lb.)
1700
136.
Y (lb.)
2200
-204.
Z (lb.)
1400
-236.
RX (ft.lb.)
5200
-2709.
RY (ft.lb.)
3800
-1547.
RZ (ft.lb.)
2600
1543.
Since all six components of the discharge nozzle loads are below their limits, no additional checks (conditions F.1.2.2. &
F.1.2.3.) need be made. The discharge nozzle is no longer overloaded. The final pump evaluation cannot be made until the
suction nozzle loads are compared with their API 610 limits.
9-34
Conclusion
The pump discharge loads are now within their allowable limits. The vessel loads from the nozzle at node 40 should also be
checked to ensure they are not too high. These loads cannot be compared to a fixed load limit as with the pump. Instead,
these loads must be converted to local stresses on the vessel and these stresses compared to their limits as defined by ASME
Section VIII, Division 2. As a very rough guide for evaluating local vessel stresses, one can check the code defined stress on
the pipe connected to the vessel. If those stresses are below about 6000 psi, the vessel stresses should be ok. Looking at the
operating, sustained, and expansion stresses at node 40, the maximum stress is less than 2500 psi. The vessel loads seem
fine. If the stresses are to be checked, the Welding Research Council Bulletin 107 (WRC 107) can be used to convert the
applied forces and moments to the appropriate local stresses. CAESAR II provides a processor to convert these loads into
WRC 107 stresses and a second processor to combine the different stress categories (general or local primary membrane
stress intensity, primary membrane plus primary bending stress intensity, and primary plus secondary stress intensity) for
comparison with their design limits.
Final reports should now be made to document this design change. As shown earlier in this tutorial, the input listing could
be generated from the Input Processor or from the Output Processor. It would be wise to include the current status of the
programs default settings in this input echo. A hard copy of a few input plots would also help in defining this model and
analysis. Structural and stress results from the Output Processor will substantiate the current design. Structural output
includes the system displacements and restraint loads for both the operating and installed cases. The code-defined pipe
stresses are generated for the sustained and expansion cases. The hanger report should also be generated from the Output
Menu. The data files for and from this analysis may also be archived with the hard copy reports. Copy the files Tutor2._a,
Tutor2._J, and Tutor._P and Caesar.cfg to a CD to archive a copy of the CAESAR II input, load case definition, CAESAR II
output, and program default settings. Also save the Tutor2.otl file to enable full access to these CAESAR II files without the
need to re-run the analysis. Note that often upon release of a new version of CAESAR II that archived files will have to be
converted to the new version and subsequently re-analyzed. This is primarily due to frequent format changes within
CAESAR II as new features are added. To avoid this, limited-run users are encouraged to keep the old version of the software
available to them and use newest version for new jobs. The other files generated for this analysis (Tutor._b, Tutor._n, etc.)
can be deleted from the hard disk without losing any information. These scratch files are produced by the input processor
for use in the analysis and can always be regenerated. The CAESAR II Main Menu selection FILE-CLEANUP/DELETE FILES can be
used to copy and delete the files generated by CAESAR II.
Any questions or comments about this tutorial may be directed to the COADE support staff. We may be reached in Houston,
Texas at (281)890-4566. Our fax number is (281)890-3301. We can also be reached via E-mail at techsupport@coade.com.
Index
1
180 degree return (fitting-to-fitting 90 deg. bends)
2-5
180 Degree Return Fitting-To-Fitting 90 Degree
Bends 2-5
A
Acoustic waves 7-27
Analysis-statics 7-47, 9-24
Analyzing Water Hammer Loads 7-27
Anchors 3-2
Anchors with displacements 3-3
Anchors with Displacements 3-3
Anchors, flexible 3-4
Angle field 2-2
Angle to adjacent bend 2-2
Angular gimbal 5-23
Archive 8-25
Axial deflection 5-4
B
Ball joints 6-4
Ball Joints 6-4
Bellows angular stiffness 5-9
Bellows ID 5-2
Bellows, Simple 5-2
Bellows, Tied 5-4, 5-7
Bend 2-2, 2-7, 2-9, 2-13, 2-15
Angle 2-2
Auxiliary input 2-4
Definition 2-2
Radius 2-2
Bend Definition 2-2
Bend Flexibility Factor 2-15
Bends 2-1
Bends, double 2-4
Bends, single-flanged 2-4
Bends, stiffened 2-4
Bi-Linear Restraints 3-41
Bottom Out Spring Can Capability 4-18
Bottom-out 4-18
Bottom-out spring 4-16
Break command 9-24
Button
Get loads from output file 7-81
C
CAESAR II Gas Thrust Load Calculations 7-9
D
Deformation 6-5
Discharge nozzle 9-2, 9-20
Discontiguous systems 7-73
Discussion of Results 7-45
Displacement
Report 7-14, 7-30
Stress range 8-22
Vector 3-3
Displacement Report 7-30
Displacements, Non-zero 3-3
DLF spectrum 7-10
DLF spectrum files 7-19
Double-acting restraint (rotational) 3-13
Double-acting restraints 3-13
Double-Acting Restraints 3-13
Double-Acting Restraints - Rotational 3-13
E
Earthquake excitation, Independent support 7-32
Eigensolution 7-2
Elbows - different wall thickness 2-13
Elbows - Different Wall Thickness 2-13
Elbows, pressure-balanced 5-27
Ending the Input Session 8-22
EQP toolbar 9-2
Equipment report 9-2
Evaluating Pump Discharge Loads 9-2
Example
Dynamic analysis 7-57
Dynamic analysis (nureg9) 7-57
Dynamic analysis of independent support
earthquake exc 7-32
Dynamic analysis of water hammer loads 719
Dynamic analysis of water hammer loads
(hammer) 7-19
Harmonic analysis 7-2
Harmonic analysis (table) 7-2
Jacketed piping 7-69
Jacketed piping (jacket) 7-69
Natural frequency analysis 7-2
NEMA SM23 7-91
Omega loop modeling 7-64
Omega loop modeling (omega) 7-64
Relief valve loads 7-7
Relief valve loads (relief) 7-7
Structural analysis 7-47
Structural analysis (frame) 7-47
WRC 107 7-79
Example 1 - Harmonic Analysis - TABLE 7-2
Example 10 - NEMA SM23 7-91
Example 2 - Relief Valve Loads - RELIEF 7-7
Example 3 - Dynamic Analysis of Water Hammer
Loads (HAMMER) 7-19
Example 4 - Dynamic Analysis of Independent
Support Earthquake Excitation (CRYISM) 732
F
File-Cleanup/Delete Files 9-34
Flexible anchors 3-4
Flexible Anchors 3-4
Flexible anchors with predefined displacements
3-5
Flexible Anchors with Predefined Displacements
3-5
Flexible Nozzle - WRC Bulletin 297 3-6
Flexible nozzle (WRC bulletin 297) 3-6
Flexible nozzle w/ complete vessel model 3-8
Flexible nozzle w/ predefined displacements 3-7
Flexible Nozzle with Complete Vessel Model 38
Flexible Nozzle with Predefined Displacements
3-7
Force sets 7-10
Forces/moments, Conversion to WRC 107 local
axes 7-81
Free code option 4-13
Frequency cutoff 7-2
G
Gas thrust load calculations 7-9
General Information 4-2
Generating CAESAR II Input 8-5
Generating input, Tutorial 8-5
Get loads from output
Button 9-2, 9-20
Gimbal joint 5-21
Gimbal Joints 5-23
Guides 3-16
H
Hanger
Index
I
Input
Constant effort supports 4-6
Data 9-2
Review 8-18
Session 8-22
Structural steel 7-47
Input Review 8-18
Introduction 1-1
J
Jacket, Input 7-73, 7-77
Jacketed pipe 6-5
Jacketed Pipe 6-5
Jacketed piping 7-69
Jacketed piping systems 7-69
K
K-factor 2-15
L
Large Rotation Rods - Basic Model 3-38
Large Rotation Rods - Chain Supports 3-40
Lateral deflection 5-4
Lift Off Spring Can 4-17
Lift-off 4-18
Limit Stops 3-18
Loads, Large 7-69
M
Mass participation report 7-14, 7-29
Mass Participation Report 7-29
Methods for modeling dummy legs on bends 332
Miscellaneous Models 6-1
Missing mass correction 7-27
Mitered bend, evenly spaced 2-6
Mitered bend, widely spaced 2-9
Mitered bends 2-6
Mitered Bends 2-6
Miters, closely spaced 2-6
Model-break 9-24
Modeling dummy legs on bends 3-32
Modeling Spring Cans with Friction 4-19
Modeling, Guidelines 9-11
Models, Complex 5-4
Models, Simple 5-4
Multiple Can Design 4-8
N
NATURAL FREQUENCY REPORT (Hz) 7-58
Near/Far Point Method 3-32
NEMA 7-91
NEMA Example PT69M 7-91
Nodal degree of freedom 3-3
Node fields 2-2
Non-zero displacements 3-3
Notes for Analyzing Water Hammer Loads 7-27
Nozzle load summation report 7-95
Nozzle Load Summation Report 7-95
Nozzle loads 9-20
Nozzle results for pt69m 7-93
Nozzle Results for PT69M 7-93
Nozzle spreadsheet 3-8
NRC
O
Occasional load case 7-81
Offset element method 3-32
Offset gimbal 5-23
Old spring 4-9
Old spring redesign 4-9
Old Spring Redesign 4-9
Omega loop 7-64
Omega loop modeling 7-64
On Curvature Method 3-32
Operating load, User-specified 4-15
Output-view animation 7-2
Overview 1-2
P
Performing the Static Analysis 8-22
Pipe and hanger support 4-10
Pipe and Hanger Supported From Vessel 4-10
Pipe nominal diameter 2-2
Pipe supported from vessel 4-10
Plastic hinges 3-44
Plastic Hinges 3-44
Predefined displacements 3-5
Preparing the drawing 8-3
Preparing the Drawing 8-3
Pressure
Pulses 7-19
Thrust 5-2
Wave 7-27
Pressure-balanced tees and elbows 5-27
Pressure-Balanced Tees and Elbows 5-27
Problem Solution 7-31
Program Support / User Assistance 1-3
Pump discharge loads 9-2
R
Reducers 6-2
Relief
Valve loads 7-7
Valves 7-10
Relief valve example problem setup 7-10
Relief Valve Example Problem Setup 7-10
Relief valve loading - output discussion 7-14
S
Shock spectra 7-57
Simple 4-16
Simple bellows 5-2
Simple bellows with pressure thrust 5-2
Simple Bellows with Pressure Thrust 5-2
Simple Bottomed Out Spring 4-16
Simple hanger design 4-3
Index
T
Tangent intersection point 7-64
Tees, pressure-balanced 5-27
Thermal support movement 4-11
Tie bar 5-4
Tie rod model, Comprehensive 5-15
Tied Bellows - Simple vs. Complex Model 5-4
Tied bellows (simple vs. complex model) 5-4
Tied bellows expansion joint 5-5, 5-7
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Complex Model
5-7
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Simple Model 55
Tied bellows expansion joint (complex model) 57
Tied bellows expansion joint (simple model) 5-5
TRANSLATIONS (in) 7-59, 7-60, 7-62
Turbine trip 7-19
Tutorial A 8-1
Tutorial B 9-1
Tutorial, Generating input 8-5
U
Universal expansion joints 5-9
Universal Expansion Joints - Simple Models 5-9
Universal expansion joints (simple models) 5-9
Universal Joint - Comprehensive Tie Rod 5-14
Universal joint (comprehensive tie rod model) 514
Universal joint with lateral control stops 5-15
Universal Joint With Lateral Control Stops Comprehensive Tie Rod Model 5-15
Universal joint with lateral control stops
(comprehensive tie r 5-15
V
Vertical dummy leg on bends 3-32
W
Water hammer 7-19
Water hammer loading - output discussion 7-29
Water Hammer Loading - Output Discussion 729
Water hammer loads 7-27
Widely spaced mitered bend 2-9
Widely Spaced Mitered Bend 2-9
Windows 3-20
WRC 107 7-79
WRC 297 3-6
WRC 297 Calculations Completed at the End of
Error Checking 9-15
Y
Yield force 3-44
Z
Zero length expansion joint 5-16, 5-18, 5-23
Zero weight 5-18