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Partnership Simplified Part 1 by Atty Cada
Partnership Simplified Part 1 by Atty Cada
1.
In order that there may be a partnership, two or more persons
must agree to unite their money, property, labor or skill in carrying out
a legitimate business for profit. Two or more persons may also form a
partnership for the exercise of their profession.
2.
A partnership is consensual (it is perfected by mere consent,
when two or more persons agree expressly or impliedly), bilateral (it is
entered into by two or more persons with reciprocal rights and
obligations), principal (it does not depend for its validity or existence
upon some other contract), commutative (the undertaking of one
partner is regarded as equivalent of that of the other partners),
preparatory (it is entered into in order that such persons may lawfully
engage in business in order to realize profits which will then be divided
among themselves), onerous (one person contributes something in
order that he may share in the profit), and nominate (it has a special
name or designation under the law).
3.
A partnership duly formed under the law is a juridical person
which has a personality separate and distinct from the persons
composing the partnership. It may acquire and possess property of all
kinds, incur obligations and bring suits or become defendants in suits
brought before the courts of law.
4.
In order to establish the existence of a partnership, the following
essential features must be proven to exist: 1) a valid contract; 2) legal
capacity of the persons forming the partnership; 3) mutual
contribution of money, property or industry to a common business; 4)
its business must be lawful; and 5) the primary purpose must be
obtain profits and to divide the same among the parties. Article 1769
sets out the rules in determining the existence of a partnership and
enumerates certain features, which, taken alone would not prove the
existence of a partnership:
a. Persons who are not partners as between themselves are not
partners as to third persons. However, whether or not a
partnership exists depends upon how the parties conduct
themselves since third persons may be misled into believing that
the parties are partners because of the latters acts, consent of
representation, thus said parties become subject to the liabilities
of partners to third persons who in good faith deal with such
parties, in accordance with the doctrine of estoppel;
where only the use is contributed by the partner, the risk of loss is
borne by the partner since he remains to be the owner of the thing.
33. In case of specific and determinate things the ownership of
which is transferred to the partnership, the risk of loss is for the
account of the partnership, it being the owner. In case of fungible
things (things or goods of which any unit is, from its nature or by
mercantile usage, treated as the equivalent of any other unit such as
oil, wine, rice, etc.) or things which cannot be kept without
deteriorating even if they are contributed only for the use of the
partnership, the risk of loss is borne by the partnership because
obviously, the ownership to these things was transferred to the
partnership since the same cannot possibly be used without these
things being consumed or impaired. In case of things contributed in
order that the partnership may sell the same, the partnership bears
the risk of loss because ownership was transferred to the partnership
otherwise the partnership could not effect the sale. In case of things
brought and appraised in the inventory, the partnership bears the risk
of loss because the intention of the partners was to contribute to the
partnership the price of the things contributed. If the loss is due to the
fault of any of the partners, the partner at fault shall be liable for
damages to the partnership in accordance with Article 1794.
34. Under Article 1796, the partnership is obliged to refund to the
partner the amounts disbursed by him in behalf of the partnership,
such as advances for partnership obligations due and payable)
together with the corresponding interest from the time the expenses
were incurred. The partnership is also obliged to answer for the
obligation which the partner may have contracted in good faith in the
interest of partnership business and is obliged to answer for risks in
consequence of its management.
35. As to the distribution of profits, the partners share the profits
according to their agreement, subject to the provisions of Art. 1799. If
there is no such agreement, the share of each capitalist partner shall
be in proportion to his capital contribution and the industrial partner
shall be entitled to such share as may be just and equitable under the
circumstances and which share must be satisfied first before the
capitalist partners divide the profits.
36. As to the distribution of losses, the losses shall be distributed to
the partners according to their agreement, subject to Art. 1799. If
there is no such agreement, but there is an agreement on the sharing
of profits, the share of each partner in the losses shall be in
accordance with the profit-sharing ratio, but the industrial partner shall
not be liable for losses. In the absence of the profit sharing ratio or
agreement, the losses shall be borne by the partners in proportion to
their capital contribution, but the purely industrial partner shall not be
liable for the losses. If the industrial partner is also a capitalist partner,
he shall share in the losses in proportion to his contribution.
37. The partners may agree to delegate to a third person the
designation of the share in the profits and losses. The decision of the
third person is generally binding and may be impugned only when it is
manifestly inequitable. However, a partner who has started to execute
the decision of the third person or who failed to impugn the same
within three months from the time he had knowledge of said decision
can no longer complain.
38. Any stipulation which excludes one or more partners from any
share in the profits and losses is void but the partnership remains valid
and subsists and the profits and losses shall be distributed as if there
were no agreement. Thus, the share of each capitalist partner in the
profits shall be in proportion to his capital contribution and the
industrial partner shall be entitled to such share as may be just and
equitable under the circumstances and which share must be satisfied
first before the capitalist partners divide the profits. The losses shall be
borne by the partners in proportion to their capital contribution. With
regard to the industrial partner, a stipulation exempting him from the
losses is valid since the law itself excludes him from losses in
accordance with Art. 1797.
39. Article 1800 refers to the appointment of a partner as manager
of the partnership. A partner appointed as manager possess all the
necessary and incidental powers to carry out the business of the
partnership. While every partner has a right to participate in the
management of the partnership business, the partners may
nevertheless appoint a managing partner (one who manages the
business of the partnership, usually a general partner or one whose
liability to third persons extends to his separate property and may be
either a capitalist or an industrial partner) either in the articles of
partnership or after the constitution of the partnership.
40. A managing partner may be appointed by common agreement of
the partners in the articles of partnership, and whose powers include
all acts of administration notwithstanding the opposition of the other
partners unless he should act in bad faith. His power is revocable only
upon just and lawful cause and upon the vote of the partners
representing the controlling interest.
41. A partner may be appointed as managing partner after the
partnership has been constituted but his power may be revoked at any
time for any cause whatsoever and upon the vote of the partners
representing the controlling interest.
42. Where there are two or more managing partners who have been
appointed without specification of their respective duties or without
stipulation that one of them shall not act without the consent of all the
others, each of the managing partners may separately perform all acts
of administration. If one or more of the managing partners shall
oppose the acts of the others, the decision of the majority of the
managing partners shall prevail. In case of tie, the matter shall be
resolved by the partners owning the controlling interest, that is, more
than 50% of the capital investment of the partnership.
43. In case there is more than one managing partner appointed by
the partners and the partners have agreed that none of the managing
partners shall act without the consent of the other managing partners,
the unanimous consent of all the managing partners is required in
order for their acts to be valid. This consent is, however, not required
in case of routine transactions or transactions required in the regular
course of business of a partnership, in which case any of the partners
can act without the consent of others and his or her act alone shall be
valid. Example of this act is when a managing partner purchases goods
which are regularly purchased by the partnership in its business of
buying and selling goods. The consent of the managing partners
under Article 1802 is indispensable, in that the absence of one of the
managing partners or the disability of any of them cannot be alleged
or cited as an excuse or as a justification for not complying with the
requirement. There is, however, an exception to this- when there is an
imminent danger of grave or irreparable injury to the partnership. In
such a case, a managing partner may act alone and even without the
consent of the other managing partner or partners who may be absent
or under disability.
44. Article 1803 sets forth the rules to be observed when the
manner of management of the partnerships has not been agreed upon
either at the time of the perfection of the contract or after the
perfection of the contract of partnership. In case the partners fail to
designate who among them shall act as managing partner or partners,
all of them shall be considered as managers or agents of the
may, however, deny a partner of his rights to inspect the books if the
information to be gathered will be utilized for some purpose other than
the partnership purpose.
47. Since there exists mutual trust and confidence among the
partners, any and all of the partners have the duty to render true and
full information of all things affecting the partnership upon demand by
any partner, the legal representative of any deceased partner or any
partner suffering from legal disability. Any and all of the partners
have also the duty to voluntarily disclose all material facts within his
exclusive knowledge, which facts relate to or affect the partnership.
Note, however, that this obligation to disclose pertains only to those
matters which are not reflected in the partnership books which, as
discussed in the previous article, is already readily available to any
partner under his right of inspection.
48. Each of the partners occupies a fiduciary position as against the
other partners. He has the duty to act for the common benefit of all
the partners and is obliged to account for any profits he may have
acquired from any transaction involving the use of partnership
property, or from any transactions relating to the operation of the
partnership business. He cannot keep for himself any profit or benefit
received from the operation of the partnership business and is bound
to hold all these benefits as trustee for the partnership, more so, if the
same is derived by him in the absence of the consent of the other
partners.
49. In the absence of an agreement to the contrary, the capitalist
partner is prohibited from engaging for his own account in any
business which is the same or similar to and in competition with the
business in which the partnership is engaged. If he violated this
provision, he shall be duty-bound to bring to the common fund any
profits he derived from his transactions, but he shall personally bear
the losses. The partners may by agreement, however, permit the
capitalist partner to engage in the same kind of business as that of the
partnership.
50. As a general rule, during the existence of the partnership, a
partner does not have the right to a formal account of partnership
affairs since he already enjoys the right of access to partnership books
at any reasonable hour and a right to demand from his partners, a
true and full information of all things affecting the partnership. Thus, a
formal account as to partnership affairs would only be necessary upon
the dissolution of a partnership. In the following cases, however, a