ak-any position, “mv” from left support and with
difference in elevation of supports of "D”, Fig. VIT,
as given by F.C. Carstarphen" is,
(62)
tN = (63)
Pm we ‘
Lenes Fae (P vis) + Bees B (4)
which for “P at midspan, or where m=3,
wie
P
Ignet gp (P +) +
and the length with empty span (“P” removed):
wit Dt sab)
Inset gens by sb)
Bresentea before "Ae, November 3: POSE
Counterweighted ropes
(Constant Tension)
‘The rope supporting a load does not present a
continuous curve, but consists of two parabolas, The
curve of the path of a moving load is continuous and
may be expressed by:
a
rm :
or 455)
if a point on the curve to the left of “P” is con-
sidered, the equation of the left parabola is:
tee PI tong ~ +
we opt apt zetane (58)
and for the right parabola:
with “Pat midapan, m=
we'+2Ps, D.
a
If tho supports are the same clevation, the last
term in equations 55-58 becomes zero.
The following equations are derived from Eas.
85.58:
wazs + 2P4
‘ete 7 atoms
In the formulas, 55-65, on preceding pages, it is
not always easy to obtain the value of H or e092,
(H = T+ cos.) so that the value of “T” is used.
‘This substitution of “T” for “H" would reduce “d”
by a maximum of about 5%. RESSES IN SUSPENDED CABLES
Coble spans may be divided into two generel classes, An-
chored Spans, and Counterweighted Spans. In each of
these divisions, we find it necessary to solve for stressos andl
deflections of uniformly loaded spans end olso of spans
tupporting one or more individual concentrated loads. It
is, therefore, necessary to analyze the conditions of each
problem carefully and the following points must be con
sidered:
1. Horizontal distonce between supports.
ference in elevation between suppor.
3. Moximum allowable defection, measured verticolly
from chord to cable.
4. Length of cable between supports
5. Weight per foot of cable, fo which must be added in
certain cates the additional weight imposed by snow
and fee,
6, Maximum load to be supported by the cable.
2, Load uniformly distributed over the length of the
span.
b, A-ingle load supported at any point inthe span,
. Multiple individual loads.
7. Isthe cable anchored ot both ends or isit anchored ot
‘one end and counterweighted ot the other end?
8. Modulus of elasticity In tension.
9. Wind loads on the cable and on the suspended load.
10. Changes in length of cable due to changes in tem:
perature.
Since our purpose isto present means for obtaining results
vickly, we will not give derivations of the following for-
mrulas. Computations are simplified by the assumption thot
6
Tiger Brand fridge Cables — The San Froncixo.Ostland Roy Bae
uniform loading is distributed horizontelly, and that the
cable assumer « parabolic are, For the grect majority of
cases encountered in practice, the results thus obtained are
sufficiently accurote. Hf speciel cases occur where the ratio
‘of deflection to span is very large, then the eatonary eque-
tions should be applied. These ore ovcilablo in several
textbooks,
The following nomenclature will be used:
A = Net cross sectional area of cable.
2 = Horizontal spacing of loads.
ala et)
i z c =a
2 = Base of Naperian system of logarithms
= 2.7182818,
= Modulus of elasticity in tension.
= Weight of an individual concentrated lood
hh = Vertical difference in elevation of supports.
k Ratio of deflection to span = for level spans
and 2G" for incined spans
1, == Length cleng cable when the cable only is sup-
ported in span.
Li = Hypotheticel length along cable at zore tension.
= Length along cable when either © uniformly dis-
tributed load or one or more concentrated loads
are suspended.
m= Horizontal distance from left support to the frst
leed. n == Number of concentrated loods
== Change in total length of cable per pound of ten=
L
ORE
5 = Horizontel distance between supports,
51 = Chord length of sub-spen between load and sup-
port or between two loads.
+ Horizontal component of cable tension.
Y= Maximum cable tension at left support.
'
= Maximum cable tension at right support,
Erection tension of empty cable in an anchored
span,
v= Number of loads to left of xy in a multiple loaded
span.
w= Weight per foot of horizontal length of span for
© vniformly distributed foad, w
= Weight per foot of uniformly distributed load
long the cable, which is essumed for purpores of
ic curve calculations, as equivalent to uni-
tributed load along the chord,
= Weight per foot of uniformly distributed food
along the cable for purposes of calenary curve
calculations
Horizontel distonce from support to xy.
Y= Vertical deflection from support to xy.
Ya. = Vorticel defection from support at center of span.
= = Atorm in the general formula for multiple loaded
counterweighted spans.
&@ = Alpha = Angle between the herizontal and o
chord between supports
By = Bota; — Angle between the horizontal and a ton-
‘gent fo a cable curve ot the lef support.
Bz == Betay — Angle between the horizontal and a tan-
gent to © cable curve at the right support.
Bx = Beta; = Angle beiween the horizontal and « ton:
gent to a cable curve at ony point in.e span,
Beta, == Angle between the herizontal and @ tan
gent to @ cable curve at a load,
A = Lambda — Change in length of cable per foo! of
Fength, per pound of tension
A = Delta = Totat change in length of cable == Xt Ly
section 20 ©
= Thelo = Angle between the horizontal and the
chord of @ half span,
sec — Secant of an angle = 1
ANCHORED SPANS are principally employed for support
ing electrical cables, for guy lines, fr suspension bridges,
‘and usually for track cables of cableways and reversible
aerial tramways where a single moving load is supported
ing clear span,
When a cable span is erected, anchored at koth ends, and
load of any kind supported from the cable, the deflection
increases because of the elestic properties of the cable,
‘he tension also increases when the load is applied.
Inis necessary to select the size, construction, and grade of
the cable, with a proper factor of safely, after having de:
termined the maximum tension in the cable due to dead
‘ond live loads. It is then necessary to erect the cable at
such a deflection that the maximum safe working tension
will not be exceeded when the load ie applied,
In the case of cableways with high self-supporting towers,
the cable tension and deflection may be affected by yield:
ing of the supports. A complete study of such span ine
cludes the application of the theory of deflection in framed
structures, but such a special condition does not come
ithin the scope of this handbook. In all cases we will as
sume that cables are anchored to rigid supports or immov-
table ground anchorages.
‘The determination of the proper erection defection and
tension involves the use of the modulus of elasticity in ten:
sion for the particular construction of cable which is being
used,
It is wall known that the modulus of elasticity ranges be-
tween 28,000,000 and 30,000,000 for structural steel, but
the modulus of elasticity of a wire cable, considering the
‘cable as @ whole, hes various values depending on is con
struction, and also on the work that has been put into ih
The modulus can be appreciably increased by a prestress-
ing operation. This is frequently done to bridge cables. In
the case of track cables carrying rolling loads somewhat
the some effect is secured after « period of operation, as
most of the structural stretch is removed. See Moduli of
Elasticity page 167, and Prestcessed Strands and Ropes
page 16,
LEVEL SPAN — UNIFORMLY LOADED — ANCHORED.
Figuee 1
8
Ww 178
When the tension is known, the center deflection is found
from:
a
=
fond the deflection at any point in the span is:
wal)
— 2
When the center defiection is known, the horizontal com:
ponent of tension is found from:
a
When the deflection ot some point other than the center of
ston trom
wxls-x}
“ i
tates ‘5
The cable lope tony pol inthe pon
wr
tone (2 nr) ia
At eer spor he abe ope
tan £1 or ivr
ho on Ba = St ®
Wen he noni now, th fn fale
Lork= we prox.) ol
x OF $+ ygqr lapprox.
When the deflection is known: ls or
+ [Raft + ake + ghtoo. (4k bat + 16%) |e101
z a v
‘An ecsie formule, giving clorsty approximate result i:
By ue 256
totam bie ey 28650) ry
Sufficient cecuracy can be secured, for many of the coses
encountered in practice, by contracting formula [1 1):
tort=s(1 +h) 12)
In determining the erection tension for « uniformly loeded
span, the values of Ly and t. must satisfy the equation:
wade
Pia
5 1d
By substitution of (9] for Lin (13) and using corresponding
values of w ond t,,
Lak 3)
rept ita
This equation can be solved fort, using the tral and error
method.
aay
EXAMPLE:
750,000 C.M. bare, hard drawn, stranded copper cable
is to be supported across a river. Supports will be at the
same elevation and 1350 feet apart. The copper coble iz
9981 inches in diameter, ond weighs 2.325 pounds per
foot. Conditions require consideration of @ coating of ice
1h” thick on both conductor and messenger, plus a hori-
zontal wind load of eight pounds per squere foot on the
projected area of the ice cocted cables. We are limited to
@ maximum center defection of 75 feet.
{a} What are the specifications of the necessary messen:
ger cable, assuming the sama ice ond wind loads?
{b}_ What is the cable slope at supports and at the quorter
points of the span?
(c) What is the erection tension ond deflection for the
‘messenger strand only, essuming there are no ice or wind
conditions at ime of erection?
Itis necessary to assume the diameter of messenger strand
to Figure the loading on the span, it may then be necessary
to revise the figures if the fist selection does no! prove
suitable. We will assume a Ze" diameter strand waighing
1.581 pounds per foot.
Copper cable 3.240 pounds per foot
‘Messenger strand + ice ~~ 2.421 pounds per foot
Total vertical load 661 pounds per foot
Horizontal wind load on both cables = 2.582 pounds
per foot
Total resultant load = 6.222 pounds
per foot
6.222 x 1350
Then from (3) 1 = SPE TASS" — 18,900 pounds
6.222 x 1350)
Then from (8) ton fr—= SPE
2222, y= 12.32"
Then from (5) = 18900 x see 12”-32"
19365 pounds
Then from (6) when x— 337.5 feet
6.222
tan Bi = Jgo99 (675 — 397.5) i
f= 6°20"
With « factor of safety of 4, the required breaking strength
will be 4 X 1934577460 pounds. Page 117 shows 1”
diameter, 19 wire, Extra Galvanized Extra High Strength
Strand has a breaking strength of 79,700 pounds, and will
be satisfactory for the purpose intended. From Page 117
we find W fo be 1.581 pounds per foot. From Page 166
we find Ato be .4444 square inches
IP x TISG
24 x 18900"
In order to-set up (14) in convenient form, first coleulate
the following
361.1104,
(9) L= 1950 4
1361.110
“Giaa 5 21-000, 600 0001458 feet per pound
Pr + = (.0001458 x 18900) +1350—1352.756 ft.
= LSB X 1950" _ 956,240,000
2 2
Substituting these values in (14),
25:
0001458 1, +} 8.354 — The following shows the results of a series of tentative
computations for assumed valves of t, until the above
isfied (he values ia the last two columns are
hoor4se, ease 286:240,000
5100 74k 9098 as,
5200 758812 are
5290 mans ar
S299 73 e826
1.5299 pounds.
From (1) Ye = :
From (9) ly = 1350 +.
Therefore:
(a) One piece 74” diam. 19 wire Extea Galvanized Exire
High Strength Strand with sockets attached s0 as to
give o length of 1359.13 feet center to center of
supports,
SECTIO
(6) Maximum cable slope ot supports — 12°-32.
Maximum cable slope at quarter points of spon =
6-20.
(c) Erection tension = 5299 pounds
Erection deflection = 67.97 ft
LENGTH AND MAXIMUM TENSION
The following table gives fociors for obtaining maximum
tension tot the supports of @ uniformly loaded le
when w, the weight per horizontal foo! and s,
zontal length of span, are known. See column 2. The close
‘elation between the parabola and the catenary is shown
by a comparison of the values in columns 2 and 3. Column
3 gives the factor for obtaining t' when w", the weight per
foot along the cable, and s is known. The length of o vni-
formly loaded level span, based on a parabolic curve, can
bbe obtained from the factors in column 4. If the span is
Inclined see formulas (24) ond (25).
‘The factors in column 4 can also be used for the catenary
for k ratios up to 0.12 with an error less than 0.02 Ye, and
for k ratios as high as 0.20 with an error of only 0.1%
CABLE LENGTH AND MAXIMUM TENSION
FACTORS FOR WAKIMAUIT TENSION ‘CABLE LENGTH FATORS
‘When wait offend per eat Wea wight of aed por fot To gt feng of cable, mtply
fat of centr deletion to f san, wis known of cable, wis krown taal spn by factor baw
chord length f span k a we far Vs ws X for Les x tasor
coLUuN ‘COLUMN 2 coLUtN $ ‘COLD
ot aio si Ton?
12 149 mas ono
ox asi 89k ‘oan
6 7828 1383 ooo
aie sz 636 ones
cy tam er O00
2 04 570 oon
mt sa sz some
a 30 as sou
EJ ase aus 00208
@ 6 wi ry
ste aa 334 a
4 3710 31 Loner
6 a8 i 351 mate
cc a7 I 33 aes
oe Re 37 THe
me 2018 30 anaes
oe 2a 28 100514
6 2 276 owséi
ot 2652 265 L096It
5 2a { 25 100868
15 2a 801
6 2a oes
185 1987 Lous
om Last ovat
ae 1a ie rai48o
‘8 Leo 1B 100681
088 1588 138 ‘ast
8 Las 3 Haus
ms Laat Le Loe386
n 20
79 CABLE LENGTH AND MAXIMUM TENSION (Cont.)
Rati of center destin te
FACTORS FOR MAKIMIUM TENSION
CGRELE LENGTH FACTORS
‘When weit of fad pe foot
of oan, wis known
‘When woh fad pe ct
of cae wis known
Te ge ength of cble, muliiy
toa pam ty factor below
chord leat of span k t= we lator t= ws Sc taco Lr= sx far
COLUM COWIE Panu s oumNIN
10 16 136 onan
106 13 131 100888
a uae 126 T3e
5 nr 12 Loans
a Liss his vais
15 18 La 0002
Ig mn 1833
18 Lo 1osss9
iu 105 995
Ms 103 0538
1s 1005 Los
6 sat 106485
W sma 17238
i a owas
8 aan 1919
0 00 as oy
a om ast Lio7
E os aa 108
2B 078 aan E1701
# om 036 Lae
as 0207 ar Lua
180
ae
Hee section 2U
INCLINED SPAN— UNIFORMLY LOADED — ANCHORED
Figure 2
The following formulas give the Increme
‘and slope due to inclination of the chord. "D
ore ety considera opus velue end "slope et
minus ees
wh
wet as
eal wa
At any pint
mate
yaa a tame on
tan 61 = on (8)
9
tone (20)
When center deflection is known:
wa
Low point of an inclined span occurs when tan fy
t
Sth tana
'
an
‘When deflection at any other point is known:
(22)
(23)
Wee apron) 8
: 5
sorta pins 4 ue 224 288 Jas
ti will be seen that the solutions for inctined spans are a
‘mila to those for level spans,
181 LEVEL SPAN—SINGLE LOAD AT CENTER — ANCHORED
Figure 3
‘The deftection produced by @ concentrated load suspended
midway between two fixed points A and B forms wo equel
sub-chords AC and CB. The cable assumes Iwo colenary
‘arcs which intersect at C. The following formulas are, hov-
‘ever, based on the parabola, as the diference in results is
negligible,
The center deflection is found from:
(26)
a)
(28)
29)
Exemple: A rolling load weighing 2000 pounds is to be
supported in a level span 2000 ft. long by @ cable on
cchored et both ends. The deflection must not exceed 83
foot, No wind or ice conditions,
{a} What are the specifications of the cable?
{b} What is the maximum tension in the cable?
{ec} What isthe slope ot the supports with the load at cen-
ter of span?
at is the cable length between supports, with no
Toad on the cable?
le) What is the erection tension ond erection deflecion of
the cable?
Iti necessary to assume a size and grade of cable for the
calculations. i the frst selection does not prove suitable,
the calculations must be revised. We shall assume that
1%" diameter Stondard Grade Locked Coll Cable will be
suitable.
Since this is a level spon, a—o ond w= w'
3.16 pounds per foot {from poge 111). A—= 8567
square inches (from page 166).
2000 (2 x 2000 } 3.16 x 2000)
i
From (271 Das
= 31,084 pounds
2000 + (3.16 2000)
From (29) ton ye oa
1338 =7"-37"
From (28) '— 31084 x 1.0089
31360 pounds
The maximum coble length occurs when load is at center
of span.
182
C 003.439 4.2
007.730
In order to set up (14) in convenient form, frst calculate
the following:
207.730
P= "g587 x 19,000,000 ~~ 0001233
Pr +s .0001233 x 31,084 + 200
west _ 3.16 x 20007
24 24
Substituting these values in (14)
10001 233t, +: 207.730
3,328,533,333,
The following shows the results of a series of slide rule
computations for assumed values of t, uniil the above
24 x Hoa
203.833
3,328,593,393,
203.833,
sai
we 0001232, + 3.457 382889999
Be OF
trom thy, aS STO ro 408,
tom 0)1,= 2000 4, TEXTE. sop,
(0) With a factor of sofety of 3.2, the required breaking
strength will be 3.2 x 31360 — 100352 pounds — 50.18
fons. The breaking strength of a 114” diameter Standard
Grade Locked Coil Cable is 54 tons (from page 111),
Therefore, this size cable is satisfactory, and our Locked
Coil Cable is the most suitable construction where rolling
loads are to be handled. If the proposed installation is
femporary, of if fist cost of the cable is @ prime consider. INCLINED SPAN— SINGLE LOAD AT ANY POINT— ANCHORED
Figure 6
Formula (32) can be applied to inclined spans by adding
hx h 5
7%, which becomes F-when x =-5-. Then, for inlined
spon:
xls $26 (sx) he
ae +4 (34)
at(wst + 4G Vxted) *
MULTIPLE LOADS
IN ANCHORED SPANS
‘Multiple locds in anchored spans are seldom encountered
in practice. However, the subject is important enough to
‘merit some attention. When speaking of multiple leeds, it
will be assumed loads are equal in emount and spaced
uniformly
The loads should be placed symmetrically about the center
line of the span to compute the moximum tension or de-
ection in the span. Use formula (52), page 188, to deter-
mine the deflection and formula (54) to determine the
maximum tension. To determine the length along the cable
‘ot maximum tension, consider the loads as stationary in
the position stated above and treat the longths of cable
between supports and the fist load, and the lengths be-
tween loads, as separate spans. After this length, L, has
‘been determined, the erection tension, deflection of empty
cable, etc., are calculated by the triol method in @ similar
manner to thet for a single load in an anchored span. section 20
LEVEL SPAN— UNIFORMLY LOADED — COUNTERWEIGHTED
The tension and deflection of either an enchored or ©
counterweighted span ore the same, under the same con
ditions of looding, when the cable supports @ uniformly
distributed load. However, an important difference occurs
when the live load is removed. In the case of an anchored
‘spon, the deflection and length of the cable remain con-
stant, except as they are affected by the elastic properties
of the cable, backstays, and supports. The tension, how-
ever, decreases when the live load is removed. Comparing
this performance with @ counterweighted span, we find
that the tension remains constant when the live load is
removed, while the deflection and length of the cable de:
‘crease in proportion to the change in loading. These are
the effects dus to equalizing the moment.sum of all forces
for any origin of moments
The same comparison holds true of spant supporting one
‘ot more individual concentrated loads, when the loads are
s0 placed as to produce the maximum deflection.
‘The use of a counterweighted track cable for rolling loads
results in @ constant angle under the load, the angle whose
smaller engle at each support than would be the cate with
‘an anchored span, Thete two factors are of definite advan-
tage in the design of aerial tramways having intermediate
supports.
Apply formulas (1) to (12) inclusive, page 178, under
chored Spans.”
INCLINED SPAN — UNIFORMLY LOADED — COUNTERWEIGHTED
185 LEVEL SPAN— SINGLE LOAD AT CENTER —COUNTERWEIGHTED
Apply formutas (26) to (29) inclusive, page 182, unde
“Anchored Spans.”
INCLINED SPANS—SINGLE LOAD AT CENTER —COUNTERWEIGHTED
Apply formulas (30) ana (31) inclusive, page 183, under “Anchored Spans."*
LEVEL SPAN— SINGLE LOAD AT ANY POINT —COUNTERWEIGHTED
— Sie we 135
Gx, wes
Y (ooints et of G) =F tsm) fsa) (36
SE tom) 137)
von Oe 08)
Crnics
ton Bo prea (39)
Th cle Sop Ft pit brews he nd nd ser
Tinto leh)
Secs
Sumit t(S— 0) v0
186
lan Bs (points to right of G) ==
04864) tan
When x =m, the slope ot and to the left ofthe lead is
tan (sloping to left of G) =
Siler:
erent) cen
at
The slope of ond! to the right of the load is:
tan i, (sloping to the right of GI—
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