ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF JAJUBE CULTIVATION IN MOOSA

KHATIAN
INTERNSHIP REPORT

BY

MOHSIN ALI KHATIAN

REG.NO. 2K8.SS.48
B.SC (AGRI) HONS PART- IV
COMPLETED AT

SOCIAL SCIENCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE (SSRI)

PAKISTAN
AGRICULTURE RESEARCH COUNCIL TANDO JAM

DEPARTEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SOCIAL SCIENCES SINDH
AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDO JAM
2012-13

Table of Contents
PREFACE..................................................................................................................... 3
DEDICATION................................................................................................................ 1
ACKNOWLEDEMENT.................................................................................................... 2
SOCIAL SCIENCES....................................................................................................... 9
Action Plan for Livestock Marketing Systems in Pakistan...........................................9
PARC in Retrospective............................................................................................... 15
NARC Library......................................................................................................... 22
PARC Website (http://www.parc.gov.pk).................................................................22
Publications........................................................................................................... 23
Documentation of Research-based Knowledge.........................................................24
PARC ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE PLANS (NEW INITIATIVES OF PARC).................................25
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF JUJUBE CULTIVATION IN MOOSA KHATIAN VIA TANDO JAM
DISTRICT HYDERABAD.............................................................................................. 35
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 35
Objectives............................................................................................................. 36
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON JUJUBE..........................................................................37
Methodology.......................................................................................................... 38
RESULT AND DISCUSSION......................................................................................... 39
Figure 1: Age of Respondents................................................................................ 39
Figure 2: Farming Experience................................................................................40
Figure 3: Jujube Growing Experience.....................................................................41
Figure 4: Involvement in farming...........................................................................41
Figure 5: Education level of jujube growers...........................................................42
Table 2: Tenancy Status......................................................................................... 44
Table 3: Power Source........................................................................................... 44
Table 4: Land Type................................................................................................. 45

Table 5: Irrigation source....................................................................................... 46

Table 6: Fixed Cost of jujube..................................................................................46
Table 7: Variable Cost............................................................................................ 47
Table 8: Marketing Cost......................................................................................... 48
Table 9: Cost of Production.................................................................................... 49
Table 10: Net returns by the selected jujube growers...........................................49
Table 11: Input-output ratio of growers.................................................................50
Table 12: Cost benefit ratio of growers.................................................................50
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................ 51

PREFACE

Internship is considered to be a compulsory practical training for the B.Sc

students. Its duration is two months and has proved to be golden chance of
training for the students in the concerned organization.
The main purpose of such training is to make students able to apply
theoretical knowledge in practical environment. Students come to know about the
knowledge like organization planning, policies, management structure, activities
and objectives.
My internship was arranged in the year 2013 started from feb 01, 2013 to
April 31, 2013. In to this respect, the department sends me to SSRI Social Science
Research Institute of Pakistan. As I am specializing in Finance, therefore this reputable
organization suited me up to the best of my satisfaction. I did my internship
training there very successfully where the SSRI staff welcomed me in a very
positive manner, provided me a lot of information about SSRI, its working and
objectives and policies. The staff also cooperated with me in practical work.
At present I am going to present all work of RDF there in shape of this
report according to instruction given by our internship incharge Prof. Sanaullah
Noonari. I am hopeful of the positive outcome of such training in the upcoming
days.

MOHSIN ALI KHATIAN

REG.NO.2K8-SS-48

DEDICATION

THIS HUMBLE IS DEDICATED TO MY RESPECTED FATHER,

MOTHER AND MY OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS

WHOS AFFECTION INSPIRED TO LOVE AND RESPECT MANKIND

AND THEIR ADVICED UPLIFTED ME TO THE HIGH OF AN IDEAL LIFE

I DO NOT IGNORE MY RESPECTABLE TEACHERS

WHO INSPIRED ME TO WORK FOR DOWN TO DUSK LET ME REACH TO HIGHTS OF
THE SKY

ACKNOWLEDEMENT

I offer my life humble thanks to Almighty Allah who enabled me to complete one of my
lifes academic urges. I am grateful to almighty ALLAH who made me able to complete the work
presented in this report. It is due to his unending mercy that this work moved toward success. I
express my thoughts and feelings to supervisor honorable Mr. Muhammad Ibrahim Lashari
,principle Scientific officer, SSRI, Tandojam for his courteous professional advices, internship
report transcript checking and its improvement, motivation, nice suggestion and encouragement
during this study.

Further author wishes to extend his special thanks of Dr. Ali Muhammad Khushk Director
Technology Transfer Institute Pakistan Agriculture Council Tandojam

who allow me for

interning in that organization and provide me house job pattern during research work up to
finishing the manuscript.

Further author wishes to extend his special thanks of his respectable teacher Mr. Sanaullah
Noonari Assistant professor of Department of Agriculture Economics Faculty Of Agriculture
Social Sciences.

MOHSIN ALI KHATIAN

SOCIAL SCIENCES

Action Plan for Livestock Marketing Systems in Pakistan

Introduction
Livestock farming is an integral part of rural economy of Pakistan. Despite the laissez faire type
of public approach for the development of this sector, it has grown at impressive rate. Presently,
this sector is sharing almost 50% to the total value addition in agriculture sector and almost 11%
of national GDP. Only the milk produced has value higher than the combined value of wheat and
cotton. National Commission on Agriculture clearly emphasized that one of the main reasons
for the lack of development in the livestock sub-sector is the exceeding defective system of
marketing of livestock and livestock products. Realizing the importance of the issue, a nation
wide study was carried out, with the assistance of FAO Pakistan, to investigate the marketing of
live animals and their products in the country. Besides marketing of live animals, the selling
system of different livestock products like milk, meat, wool, hides and skins were investigated.
Main Findings
It was found that majority of the
for sale in livestock markets were low
and have poor body score. The livestock
even basic facilities while local
collect a handsome amount of revenues
markets. Beoparies or traders are the
these markets while the farmers, as
buyers, have relatively little information
competitive prices of the animals.

animals brought
milk
yielding
markets
lack
governments
from
these
major players in
sellers
and
about

In milk marketing, dhodies or milkmen are the only dominant intermediary. Consumers,
shopkeepers, veterinarians and researchers report a number of adulterations and contaminations
in the milk supplied by dhodies. The competitive milk marketing in the pasteurized and UHT
forms is at highly limited scale and UHT milk prices are almost double than the loose fresh milk
supplied by dhodies.
In meat marketing, the abattoirs are the production points and butchers shops are the
only vending points to the consumers. The abattoirs are seriously lacking basic sanitation
facilities (like light, adequate water supply, space for slaughtering and animal keeping, meat
refrigeration, and disposal of offal) all over the country. A large portion of the by-products such
as blood, glands, intestines, and bones are either wasted or poorly processed. The hygienic
conditions of the slaughterhouses and meat shops are very poor. One of the underlying reasons is
that these facilities were not periodically updated because of complex administratively
procedures involved. The flayers and butchers are also not professionally trained. The fixing the
9

prices of beef and mutton by local governments are serious obstacles in buying good quality
animals for slaughtering.
Due to poor flaying, lot of damages occurred to hides and skins right at the production
points. The collection and disposal of these hides and skins is a lengthy process and proper care
is not given to these useful products on their way from production point till it reaches the
tanneries. In town or city markets, the hides and skins business is in the hands of commission
agents or arthies. The price is mostly dictated by the beopari who decides the price on the
basis of weight and cleanliness and they have the updated price information.
In case of wool, due to clipping with scissors, the quality is damaged right at the
production point. The local wool collector mixes fleece of different flock into one consignment
and in this way he adds some dirt to increase the weight. No quality control measures are
practiced during wool marketing. Virtually all livestock and livestock products provide relatively
a meager rate of return compared to the investment. This is true at each stage of largely
traditional marketing systems.
Recommendations

Creation of a Livestock Marketing Regulatory Authority is recommended to ensure good

governance in marketing of livestock and livestock products.

Practicing of SPS measures in production and marketing of milk and meat marketing.

Provision of milk pasteurization and chilling facilities in deep rural areas, and hides/skins
processing facilities in NWFP and Balochistan.
Key Reference
Sharif, M., W. Malik, N. I. Hashmi and U. Farooq. (2003). Action Plan for Livestock
Marketing Systems in Pakistan, Joint study by Social Sciences Institute NARC and FAO
Office Islamabad, Pakistan.
Adoption and Impact of Zero Tillage in the Rice-Wheat System
Introduction
Rice-wheat system of Pakistan
Mha, consumes a large proportion of
water
resources.
Negative
effects related to over irrigation and
management lead to dropping water
areas and increased water logging
others. In addition, tubewell
becoming costly in view of
energy prices. Since mid 1980s,

spread over 2.1

the
region's
environmental
poor
water
table in some
and salinity in
irrigation
is
increasing
researchers,
10

farmers, extensionists, machinery importers, and local machinery manufacturers have been
working to adapt resource conservation technologies (RCTs) to rice-wheat cropping systems.
Among RCTs, zerto tillage (ZT) planting of wheat after rice has received most attention in
Pakistan Punjab. The obvious advantages of ZT drill are the reduction of energy costs due to less
tractor use compared with conventional tillage methods, but also reducing the amount of time
that tube wells must be operated. The use of ZT drill also allows wheat planting sooner than
conventional methods leading to reduce the turnaround time. This is an important consideration
for the rice-wheat belt, where late planting of wheat is one of the major causes of low yields. The
overall objective of the study was to evaluate the impacts of ZT technology to productivity and
profitability of rice-wheat system. The study draws data from three primary data sources: a
survey of ZT drill manufacturers, a formal adoption survey of rice-wheat farmers and a village
level survey of the owners of ZT drill.
Main Findings
The study confirmed notable adoption of ZT wheat (19%) in the rice-wheat system of Pakistans
Punjab, but also prominent dis-adoption (14%). Driving adoption are the significant ZT induced
cost savings for wheat cultivation. ZT has non significant effect on wheat yield, reflecting similar
crop establishment times. Lack of yield enhancement is a major contributor to farmer
disillusionment and dis-adoption. The present study could not confirm a significant water saving
effect of ZT, only that ZT saved diesel and tractor time. ZT induced effects primarily apply to
wheat crop establishment and production costs, with limited implications to subsequent rice crop
and the rice-wheat system as a whole.
The ZT has been primarily adopted by the larger and more productive farmers. The
structural differences between the adopters and non-adopters/dis-adopters in terms of resource
base, crop management and performance thereby easily confound the assessment of ZT impact
across adoption categories. For most indicators ZT and conventional plots of adopters do not
differ significantly from each other in our sample, although they consistently suggest ZT
indicators to be typically superior to conventional till. In the end, ZT is primarily a cost saving
technology.
Recommendations
A more objective approach to ZT is needed for its promotion as its adoption has been severely
hampered by the polarization of the field in terms of ZT advocates and ZT opponents. There is a
need to more emphatically stress timeliness of wheat establishment by ZT drill sowing. There is
a need to enhance the accessibility of ZT drills, particularly to smallholders. There is a need to
address some of the operational problems of ZT drill like raking of loose residues during drilling,
clogging of pipes and breakage of tines. There is scope for improvements in both the operation
and in their design and quality. ZT must be duly projected as one option of wheat planting in a
campaign run through mass media by the Department of Agricultural Extension and MINFAL.
11

Key References
Iqbal, M., M. A. Khan, M. Z. Anwar. (2002). Zero-tillage Technology and Farm Profits: A Case
Study of Wheat Growers in the Rice Zone of Punjab. The Pakistan Development Review. 41:
665-682.
Sheikh, A. D., T. Rehman, C. M. Yates. (2003). Logit Models for Identifying the Factors That
Influence the Uptake of New 'No-Tillage' Technologies by Farmers in the Rice-Wheat and
the Cotton-Wheat Farming Systems of Pakistan's Punjab, Agricultural Systems. 75: 79-95.

Farmers Led IPM in Pakistan

Introduction
The Farmer Field School (FFS) approach evolved from the concept that optimal learning derives
from experience - in the case of farmers, from observation in the field. The FFS integrates the
domains of ecology and non-formal education to give farmers the opportunity to learn about their
crop and to learn from each other. Learning objectives of FFS are; i) grow healthy crop, ii)
conduct regular field observations, iii) conserve natural enemies of pests, iv) farmers understand
ecology and become experts in their own field.The FFS based IPM approach was
institutionalized in Pakistan in 2001.

Technology, Development and Demonstration

The FFS approach starts with Training of Facilitators (ToF) in which initially 25
facilitators are trained over a cropping

season.

For

first two days in each week, the ToF

participants

observe a selected field and do the agro-

ecosystem

analysis (AESA), draw their figures on

charts, present

results and discuss their observations of

the field on the

soil, the crop health, need for water, pests

and

their

natural enemies, establish small experiments on identification and behaviours of pests and
their natural enemies through insect zoo. For next two days the ToF participants break into
groups of five, each group to run 2 FFS (25 farmers per FFS). There, the farmers are

12

passed through the same experiential learning of AESA, and discussions on the above
mentioned field parameters. In addition the farmers are facilitated for social organization.
By the end of 2004, a total of 425 IPM facilitators (8 women) were trained in 12 ToF
courses (including 5 Farmer ToF, FToF).

A total of 525

crop season long FFSs were conducted.

The

numbers of beneficiaries were 12,999

farmers

(including

231

women).

For

sustainability of

knowledge

and

skill

the

of

facilitators/farmers annual facilitation

total

skills

enhancement workshops, farmers congresses, workshops on community and leadership

management were organized. As a result of this process, 59 associations/organizations of
IPM facilitators, farmer facilitators and women facilitators have emerged and working
sustainably by generating their own resources/with support of NGOs. The FFS based IPM
initially experimented on cotton crop has now expanded to the cropping system (i.e. cottonwheat) and to high value crops like fruits (apple, mango, citrus, peach, guava), vegetables
(onion, tomato, cucumber, Pumpkin, okra). The FFS-IPM concept has also been upgraded
to Integrated Crop Management, Best Agriculture Practices, Enterprise Development,
Farm Service Centers and Livestock Management etc.
Impacts
A short-term impact assessment carried out in 2003 showed:

30% increase in cotton yield

43% reduction in use of chemical pesticides
54% reduction in use of highly toxic pesticides
23% increase uses of technical knowledge, recognition of pests/beneficial insects,
decision making capacity and field experiments.
33% increase in number of farmers joining community organizations
16% reduction in poverty of the target farmers group

Key Reference
Khan, M. A., I. Ahmad, and G. Walter-Echols. (2005). Impact of an FFS-based IPM approach on
farmer capacity, production practices and income: evidence from Pakistan. In: The Impact of
the FAO-EU IPM Programme for Cotton in Asia (eds. Peter A.C. Ooi, S. Praneetvatakul, H.
13

Waibel and G. Walter-Echols). Pesticide Policy Project, Hannover. Special Issue Publication
Series, No. 9. pp. 45-58.

Capacity Building of Rural Women through Women Open School (WOS)

Introduction
The rural women of Pakistan contribute in about 43% of on-farm agriculture related activities
including mixing and preparation of pesticide solutions etc., which result in sickness of about 84
% of the workers. Due to social fabrics and traditions it was not possible to impart trainings to
the rural women along with men in the Farmer Field School (FFS). Therefore, based on FFS
concept, the National IPM Programme developed a novel mechanism WOS for experiential
learning and skill development of rural women. It started with training in Pesticide Risk
Reduction and later other areas like kitchen gardening, small enterprise development (goat and
chicken farming, vegetable seed production) etc.

Technology, development, Demonstration and Recommendation

The programme was initiated with the training of a
small team of
Women Facilitators based on FFS approach. For
two days in
each week, the WFT (Women Facilitators
Training)
participants were trained in pesticide risk
reduction
through different pre-designed experiential
learning
activities/exercises. The main emphasis was on
selfmonitoring for possible signs and symptoms of
pesticide
poisoning on human body. For the whole week
the participants
collect data in this regard, elaborate the signs
and symptoms
of pesticides on human body by drawing
human
sketches on chart, present results and discuss. For next two days the WFT participants break into
pairs, each pair to run 2 WOS (20 women per WOS) to impart practical training regarding
pesticide risk reduction. In order to achieve better results, women activists from the villages and
NGO workers of the area were involved to facilitate the change process and dialogue on
environmental conservation and health issues, kitchen gardening, small enterprise development
(goat and chicken farming, vegetable seed production). The major outcome of training was
development of women facilitators organization; i) Women Agricultural Development
Organization (WADO) in Khairpur, ii) Al-Noor Rural Development Organization, Khairpur, iii)
women wing of Kissan Welfare Association (KWA), Bahawalpur. The project has resulted in
14

development of a team of 37 expert women facilitators, establishment of 53 WOS and training of

over 993 rural women.

PARC in Retrospective

Like many other developing countries of South East Asia, agriculture is the mainstay of rural
economy of Pakistan as well. Nearly two-third of the country's population live in rural areas and
an overwhelming majority of them are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Agriculture
contributes 23 percent to national income (GDP), and employees about 50 percent of the labour
force. It is a prime source of raw materials for Pakistan's industries, notably the textile sector.
The development of science-based agriculture production technologies is of utmost importance
for moving forward and keeping pace with developing economies. Major goals of agricultural
research include making Pakistans agriculture: productive, profitable, competitive and
sustainable.

Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) established in 1981 is the premier institution for
agricultural research and development in Pakistan and has the mandate to undertake, aid,
promote and coordinate agricultural research in the country. PARC also generates, acquires and
disseminate agricultural information for expeditious utilization of research results. It also creates
research establishments to fill in the provincial gaps, and trains high level scientific manpower. It
develops its research agenda in accordance with the government policies thus keeps abreast with
the requirements of national and international demands. Therefore, PARC has always been
contributing towards a prosperous Pakistan.

Major areas of Councils research include: crops, horticulture and floriculture, agricultural
biotechnology, farm mechanization, natural resources, animal sciences, social sciences and
agricultural informatics. PARC has contributed tremendous1y through the National Agricultural
Research System (NARS) of Pakistan and has assisted in developing more than 264 improved
varieties of wheat, rice, pulses, maize, sorghum, millet, fodder, cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds and
15

horticultural crops. Many other varieties are in process as well. Special attention is being given
on developing high yielding pest resistant varieties. Besides developing varieties, strengthening
of agricultural research programs at the provincial levels, promoting linkages between research,
education and extension; and introducing cutting edge technologies are other high priority areas
of PARC.
Major achievements of the Council in animal sciences' sector include livestock reproduction
capacity enhancement from one to three offsprings per year through embryo transplant
technology. Genetic improvement of dairy animals through artificial insemination has increased
the milk production three times contributing an additional Rs. 5 billion to the national economy.
Hydro pericardium vaccine production technology for poultry has been transferred to private
sector with a success rate of 95%. Losses prior to the introduction of this vaccine were estimated
at 75 to 80 percent. Annual financial savings during the past 10 years were approximately Rs. 30
billion, due to this vaccine. PARC has played the major role in the diagnosis, and prevention of
bird flu in Pakistan. Through the introduction of balanced concentrate feeds, milk and meat
production has increased and production cost reduced.

Improved varieties of wheat, cotton, rice and sugarcane crops coupled with balanced fertilizer
use have resulted in yield increases from 100-170%. Use of chickpea inoculums on large scale in
Bhakkar (Punjab) area increased the chickpea yield by 45 to 65%. PARC has successfully
undertaken commercialization and indigenization of rain-gun sprinkler and trickle irrigation
system/technology.

The Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) epidemics during 1992 94 caused serious havoc.
Monetary loss only in 1992 was estimated to be Rs. 2000 millions. PARC scientists on the way
to manage the crisis have diagnosed and characterized the virus and its vector. Virus-free potato
seed and banana plantlets have been developed by the PARC scientists working at its various
institutes. Consequently, seed potato import has reduced to almost nil as compared to thousands
of tons in 1980s. Another breakthrough was the introduction of virus-free banana saplings. The
Bunchy-top virus had almost eroded banana plantation in Sindh in mid 1990s. Now, this
16

plantation is being replaced by PARC produced virus free banana plantlets in Hyderabad, Thatta
and Gharo areas. Work on development of transgenic Basmati rice is also in progress at PARC.

In collaboration with Japan, PARC has established a, state-of-the-art plant genetic resources
facility for conservation and exchange of germlasm including collection of seeds of all plants etc.
In-vitro conservation facility of vegetatively propagated crops is also available in this institute.
Screening of genetic stock for seed born diseases is undertaken along with in-vitro development
of rice with bacterial blight resistant gene.

PARC has also developed a state-of-the-art grain quality laboratory to test the quality of the food
grains in terms of physical, chemical, microbiological and pathological, pests and diseases,
pesticides residues and heavy metals etc. The laboratory is now ISO-17025 certified. In order to
minimize the indiscriminate and excessive use of harmful pesticides, PARC is promoting the
concept of biological control of insect pests through Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
programs for fruits and vegetables. Impact of IPM on cotton crop in six districts of Sindh and
five districts in Punjab proved remarkably superior to conventional crop protection techniques.
PARC established bio-control laboratories in five sugar mills and provided technical assistance
to another eight sugar mills to do so. 100,000 acres around these sugar mills are applied
biological control against sugarcane borers.

To reduce input costs and to produce health and environment-friendly crops, PARC has given
special thrusts on organic wheat and vegetable production based on only EM-compost and humic
acid. This year 600 acres of wheat and 65 acres of vegetables are being grown on organic basis at
NARC. Intercropping of vegetables on ridge cultivation is also being propagated. Adoption of
the concept would increase farmers income. PARC has also developed technology for off-season
vegetable production under different economically viable plastic structure which protects the
crop from frost and cool wind. Production of early spring vegetables would enhance economic
benefit and the span of availability during the year.
17

Very recently, PARC has initiated to establish two waste-water treatment plants for agricultural
use through bio-remediation at NARC with capacity of 70,000 and 16,000 gallons/day,
respectively. Feasibility study of used-water treatment facility of Jamshid Colony, Benezirabad
(Nawab Shah) with a capacity of 3 3.5 million gallon/day has been conducted. Similarly,
establishment of PARC/NARC sub-research station at village Neela,Chakwal for demonstration
of biological treatment of used-water and solid organic matter for integrated farming is also
under consideration.

A campaign has been launched to plant fruit saplings and vegetables to cover the spaces
available along road sides, green belts etc. in the urban areas including households (backyards,
front-yards and other empty spaces). An urban agriculture centre is being established at NARC
through public-private partnership to promote, aid and provide technical backup the initiative.

Pakistan is a major tea importer. Tea import to the tune of Rs.12 to 14 billion per annum is quite
disturbing and a challenge to all concerned in Pakistan. PARC has been working to enhance
indigenous tea production in the country since 1980s. As a result of sustained efforts, the Council
has established a big nursery with 1.5 million tea plants. Tea plantation has been established on
more than 400 acres at farmers' fields. Farmers and NGOs' workers have been trained in tea
cultivation technology. Green and black tea processing plants of 50 kg/day and 1 ton/day
capacity, respectively have been installed and private sector is being encouraged to come forward
in a big way to help increase the area under tea. MoU was signed with a local company to
promote the indigenous tea production and make the country self- reliant in tea. However, more
work on this project is needed to make tea cultivation a sustainable and profitable venture for the
farmers.

Another remarkable achievement of PARC's research and development has been the introduction
of European honeybees in Pakistan in the 1980s, which made Pakistan a leading exporter of
18

honey in the region. Now, more than 300,000 bee colonies exist in Pakistan which increased
honey production from 4 kg in 1982 to 28 kg per colony per annum in 2009. We also trained
around 8000 farmers in modern beekeeping.

Farm Machinery Institute (FMI) under PARC has designed, developed and modified variety of
farm mechanization technologies and transferred these to about 30 private sector engineering
firms/companies for commercial production. The machines developed by PARC include reaperwindrowers, groundnut-diggers, paddy-threshers and sunflower-threshers. A rice-transplanter has
been designed, developed and introduced by PARC to suit the local socio-economic and agroecological conditions. It has given satisfactory performance in rice fields of Punjab and Sindh. It
is being manufactured by Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC), Taxila on commercial scale.
Tractor mounted reaper-windrower, wheat drill, wheat straw chopper-cum-blower and mobile
seed processing units have also been recently developed and introduced. Realizing the
importance of straw, FMI has developed wheat and rice clipper-cum-blower, facilitating the
farmers to save the uncut and un-chopped wheat straw after combine harvesting of these crops.
FMI has also introduced phosphate band placement fertilizer drill, which saves 50% fertilizer.

Covering diverse socio-economic aspects of agricultural research and a wide variety of

production technology packages developed by PARC research scientists, the Social Sciences
discipline takes care of agri-economics, agribusiness, socio-economics, biometrics, gender
development and WTO opportunities and challenges for Pakistan's agriculture. A variety of
surveys and studies are conducted every year to gauge the suitability and profitability of various
agricultural technologies.

As a result, PARC has more than 100 off-the-shelf available technologies for immediate transfer
to farmers through various mass media and technology transfer/extension channels. The new
management has desired that the new technologies will be demonstrated at farmers' fields in

19

more aggressive manner so that the technologies developed at PARC research stations
disseminates fairly rapidly. Work on such activities is likely to start soon.

PARC has already established a network of Technology Transfer Institutes (TTIs) at Faisalabad,
Tandojam, Peshawar, Quetta, Gilgit and Muzaffarabad for efficient transfer of developed
technologies and generated knowledge. PARC management realizes that the process of
technology transfer will be successful if it is done through closed collaboration with the
provincial extension departments. The emphasis is on development and dissemination of sitespecific solutions and technology transfer according to local needs of the farming community.
PARC has imparted training to about 15000 people (farmers, extortionists, junior scientists,
technicians) through 750 organized training courses, published booklets/brochures (300), audios
(160) and videos (300) programs, held exhibitions (60), seminars/workshops (70). More than
16000 farmers benefitted by PARC helpline.

In this age of information technology where Internet and email has become a house-hold item,
PARC also inaugurated its own web site in August 2000. It contains more than 500 pages with
more than 160,000 hits by visitors from over 50 countries. The web site has both English and
Urdu Sections to cater the information needs of a wide variety of clientele including scientists,
researchers, policy makers, planners, students as well as farmers. The site contains 25 English
and more than 100 Urdu commoditypapers. As mandated, PARC has maintained a National
Library for Agricultural Sciences at NARC with more than 25000 books/documents and about
1100 scientific journals.

In line with the new challenges in the WTO regime PARC has established a WTO- Food and
Agriculture Related Matters (WTO-FARM) Cell in 2000. The Cell has conducted more than 50
workshops and seminars in close collaboration with key stakeholders across the country to create
awareness of WTO regime for food and agriculture. Ithas also conducted research in this area
and published 10 policy research papers, a training manual and a bulletin for farmers. Council
20

has recently obtained post-graduate degree awarding status by establishing National University
of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS) which will teach cutting-edge knowledge to students at M.Phil
and Ph.D level.

PARC has registered a company, PARC Agrotech Trading Company (PATCO), to patent and
commercialize the technologies, services and produces developed and provided by the
agricultural scientists. It has already started functioning although humbly.

.Scientific Information
Introduction
Pakistan
Agricultural
Research
Council (PARC),
being an apex federal research and
development
(R&D) organization in Pakistan has
one
of
its
mandates to cater to the scientific
literature needs
of its researchers as well as the
national
agricultural research system (NARS)
of Pakistan.
The Scientific Information set-up at
NARC
was
established in 1984. It is a technical
support facility
providing a variety of services to the scientific community at national, regional and international
levels. During 1980s, the Directorate introduced first-ever use of computers, CD-ROM and other
electronic information location, collection, processing, dissemination and knowledge
management technologies in Pakistani agricultural research.
Activities & Achievements
PARC is working on strengthening agricultural information system of Pakistan. In this regard
twenty-one agricultural libraries were strengthened by providing financial and technical support
in the year 1992 under Management of Agricultural Research and Technology (MART) PARC
collaboration Program. Each library was given computer equipment along with software and
copies of international databases on CDs and PARC developed databases. Librarians on-hand
training in use of latest information handling techniques and organization of workshops, training
courses and seminars are continuous activities of PARC.
NARC Library
NARC Library is working as National Library of Agricultural Sciences in Pakistan. It is fully
automated with on-line public access catalogue. Library services are not only used by
21

PARC/NARC scientists but scientific community through outPakistan is also benefiting from its
services. Library has established a network of 36 libraries for information resource sharing on
agriculture and allied disciplines at national level.

PARC Website (http://www.parc.gov.pk)

It is one of the largest website on agricultural R&D in Pakistan with more than 500 pages and
five on-line databases. It contains detailed information about Pakistans agricultural research in
general and PARC in particular. It is bi-lingual website with a strong Urdu section for farmers.
Website is continuously updated with new information. It counted more than 200,000 hits since
June 2004. In addition to achievements of PARC development projects, PARC annual report,
agricultural maps, popular articles, technology reporter, etc.
On-Line Access of Full-Text PARC Publications
In order to provide access to PARC publications to national and international scientific
community an agreement was signed with CAB International (CABI), Wallingford, UK to
include PARC publications on-line with CABI full-text products Global Agricultural Research
Archive. 810 full-text PARC publications and articles published in Pakistan Journal of
Agricultural Research are available on-line at http://www.cabi.org/GARA
Input to AGRIS Database of FAO
PARC is working as national liaison office for FAO AGRIS database in Pakistan and regularly
submitting the input with abstracts of Pakistani published agricultural research literature for the
database since 1985. Annually input of about 1500 documents/articles is sent.
Pakistan Agriculture Database
To facilitate scientific community in review of Pakistani agricultural research and development
literature Pakistan Agriculture Database was developed containing bibliographic information
along with abstracts of articles/ documents published in Pakistan or abroad about Pakistans
agriculture or by Pakistani scientists. Access of the database with about 73000 records is
available under PARC website http://www.parc.gov.pk
Union Database of Journals in Agricultural Libraries of Pakistan
With the collaboration of agricultural libraries of Pakistan Union Database of Journals was
developed that contains information of more than 3000 journals/magazines titles with available
volumes and issues in 36 libraries of Pakistan. Database is providing access to scientists for easy
and quick retrieval of required volume and issue of journal from Pakistani libraries.
Database of Pakistani Periodicals
Comprising information of journals / magazines / newsletters published from Pakistan on
agriculture and allied subjects. Till now it contains 302 records. Each record has sufficient detail
to facilitate scientists in accessing the relevant periodical of their subject of interest and to
contact the source for more information.
22

Literature Search Service

Under this service requests for literature search received from scientists, faculty members and
students through outPakistan were processed and abstracts/references supplied from international
databases on CDs and PARC indigenously developed Pakistan Agriculture databases. Service
started in the year 1992 and till now about 48500 (+) requests entertained by providing
approximately 2.4 million references/abstracts.
Public Information
Motivated PARC scientists for writing more than 500 popular science articles, and got published
in the leading national English/Urdu newspapers.
Linkages
Linkages have been developed with AGRIS (FAO); SAIC (SAARC); PRISM- RWC (India),
APAARI (Thailand) and CABI (UK) for exchange of research information with 150(+) countries
by using internet, email, data bases (online and offline) and related websites.
Publications
25 scientific papers; 42 papers in proceedings/reports/bulletins and 130 popular science articles
on various aspects of agricultural research and Information Communication Technologies
(ICTs).
Two issues of Pakistani Bibliographies of Agriculture.
Inventory of Pakistani Periodicals on Agriculture and allied subjects.
Proceedings of National Workshop on Resource Sharing and Networking of Libraries and
Documentation Centres held in April 2005, 210 pp.

23

Documentation of Research-based Knowledge

Scientific knowledge is a crucial landmark for

progress of any nation. The research-based
by the PARC scientists has been published
research papers in the HEC recognized scientific
papers, book chapters, books and technical reports.
PARC research publications is as under:

assessing scientific
knowledge generated
extensively, i.e., as
journals, conference
A summary of the

Pakistan Agricultural Research Council

Research Area

Papers in
Books
Books
Journals
Chapters

Papers in Conf.
Proceedings
National International

Technical
Reports

Animal Sciences

488

22

42

82

189

Biotech. & Genetic

Resources

322

18

84

21

159

1,444

57

80

198

121

316

49

50

95

Horticulture

139

30

18

139

Natural Resources

799

40

10

199

118

234

Social Science

119

10

154

Crop Sciences
Farm Machinery

24

In addition, more than 500 extension

published in local languages, i.e., Urdu, Sindhi, etc.,
of the farmer communities. Among the books
of academic value while others are extensively used
and textbooks for university students, etc. Most of
are being referred by the scientific community
Some of the research publications have led to
research and development strategies. Comprehensive
published work have also been produced for various

materials have been

for immediate benefit
published, some are
laboratory manuals,
the research papers
around the globe.
formulating
future
bibliographies of the
research areas.

PARC ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE PLANS (NEW INITIATIVES OF PARC)

Dr. Iftikhar Ahmad, Director General, NARC

Dr. Imdad H. Mirza, Dr. Javed Iqbal, PRMC, NARC
SardarGhulam Mustafa, Director PR & Protocol, PARC

Like many other developing countries of South East Asia, agriculture is the mainstay of rural
economy of Pakistan as well. Nearly two-third of the country's population live in rural areas and
an overwhelming majority of them are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Agriculture
contributes 23 percent to national income (GDP), and employees about 50 percent of the labor
force. It is a prime source of raw materials for Pakistan's industries, notably the textile sector.
The development of science-based agriculture production technologies is of utmost importance
for moving forward and keeping pace with developing economies. Major goals of agricultural
research include making Pakistans agriculture: productive, profitable, competitive and
sustainable.
Major areas of Councils research include: crops, horticulture and floriculture, agricultural
biotechnology, farm mechanization, natural resources, animal sciences, social sciences and
agricultural informatics. PARC has assisted in developing more than 264 improved varieties of
wheat, rice, pulses, maize, sorghum, millet, fodder, cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds and horticultural
crops.
Major achievements of the Council in animal sciences' sector include livestock reproduction
capacity enhancement from one to three offsprings per year through embryo transplant
technology. Hydro pericardium vaccine production technology for poultry has been transferred to
private sector with a success rate of 95%. Losses prior to the introduction of this vaccine were
estimated at 75 to 80 percent. Annual financial savings during the past 10 years were
25

approximately Rs. 30 billion, due to this vaccine. PARC has played the major role in the
diagnosis, and prevention of bird flu in Pakistan. Through the introduction of balanced
concentrate feeds, milk and meat production has increased and production cost reduced.
Improved varieties of wheat, cotton, rice and sugarcane crops coupled with balanced fertilizer
use have resulted in yield increases from 100-170%. Use of chickpea inoculums on large scale in
Bhakkar (Punjab) area increased the chickpea yield by 45 to 65%.
The Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) epidemics during 1992 94 caused serious havoc.
Monetary loss only in 1992 was estimated to be Rs. 2000 millions. PARC scientists on the way
to manage the crisis have diagnosed and characterized the virus and its vector. Virus-free potato
seed and banana plantlets have been developed by the PARC scientists working at its various
institutes. Consequently, seed potato import has reduced to almost nil as compared to thousands
of tons in 1980s. Another breakthrough was the introduction of virus-free banana saplings. The
Bunchy-top virus had almost eroded banana plantation in Sindh in mid 1990s. Now, this
plantation is being replaced by PARC produced virus free banana plantlets in Hyderabad, Thatta
and Gharo areas. Hybrid seed production of maize, oilseeds, wheat, rice, cotton and vegetables is
being researched in a big way.
In collaboration with Japan, PARC has established a, state-of-the-art plant genetic resources
facility for conservation and exchange of germplasm including collection of seeds of all plants
etc. In-vitro conservation facility of vegetatively propagated crops is also available in this
institute.
PARC has also developed a state-of-the-art grain quality laboratory. The laboratory is ISO-17025
certified.
In order to minimize the indiscriminate and excessive use of harmful pesticides, PARC is
promoting the concept of biological control of insect pests through Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) programs for fruits and vegetables. PARC established bio-control laboratories in five
sugar mills and provided technical assistance to another eight sugar mills to do so.
To reduce input costs and to produce health and environment-friendly crops, PARC has given
special thrusts on organic wheat and vegetable production based on EM-compost and humic
acid. Plants for production of biofertilizers and
biopesticides have started production at NARC.
Intercropping of vegetables on ridge cultivation is also
being
propagated. PARC has indigenized technology for allseason
vegetable production. Work on plants suitable for bio-fuel
production like Salicornia, Jatropha, Arind, Sarkanda,
Salicornia Harvesting Near
Karachi
Sukhchan is in progress.
Under the visionary leadership of Dr. ZafarAltaf, Chairman PARC, various innovative
technologies like biotechnology, bioprospecting, dairy goats crossbreeding, mushroom
development, efficient water harvesting, remote sensing, GIS, mitigation
26

Saanen Queen of the

Dairy Goat

strategies for climate change, biofuel production, biodiversity conservation, dry rice farming
organic certification, etc. are being researched, perfected, tested, tried and extended.
Very recently, PARC has established two waste-water treatment plants for agricultural use
through bio-remediation at NARC. Feasibility study of
usedwater treatment facility of Jamshid Colony,
Benezirabad (Nawab Shah)
with a
capacity of 3 3.5 million
gallon/day
has
been
conducted. Similarly, establishment of PARC/NARC sub-research
station at village Neela,Chakwal for demonstration of biological
treatment of used-water and solid organic matter for integrated farming
is also under consideration.
A campaign has been launched to plant fruit saplings and vegetables to cover the spaces
available along road sides, green belts etc. in the urban areas including households (backyards,
front-yards and other empty spaces). An urban agriculture centre is being established at NARC
through public-private partnership. Research work on high density fruit orchards is also in
progress at NARC and at various locations of the country.
Pakistan is a major tea importer. Tea import to the tune of Rs.12 to 14 billion per annum is quite
disturbing and a challenge to all concerned in Pakistan. PARC has been working to enhance
indigenous tea production in the country since 1980s. As a result of sustained efforts, the Council
has established a big nursery with 1.5 million tea plants. Tea plantation has been established on
more than 400 acres at farmers' fields. Farmers and NGOs' workers have been trained in tea
cultivation technology. Green and black tea processing plants of 50 kg/day and 1 ton/day
capacity, respectively have been installed and private sector is being encouraged to come forward
in a big way to help increase the area under tea. AnMoU was signed with a local company to
promote the indigenous tea production and make the country self- reliant in tea. However, more
work on this project is needed to make tea cultivation a sustainable and profitable venture for the
farmers.
Another remarkable achievement of PARC's research and development has been the introduction
of European honeybees in Pakistan in the 1980s, which made Pakistan a leading exporter of
honey in the region. Now, more than 300,000 bee colonies exist in Pakistan which increased
honey production from 4 kg in 1982 to 28 kg per colony per annum in 2009. We also trained
around 8000 farmers in modern beekeeping.
Farm Machinery Institute (FMI) under PARC has designed, developed and modified variety of
farm mechanization technologies and transferred these to about 30 private sector engineering
firms/companies for commercial production. The machines developed by PARC include reaperwindrowers, groundnut-diggers, paddy-threshers and sunflower-threshers. A rice transplanter has
been designed, developed and introduced by PARC to suit the local socio-economic and agroecological conditions. It has given satisfactory performance in rice fields of Punjab and Sindh. It
27

is being manufactured by Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC), Taxila on commercial scale.

Tractor mounted reaper-windrower, wheat drill, wheat straw chopper-cum-blower and mobile
seed processing units have also been recently developed and introduced. Realizing the
importance of straw, FMI has developed wheat and rice clipper-cum-blower, facilitating the
farmers to save the uncut and un-chopped wheat straw after combine harvesting of these crops.
FMI has also introduced phosphate band placement fertilizer drill, which saves 50% fertilizer.
Covering diverse socio-economic aspects of agricultural research and a wide variety of
production technology packages developed by PARC research scientists, the Social Sciences
discipline takes care of agri-economics, agribusiness, socio-economics, biometrics, gender
development and WTO opportunities and challenges for Pakistan's agriculture. A variety of
surveys and studies are conducted every year to gauge the suitability and profitability of various
agricultural technologies.
As a result, PARC has more than 100 off-the-shelf available technologies for immediate transfer
to farmers through various mass media and technology transfer/extension channels. The new
management has desired that the new technologies will be demonstrated at farmers' fields in
more aggressive manner so that the technologies developed at PARC research stations
disseminate fairly rapidly.
PARC has already established a network of Technology Transfer Institutes (TTIs) at Faisalabad,
Tandojam, Peshawar, Quetta, Gilgit and Muzaffarabad for efficient transfer of developed
technologies and generated knowledge. PARC management realizes that the process of
technology transfer will be successful if it is done through closed collaboration with the
provincial extension departments. The emphasis is on development and dissemination of sitespecific solutions and technology transfer according to local needs of the farming community.
PARC has imparted training to about 15000 people (farmers, extortionists, junior scientists,
technicians) through 750 organized training courses, published booklets/brochures (300), audios
(160) and videos (300) programs, held exhibitions (60), seminars/workshops (70). More than
16000 farmers benefited by PARC helpline.
In this age of information technology where Internet and email has become a house-hold item,
PARC also inaugurated its own web site in August 2000. It contains more than 500 pages with
more than 160,000 hits by visitors from over 50 countries. The web site has both English and
Urdu Sections to cater the information needs of a wide variety of clientele including scientists,
researchers, policy makers, planners, students as well as farmers. The site contains 25 English
and more than 100 Urdu commoditypapers. As mandated, PARC has maintained a National
Library for Agricultural Sciences at NARC with more than 25000 books/documents and about
1100 scientific journals.
In line with the new challenges in the WTO regime PARC has established a WTO- Food and
Agriculture Related Matters (WTO-FARM) Cell in 2000. The Cell has conducted more than 50
workshops and seminars in close collaboration with key stakeholders across the country to create
awareness of WTO regime for food and agriculture. Ithas also conducted research in this area
28

and published 10 policy research papers, a training manual and a bulletin for farmers. Council
has recently obtained post-graduate degree awarding status by establishing National University
of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS) which will teach cutting-edge knowledge to students at M.Phil
and Ph.D level.
PARC has registered a company, PARC Agrotech Trading Company (PATCO), to patent and
commercialize the technologies, services and products developed and provided by the
agricultural scientists. It has already started functioning.

ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP
Administratively, PARC is an autonomous body of the Federal Ministry of National Food
Security and Research. The management of the affairs of the Council is vested in the:
- Board of Governors
- Executive Committee
- Chairman
Board of Governors
The Board of Governors (BoG) is responsible for the overall control, direction and
superintendence of the affairs of PARC. It is assisted by the Research Advisory Committee. The
Federal Minister for National Food Security and Research, GoP is the President of the BoG.
Official Members
Federal Minister for National Food Security &
Research, GoP
Secretary, Ministry of National Food Security &
ii).
Research, GoP
i).

President
Member

iii). Chairman, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council

Member
iv). Secretary, Ministry of Finance, GoP or Representative Member
not
below the rank of Additional Secretary
29

v).

Member (Agri& Food) Planning Commission, GoP

Member

Whole time Members of PARC

vi). Member (Crops Sciences)
vii). Member (Natural Resources)
viii). Member (Animal Sciences)
ix). Member (Social Sciences)
x). Member (Finance)

Member
Member
Member
Member
Member

Non-Official Members
xi). Dr. Amir Muhammad
Member
Rector, FAST National University of Computer
and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), Islamabad
xii). Mr. Abdul MajeedNizamani
Member
Progressive Farmer/President Sindh Abadgar Board,
16-17th Shelter Shopping Mall, Cantonment Board,
Hyderabad, Sindh
xiii). Mir Jaffer Khan Jamali
Member
H.283, Gomal Road E-7, Islamabad
xiv). Mr. Aurangzeb Khan
Member
Village Charpriza, Distt, Peshawar
xv). Mr. Mutabiat Shah Member Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Member
Assembly, Gilgit
xvi). Rana Tariq Mehmood Khan
Member
Executive Committee
The Executive Committee consists of the Chairman and the five whole-time Members of the
Council. The EC is responsible for:
Undertaking regular review and evaluation of the accomplishments and progress of the
research projects and the programmes of the research organizations
Exercising control over the research activities of the Council
Chairman
The Chairman is the Chief Scientific and Administrative Executive of the Council and is assisted
by several functionaries of the level of Members and Directors in the execution of day to day
work.

30

31

RESEARCH BY SCIENTIFIC DIVISIONS

Plant Sciences Division

Natural Resources Division

Animal Sciences Division

Social Sciences Division

RESEARCH INSTITUTES
NARC, Islamabad
Animal Sciences
Agricultural and Biological Engineering
Agriculture Polytechnique

SARC, Karachi
Arid Zone Research
Crop Diseases Research
Coastal Agricultural Research
32

Crop Sciences
Department of Plant and Environmental Protection
Food Science and Product Development
Horticultural Research
Honeybee Research
Land Resources Research Institute
National Institute of Genomics & Advance Biotechnology
(NIGAB)
National Institute of Bioremediation
Organic Farming
Institute of Agriculture Biotechnology& Genetic Resources
Social Sciences
Rangeland Research Institute
Water Resources Research

Grain Storage Research

Livestock & Fisheries Research
National Sugar Crops Research
Pesticide Research
Vertebrate Pest Control
AZRC, Quetta
Arid Zone Research Institute, D.I. Khan, KPK
Arid Zone Research Institute, Umerkot, Sindh
Arid Zone Research Institute, Bhawalpur
National Tea Research Institute, Mansehra

TOP

PARC INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDIES IN AGRICULTURE

(PIASA)
Academic
Programs

Courses
Offered

Research &
Allied
Facilities

Library
Announcements Faculty
Facilities

33

Contact
us

We are living in a period of major structural changes where

global scenario of knowledge-based economy has posed a
serious challenge to the developing world. Higher education
is expected to play a major role of being the knowledge
producer as well as a medium to train skilled knowledge
workers to contribute effectively in the global knowledgebased economy. It is believed that in the 21st century
countries with limited highly educated and trained
manpower will lag behind and consequently may
experience intellectual and economic marginalization and
isolation. If higher education is not given due importance,
the developing countries will further fall behind.
They will remain in the state of pursuing a moving target, as the high-income countries are
constantly pushing the knowledge frontiers outward and are pulling away from the rest. Thus,
higher education institutions in the country, as the prime creators and conveyors of knowledge,
must be at the forefront of efforts to narrow the development gap between East and West.

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF JUJUBE CULTIVATION IN MOOSA KHATIAN VIA

TANDO JAM DISTRICT HYDERABAD

34

INTRODUCTION
Jujube, locally called ber, is an indigenous fruit of China and South Asia. Produced in
temperate regions such as China, India, Pakistan, Syria, Malacca, Australia and Malaysia, it is
also grown in parts of Afghanistan, Iran and Russia. China is perhaps the most important country
for jujube cultivation, where it is known as the Chinese dates, with hundreds of varieties, some
being seedless.

In northern China, it is considered one of the principal fruits. In the US this fruit has been
introduced but is not grown on a large scale. In Pakistan, ber is successfully cultivated in
Hyderabad, Khairpur, Multan, Sargodha and Lahore districts. The area under its cultivation has
increased in Sindh during 1994-95 to 2000-2001, from 680 to 1,326 hectares, thus pushing the
production from 3,451 to 4,817 metric tons 2005 3,019 area production 17288, 2006 3152 area
production 1,7874 2007 area 3905 23225 production 2008 area 4470 production 25291, 2009
area 5200 production 28079. Hyderabad is famous for producing quality fruit for export to
Middle East. Jujube tree is hard, drought-resistant and can thrive in poor alkaline tracts without
much irrigation and care, and can also survive on soils where other fruit trees cannot. Kheerol
(chambeli), sanghri and gola are varieties among which gola is most popular and is of two kinds,
the green (leemai) and the golden (white). White gola is harvested earlier than other varieties.
Previously, the fruit was harvest only for one month (March), but with the introduction of grafted
varieties in Pakistan, now the fruit is available from mid December to early April.

The jujube is a small, deciduous tree, growing to 40 feet tall in Florida, but smaller in size in
California. The naturally drooping tree is graceful, ornamental and often thorny with branches
growing in a zig-zag pattern. The wood is very hard and strong. Jujube cultivars vary in size and
conformation, with some being very narrow in habit and others being more widespread. One
cultivar, the So, seems to be fairly dwarfing in habit. After 30 years of growth in an average site,
trees can be 30 feet tall with a crown diameter of up to 15 feet. Plants send up suckers (often
with intimidating spines) from their roots, and these suckers can appear many feet from the
mother plant. Currently,
35

To establish a jujube orchard many growers depend on service providers who conduct layout
work and supply planting material. The seedlings are planted at 25ft spacing that comes to about
162 plants per hectare. Most growers buy grafted seedlings which takes the shape of a tree in two
years. The trunk of this seedling is not very strong to bear the weight of the fruit, therefore seeds
of the non-grafted (local varieties) is grafted with new varieties, which can bear yield of about
200 to 400kg. These trees are pruned soon after the harvest giving plenty of firewood, and
foliage for livestock. Another advantage is that the farmer can grow kharif crop which is usually
cash crop like cotton etc,.
Among the main constituents of this fruit, the jujube belonged to the food value of the fruit The
jujube originated in China where they have been cultivated for more than 4,000 years and where
there are over 400 cultivars. The plants traveled beyond Asia centuries ago and today are grown
to some extent in Russia, northern Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East and the
southwestern United States. Jujube seedlings, inferior to the Chinese cultivars, were introduced
into Europe at the beginning of the Christian era and carried to the U. S. in 1837. It wasn't until
1908 that improved Chinese selections were introduced by the USDA
Objectives

To identify the socio-economic status of grower,

To determine the cost of production of jujube crop in the study,

To calculate the net profit return of Jujube growers.

36

REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON JUJUBE

In order to trace publishing dynamics of literature on jujube, help researchers know

research trend and progress, and enhance retrieval efficiency of the literatures, the
literatures on jujube in the years from 1999 to 2008 in the China Academic Journals
(CAJ) Full-text Database were analyzed. The results showed that there were 5 377
articles published on jujube in the 10 years, 742 articles are published on the core
journals of CAJ. The articles were much more than those published in the past years.
Quantity of the articles published in the 10 years was increased evidently. There were 17
kinds of journal distributed in the core zone of the journals publishing jujube articles. The
123 authors were regarded as core authors of jujube articles. In the 10 years, the articles
on jujube planting were the most abundant. Quantity of articles on insects and diseases
controlling and foundational researches was increased remarkably, while that on jujube
germplasm was decreased. Change of quantity showed production and research trend in
these years.

Marjan, and Foong (2004)

reported no correlation between total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of

extracts from five types of vegetables, nor were any relationships between antioxidant
capacities and phenolic composition found in fruit berry, fruit winesZizyphus jujuba cv.
Jinsixiaozao and Zizyphus jujuba cv.

Yazao contained relatively high amounts of zinc (0.65 and 0.63 mg/100 g, respectively).
Zinc is nutritionally essential for all organisms for several reasons, among them being

its role in the immune system.

37

Methodology
Study area

The study work was conducted through the questionnaire in Moosa Khatian village and its
surrounding area orchards it is major fruit growing area in Hyderabad taulka, It is about 20
kilometers away from Hyderabad city.
Data source

The data source of this study consist of both primary and secondary sources. The primary data
was collected from the Jujube Growers through the well structured pre- tested questionnaire. The
interview with growers was carried out personally. Data was collected during the crop 2013 year
with the questionnaire of jujube growers, information was collected about ,inputs and out put
cost, Jujube production by the growers.

Data collection procedure

The data was collected from, Jujube growing area of Moosa Khatian. Which was selected and
identified with the help of local jujube growers, and 29 sample select through the simple
random sampling techniques.

Data analysis procedure

The data is analysis with the help of (SPSS) Statistical package for social scientists software.In
(SPSS) we analysis mean and frequency.

38

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Age of Respondents

Age is one of the important characteristics of the Young community. It reflects on the
productivity of the population as it has on the overall situation within the commodity. In
developing countries, aged members are more prone to diseases and thus are or less productive.
It has a bearing on the employment pattern, spatial mobility and quality of work done. Age plays
a significant role in any kind of business, particularly in agriculture, because the use of child
labor on the farms is quite high.
Figure 1: Age of Respondents

Data presented in Figure 1 majority of the respondent (69 percent) between 36 to 50 years, 13.8
percent of the respondents have 20 to 35 years and 13.8 percent of the respondents have age
between 51 to 60 years, 3.4 percent of the respondents were above 60 years.

Farming Experience of Respondents

It is said that experience makes the man perfect. So experience in cultivation
of land is always count as an important tool. Farmers having experience of jujube production are
always regarded as an asset in the farmers community. The farmers who supplement their
39

income engaged with other petty landowner for part time jobs like poultry rising, livestock rising
etc which help them to develop socio-economic conditions of family.
Figure 2: Farming Experience

Jujube growing Experience

Data present in figure shows that 3.4 percent of respondents had experience of 1 to 5 years of Jujube
cultivation, 41.4 percent of respondents were having experience 6to 10 years, 24.1 percent of
respondents were having experience 11 to 15 years and remaining percent of respondents were having
31.0 onwards years experience ovation.

40

Figure 3: Jujube Growing Experience

Involvement in Farming
Involvement in farming is always considered as progress; data regarding farming
experience of jujube grower is given below;

Figure 4: Involvement in farming

41

Figure shows that majority involvement 82.8% of the jujube growers had part time experience
and 17.2% of the growers had full time experience.

Education Level
Education is always considered as an important factor of understanding and
learning skills. It is education which changes the behavior of human beings in particular and
living beings in general. Education changes moral character, thinking pattern and make learn
how to talk and behave with other people. It helps in making the decisions on right direction.
Following data shows education level of the growers.

Figure 5: Education level of jujube growers

Information regarding the education level of selected growers was analyzed and presented
by in Figure 5. It was founded that majority 37.9 percent of the respondents were illiterate,
followed by 27.6 percent of respondent were educated at primary level, 20.7 percent had
secondary, and 13.8 percent were intermediate.

42

Primary source of Income

A primary source is a main source of information or situation. For example a primary source of income is
where a person gets the most of their income.
Table 1: Primary Source Of Income
agriculture
employment

Frequency
28
1

Percentage
96.6
3.4

Table shows that 96.6 percent respondents have primary source of income and 3.4 percent have
employment
Land Tenure System

Tenancy also has an important productivity impact. The length of the time horizon for owners
and tenants is bound to differ, giving rise to differing attitude towards long term investment
(especially natural resources managements investment) and corps with long gestation lags.
Growers can be classified into various categories, especially with regards to land tenure. An
important distinction is between landowners and tenants. The latter are either lease holder or
share croppers who till the land of others in exchange to either a fixed rent or for a share in
production as in the case for food crops and share of revenue generated in the case of cash crops.
At one end of the scale do the large absentee landlords own thousands of acres of land, titled by
tenant and managed by a Kadar. At shared in land.
The share croppers are not involved in purchase of input and marketing of crop output. This is
usually left to the landlord or his Kadar. The tenants share of grain food crops is paid in kind,
out of which some may be sold if they have surplus. Cash crops like cotton and sugarcane are
always marketed by the landlord .The most common share cropping contract requires the tenant
to bear the 50 percent costs of seed, fertilizer and pesticide. In return the tenant receives 50
percent share in the crop output.

43

Table 2: Tenancy Status

Frequency
6
23

Owner
Contract

Percentage
20.7
79.3

The majority respondents 20.7 percent have own land and reaming 79.3 percent have contract

Table 3: Power Source

Tractor

Frequency

Percentage

29

100

Land Type
During the survey soil type were recorded according to the farmers own
classifications and technology. For example, clay soil was described as Pace whereas clay-loam
was described as Bari and sandy-loam as Hake.

Table 4: Land Type

Clay
clay loam
Sandy

Frequency
20
5
4

Percentage
69.0
17.2
13.8

Shows that 69.0 percent respondents have clay , and 17.5 percent have sandy loam soil, 13.8
percent growers have sandy soil.

44

Irrigation Source
Growers used different sources such as canal and Tube wells to provide irrigation.
Tube well water is mostly used at the time of scarcity of canal water. But unfortunately we have
no available canal water,

Table 5: Irrigation source

Tubewell

Frequency
29

Percentage
100.0

The source of irrigation was examined and found that majority 100 percent respondents used Tub
well water.
Fixed Cost

Fixed costs are those costs which remain the same regardless of the volume of output actually
achieved. The cost which does not vary according to the magnitude of production and remains
the same, whether the output is large or small is known as fixed costs.
Table 6: Fixed Cost of jujube
Fixed cost

Average cost (Rs/acre)

Govt. Tax

400

Water charges

700

Total

1100

Data presented in table 9 shows that fixed cost of cauliflower production . Fixed costs including
water charges and Govt: land tax of Jujube production 700-1000 Rs/acre.

Variable Cost of Jujube

45

Variable costs are those costs which change with the volume of output over a specific time
period. Variable costs are also known as running costs. These costs refer to those expenses or out
lays which incurred on fertilizer, seeds, pesticides, harvest, labour wages, expenditure incurred
on marketing costs etc. Variable costs are those items of expenditure that have a direct bearing on
production. The variable costs differ from fixed costs in the sense that the later one is applied
constantly irrespective to the quantity of the commodity produced, where as variable costs
depend entirely to the flow of forth coming output. Variable costs are those costs which increase
with the change in output often more or less in proportion to it.
Labour cost refers to all out lays incurred to engage labour for production process. Labour has
been defined as any exertion of mind or body under gone partially or wholly with view to
produce some good other than pleasure derived directly from the work.
Data presented in table 7 shows that variable cost of Jujube production. The total variable costs
Rs. 30168.9 /acre
Table 7: Variable Cost
Initial cost

Average cost (Rs/acre)

Labor charges for layout/digging expert

603.4

Labor charges for Transplanting

489.7

Cost Rs/plant

826.9

Transportation cost of seedling

534.5

Total

2454.5

Variable Cost

Average cost

FYM trucks

1158.6

Urea bags

1750.7

Dap bags

4226.9

Labor charges for irrigation

5570

Pesticide

2671.4

Lime white Washing

336.8

Interculturing

12000
46

Total

30168.9

Marketing Cost of Jujube Marketing Cost

Marketing cost are those expenses, which are when agriculture commodities move from the
producing center to final consumer. It is a term frequently used to designate expenditure in the
time of commodity leaves the farm gate till it researches the consumer hands. The marketing
cost includes a number of expenses like cost of grading cost, packing cost, transportation,
loading, unloading, and commission charges.
Table 8: Marketing Cost

Marketing cost

Average cost(Rs/acre)

Grading

627.6

Packing

5931.0

Loading/Unloading

1482.8

Commission

16049.5

Transportation

7413.8

Total

31504.7

The data presented shows that marketing cost of jujube cultivation , The total marketing cost is
31504.7 Rs/acre

47

Total cost of production

Total cost is the sum of the fixed cost and variable cost for any given level of production, i.e.,
fixed cost plus total variable cost. Agriculture cost is often divided into various categories. Some
of the more commonly used cost concepts are follows.
Table 9: Cost of Production
Cost of production

Average price (Rs/acre)

Fixed cost

1100

Variable cost

30168.9

Marketing cost

31504.7

Total

61673.6

Net returns.
Net return refers to the residual which remains for the entrepreneurs after subtracting cost
production from grass income net returns was determined by acre cost from average income per
acre realized by the growers.

Table 10: Net returns by the selected jujube growers

Yield price

Average price (Rs/acre)

Sale Price/bag

539.6

Yield bags/acre

250.6

Total output

135223.76

Total input

61673.6

Net return

73550.16

Input-output ratio of jujube growers

48

The criteria of input-output ratios, is usually used to examine the production efficiency of some
specific enterprise. It indicates the rate of return as compared to cost.
In the present study, input-output ratios were determined to know the income of farm on per
rupee expenses. It was calculated by dividing total value of production with the total cost of
production.
Table 11: Input-output ratio of growers.
Total output

Total input

Input-output ratio

135223.76

61673.6

1:2.19

Data presented in table shows that input-output ratio of jujube growers the input-output ratio of
growers stood at 1:2.19.It means that with the investment of Rs. 1.00 in jujube crop they yielded
Rs.2.19.

Cost benefit ratio of jujube growers

The cost benefit ratio refers to net returns as compared to cost of production it is calculated by
dividing net income with cost of production.
Table 12: Cost benefit ratio of growers.
Net return

Total input

Cost benefit ratio

73550.16

61673.6

1:2.67

Data presented in table shows that cost benefit ratio of growers the cost benefit ratio of the jujube
growers stood at 1:2.67.

49

CONCLUSION

The present study is to economic analysis of jujube production Moosa Khatian via Tando
Jam District Hyderabad in Sindh. The work has been carried out based on the primary data
collected from Moosa Khatian. The study findings revealed that majority 69 percent age of
respondents.The majority 62.1 percent of respondents were educated and 37.9 percent were
illiterate. They were well experienced in farming and well aware with knowledge of new and
improved technologies introduced in farming.

Majority 82.8 percrent of producers full time and 17.2 percent of respondents half time engaged
in agriculture. Majority 60 percent of jajube farmers belong to medium farmer. In case of 79.3
percent farmers have contractors .
The overall cost of jujube yield was obtained by growers 250.6 bags/acre.Total output
of Jujube production was received by growers Rs/ 135223.76/acre and net return received by
growers Rs. 73550.16.

50