Chng III: H Thng Tun Hon

Chng III.

Nguyn sn Bch

H THNG TUN HON

CC NGUYN T HA HC

I. NH LUT TUN HON:

1) Mendeleev: Tnh cht cc nguyn t, thnh phn v tnh cht cc hp cht ca
chng bin thin mt cch tun hon theo chiu tng dn khi lng nguyn t ca
cc nguyn t.
Theo bng h thng tun hon hin i c mt s v tr khng ng :
18

Ar 39.95; 19 K 39.1.

27

Co 58.93;

28

Ni

58.7

Te

52

127.6

53

126.9

2) Theo c hc lng t: Tnh cht cc n cht cng nh dng v tnh cht ca

cc hp cht ca nguyn t ph thuc tun hon vo chiu tng dn in tch ht
nhn nguyn t ca cc nguyn t.
II. BNG H THNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC

Hnh 3.1. Bng h thng tun hon

1. Cc h nguyn t s, p, d v f
a. Cc nguyn t h s
L cc nguyn t c electron cui cng in vo phn lp s ca lp ngoi cng.
ns1: kim loi kim (IA)
ns2: kim loi kim th (IIA)

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Chng III: H Thng Tun Hon

Nguyn sn Bch

b. Cc nguyn t h p
L cc nguyn t c electron cui cng in vo phn lp p ca lp ngoi cng
np1 np2 np3 np4
np5
np6
IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA

c. Cc nguyn t h d
L cc nguyn t c electron cui cng in vo phn lp d ca lp k ngoi cng.
ns2 (n 1)d1 10:u l kim loi chuyn tip
d. Cc nguyn t h f
L cc nguyn t c electron cui cng in vo phn lp f ca hai lp trc
ngoi cng: ns2 (n 2)f 1 14: u l cc nguyn t t him.C 2 h nguyn t f :
6s2 4f 1 14: lantanid (CK6).
7s2 5f 1 14: actinid (CK7).
2. Chu k
L dy cc nguyn t vit theo hng ngang sp xp theo chiu tng dn in
tch ht nhn , bt u bng cc nguyn t h s, kt thc bng cc nguyn t h
p, gia c th c (hoc khng) cc nguyn t h d, f.(tr CK1 ch c 2 nguyn
t s)
Trong mt chu k, tnh cht cc nguyn t bin i mt cch tun hon.
S th t chu k bng s lng t chnh ca lp electron ngoi cng (n max),
cng bng s lp e.
C 7 chu k ( 3 CK nh v 4CK ln):
-Chu k I: chu k c bit: ch c 2 nguyn t h s.
-Chu k II, III: 2 chu k nh: mi chu k c 8 nguyn t, gm 2 nguyn t
h s v 6 nguyn t h p.
-Chu k IV, V: 2 chu k ln: mi chu k c 18 nguyn t, gm 2 nguyn t
h s, 10 nguyn t h d v 6 nguyn t h p.
-Chu k VI: chu k hon ho: c 32 nguyn t, gm 2 nguyn t h s, 14
nguyn t h f, 10 nguyn t h d v 6 nguyn t h p.
-Chu k VII: chu k d dang: c 2 nguyn t h s, 14 nguyn t h f v mt
s nguyn t h d(nu l 32 nguyn t). Nh vy bng HTTH nu s
c tng cng (2+8+8+18+18+32+32 = 118 nguyn t)
2. Nhm:
L ct dc cc nguyn t c s electron lp ngoi cng hoc cc phn lp
ngoi cng ging nhau .C 3 loi phn nhm :
a. Phn nhm chnh (A):

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Chng III: H Thng Tun Hon

Nguyn sn Bch

Gm tt c nguyn t s v p c chu k nh v ln , mi phn nhm c 6-7

nguyn t nn ct cao.
S th t phn nhm chnh bng tng s e 2 phn lp ngoi cng [ns np]:
IA

IIA

IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

VIIIA

ns1

ns2

ns2np1

ns2np2

ns2np3

ns2np4

ns2np5

ns2np6

b. Phn nhm ph (B):

Gm tt c nguyn t h d, ch c chu k ln (4-7) nn ct thp.
Mi phn nhm ph cha 3-4 nguyn t, ring PNP VIIIB c 9 ngt.
c bit cha ton l kim loi chuyn tip.
Trong mt chu k PNP bt u c nhm IIIB v phi sau 2 nguyn t s.
S th t phn nhm ph c xc nh bi cu hnh e ca 2 phn lp cui :
o

Nhm IIIB: ns2(n 1)d1

Nhm VIIB: ns2(n 1)d5

Nhm IVB: ns2(n 1)d2

Nhm VIIIB: ns2(n 1)d 6,7,8*

Nhm VB: ns2(n 1)d3

Nhm IB: ns1(n 1)d10 *

Nhm VIB: ns1(n- 1)d5 *

Nhm IIB: ns2(n 1)d10

c. Phn nhm ph th cp (phn nhm ph ca phn nhm ph IIIB)

PNP IIIB c 14 PNP th cp cha tt c cc nguyn t f , mi PNP th cp c 2
nguyn t f chu k 6,7 v c gi l cc nguyn t t him:
6s24f 1 14: lantanid.
7s25f 1 14: actinid.
3. ng dng: Xc nh v tr cc nguyn t trong bng HTTH:
a. Bit Z:
TD:

A1(Z = 19): 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 : CK4, PN IA , 19K .

A2(Z = 25) : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d5 : CK4, PN VIIB , 25Mn.
A3(Z = 35) : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5 : CK4, PN VIIA , 35Br.

b. Bit gi tr 4 s lng t ca electron cui cng:

TD: Nguyn t A4 c electron cui cng c gi tr 4 s lng t sau : n =3; =2;
ml = 0; ms = - (qui c ml t - n + ):
=> Phn lp cui cng: 3d8 : Ni (Z = 28): 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8 (CK4, PN VIII B)

m =

-2 -1

0 +1 +2

c. Bit cu hnh electron ca ion tng ng:

Ion A2+: Phn lp cui cng l: 3p6.
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Chng III: H Thng Tun Hon

Nguyn sn Bch

=>A: 4s2 => CK4, PN IIA ( 20Ca).

Ion D2+: Phn lp cui cng l: 3d5.
=>D: 4s2 3d5 => CK4, PN VIIB (25Mn).
Ion E3+: Phn lp cui cng l: 3d5.
=>E: 4s2 3d6 => CK4, PN VIIIB (26Fe).
Ion M4+: Phn lp cui cng l: 3p6.
=>M: 4s23d2 => CK4, PN IVB (22Ti).
Ion G4+ : Phn lp cui cng l: 4d10.
=>G: 5s24d105p2 => CK5, PN IVA (50Sn).
Ion X2-: Phn lp cui cng l: 4p6.
=>X: 4s23d104p4 => CK4, PN VIA (34Se).
d. Bit tng spin trong nguyn t:
TD: Nguyn t Q thuc chu k 4 c tng spin = +3.
Q c s = +3 => c 6 e c thn: 4s13d5 => CK4, PN VIB (24Cr).
III. S THAY I TNH CHT CA CC NGUYN T TRONG BNG
HTTH
1. Tng quan:
Tnh cht cc nguyn t ha hc trong HTTH thay i mt cch tun hon theo
3 chiu: ngang, dc v ng cho (khng quan trng):
Trong mt phn nhm: cu trc electron ha tr tng t nhau tnh cht ha
hc tng t nhau. T trn xung di, do s lp electron tng lc ht ca
ht nhn i vi e ngoi cng gim:
o tnh kim loi tng, tnh phi kim gim
o tnh kh tng, tnh oxi ha gim
Trong mt chu k: t tri sang phi, s lp e khng thay i, tng s e lp ngoi
cng tng lc ht ca ht nhn i vi e ngoi cng tng:
o

tnh kim loi gim, tnh phi kim tng

tnh kh gim, tnh oxi ha tng

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Chng III: H Thng Tun Hon

Nguyn sn Bch

2. Bn knh nguyn t v ion

* Coi nguyn t hay ion nh nhng hnh cu, hp cht l cc hnh cu tip xc
nhau. Bn knh nguyn t hay ion c xc nh da trn khong cch gia cc ht
nhn nguyn t to nn n cht hay hp cht tng ng (bn knh hiu dng R)
* Bn knh hiu dng ph thuc:
o bn cht nguyn t
o c trng lin kt
o trng thi tp hp
a.Bn knh nguyn t:
*Trong mt chu k khi i t tri sang phi R nguyn t gim do Z tng
o trong chu k nh R gim r rt
o trong chu k ln do e in vo lp k ngoi cng (n 1)d lm tng hiu
ng chn R gim chm v u n hn
*Trong mt phn nhm chnh, khi i t trn xung s lp e tng hiu ng chn tng
R tng.

Hnh 3.4. Bin i bn knh nguyn t theo chu k v nhm.

*Trong mt phn nhm ph, khi i t trn xung, xu hng chung: R tng nhng
khng u n nh PNC:
-T CK4 xung CK5: R tng do tng thm mt lp e
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Chng III: H Thng Tun Hon

Nguyn sn Bch

-T CK5 xung CK6, CK7: R hu nh khng tng do hin tng co d, co f.

b.Bn knh ion:
R khi lc ht ca ht nhn i vi e ngoi cng
M:
o
o

lc ht i vi 1e

e . Nn:

R cation R nguyn t < R anion

i vi cation ca cng mt nguyn t: R gim theo chiu
tng in tch ion

(R Fe2+ > R Fe3+ ; R Sn2+ > R Sn4+ )

o

i vi cc ion trong cng phn nhm c in tch

ion ging nhau (cu trc e tng t nhau) R tng theo chiu tng in tch
ht nhn Z
(R Li+ < R Na+ < R K+ < R Rb+ < R Cs+ ) ; (R F- < R Cl- < R Br- < R I-)

i vi cc ion ng e (cu trc e ging nhau) R ion gim

theo chiu tng Z hay theo chiu tng s oxy ha.
(TD: R chui ion ng e c 10 e: N3- > O2- > F- > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ )

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Chng III: H Thng Tun Hon

Nguyn sn Bch

Hnh 3.5 : Bn knh nguyn t v ion cc nguyn t phn nhm chnh.

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Chng III: H Thng Tun Hon

Nguyn sn Bch

4. Nng lng ion ha I: c trng cho kh nng nhng e ca nguyn t, th hin

tnh kh hay tnh kim loi .

Hnh 3.5. Bin i nng lng ion ha

Nng lng ion ha I l nng lng cn tiu tn tch mt e ra khi nguyn
t th kh , c lp v khng b kch thch thnh cation tng ng th kh.
X(k) + I1 = X+(k) + e .
X+(k) + I2 = X2+(k) + e
I cng nh nguyn t cng d nhng e, do tnh kim loi v tnh kh cng
mnh.
Trong mt chu k t tri sang phi nhn chung I tng dn do Z tng dn.
Trong mt phn nhm chnh khi i t trn xung I gim do s lp e tng
tng hiu ng chn.
Trong phn nhm ph khi i t trn xung, I tng.
Gii thch: PNP c c im: e c in vo phn lp d ca lp k ngoi cng, cn e
lp ngoi cng ns2 khng thay i. Do :
+ Z tng rt nhanh tng lc ht ht nhn n e ns2 lp ngoi cng
+ Cc AO (n 1)d c tnh i xng khc hn AO ns nn hiu ng chn hu nh
khng tng tng hiu ng xm nhp ca cc e s ca lp ngoi cng.
Ngoi l:
+ Nu tch e ra khi mt cu hnh e ang bo ha th kh, I tng ln bt
thng.
+ Ngc li, nu tch e xong t c cu hnh e bo ha th d, I gim.
TD: I1(IIA: ns2) > I1(IIIA: ns2 np1) ;

I1(VA: ns2 np3) > I1(VIA: ns2 np4).

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Chng III: H Thng Tun Hon

Cch tnh I1:

Nguyn sn Bch

I1 = E - En max = 0 ( 13.6

Z2
Z2
13.6
eV)
=
eV.
n2
n2

5.i lc electron F: c trng cho kh nng nhn e ca nguyn t , th hin tnh oxi
ha hay tnh phi kim.
Hnh 3.6. Bin i i lc electron
i lc e F l nng lng pht ra
hay thu vo khi kt hp mt e
vo nguyn t th kh, c lp,
khng b kch thch thnh anion
tng ng th kh.
X(k) + e = X-(k) ,

F1

= H
F c gi tr cng m th nguyn
t cng d nhn e, do tnh
phi kim v tnh oxi ha ca
nguyn t cng mnh.
i lc e ca X = nng lng ion
-

ha ca X nhng ngc du:

FX I X

5. m in ( khi): c trng cho kh nng ht mt e v pha mnh khi to lin

kt vi nguyn t ca nguyn t khc.
Nguyn t ca nguyn t c m in ln hn s ht e v pha mnh khi
tng tc vi nguyn t ca nguyn t khc c m in nh hn
C nhiu cch khc nhau xc nh m in.
Trong mi chu k khi i t tri sang phi, nhn chung m in tng ln.
Trong mi nhm khi i t trn xung, m in gim.
* Ch : m in khng phi l i lng c nh ca mt nguyn t v n c
xc nh trong s ph thuc vo thnh phn c th ca hp cht.
6. Ha tr v s oxi ha ca mt nguyn t:
Ha tr ca mt nguyn t l s e ca mi nguyn t nguyn t b ra gp
chung trong lin kt cng ha tr hay cho nhn trong lin kt ion.
S oxi ha ca mt nguyn t l in tch hnh thc (khng phi in tch tht)
ca mi nguyn t nguyn t khi qui c rng tt c lin kt xung quanh n
u l lin kt ion bng cch cho nguyn t c m in ln hn ht e tch
in m v ngc li.
o

S oxi ha dng cao nht ca mt nguyn t = s th t nhm (tr cc

nhm: I B, VIII B)
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Chng III: H Thng Tun Hon

Nguyn sn Bch

S oxi ha m thp nht ca phi kim = s th t nhm - 8

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