Torsion

MAE314 SolidMechanics
Y.Zhu

Slide 1

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Torsion of Circular Shafts

In this chapter, we will examine uniaxial bars subject to torque.

Where does this occur?

Transmission Shaft
Force Couples

Slide 2

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Torsion of Circular Shafts contd

We assume
Bar is in pure torsion
Small rotations ((the length
g and radius will not change)
g )

How does the bar deform?

Cross-section of the bar remains the same shape, bar is simply rotating.

Cross-section remains perpendicular to axis of cylinder (cylinder does

not warp).
Not true for most
non-circular bars

Slide 3

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Angle of Twist

Deformation of a circular shaft subjected to pure torsion

Fix left end of shaft
A moves to A
A
= angle of twist (in radians)

What are the boundary conditions on ?

(x) = 0 at x = 0
(x) = at x = L

For pure torsion, is linear.

( x) =

Slide 4

x
L

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Shearing Strain

Calculate the surface shear strain in the

cylinder.
Consider an element of length dx.
Recall we assume small & small .

C C
=
dx

C ' C = d

d
dx

dx

d
= rate of change of angle of twist along the bar
dx

This equation applies to any function (x).

F pure torsion
For
t i (x)
( ) = x
/ L,
L so

=
Slide 5

C
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Shearing Strain contd

Maximum shear strain on surface

The maximum shear strain on the surface of

the cylinder occurs when =c.

max

c
=
L

We can express the shearing strain at any

distance from the axis of the shaft as

Slide 6

max

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Shearing Strain contd

We can also apply the equation for maximum

surface shear strain to a hollow circular tube.

min

c1
=
L

max

c2
=
L

This applies for all types of materials: elastic, linear, nonlinear, plastic, etc.

Slide 7

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Elastic Shearing Stress

Calculate
C
l l t shear
h
stress
t
iin a b
bar made
d off lilinearly
l elastic
l ti material.
t i l
Recall Hookes Law for shearing stress: =G

max = G max =

Slide 8

Gc
G

= max
L
c

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Torque

We still need to relate to the applied torque T, which is generally

the known, applied load.
First find the res
First,
resultant
ltant moment acting on a cross
cross-section
section and set this
equal to T.

max

dM = dA =
T =

Slide 9

2
c

max dA

max dA =

max
c

dA
A

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Torque contd

Continuing from previous slide:

T=

max
c

dA =

max

J max

Tc
=
,
J

T
=
J

Where J is the polar moment of inertia of the cross section of the bar
(see Appendix in your textbook).

Plug this into the equation for max.

max

Slide 10

Gc
=

Gc Tc
=

L
J

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TL
=
GJ

Torque contd

For a non-uniform bar

i =1

i =1

= i =

Ti Li
Gi J i

For a continuously varying bar

L

T ( x)
=
d
dx
GJ ( x)
0

Slide 11

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Inclined Plane

Slide 12

Cut a rectangular element along the plane at an angle .

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Inclined Plane contd

Sum forces in x-direction.

A0 sec A0 sin A0 tan cos = 0

= sin cos + sin cos
= 2 sin cos = sin 2

Sum forces in y
y-direction.

A0 sec A0 cos + A0 tan sin = 0

= cos 2 sin 2
= cos 2

Slide 13

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Inclined Plane contd

max occurs at = 0, 90

max occurs at = 45
max = max

Slide 14

When is max
max, = 0,
0 and when is max
max, =0.
=0

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Example Problem 1
Part 1. For the 60 mm diameter solid cylinder and loading shown,
determine the maximum shearing stress.
Part 2. Determine the inner diameter of the hollow cylinder , of 80 mm
outer diameter, for which the maximum stress is the same as in p
part 1.

Slide 15

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Slide 16

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Example Problem 2
Part 1. For the solid steel shaft shown (G = 11.2 x 106 psi) determine the
angle of twist at A.
Part 2. Determine the angle of twist at A assuming the steel shaft is
hollow with a 1.2 inch outer diameter and 0.8 inch inner diameter.

6 ft

1.2 in
Slide 17

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2 kipin

Slide 18

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Statically Determinate Problems - Example

Find maximum shearing stress in each bar.

Slide 19

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Slide 20

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Statically Indeterminate Problems

Method for torsion is the same as the method for statically

indeterminate axial load deflection problems.

Apply what youve already learned:

M=RN
M = number of compatibility equations needed
R = number of unknown reactions (or internal stresses)
N = number of equilibrium equations

Compatibility equations for a torsion problem are based on angle of

twist.

Slide 21

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Statically Indeterminate Problems - Example

Given:
LCD = 36 in, dCD = 1 in
rC = 2.45
2 45 in,
i rB = 0.875
0 875 in
i
LAB = 24 in, dAB = 0.75 in
G = 11.2x106 psi
The allowable shear stress
is 8 ksi
Find the largest torque T0 that can be applied to the end of shaft
AB and the angle of rotation of the end A of shaft AB.

Slide 22

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Slide 23

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Transmission Shafts

In a transmission, a circular shaft transmits mechanical power from

one device to another.
Generator

Turbine

= angular speed of rotation of the shaft

The shaft applies a torque T to another device
T satisfy
To
ti f equilibrium
ilib i
th
the other
th d
device
i applies
li ttorque T tto th
the shaft.
h ft
The power transmitted by the shaft is

P = T
Slide 24

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Transmission Shafts contd

Units for P=T

= rad/s
T = Nm (SI)
T = ftlb (English)
P = Watts (1 W = 1 Nm/s) (SI)
P = ftlb/s (1 horsepower = hp = 550 ftlb/s) (English)

We can also express power in terms of frequency.

= 2f

f = Hz = s 1

P = 2fT

Slide 25

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Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts

Up to now, we assumed that transmission shafts are loaded at the

ends through solidly attached, rigid end plates.

practice,, torques
q
are applied
pp
through
g flange
g couplings
p g and fitted
In p
keyways, which produce high stress concentrations.
Fitted keyway

Flange coupling

Slide 26

One way to reduce stress concentrations is through the use of a

fillet.

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Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts contd

Maximum shear stress at the fillet

max

Tc
=K
J
Fillet

Tc/J is calculated for the smaller-diameter shaft

K = stress concentration factor

Slide 27

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