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Unit 1
Unit 1
com
UNIT I
Power Semiconductor
Devices
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Introduction
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Classification
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Important Parameters
Breakdown voltage.
On-resistance.
Trade-off between breakdown voltage and
on-resistance.
Rise and fall times for switching between on
and off states.
Safe-operating area.
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L
W nCox (VGS VT )
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Thyristor: Structure
Thyristor is a general class of a four-layer pnpn
semiconducting device.
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Applications
Power semiconductor devices have widespread
applications:
Automotive
Alternator, Regulator, Ignition, stereo tape
Entertainment
Power supplies, stereo, radio and television
Appliance
Drill motors, Blenders, Mixers, Air conditioners
and Heaters
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Thyristors
Most important type of power
semiconductor device.
Have the highest power handling
capability.they have a rating of 1200V /
1500A with switching frequencies ranging
from 1KHz to 20KHz.
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SCR
Symbol of
Silicon Controlled
Rectifier
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Structure
Cathode
Gate
n
J3
19
10
-3
cm
n
10
17
cm
-3
J2
J1
10
10
13
17
10
19
-5 x 10
cm
14
cm
-3
19
10
-3
cm
}
}
-3
Anode
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10m
30-100m
}
}
-3
cm
50-1000m
30-50m
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Device Operation
Simplified model of a
thyristor
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V-I
Characteristics
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I B1 = I A (1 1 ) I CBO1 (1)
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2 I g + I CBO1 + I CBO 2
IA =
1 (1 + 2 )
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Case 1: When I g = 0
IA =
I CBO1 + I CBO2
1 (1 + 2 )
Case 2: When I G 0
2 I g + I CBO1 + I CBO 2
IA =
1 (1 + 2 )
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Turn-on
Characteristics
ton = td + tr
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VAK
tC
tq
t
IA
Anode current
begins to
decrease
Commutation
di
dt
Recovery
t1 t2
Recombination
t3
t4
t5
Turn-off
Characteristi
c
t
tq=device
off time
tc =circuit
off time
tgr
trr
tq
tc
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Thermal Turn-on.
Light.
High Voltage.
Gate Current.
dv/dt.
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Thyristor Types
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Fast Switching
Thyristors
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Bidirectional Triode
Thyristors (TRIAC)
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Mode-I
Operation
MT (+)
2
P1
N1
P2
Ig
N2
MT1 ()
(+)
Ig
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MT2 Positive,
Gate Positive
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Mode-II
Operation
MT (+)
2
P1
Initial
conduction
Final
conduction
N1
P2
N3
N2
MT1 ()
MT2 Positive,
Gate Negative
V
Ig
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Mode-III Operation
MT2 ()
N4
P1
N1
P2
N2
MT1 (+)
G
(+)
MT2 Negative,
Gate Positive
Ig
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Mode-IV Operation
MT2 ()
N4
P1
N1
N3
P2
MT1 (+)
G
(-)
MT2 Negative,
Gate Negative
Ig
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Triac Characteristics
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BJT structure
heavily doped ~ 10^15
provides the carriers
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BJT characteristics
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BJT characteristics
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Mode
EBJ
CBJ
Cutoff
Forward
active
Reverse
active
Saturation
Reverse
Forward
Reverse
Reverse
Reverse
Forward
Forward
Forward
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IE
IC
VCE +
C
+
VBE
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+
B
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VCB
IB
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MOSFET
NMOS: N-channel Metal
Oxide Semiconductor
W
L = channel length
W = channel width
GATE
L
Metal (heavily
doped poly-Si)
DRAIN
SOURCE
A GATE electrode is placed above (electrically insulated
from) the silicon surface, and is used to control the
resistance between the SOURCE and DRAIN regions
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N-channel MOSFET
Gate
Source
IS
IG
Drain
gate
oxide insulator
n
ID
n
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PMOS
n+ poly-Si
p+ poly-Si
n+
n+
p+
p-type Si
p+
n-type Si
(n+ denotes very heavily doped n-type material; p+ denotes very heavily doped p-type material)
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NMOS
n+ poly-Si
n+
n+
p-type Si
PMOS
Body
p+ poly-Si
p+
p+
n-type Si
Body
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MOSFET Terminals
The voltage applied to the GATE terminal determines whether
current can flow between the SOURCE & DRAIN terminals.
For an n-channel MOSFET, the SOURCE is biased at a lower
potential (often 0 V) than the DRAIN
(Electrons flow from SOURCE to DRAIN when VG > VT)
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oxide
semiconductor
VGS +
IG
VDS
+
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S
VGS +
oxide
semiconductor
ID
VGS > VT
zero if VGS < VT
VDS
ID
VDS
+
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NMOSFET Example:
ID
VGS = 2 V
VGS = 1 V > VT
VDS
IDS = 0 if VGS < VT
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W
ID
L
where k n
= k n
V DS
V GS V T 2 V DS
= n C ox
2) Saturation Region:
VDS > VGS VT
k n W
(VGS VT )2
I DSAT =
2 L
where k n = n C ox
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Emitter
Collector
N+
P
Base
N+
N-
Emitter
Collector
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NPN
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Device Operation
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Interface between control (low power electronics) and (high power) switch.
Functions:
amplifies control signal to a level required to drive power switch
provides electrical isolation between power switch and logic level
Complexity of driver varies markedly among switches. MOSFET/IGBT drivers
are simple but GTO drivers are very complicated and expensive.
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