Bryan Lomeli

English 102
Chapter 7 Outline
30 January 2015
Chapter 7 Structuring Arguments
Exordium: writer tries to win attention, introduces subject/problem
Narratio: facts are presented
Partitio: divides up the subject explaining claim, key issues, and how it will be treated
Confirmatio: offers detailed support using logical and factual evidence
Refuatio: recognizes refutations and refutes opposing claims/evidence
Peroratio: summarizes the case and moves audience into action
Intro>background>lines of argument>alternative arguments>conclusion
Lines: presents good reasons including logic and emotion
Alternative: examines alternative pov/opposing notes advantages and disadvantages
Rogerian Argument:
Intro-describes issue, problem, and conflict enough to fully understand and respect alternative
positions
Context-describes context in which alternative positions may be valid
Writers position-states position on issue and presents how option is valid

Benefits to opponent- writer explains the benefits from adopting the position
Invitational Rhetoric: goal not to win but to cooperate, collaborate
Toulmin Argument:
Claim-argument wishing to prove
Qualifiers- any limits you place on your claim
Reasons/Evidence- support for your claim
Warrants-underlying assumptions that support your claim
Backing-evidence for warrant
Attaching reason to claim spells out major terms of argument
Determining Warrants
Reasons>warrant>claim
Ex) mushroom is poisonous; eating poisonous things is dangerous; so dont eat it
Offering Evidence: Backing
Evidence offered to support a warrant is called backing. In addition to evidence to support your
(warrant) backing, you need evidence to support claim
Using Qualifiers: ex) few, often, more or less, rarely, many, most, in general, possibly, some
Understanding Conditions of Rebuttal: they are potential objections