ANGLO-SAXON PROSE READER Beginners in Dldest English PREPARED WITH GRAMMAR, NOTES, AND VOCABULARY BY W. M. BASKERVILL, Pu.D. (1rs.) PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH IN VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY AND JAMES A. HARRISON, LL.D., L.H.D. PROFESSOR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA NEW YORK A. S. BARNES & COMPANY 1898KD 25303 AKRV ARB COLLEGE Copraranrr, 1898, By A. 8, BARNES & CO. Ewrerep mx Stationers’ Hatt, ENGLAND, All rights reserved. Nortsood Brees 43.8. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith ‘Norwood Mass, U.8.A.PREFACE. oo In the preparation of this little manual the editors have had in view several things: first, the supply of new and fresh elementary prose texts for the use of students and teachers desirous of varying the Anglo-Saxon primers and readers now before the public; second, a more complete and practical pres- entation of working forms in the grammar proper. Along with these items of fresh texts and more detailed grammatical treatment, it seemed appropriate to associate an elementary Syntax and a few Notes, giving explanations and references where these seemed necessary, but leaving to a full Vocabu- lary more explicit information on particular points. During the preparation of the work the editors have been especially encouraged and helped by the friendly suggestions of Professors Bright, Mead, M. Calloway, Jr., and Blackburn ; and in the first draft of the Vocabulary acknowledgments are due to our friends and pupils, Mr. H. M. Blainand Miss Olive Ross. The editors would also gratefully acknowledge the kindness of Professor Bright for permission to use the text of his St. Iuke and the Andréas legend in this book. Teachers may find beneficial the following practical sugges- tion for using the book successfully with beginners: Devote iiiiv PREFACE. the first month or six weeks to a rapid survey of the Grammar proper, omitting the extended Phonology for later review, learning only the essentials of pronunciation and declension, and fixing the attention on the large outlines of the subject. At the end of this period turn back, take up the details omitted in the rapid survey, and begin to read the Short Passages, the Old Testament pieces, and the Childhood of our Lord. A method of this sort systematically pursued will reduce the apparent difficulties of Anglo-Saxon to a minimum and interest the student at an early stage in the study. W. M. BASKERVILL. VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY. JAMES A. HARRISON. Universrry oF Vinoini, June 29, 1898.CONTENTS. AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. curren I. Pxronooey . Inflections II. Decvension or ADJECTIVES Pronouns WI. Verss. . 2. 1 we ee Adverbs. . Brier Syntax ANGLO-SAXON READER. Short Passages . . ‘The Lord’s Prayer . . . . . . ‘The Sower . . . . . . . . Trust in God The Garden of Eden The Story of Jacob and Esau ‘The X Commandments The Childhood of Our Lord . The Roman Occupation of Britain Conversion of ‘Ethelbert The Voyage of Ohthere The Voyage of Wulfstan . . . . . The Legend of St. Andrew . : . 5 . The Reign of King Alfred . 6. wwe Notes . . . . . . : . | ANGLO-SAXON GLOSSARY. . PAGE 92Google <AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. —orezoo— CHAPTER IL PHONOLOGY. 1.— The history of the English language is divided into three periods: 1. Old English or Anglo-Saxon, 449-1150; 2. Middle English, 1160-1500; 3, Modern English, 1500 to the present time. These periods have been aptly generalized by Sweet* as: 1. ‘The period of runt endings, st&an-as, mOn-a, sun-u, sunn-e, tell-an, help-aS; 2. The period of LEVELLED endings, unstressed vowels reduced to a uniform e, ston-es, mon-e, sun-e, sunn-e, tell-en (-e), help-eth; 3. The period of Losr, endings (very nearly), stones, moon, son, sun, tell, help. 2.—In the Old English period there were four dialects: Northum- brian, Mercian, West Saxon, Kentish. Modern literary or standard English is more directly traceable to the Mercian; but the literary language throughout the greater portion of the Old English period was the West Saxon dialect. In it has been preserved the bulk of Old Eng- lish prose and poetry, though most of the poetry was originally written in the Northumbrian dialect. King Alfred (849-901) in his writings used that form of the language which, for linguistic study and comparative purposes, is now generally regarded as normal and is known as Early _ West Saxon. The writings of Abbot #lfric (+1025?) in the same dialect, show a slight change in phonology and inflection, sufficient, however, to give this stage of the language the designation of Late West Saxon. 3.—The Anglo-Saxons brought with them from the continent the Runic alphabet ; but after their conversion to Christianity they adopted the British form of the Latin alphabet, chiefly used in Ireland, substi- tuting later for the th and the u or uu the Runic characters b = th and p=w. A crossed d (= 8), with identically the same values as the p, was also freely used, specially medially and finally. ‘The Old English alphabet therefore contained the following letters: a, m, b, ¢ (Ik), d, ©, f,g,h, 1, 1, m, n, 0, p, r, 8, t, b 8, u, p = wy X, Y- * A Short Historical Grammar, p. 1. 12 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. Rem. 1.—In many modern text-books various “diacritics” have been adopted to remedy the defects of the Old English alphabet: ¢ to repre- sent short open e, the i-umlaut of a (a, Q) and g to represent short open 0, that is, a before the nasals m and n; é, g, sé to distinguish the pala- tal from the guttural pronunciation of ¢, g, se. Consistency would seem to require that similar diacritics should be employed to distinguish be- tween the palatal and the guttural sounds of h, n (Cf. Sievers ec’, g’, h’, n’) and between voiceless f, s, b 8 (=f, s, th in thin) and voiced f, s, p 8 (=v, z, thin thine). Only two of these diacritics will be employed in this book, ¢ and 9, and these only in the Phonology. Rem. 2.— Vowel-length is seldom indicated in the Mss.,— occasionally by ~ over short vowels, somewhat more frequently by * over long vowels. Now and then the vowel is doubled to signify a long vowel, good. In modern text-books the long vowels are usually marked ; some editors use the acute (4), others the macron (@), and still others the circumflex (4). The determination of vowel-length has been arrived at by careful investi- gation, and particularly by comparison with the cognate Germanic dia- lects. 4.— Speech Sounds and Names. — The air passing through the throat across the vocal chords with little hindrance is called a Breatn ; with the chords brought together so as to vibrate, a Voice. All vowels are voiced; consonants may be either voiced or voiceless, the modification of the sound by throat, palate, teeth, or lips being the main thing. Press- ing forward the tongue during the formation of a vowel produces a Pala- tal or Front Vowel ; drawing it back, a guttural or Back Vowel. In Old English the palatal vowels were m, e, 1, 0», y; and the guttural, a (@), ©, u. All diphthongs were palatal: ie, ea, eo (10). Vowels are also said to be Low, Min, or Hien, ‘‘according as the tongue is lowered a good deal, but moderately, or very little,” and Rovnnep, ‘ when the lips are brought close together while the vowel is being sounded.”” Back Front Back Front High — 1 High uy Simete Vowers{ Mid a e Rovunpep Vowers{ Mid o @ Low — @® Low — — Some consonants approach so near to vowels that they are called semi- vowels, j and w, which really have the consonantal function of i and u. Sonorous consonants, 1, m, n, r, are also vowel-like, and easily become syllabic: hraefn, raven; nzegl, nail. A Stop (or Mute), called also a Shut consonant, is produced by stop- ping and then exploding the breath, p, t, @; “if the opening is veryAN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 3 narrow, so that there is much friction of the breath against the walls of the passage, the consonant is called a Fricative (or a ‘Spirant’), thus, OE. s, f, h; if the opening is not so narrow as to cause marked friction, the consonant is called a Sonorous consonant, or a Semi-Vowel."? ‘These are sometimes called Open consonants, as they let the breath escape through an opening. Consonants made (1) with the lips are called Lip consonants (also Labials), so b, m, etc. ; (2) by the front or the tongue, Front conso- nants (namely, Point consonants or “ Dentals” and Top consonants or “« Palatals”), 80 t, 8, m, and ¢, g, etc. ; (3) by the back of the tongue, Back consonants (also ‘“Gutturals’’), c, h, etc. —Hempl’s Old English Phonology, Chap. IL, D. C. Heath & Co. Labials Dentals Palatale Gutturale Semi-Vowels = ae — i nl i) Consonants a ? _ _ Nasals =n. 6 6hn n n Voiceless p t e ce Now-Soxonous | “°P> | Voiced a . Consonants : f Voiceless f pts h h Spirants; voiced £(u) 8 g £ 5.—Pronunciation.—The Vowels, Diphthongs, and Consonants were approximately pronounced as follows: — 1) Vows1s. — in far: dagas, days. ‘* father: star, stone. “ glad: feeder, father. ‘ glade: hé&lan, heal; before r= ai in air: wé&ron, were. “let, men: etan, eat. “« let, men: mete, food. “* they: gés, geese. “ pin: witan, know. “« pique: min, mine. “ not (very nearly): God, God; Ger. Gott (exactly). “on: long, long. ‘note: gd, good. “© full: sunu, son. oo “ fool: has, house. 1 miller (with lips rounded) : wyllen, woolen, § = ce “ green (with lips rounded) : brga, bride. @, & = 6 “ schin (Ger.): &Bel, native country. ® Wl BoCOmmfooepseee Cos oo oO © BRO Wu4 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. Rem. 1.— Hardly any examples of ow, & are found in West Saxon, e, & having been very early substituted for them. Rem. 2.— Some attempt to distinguish the sound of close e from that of open e, giving to the former the sound of initial 6 in French éé. ‘This presupposes a remarkable etymological sensibility on the part of the Old English. 2) Dientuones. — Found chiefly in Early West Saxon, and possibly pronounced fe } asin the dissyllabic pronunciation of fear (= f€-uh) ; but they fe | soon became interchangeable with { and §, and in Late West Saxon were represented by y and 9. ea=m+a( The stress in all diphthongs is on the first element, & +a |and the second element is therefore so obscured that e +0] only a sound like -uh is heard. As eo or fo, &0 or fo & + 0) are used indiscriminately in the same words, the sounds jo =1 +0] must have been nearly identical. The pronunciation of fo =1 + o (diphthongs, however, needs further investigation. 3) Corsonants. — The following consonants, b, d, 1, m, n, p, r, t, Ww, X, were pronounced as in Modern English, only r was always pro- nounced with a strong trill and w was pronounced before 1 and r. ¢ (k is seldom found in the Mss.) was a voiceless stop and had both a guttural and a palatal sound. In connection with guttural vowels (a, 0, u) it was pronounced as ¢ in cold: e&sere, emperor; cosp, fetter; c¥, known; and before the i-umlaut of u, cyning, king; with other palatal vowels (i, f, e, 60) as k in kind: eild, child; rice, rich ; cefer, beetle; t&c(e)an, teach; céosan, choose; ic, I. In Late West Saxon this sound was already becoming ch. ecw (in older texts cu) stood for Modern English qu: ewie, quick ; cwellan, quell; cuémun, come. es, whether due to syncope or metathesis, or derived from older hs, was frequently written x : Axian, ask ; slex, six; rixian, reign. g was both a stop (hard) and a spirant, and had both a guttural and a palatal pronunciation. Stop g was pronounced as g in go: when deubled, frogga, frog; and after n, lang, long; eyning, king. Else- where g was a voiced spirant, with a guttural or a palatal pronunciation, according to the vowels and consonants associated with it. Before the guttural vowels and consonants, and medially and finally after the guttural vowels and r and 1, it was pronounced as g in sagen in parts of Germany: galan, sing; gold, gold; guma, man; gylden, golden; glad, glad; gnorn, sorrow; grafan, grave; lagu, sea; drog, drew; beorgan, hide; belgan, grow angry; probably also before m: st-AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 5 geedere, together. As the pronunciation of this g is difficult to acquire, it would perhaps be better to adopt Wyatt’s* suggestion (in part) and the practice of many teachers, and give g here too the sound of g in go. ‘The palatal spirant g, initial, medial, and final, was pronounced as y in you: géar, year; giefan, give; geliefan, believe; hergian, harry; dveges, day’s; nigontig, ninety. gg (from gj) was generally written eg, which may for convenience, and by way of anticipation, be pro- nounced as (d)ge in ridge: hrycg, ridge; secg(e)an, say; licg(e)an, lie; but it was a geminated voiceless palatal stop, and therefore the sound must have been nearer g in give than (d)ge in ridge. It might be better to pronounce this eg. j Got =y in you) has no separate character in Old English Mss. It is oftenest represented by g, initially only before 1, e, y, since with any other vowel it unites to form a diphthong: fe, ea, eo; but medially even before a guttural vowel: gif, if; giet, yet; géar, year; gé, ye; geong, young; gio, formerly, hergas, hergum. , final, is found only after a long vowel: feg, island. i is also found initially sometimes in native words, specially before u: fu, formerly; iung, young, and very com- monly in foreign words: Idhannes, Iidéas. Medially 1 is more fre- quent, also ig, and before a, ige: heriges, herigeas. h, initial, became a mere breath and had the same sound as in Modern English. It was, at first, always pronounced: hé, he; hla, loud; hring, ring; hweet, what. h, medial and final, was a voiceless spirant, with either a guttural or a palatal pronunciation according to the sounds with which it was combined: guttural, héah, high; hliehhan, laugh: palatal, niht, night ; rieht, right, — German ach and ich respectively. ‘The spirants f, s, b 8, were: 1. “Voiceless, when initial or final, but medially only when doubled or next a voiceless consonant.” They were then pronounced as f, s, th in thin: for®, forth; pes, therefore; scéaf, shoved ; snoffa, nausea ; hors, horse ; si8®an, since ; cyssan, kiss; ge- pofta, comrade ; wascan, wash. 2. ‘‘ Voiced, when between vowels or voiced consonants.”? They were then pronounced as v, z, th in thine: ofer, over; sealfian, salve ; furor, further; h@¥en, heathen ; Arisan, ‘arise; and possibly pa, thou; pest, that ; bés, this, in this initial position. 6.— Accent. —The chief stress or accent is on the root syllable or significant element, which is usually the first syllable: dagas, days; hlford, lord; &resta, first; S8erne, other; téllan, tell; héaldende, holding ; hierde, heard ; 1@fodon, loved. A secondary stress sometimes * Wyatt, Old English Grammar, p. 13, suggests that the beginner adopt one value for each letter, giving g the sound of g in get every where.6 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. falls on derivative and inflectional syllables, though generally they are unstressed ; compare &résta with &rest and O8érne with O8er. In verbs compounded with prepositions the chief stress generally falls on the root syllable or significant element: &-béncan, devise ; be-gdn, yawned; for-wéor8an, perish; ge-biddan, beg; ofer-ciiman, over- come ; wi¥-lédan, withdraw ; ymb-sittan, besiege. In “substantive compounds” the chief stress generally falls on the first syllable of the first member of the compound, while a secondary stress is given to the second member : wealh-stdd, interpreter; mann- eynn, mankind; 6nd-léan, reward; bi-spéll, example. The prefixes be-, ge-, and for-, compounded with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, have lost the stress which they appear to have formerly had: ge-béd, com- mand ; ge-féra, companion ; be-hat, promise ; be-géng, business; for- giéfennis, forgiveness ; for-gytol, forgetful ; for-hwéga, at least. 7.—Sound Changes.— In Old English the radical vowels present various modifications or changes, due sometimes to vowels, sometimes to consonants, which require special attention. a (e, Q).—Short a is rare in West Saxon, remaining unchanged in open syllables before a guttural vowel (a, 0, u) in the following sylla- ble, faran, nacod, dagum, and before e or 1 in the following syllable, derived from an original guttural vowel, hacele (Goth. hakuls), ma- cian (OS. macon, macolan). ze. —In closed syllables short a regularly became se: deg, day ; fet, vessel ; set, sat; leet, slow; sta, shore ; heft, fettered ; also in open syllables followed by e, not sprung from original guttural vowel: deeges, fete; scer, acre; feger, fair; e8ele, noble. In the Gen. and Instr. sg. of adjectives a is regularly found (possibly due to analogy; cf. gladu, gladum, etc.) : glades, glade (from gled) ; and in the Past Part. of strong verbs of the Sixth Class a interchanges with 2: grafen and greefen. Rem. 1,—Short a is occasionally found in closed syllables: habban, have; hassuc, sedge ; asce, ashes; and regularly in the Imper. sg. of strong verbs of the Sixth Class: far; also in ac (ah), but, etc. Cook’s Sievers’s Grammar of Old English, § 10. Rem. 2.— An open syllable is a syllable ending in a vowel; a closed syllable ends in a consonant, @.— Before the nasals m and n short a often became o (i.e. Q), though @ by no means supplanted the a. Both may be found in the same line: rend 7 hand. In Early West Saxon a preference was shown for g; in Late West Saxon for a: mann, ..9nn; strang, streng; nama, noma, name.AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 7 N.B. — And or gnd is seldom found in the Mss. ; instead the character 7 was commonly employed. Rem. —Before the voiceless spirants f, 8, } (#) the nasal falls out, producing a long vowel: O8er (< *qn¥or *abyri > *@byri >*&berl > *ebre > &fre, ever. Hempl’s Old English Phonology, § 42, note.) i-umlaut is widely extended, and its manifestations may be summarized as follows : — @ (e: mete, food (<*mati) ; lecgan, lay (< lagjan) ; settan, set (e€: men, Dat. sg. (<*mgnni), menn, pl. (<*menniz), men; penc(e)an (<*pankjan), think ; cf. stent, with standan, stand ;AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 9 strengra, with strong, strong; nemnan, to name, with nama, name, etc. & ( &: h@lan, heel (< *haljan < hal, whole, Goth. hailjan) ; déI, dale (<*dali, Goth. dails); @nig (e: dehter, Dat. sg., daughter (< *dohtr!); mergen, morning (<*morgin, Goth. maurgins) ; exen, oxen (< oxa) ; efes, eaves (cf. O.H.G. obasa, Goth. ubizwa) ; ele, oil (Lat. oleum). Rem. — This is very restricted. 6 > 6: déman, judge (<*d6mjan < dém, doom); tév and gés, Dat. sc. and Nom. pl. of t68, tooth (<*tgnd), and of gds, goose (< *gons); see Compensative Lengthening, 13, c); blew8 (< *blowith, Pres. third sg. of blOwan, bloom) ; féhst, féh¥, Pres. second and third sg. of fon, see Contraction, 12. a >y: cyning, king (<*cuning9: betgnan, enclose (< *betinjan < tan, enclosure); cp8an, make known (< cfi®ian < *cundjan, see Compensative Length- ening, 18; Goth. kun8Jan) < cfd, known. Cf. br§d, bride (i-stem) ; br§c¥, Pres. third sg. of brican, enjoy, etc. ea > ie: ieldra, older ( ie: hieran, hear (<*hearjan, Goth. hausjan) ; gelfefan, believe (< *geléafjan, Goth. galaubjan). eo (10) >ie: wierpd, Pres. third sg. of weorpan, throw; Hehtan, make easy, from Moht, light, easy; bierhtu, brightness, from beorht, bright, etc. é0 (f0) > ie: cf. Iiehtan, illuminate, with Moht, light; strienan, obtain, with gestréon, possessions ; friend, fiend, Dat. sg. and Nom. pl. of fréond, féond, caused by case-endings which have disappeared.10 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 2) u-Umtaur. — The diphthongation whereby a becomes ea and e, 4, become eo (io), which takes place when a u or o (a) separated by a single consonant follows in the next syllable, is known as u-, o-umlaut. This mutation is much less extensive than the i-umlaut, and particularly limited in West Saxon. a > ea: In West Saxon regularly only in ealu, ale (Gen. Dat. alo’ and ealod). Cosijn (altwestsdchsische Grammatik, I. § 2, 6)) adds: cearu, sorrow, and sleacnes, slackness. As ea occurs frequently in poetical texts, as in eafora, posterity, heafola, head, heafoc, hawk, éatol, terrible, — Sievers, 105, N. 2, suggests that all these ea’s were simply carried over from Anglian originals. o-umlaut of @ never occurs in West Saxon. e>eo: As the result of u-umlaut this is so common that it may be considered normal: heoru, sword; heorot, hart ; meotod, God ; meodume, moderate; seofon, seven; though before dentals e sometimes remains: medu, metod, medume, etc. As the result of o (a)-umlaut it is much less common: weola, riches; weorold, world ; seofa, mind, alongside of wela, worold, sefa. i> 10, eo, ie: As the result of u-umlaut is common in older West Saxon, —siolufr, siolfur, silver; mioluc, milk; frioSu, peace ; also in inflected words: lim, Homu. In siondun, are, and piossum, Dat. pl. of bés, etc., we find this change before two consonants. eo is frequently found for to: leomu, freo8'u, seol- for, meolc; also ie: siendun, biessum. Rem. — Medial ¢ and g generally prevent the operation of this law: macod, naked; lagu, law; sigor, victory; swicol, decep- tive; plega, play; sleacnes, cited above, being a rare excep- tion. 8) Patatat-Umzaur is: a) In Early West Saxon the change of eo, io, produced by breaking, to fe through the influence of a palatal h + con- sonant, this ie passing later into 1, y. The breaking presupposes that the h was originally guttural and later became palatalized. Only a few words are affected: reoht, right; cneoht, servant; *wreoxl, change, becoming rieht, riht, ryht, enieht, cniht, wriexl, wrixl. 5) In Late West Saxon the simplification of ea, éa, converting them into e, é before h, x, g, ¢: ehteoa, eighth; seh, saw; wexan, grow; fex, hair; ége, eye; bég, ring; céc, cheek; béen, beacon. c) In Late West Saxon the simplification of ea, éa, after the palatals g, ¢, se, changing them into e, &: gef, gave; get, got; get, gate; cés, chose; scép, sheep, ete., for geaf, geat, geat, céas, scéap, etc.AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. Lt Rem. —Sievers, § 101 c), considers that the changes resulting in mihte (earlier meahte) and miht, might; mihtig, mighty; ntht, night, com- pared with meaht, meahtig, neaht, were also probably due to palatal influence. 10. — Palatal Influence.— The palatal consonants, g(< J), g, s¢, ¢, when initial, produced before a following vowel a glide-sound which often developed into a full e, forming a diphthong with the vowel. This is known as palatalization. The various changes thus brought about may be presented as follows: 1) After initial g (éa: sléan (Goth. slahan), strike; 6a (Goth. ahva), river; cléa (<*clawu), claw ; téar (< *tahur), tear. &>éa: néar (< *n&hor), nearer. (1) > 80 (0): séon (<*se(h)wan; cf. OS. sehan), see; twéo (<*tweho ; cf. OS. tweho), doubt. 1, 1>60(ia): béon (<*pihan; cf. OS. thihan), thrive; Iéon (cf. OS. Ithan), lend; béot (<*bihat), boast ; féond (<*fijond), enemy ; hio (< hi + u), she, ete. (For other changes and examples, see Sievers, 110-119.) 13. — Lengthening. — Very often in Old English a consonant follow- ing a short vowel disappears or falls out, and by way of compensation the preceding short vowel is lengthened. This is known as Compensative Lengthening or Supplementary Extension. Lengthening regularly occurs as follows: a) Following a palatal vowel, palatal g often falls out before d and n: bregdan, brédan, bregd, br&d, brandish; frignan, frinan, ask; pegn, bén, servant. ») Following 1, m, n, r, h disappears before a following vowel: holh, holes, hole; mearh, méares, horse; Wealh, Wéalas, Welsh; féolan (< *feolhan), penetrate, etc. ¢) The nasals m and n before the voiceless spirants f, 8, b often dis- appear: s6fte (< *sgmfte, cf. OHG. samfto), softly; si8 (Goth. sinp), journey; fif (Goth. fimf), five; m@% (Goth. munps), mouth; civ (from cunnan), known. INFLECTIONS. § 14.— Declension of Substantives.— In Old English the declension of substantives shows more decay than in any other Germanic language, except Friesic. The declension of a Germanic word is brought about by suffixing different kinds of determinating elements to a Root or Stem. If this word-stem end in a vowel, we have I. The Vowel-Declension ; if it end in a consonant, we have II. The Consonant-Declension.14. AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 15.—Gender.— There are three Genders: Masculine, Neuter, and Feminine. Gender is partly natural (sex), partly grammatical. Some- times grammatical gender is shown by the endings: the sutfixes -a, -a¥ (o8), -dOm, -end, -ere, -had, -scipe, -stafas are Masculine ; -nes, -réeden, 8(u), -ung, -ing are Feminine, and -ern, -lac, -rice are Neuter. But most often gender can be determined only by investigation. Com- pounds follow the gender of the last element. Number. — There are three Numbers: Singular, Dual, and Plural. Outside of Personal Pronouns (first and second) the Dual is not found. Case. — There are five Cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusa- tive, and Instrumental. In substantives the Dative and Instrumental are alike, though sometimes in substantives we find a pure Instrumental ~ form: foley, ceapi. The Instrumental is found regularly in Adjectives and in Demonstrative and Interrogative Pronouns. 16,—1I. THE VOWEL (STRONG) DECLENSION. Here only four vowels are concerned: a, 6,1, u. Hence the vowel- declension is divided into four classes: (a) The a-declension; (b) The 6-declension ; (c) The i-declension ; (d) The u-declension. Of these only the a-declension is found entire. The others had gone over more or less into it. 17.— (A) Tue a-Decrension. This declension contains only masculines and neuters, It is divided into pure a-stems, ja-stems, and wa-stems. (1) Pure a-Stems. Monosriiasic Worps. — (a) Mascunmes. Sg.N. A. stAn, stone dréam, joy deg, day G. st&anes dréames dages DI. stane dréame dege PLN. A. st&nas aréamas dagas G. stana dréama daga D.I. stanum dréamum dagum (b) Nevrers. Sg.N. A. geoc, yoke scip, ship feot, vessel word, word G. geoces scipes fetes wordes D.I. geoce scipe fete worde PIN. A. geocu,-o scipa fatu word G. geoca scipa fata worda D.I. geocum scipum fatum wordumAN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 15 18.— Like stn and dréam decline: — 48, oath gar, spear enif, knife heeft, prisoner déav, death helm, helmet dom, judgment hring, ring earm, arm mad, mouth eorl, nan rim, number sl&p, sleep tél, chair stréam, stream péof, thief wind, wind wulf, wolf 19.— Like dag decline hweel, whale; pe¥, path; stef, staff ; that is, words with # before one consonant. Before two consonants @ is gen- erally retained in the plural: esp, asp; creeft, strength; gest, guest, etc., have pl. espas, creftas, gestas (seldom gastas). 20.— Like geoc and scip decline: — col, coal lot, cunning dor, gateway sol, dung geat, gate spor, trace hof, courtyard brim, sea hol, hole clif, cliff hop, hiding-place hiv, cover geflit, strife genip, darkness 118, member twig, twig gebed, prayer gebrec, noise geset, seat gesprec, conversation gewrit, writing, etc. These Neuters, with e or 1 before a single consonant (from brim to gewrit, inclusive), frequently have eo or io, instead of e or i in the plural—u-, o-umlaut: gebeodu, cliofu, liou, etc., as well as gebedu, clifu, etc. 21, — Like fet decline: — bec, back gles, glass bes, bath greef, grave crest, crate heef, sea del, dale seel, hall ste¥, seashore peec, roof treef, tent swe, track Occasionally # is found in the plural instead of a: statu, screfu (staBu, scrafu), etc. 22. — Like word decline all monosyllabic neuters that are long, either by position (that is, before two consonants), or by nature (that is, with a long vowel) : — b&n, bone hilt, hilt bearn, child hors, horse déor, animal hs, house fyr, fire l&c, play folc, people laf, foliage gd, good Iéoht, light hér, hair lif, life lic, body scéap, sheep weore, work wif, wife win, wine, etc,16 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO SAXON GRAMMAR. 23. — Rem. 1.—1n Northumbrian and in older West Saxon, the Gen. Dat. sg. ended in -ss, -2: heofones, Ome. In Northumbrian as is also found: biscobas, roderas. Sometimes for-es we find -ys: wintrys (B. 516). Later, in West Saxon, this form became quite common. Rem. 2.— The Dat. sg. ending -e is sometimes dropped: ham, seldom hime. Rem. 3. — Words ending in -h lose the h in inflection and lengthen the preceding diphthong: — Nom. mearh Gen. méares “ feorh “ féores “ seolh “ séoles If a vowel precedes the h, contraction takes place: — Nom. eoh Gen. é08 Ly peoh “ péos “ feoh “feos ca scoh pl. scds — hoh “ hoas Dat. hoOum Res. 4. — Words ending in a double consonant often lose one conso- nant in the Nom. and Acc., but it remains in the oblique cases: weal, wealles ; ful, fulles, etc. 24,— Dissytianic Worps. — (a) Mascuuines. Sg. N. A. maAvum, treasure heorot, heort, hart — negel, nail G. matmes heorotes, heortes neegles D. I. matme heorote, heorote pegle PLN. A. m&dmas heorotas, heortas peglas G. matma heorota, heorta negla D. 1 méimum heorotum, heortum neglum 25.—(b) Nevrers, Sg. N. A. hdsel, hdsl, sacrifice weter, water weofod, altar G. hiasles Wweeteres, watres weofodes DL hisle wetere, wxtre weofode PLN. A. hdsl, hslu weeteru, wetru weofodu G. hisla weetera, wetra weofoda D.1 héslum weterum,wetrum weofodum Here we have chiefly to do with derivatives in -a¥, -e¥, -els, -al, -ol, -ul, -um, -on, -en, -er, -or. If the stem is long, the vowel of the suffix is lost in inflection. If the stem is short, the vowel. of the suffix is some- times kept, sometimes lost. Usage varies. Exs.:—AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 17 26,—(a) Mascutines: wppel, apple; bétel, beetle ; ceafor, chafer; déofol, devil; hungor, hunger; hrOor, consolation; finger, tinger ; hamor, hammer; hvofon, heaven; hagal (-ol), hegel, hegl, hail ; regen, rain; bunor, thunder, etc. 27.—(b) Neurexs: béacen, beacon; fOdur (-er), fodder; gaful (-ol), tribute; héafod, head; heolstor, shadow ; leger, resting-place ; morSur (-or), murder; setel, seat; tungol, star; wolcen, welkin; wundor, wouder, etc. 28.— Rem.— When e is protected by position (that is, before two consonants, and sometimes even before a single consonant), it is retained. Exs.: festen, m&den, megen, nften, hengest, fereld, f&tels, etc.; Gen. sg. festennes, megenes, fereldes, f&telses, etc. 29.— (2) ja-Stems. (@) Mascuizs, Sg. N. A. here, army hirde, herdsman secg, warrior G. heriges, herges, heres hirdes secges D.I. herige, herge, here hirde secge Pl. N. A. herigas, herigeas, hergas hirdas secgas, -eas G. herga, heriga, herigea irda secga, -ea D. 1. hergum, herigum hirdum secgum, -lum (6) Neurens. Sg. N. A. rice, kingdom eyn(n), race G. rices cynnes D.1. rice cynne PILN. A. ricu, riciu cyn(n) G. rica, ricea cynna D.I. ricum, riclum cynnum 30. — (a) Like hirde decline: — Like secg decline: — ende, end dyn(n), noise esne, servant hyl(1), hill 1&ce, leech hryeg, ridge méce, sword weeg, wedge, etc. and derivatives in -ere, as: — b6cere, scribe fiscere, fisher, Dbeecere, baker ete,18 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 31. —(b) Like rice decline: — @rende, crraud ; inne, inn; stycee, piece; w&ge, cup; wite, pun- ishment ; yrfe, bequest, and formations with ge-, as in gemyrce, boun- dary ; getimbre, building; gewéde, dress, etc. 32. — Like eyn(n) decline :— bed(d), bed neb(b), nib spel(1), story bil(1), war-axe net(t), net wed(d), pledge flet(t), ground rib(b), rib wieg, horse, etc. A few words whose stems ended originally in -Jja form the Nom. Acc. sg. in -e. This is J vocalized: In other words the endings are added directly to the stem, showing however sign of original J by the umlaut of the root-vowel and gemination of the consonant. For e the oldest monu- ments have 1, as in heri, endif, rici. The neuter hig, hég, hay, has re- tained j (=g) in all its forms. 33. — (3) wa-Stems. (a) Mascutines. Sg.N. bearu,-o, grove péow, péo, servant snfw, sn&, snow G. bearwes - béowes, béos snfiwes D.I. bearwe béowe, béo snaiwe A. bearu, -o péow, béo sniw Pl.N.A. bearwas péowas G. bearwa péowa D.I. bearwum péowum 84.—(b) Neurens. Sg. N. searu, -o, equipment tréow, tréo, tree G. searwes tréowes D.I. searwe tréowe, tréo A. searu, -o tréow, tréo PIN. A. searu, -o tréow, -u, tréo G. searwa tréowa D.I. searwum tréowum 35.— (a) Like b@ow decline Iaréow, teacher; lattéow, guide, etc. s8@ has the Dat. swe, Gen. s@s. Like snaw decline briw, broth; béaw, gadfly ; déaw, dew; hl4w, haw, grave-mound ; péaw, custom ; and words with the prefix ge, such as gehéaw, quarry; gehréow, penitence; gehléw, bellowing.AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 19 (b) Like searu decline bealu, evil; meolu, meal; smeoru, lard; teoru, tar; ewudu, cud ; cnéow is declined like tréow. Sg. N. hraw, hra, hr&w, hr&, corpse G. hrawes, hr&wes, hrés, etc. D. hréwe, hr& A. hraw, hra, hr®w, hr& PLN. A. braw, hréw, hréaw, bra, br® G. hr&wa D. bréwum Rem. 1.—In the oblique cases o or e is frequently found before w, as bearowes, bealowes, melowe, bealewa, bealewum, etc. Rem. 2.— Final w is sometimes retained, sometimes lost, as tréow, tréo. After consonants it is vocalized, and frequently written u or 0, as bealu, searo. 36.—(B) Tux 6-Dectension. This declension contains only feminines. It is divided into pure 6-stems, jO-stems, and wd-stems. (1) Pure 6-Stems. Monosytianic Warps, Sg. N. 4r, honor gifu, -o, gift sacu, strife G. fre gife sace, sece D.I. are gife sace, sece A. fre gife sace, sxce, sacu PLN. A. Gra, -e gifa, -e saca, sace, sxece G. ra, -ena gifa, -ena saca D.L drum gifum sacum 37. — Like &r decline: — dan, hill lar, love prfg, time folm, hand mearc, boundary glo, glove for, journey sorg, SOrrow wund, wound feoht, fight stund, hour péod, people heall, hall hwil, while spré&c, speech 88. — Like gifu decline: — cearu, care mosu, nose sceamu, shame fremu, advantage scolu, school pegu, taking lufu, love20 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 39. — Like sacu decline : — ewalu, death racu, narrative wracu, revenge faru, journey swadu, trace wradu, support, lagu, law talu, tale etc. lau, invitation pracu, violence Rem. 1.—Rarely a Gen. sg. in -ys is found: helpys (Ps. 101:9). In the oldest monuments the oblique cases of the sg. and the Nom. Acc. pl. ended in -#. In the Gen. pl. the regular ending is-a. -ena, however, is often found; and sometimes -na, -ona. These forms have come from the consonant-declension. 40. — Dissyiuasic Worps. Sg. N. frOfor, consolation ides, woman mérbu, -o, glory G. frOfre idese mérdu, -o D.1. frofre idese mérvu, -o A. frofre idese mér%u, -0 PlN. A. frdfra, -e idesa, -e mérva G. fréfra idesa mérva D.1. frofrum idesum mérSum Sg. N. strengu, -o, strength G. strenge, -u, -o D. strenge, -u, -o A. strenge, -u, -o Pl. N. A. strenge, -a, -u, -o G. strenga D.1. strengum Here belong Abstracts ending in -ing, -ung, -u (0), -8u (80), and Derivatives in -ul, -ol, -or, -er, etc. Words of two syllables, if the stem is long, lose the vowel of the suffix in inflection. If the stem is short, there is no syncope. ‘This suffix must end in a simple consonant. Exs.: sAwul (-ol), siwle; firen, firene, etc. 41.— Rem. 1.— When syncope has already taken place in the Nom., the words are declined like ar. Exs.: adi, disease; n@&dl, needle. stefn, voice; earfot, labor; f@h¥, feud; geogu’, youth; streng®, strength, etc. Rem. 2. — Abstracts in -ung have the Dat. sg.in-a. This ending is also found in the Gen., and sometimes even in the Acc. sg.: leornung, leornunga, etc,AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 21 Rem. 3.— Words ending in -8u (80) are declined like mérdu. Many, however, have lost the -u (0), and then they are declined like ar. (See Rem. 1, above.) Both forms are frequently found: 98, ef 88u; f#hV, fehVu; strengd, strengdu; m&rd, m&rvu, etc. ‘These were originally words of three syllables, ending in Gothic in -ipa. Rem. 4, —Some of the Abstracts ending in -u (0) belonged originally to the consonant-declension ; but in Old English they have for the most part been taken into the a-declension. Such words are: #¥elu, nobil- ity ; br@du, breadth ; byldu, boldness ; feorhtu, fright: h@lu, health ; mengu, menigo, crowd, many ; feldu, age ; strengu, strength ; snyttru, wisdom, etc. §42.—(2) jo-Stoms. Sg.N. ben(n), wound gyrd, yard G. benne gyrde D.I. benne gyrde A. benne, benn gyrde PI.N. A. benna, -e gyrda, -e G. benna gyrda D.I. bennum gyrdum 43, — Like ben decline :— brycg, bridge hell, hell : secg, sword eribb, crib nyt, use syll, sill ecg, edge sib, peace seece, strife fit, song syn, sin wyn, joy Also, Abstracts in -mes, Gen. -nesse, like halignes, holiness, and certain derivatives in -1 and -n, like condel, candle; wiergen, she-wolf; gyden, goddess, etc. (Gen. condelle, wiergenne). 44. —Like gyrd decline :— bend, band hild, war $8, wave eg, bottle hind, hind blivs, bliss, bliss eax, axe hs, booty 188s, liss, grace h&¥, heath wylf, wolf (f.) milds, milts, kindness Rem. —The short stems assimilate the j to the consonant imme- diately preceding. This gemination is gencrally simplified in the Nom. sg. The long stems show signs of original j only in the umlaut of the root.ro wo AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 45.— (8) w0-Stems. Sg.N. beadu, -o, war stow, place G. beadwe stéwe D.I. beadwe stOwe A. beadwe stOwe PILN. A. beadwa, -e stOwa, -e G. beadwa stOwa D. beadwum stOwum 46.—Like beadu decline nearu, strait; sceada, shadow; seonu, sinu, sinew ; and the plurals only fratwa, ornaments ; geatwa, arms. Like stOw decline hréow, repentance ; tréow, truth. Many have rejected the w, and are then in the sg. indeclinable, as s&, sea; éa, water; béo, bee; préa, threat, throe, etc. These have -m in Dat. pl., as 8am, s@m, etc. Rem. — Sometimes o or e appears before w, as beadowe, nearowe, fretewum, geatewa. 47.—(C) Tue 1-Decrenston, There are only a few remains of the 1-declension, for it had passed over almost altogether into the a-declension. In all the words of this declen- sion some forms of the a-declension are found in the sg., and all the forms of the pl. frequently belong to the a-declension. It shows i-umlaut wherever it can appear. 48.—(1) Pure i-Stems. (a) Mascutines, Sg.N. A. byre, son ‘wyrm, worm G. byres ‘wyrmes D.I. byre ‘wyrme PLN. A. byre, -as ‘wyrmas Engle, Angles G. byra wyrma Engla D. byrum wyrmum Englum 49.—(b) Nevrzrs. Sg.N. A. sife, sieve PIN. A. sifu G. sifes G. sifa DL sife D. sifumAN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 23 50.—(a) Like byre decline many masculines with short stems: bere, barley ; bite, bite; bryce, breach ; bryne, brand ; byre, event ; ewide, speech ; eyre, choice ; drepe, stroke ; dryne, noise; ege, fear; flyge, flight; gryre, fright; gripe, gripe ; gyte, outpouring ; hryre, fall; lyre, loss ; ryne, course ; seride, step ; sige, victory ; slide, fall; scyte, shot, etc. ; ele, oil; mene, neck-ornament; mete, meat; sele, hall; stede, place ; hele, man; hype, hip; hyse, youth; ciele, keel; hyge, myne, mind, thought; pyle, speaker; wlite, countenance, etc.; and the Ab- stracts in -scipe, ship, like fréondscipe, friendship. Like wyrm decline all long stems: frist, time ; gist, guest ; lyft, air; steng, pole ; atreng, string ; pyre, giant; lig, flame ; swég, noise ; feng, grasp; réc, smoke; sméc, smell; stenc, odor; sweng, blow; wrenc, wrench; drync, drinc, drink; swylt, death; wyrp, throw; hwyrft, turn; hyht, hope, ete. Like Engle decline folk-names: Se(a)xe, Saxons ; Myrce (Mierce), Mercians ; Nord-hymbre, Northumbrians ; Egipte, Egyptians, etc.; and a few plurals: ylde, léode, ielfe, -ware, Cantware, burh-ware. -ware has likewise a weak form — waran. 51.—Like stfe are declined gedyne, din; gedyre, doorpost; gemyne, care; gewile, will; ofdele, ofdzle, declivity; oferslege, lintel; wl&ce, tepidity. A few long stems are to be found: gehygd, thought; gemynd, mind ; gewyrht, deed; wiht, wuht, creature; gepyld, patience; gecynd, gebyrd, nature; @rist, resurrection; fulluht, baptism; lyft, air; for- wyrd, destruction ; genyht, abundance; gesceaft, creature ; gepeaht, thought. They are declined like word, but have Nom. pl. in-u. Origi- nally they were feminines. See Cook’s Sievers’s Grammar of Old Eng- lish, § 262, § 263, § 267. The short stems have retained the { of the stem, but weakened toe. In the other cases the has dropped off, though not till it had caused umlaut. ‘The Nom. pl. ends regularly in -e, but the ending -as is also found, as byras, hysas. The long stems have i-umlaut to show their origin. Otherwise they follow the a-declension. 62.— (c) Feminines. Sg. N.A. gléd, gleed déa, deed G. gléde d&de D.L gléde a&de PLN. A. gléde,-a d&de, -a G. gléda d&da D. glédum dédum24 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 63.—Like d@d decline &, law; bysen, command; benc, bench ; ewén, queen, woman; dryht, crowd ; hd, hide ; lyft, air; n§d, need ; tid, time; r9w, strength; wén, hope; wiht, wuht, thing; wyrd, fate; wyrt, wort, root, and many abstracts —fyrd, army; spéd, speed; ge- hygd, gemynd, mind ; gewyrht, deed; gepyld, patience ; &ht, posses- sion; niht, night; gesceaft, creation; ést, favor; wist, food; fst, storm; &rist, resurrection, etc. @rist and lyft are likewise masculine. Many nouns of this class are to be found, but they all end in consonants in the Nom. sg. In the other cases the i has either been weakened to e or disappeared. In all cases, however, it has wrought umlaut. 64.—(D) Tue u-DEcLENsION. The u-declension shows only an occasional word and a few forms of other words : — (a) Mascurines. Sg. N. sunu, -o, son feld, field G. suna felda, -es D.I. suna, -u, -o felda, -e A. sunu, -o feld PLN. A. suna, -u, -o feldas G. suna felda D. sunum feldum The few words belonging here are: breogu, prince ; heoru, sword ; lagu, lake; magu, boy; meodu, mead ; siodu, custom; wudu, wood. The words frioWu, peace; Hou, member; hea®u, battle, are u-stems only in the first member of a compound. Like feld decline ford, ford; weald, forest; sumor, summer; win- ter, winter. Rem. 1. —In the Gen. sg. we find later also -es, as wudes ; and also in Nom. pl. -as, as wudas, sunas. Rem. 2,—winter, though always masculine in the sg., has the pl. forms wintru, winter. 65.—(b) Femmes, Sg.N.A. duru, door hand, hand G. dura handa, -e D.1. dura, -u handa, hande, hand PLN. A. dura, -u handa G. dura handa D. durum handumAN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 25 Sometimes an Acc.—as nosu, nose — is met with ; but otherwise this word is declined like gifa. 656.—(c) Neuters. No neuters are found: only a few forms are left, as feolu, feolo, feola, fela. 67.—Il. THE CONSONANT (WEAK) DECLENSION. Tue n-Deciension. Masculine. Neuter. Feminine. Sg. N. hunta, hunter éage, eye tunge, tongue G. huntan éagan tungan D.I. huntan éagan tungan A. huntan éage tungan PLN. A. huntan éagan tungan G. huntena éagena tungena D. huntum éagum tungum Like hunta decline bana, murderer ; cempa, fighter ; cuma, comer, guest ; fléma, fugitive; guma, man; hana, cock ; hara, hare; mdna, moon ; nefa, nephew; oxa, ox; sefa, thought; steorra, star; béowa, servant ; wiga, warrior; wrecea, exile, etc, Like éage decline éare, ear. : Like tunge decline céace, cheek ; cycene, kitchen; cyrice, church ; eorve, carth; heorte, heart; hlefdige, lady; Iufe, love; molde, earth; nunne, nun; sirce, coat-of-mail; sangestre, songstress ; sunne, sun ; péowe, female servant ; wicce, witch ; wise, wise, etc. 58. Rem. 1.—Occasionally strong forms are found, as steorres, brydgumes. Rem. 2,— -ena is the regular ending of the Gen. pl., but sometimes we find -ana, -ona, seldom -una. A contracted form, -na, also occurs. Rem. 3.— When the final consonant is lost, contraction takes place, as, — 1, Mascurines. fréa, lord; geféa, joy ; léo, lion ; twéo, doubt ; Swéon, pl. Swedes ; Gen. Dat. Acc. sg. fréan, twéon ; Dat. pl. fréaum, léoum, etc. 2. Feminines. béo, bee; fi4, arrow; réo, covering; séo, pupil; ra, roe; t&, toe; Gen. Dat. Acc. sg. tan, taan; Nom. Acc. pl. tan, taan; Gen. tana; Dat. ta(m)um ; Gen. béon, etc. The word fla is weak, but we find a strong formn belonging to the a-declension, flan, Gen. flanes.26 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 59. —III. MINOR DECLENSIONS. (1) r-Stems. ‘The declension of these stems is mixed with the vowel-declension. ‘They are thus declined : — Mascuxines. \. feeder, father brovor (-ur, Ps.), brother |. feeder, -res brovor 1. feeder bréver . feeder brévor DLN. A. federas bré¥or, -Sru G. federa brédra D. federum brodrum FEeminines. Sg.N. modor, -ur, mother dohtor, daughter sweostor, sister G. médor, -er dohtor sweostor D.I. méder dehter sweostor A. moédor dohtor sweostor PIL.N. A. mddra dohtor, -tru, -tra sweostor G. médra dohtra sweostra D, mddrum dohtrum sweostrum Rem. — Instead of -or we frequently find -er. 60.—(2) nd-Stems. Sg. N. fréond, friend hettend, enemy G. fréondes hettendes D. I. friend, fréonde hettende A. fréond hettend PI.N.A. friend, fréond, fréondas hettend, -de, -das G. fréonda hettendra D. fréondum hettendrum Participles discarding participial -e and used as nouns are thus de- clined: féond like fréond, and polysyllables in -end like hettend. The influence of the a-declension is seen in Dat. sg. and Nom. Acc. pl. fréonde, hettendas, of the adjectival (pronominal) declension in het- tende, -ra, and of lost case-endings in the umlauted forms (sg. and pl.) friend, fiend.AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 27 61.— (8) Irregular Consonant Stems. (a) Mascuuines. Sg. N. A. t08, tooth G. totes DL tee PLN.A. tao G. toa D, totum Like t68 decline f6t, foot, and mann, monn, man (mann has also a weak form, manna), hele (hle¥), hero, mOna8, month. These some- times have the pl. in -as. Two neuters belong here: scrfid, garment, Dat. sg. ser§d, and ealu, ale, Gen. Dat. sg. ealo® (-ad). 62,— (b) Feminines. Sg. N. hnutu, nut b6éc, book burh, -g, city G. hnute béc byrig, burge D.L hnyte béc byrig, byrg, burge A. hnutu boc burh, -g PLN. A. hnyte béc byrig, burge, -a G. hnuta boca burga D. hnutum bocum burgum Like hnutu decline the short stems hnitu, nit; studu, stuSu, column. Like béc decline Ac, oak; br6c, breeches; gt, goat; gs, goose ; 1fis, louse ; ms, mouse ; sulh, plough ; turf, turf; wl6h, fringe. Rem. — cf has Gen. sg. efi, cf, cfis; Nom. pl. cf, efe; Gen. cfina; Dat. cm. niht is indeclinable, though a Gen. sg. used adverbially, nihtes, is found. 63. —os-, es-Stems. This declension contains only neuters. Sg.N.A. lomb cealf ag G. lombes cealfes ages D. I. lombe cealfe &ge Pl. N. A. lombru, lomber, lomb cealfru @&gru G. lombra, lomba cealfra &gra D. I. lombrum, lombum cealfrum f&grum28 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. Occasionally efldru, children, is found, though eild is generally in- flected like word. Other or-, er-stems, like dOgor, day; sigor, vic- tory ; hr§¥er, cattle, have passed over into the a-declension, often with a change of gender. Others, like sige, victory ; ege, fear, have dropped the r and become masculine, following the 1-declension. 64. — Deciension or Proper Namzs. 1, Names of Persons. Masculine Proper Names, if they end in a consonant or -e or in -sunu, follow the vowel-declension, as A@lfric, Hré¥gar, Ine, Léofsunu, etc. ‘Those in -e follow the i-declension ; and compounds in -sunu, the n- declension. Rem. 1. — Masculines in -a are weak, as Offa, Offan; tla, #tlan. Feminine Proper Names, if they end in a consonant or in -u, follow the a-declension, as Begu, Hild, Hyg¥. : Rem. 2.—Those ending in -e are weak, as five, Evan; Marie, Marian, etc. Foreign Proper Names sometimes follow the custom of Anglo-Saxon Names ; sometimes they are declined as in the language from which they come ; and sometimes they are not declined at all. ‘The Gen. and Dat. have generally English inflection, as Herddes, Agustine. 65.—2. Names of Peoples. Folk-names seldom occur in the sg., a8 4n Bret. They are generally plural, and end in -as, -e, and -an. Those in -as and -e are strong; those in -an are weak. The sg. is generally represented by an adjective with a noun, a8 Egyptisec man, ides. Often a collective noun with Gen. pl. is used, as Seaxna péod ; Filistea folc. 66.—3. Names of Countries. Names of Countries are seldom found, as Angel, Bryton. Generally we find a preposition with the folk-name in an oblique case or the Gen, pl. depending on land, rice, é8el, etc.; as on Frisum, of Seaxum, Francena rice, NorShymbra rice. 67.—4. Names of Cities. Names of Cities are sometimes declined, but generally they are used with appellations like burh, ceaster, wic, ham, tfn, etc.AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 29 CHAPTER IL DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 68, — Adjectives have two Declensions, —a Vowel (Strong), and a Consonant (Weak) Declension. The endings of the Weak Declension agree exactly with those of weak substantives. Most adjectives can be inflected in either way. ‘The weak inflection is used after the definite article and demonstratives generally. Adjectives have three genders, and five cases. 69.—(A) THE STRONG DECLENSION. The strong inflection of Adjectives has been materially influenced by the pronominal declension. The a-declension has almost completely absorbed the 1- and the u- declension. 70.— (1) a-Declension. (a) Snort Stems. (a) Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sg.N. til, useful tilu, til til G. tiles tilre tiles D. tilum tilre tilum A. tilne tila til L tile (tilre) tile PLN. A. tile tila tilu, -o G. tilra tilra tilra DL tilum tilum tilum (b) Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sg. N. gleed, glad gladu, -o gled G. glades gledre glades D. gladum gledre gladum A. gledne glade gled IL glade (gledre) glade PIN. A. glade glada, -e gladu, -o G. gledra gledra gledra D. 1. gladum gladum gladum30 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 8. N. G. D. A. L PLN.A. G. DL T1.—(b) Lone Srems, Masculine. Feminine. g0d, good goa godes godre godum godre gOodne gode gode (gOdre) gode gOda, -© gOdra godra g6dum godum Masculine. Feminine. blind, blind blind, -u blindes blindre blindum blindre blindne blinde blinde (blindre) blinde blinda, -e blindra blindra blindum blindum Neuter. god godes godum goa gode 0d, -© godra godum Neuter. blind blindes blindum blind blinde blind, -e blindra blindum 72.—(c) PorysyLiasio Stems. Masculine. Feminine. halig, holy hAligu, -o; halgu,-o halges hAligre halgum haligre hAligne halge halge (hBligre) halge halga, -© haligra haligra halgum hAlgum Neuter. halig halges halgum halig hAlge (halig hGligu, -o; halgu,-o; haligra halgum 78. —Like til decline dol, dull; hol, hollow; ewic, quick, alive; tam, tame ; wan, wan, etc. ; and all adjectives ending in -lic and -sum. 74.—Like gled decline ber, bare; blac, black; hwet, sharp; hreed, quick ; leet, late; smzl, small; spzr, spare; weer, ware, etc. 75. — Like g6d and blind decline all long stems: blac, pale; brad, broad ; déaf, deaf; déop, deep; ram, roomy ; sfr, sore ; beald, bold; beorht, bright; ceald, cold; eald, old; forht, timid; grimm, fierce; wlane, proud, etc.AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 31 76. —Like h&lig decline all derivatives in -ol, -el, -or, -er, -en, and -ig. These sometimes retain the e of the suffix, as feeger ; Gen. feegeres, fegres. Exs.: adig, blessed ; famig, foamy ; hrémig, noisy ; manig, many ; lytel, little; micel, much; yfel, evil; hnitol, butting; sticol, sharp; sweotol, clear; bitter, bitter; feger, fair; snottor, wise ; h@&¥en, heathen ; gilpen, boastful ; gylden, golden ; iren, iron ; st&nen, stony ;—as well as the preterit participles of many verbs, etc. Those in -ol rarely contract. 71. —The principal differences between the declension of Strong Adjectives and that of Strong Substantives are these: The Adj. has the Dat. sg. masc. and neut. in -um (subs. in -e) ; the Gen. and Dat. sg. fem. in -re (subs. in -e) ; in Acc. sg. mase. the ending is -ne (subs. unintlected); in the Nom. Acc. pl. masc. the ending is -e (subs. -as); in Nom. Acc. neut. -u or -e (subs. -u, or uninflected); in the Gen. -ra (subs. -a). ‘The Instru- mental sg. masc. and neut. ends in -e (subs. like the Dat.). 78.— Rem. 1.— Adjectives in -en have Acc. sg. masc. in -ne, as h&¥enne, Agenne, gene. ‘Those in -er have Gen. Dat. sg. fem. in -erre, a8 feegerre; Gen. pl. in -erra, as fegerra, or fegera. Rem. 2.— Words in -h, as fah, hostile; héah, high ; hréoh, rough ; woh, bent; rfih, rough (Gen. rfiwes); bweorh, diagonal, etc., lose the h in forms of more than one syllable. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sg.N. héa(h), high héa(h) héa(h) G. héa(ge)s héarre héa(ge)s D. héa(g)um héarre héa(g)um A. héanne héa(ge) héa(h) IL héa(ge) (héarre) héa(ge) PLN. A. héa(ge) héa(ge) héa(gu) G. héarra héarra héarra D.L héa(g)um héa(g)um héa(g)um 79. — (2) ja-Declension. (a) Suorr Stems. Original short stems are inflected like those of the a-stems with double consonantal ending, as mid, middle (middes); nyt, useful ; gesib, akin ; niwe, new (niwne, niwra, or néowne, etc.); frio, free (Gen. friges ; Dat. frigum ; Nom. pl. frige; Gen. Dat. sg. fem. friore; Gen. pl. friora ; Nom. Ace, pl. mase. frio ; Acc. ag. masc. feione, etc.).82 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 80.—(b) Lone Stems. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sg.N. gréne, green grénu, -o gréne G. grénes grénre grénes D. grénum grénre grénum A. grénne gréne gréne I. gréne (grénre) gréne PLN. A. gréne gréna, -e grénu, -0, -e G. grénra grénra grénra D.L grénum grénum grénum Words like gifre, s§fre, fécne, etc., insert a vowel when an unlike consonant follows, as sfferne, f®cenra ; but Acc. sg. masc. f@cne; Gen. pl. s§fra. 81. — Like gréne decline: — bli¥e, blithe ; bréme, celebrated ; céne, bold; dyrne, dark, secret ; yrre, mad; f@cne, sinful; séfte, soft; swéte, sweet; cléne, clean ; &ce, eternal; mre, renowned; sffre, sober. Also verbal adjectives like genge, current; gen®&me, agreeable; and derivatives in -b&re, -ede, -ihte, etc. (3) wa-Declension. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sg.N. gearu, ready gearu, -0 gearu, -0 G. gearwes gearore gearwes D. gearwum gearore gearwum A. gearone ‘ gearwe gearu, -O I. gearwe (gearore) gearwe Pl.N.A. gearwe gearwa, -e gearu G. gearora gearora gearora D.I. gearwum gearwum gearwum 82.— (a) Words with a simple consonant before the w, change this w, when final, to -o, -u(a) ; when before a consonant, to -o. So are declined earu, swift; calu, bald; fealu, fallow; basu, brown; hasu, hazel; mearu, tender ; nearu, narrow ; salu, sallow, etc. 83.—(b) Words with a long vowel or a diphthong before the w, retain this w in all the forms, but do not otherwise differ from the inflec- tion of the a-declension. So are declined gléaw, prudent; hnéaw, stingy ; réow, wild; rdw, gentle; slaw, slow, etc,AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 33 The f-declension and the u-declension present so few remains that a paradigm cannot be formed from them. See Cook’s Sievers’s Grammar of Old English, § 302, § 303, 84. —(B) THE WEAK DECLENSION. This is just like the weak declension of substantives, with the exception of the Gen. pl. Here we generally find -ra: -ena is occasionally found. Sg. N. se goda 860 gode pet gode G. pes godan pére gOdan pees gddan D. pam godan p&re gddan pam gddan A. pone gddan p& godan pet gode HMasc., Fem., Neut. PLN.A. pa godan G. para gédena, -ana, -ra D. pam godum 85. — Participles, both Present and Preterit, are declined like Adjec- tives. 86.— Comparison of Adjectives. The Comparative and Superlative are formed by -or, -ost (-er, -est, -ust). Sometimes a Superlative in -ma, -dema, is found: forma, the first ; hindema, the hindmost, etc. The Comparative of the Adjective is always weak, as -ra, léofra, léofre. Exs,—heard, heardra, heardost ; léof, léofra, Iéofost; gled, gledra, gladost; feger, fegerra, fegrost. 87.— Exampies wit Umiavr. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. eald feldra feldest. lang lengra lengest strang strengra strengest. sceort sciertra sciertest héah hierra, hérra hiehst, héhst geong glengra gilengest 88. —Irrecutar Comparison.— (a) Mrxep Roors. god bet(e)ra bet(e)st yfel wiersa wlerrest, wierst micel mara mést 1ptel l&ssa 1&sest, -ast, 1st — sélla, sélra sélost, sélesta34 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 89.—(b) From ApverBs anD Prepositions. feor, far fierra, fyrra fierrest &r, ere @rra rest fore, before — fyrst (sit, late) sitra siSemest, sivest (inne, within) inn(e)ra innemest (te, without) at(er)ra $temest, fitemest (nor8, northward) nord mest (sQ8, southward) sidmest (Gast, eastward) éastmest. (west, westward) westmest 90. —NumERALS. Cardinal. Ordinal. &n, one forma, first twégen, tf, tw&, two OVer, second prie, préo, three pridda féower, four feowerda, feorsa fif, five fifta siex, six, six siexta seofon, seven seofoda eahta, eight eahtoda nigon, nine nigova tien, tén, tfn, ten téoda endleofan, eleven endlyfta twelf, twelve twelfta préo-tiene, -téne, -tYne, thirteen préotéova féower-tiene, -téne, -t$ne, fourteen feowertéoda fif-tiene, -téne, -t9ne, fifteen fif-téoda siex-tiene, -téne, -t{ne, sixteen ete. seofon-tiene, -téne, -tfme, seventeen eahta-tiene, -téne, -tfne, eighteen nigon-tiene, -téne, -tfne, nineteen twéntig, twenty An-and-twéntig, twenty-one . pri-tig, prittig, thirty feower-tig, forty fif-tig, fifty siextig, sixty hund-seofon-tig, seventy hund-eahta-tig, eightyAN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 35 Cardinal (continued). hund-nigon-tig, ninety hund, hundred, hund-téon-tig, hund-endleofan-tig, hundred and ten hund-twelf-tig, hundred and twenty p@send, thousand. hundred 91, — 4n is declined like an adjective. N. A. G. D. Masculine. twégen Feminine. twa, twéga, twégra tw&m, twam So decline begen, ba, ba, both. prie, bri, br? préo N. A. G. D. préora prim Neuter. twa, ta préo The Cardinals, from 4 to 19, are not generally inflected. All Car- dinals are most often neuter substantives, with the Gen. after them. ‘Those in -tig are sometimes declined like adjectives: Gen. -ra; Dat. -um. Sometimes they are declined like substantives: pritiga sum. 92, -PRONOUNS. 1. Persona, Pronouns, ie, I min mé, me mec, mé, me wit uncer unc uncit, unc we, we Gser, Gre Qs, Gsic, Os pa, thou pin be, be pee, bé, be git incer ine incit, ine Be, gie, ge éower éow Bowie, 6ow36 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 93. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sg. N. hé héo, hie, hi, hio hit G. his hiere, hire, hyre his D. him hiere, hire, hyre him A. hine hie, héo, hi, hig hit PIN. A. hie, héo, hi, (hig), hg hiera, hira, hyra, heora, (heara) . him, heom ve 94.—2. Reriexives. Reflexives are supplied by the Personal Pronouns, either with or with- out self. self is declined like blind, and is often weak in the Nom. 95. —8. Possessives. The Possessives are min, pin, sin, fiser, Gre, uncer, éower, incer. They are declined like Strong Adjectives (Gre like gréne). 96.—4. Demonstratives. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sg. N. 28, se 860, sio pet G. pes pore pas D. p&m, bam pare pam, pam A. bone ba pet I. 9, b8, bon PLN.A. pa G. para, bra D. p&m, am This word, originally a simple Demonstrative, is almost entirely used as the Definite Article in Old English. 97. Hasculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sg.N. és, this péos pis G. pis(s)es, bys(s)es pisse (peosse, bisre) iike Masc. D. piosum, bis(s)um, bys(s)um pisse (pbeosse, bisre) « “ A. piosne, bisne, bysne pas pis I. p§s, bis PILNLA. pas G. pissa, beossa D. piosum, pis(s)um, byssumAN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 37 98.—5, Revatives, pe, indeclinable, is the usual Relative, and it is used either with or without the Personal Pronouns: pe ic, I who; pe his, whose; be him, whom; or simply be. The simple demonstrative sé, séo, pet, is also frequently used as a Relative, either alone or in combination with pe. 99.—6. InTERROGATIVES. Masculine. Neuter. Sg.N. hwa hwet G. hws hwes D. hwém, hwam hw&m, hwam A. hwone hwat i hw9, hwi, hwon Only the Masculine and Neuter forms are found. hweWer and hwile (hwyle) are declined like Adjectives. 100.—7. INpEFInrTEs. In interrogative and negative sentences hw&, hw¥er, and hwile, are often used indefinitely. The Indefinites @lc, each; &nig, any ; né&nig, no, none; 4n, an, a; swilc, such; sum, some one, a certain, are declined like Adjectives. Indefinite relatives are also formed by a combination of sw&... sw with the interrogatives: sw& hw& sw&, sw& hwe¥er swA, sw4 hwilc sw4&, whoever, whosoever, etc. Various interrogative compounds are used indefinitely: &hw&, any one; A4hw&t, anything; Ahweeder, Xghwever (gVer), either, each ; n&hweever, neither; gehwile (Anra gehwile), each; somhwile, some one; nat-hwile, some one or other; nAt-hweet, something or other; ewthwa, gehwA, each; hwilchwega, any onc; hwathwega, anything. “ Anything” is also rendered by Awiht, Owiht (Awuht, Auht, etc.), and ‘‘nothing” by nawiht, nanwuht, etc.388 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. CHAPTER IIL VERBS. 101. —In Old English, verbal inflection is very circumscribed. Aux- iliary verbs play an important part. 102. —Voice.— There are two Voices— Active and Passive. To dis- tinguish present from past time the Active has independent forms; the Passive has to make use of wesan (béon) and weor¥an. 108. Mood.— There are three Moods— Indicative, Subjunctive, and Imperative. The so-called Infinitive Mood ends in -an, but shows a regular Dative inflection in -anne (-enne). 104. — Tense. —There are two Tenses— Present and Preterit. Al- ready in Old English, however, a periphrastic Future, with sculan, is occasionally to be met with. There are likewise the beginnings of the modern so-called Perfect and Pluperfect, with habban. Intransitives frequently have wesan instead of habban. But, generally the Present is used both for present and future time, and the Preterit is the general tense of past time. 105. — Number. — There are two Numbers— Singular and Plural. When the Plural Pronoun follows the Verb (both Indicative and Tmpera- tive), the form of the Verb is most frequently changed: wé binda’, but Dinde wé; gA8! go! but ga gé! go ye! 106. — Conjugation.— There are two Conjugations— Strong and Weak, They are distinguished by the formation of the Preterit. Strong Verbs form the Preterit, either—I. by Vowel-change (Ablaut); or II. by Reduplication. Weak Verbs form the Preterit by means of a, (t). 107. -STRONG VERBS. INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres.Sg.—1. binde helpe bidde —binde_—helpe_ bidde 2. bindest hilp(e)st bidest | binde helpe bidde Dintst bitst 3. bindes hilp(e)8 bideS — binde helpe bidde bint bit PlL— bindaS helpad biddad binden helpen biddenAN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 89 inpicative (continued). sunguncrive (continued). Pret. Sg.—1. band healp bed bunde hulpe bé&de 2. bunde hulpe bade bunde hulpe bé&de 3, band healp bed bunde hulpe b&de Pl— bundon hulpon bé&don bunden hulpen béden IMPERATIVE, INFINITIVE, a ——_——. Sg.—2. bind help bide bindan helpan biddan PL—2, bindad helpaS biddad GERUNDS, — tO bindanne tO helpanne t6 biddanne Present, PARTICIPLES, Past > Dbindende helpende biddende bunden holpen beden Traces of a synthetic Passive are found in hatte, plural hatton, — which signifies both J am called and I was called. 108. — Contract Verbs are those whose stems ended originally in h. This has fallen out, thus bringing together two vowels, which are con- tracted. Such verbs are—téon, to censure, péon, wréon, Iéon, séon, fléon, téon, to draw, geféon, pléon, séon, léan, sléan, pwéan, and fon, hOn, etc. The Present Indicative goes thus : — Sg. 1. téo téo 860 sléa fd 2. tihst tiehst siehst sliehst féhst 3. tthe tiehd siehd slichd fého Pl. téo8 téod stod sléad 108 In the Preterit the h is retained: Sg. 1, 3, tah; 2, tige;—1, 3, téah; 2, tuge ;—1, 3, seoh; 2, sAwe;—1, 3, slOg(h); 2, slOge ;—1, 3, feng; 2, fénge. PI. tigon, tugon, sAwon, slégon, féngon. 109. —Rem. 1,—Umlaut regularly occurs in the second and third persons sg. of the Present Indicative; as fielst and fiel§. Forms with- out umlaut are the result of analogy. Rem. 2.—By syncope of the connecting vowels certain euphonic changes are brought about : — 1, In the second sg. when the stem ends in the dental sound d or 8, sor t, the dental is lost before the ending -st ; as hladan, hlest; ewe8an, ‘ewist ; céosan, ciest ; berstan, birst, etc. But if the stem ends in -t,40 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. this -t is retained, as blotan, blétet ; if in -nd, the -nd is changed to -nt, as standan, stentst. 2. In the third sg., when the stem ends in -d, -t, or -st, by assimila- tion the d or t + 8 become t after a consonant and tt or t after a vowel : as birst(e)8, birst; find(e)¥, fint; fest(e)8, fest; bid(e)8, bit(t). If the stem ends in -8 one 8 is dropped, as cwe¥an, cwid (ewided). Rem. 3. — “Grammatical change” is frequently found in the Pret. pl. This affects h, s, h(w), and 8, especially, and they are changed respec- tively to g, r, w, and. d, as céosan, céas, curon, coren; lian, 148, Udon, liden; téon, téah, tugon, togen, ctc.—séon (< *seh(w)an) has Pret. pl. gon or sawon, and Part. sewen or segen. This is known as Verner’s Law. Sce Cook’s Sievers’s Grammar of Old English, § 233. Rem. 4.— An old Pret. pl. in -un is occasionally found. A Pret, pl. in -an (= on) occurs frequently. Rem. 5.— In later texts -on often takes the place of the older Subjunc- tive pls, in -en. This -on also becomes -an. 110.—1. ABLAUT (VOWEL-CHANGE) VERBS. The Ablaut Verbs show four Principal Parts: the Present (usually represented by the Infinitive), the Preterit Singular, the Preterit Plural, and the Past Participle. The variations of vowel-change give rise to six different classes of these verbs, as follows : — 111.— First Crass. Present. Pret. Sg. Pret. Pl. Past Part. i. a. 1 1 slitan slat sliton sliten wréon wrah* wrigon wrigen enivan snas snidon sniden 112. —Sxconp Cuass. 80, a. 8a. u. o. béodan béad budon boden céosan céas curon coren lacan léac lacon locen * Sometimes confused with the Second Class —wréah, wrugon, ‘wrogen.AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 41 118.—Tump Crass.* Present. Pret. Sg. Pret. Pl. Past Part. 1, @, e0. &, ca, &. u u, 0. bindan band byndon bunden helpan healp hulpon holpen steorfan stearf sturfon storfen bregdan bregd brugdon brogden 114. — Foourts Crass, f,e. a, &. &, &. o(u). beran ber béron boren ndmt némon niman numen nam nfamon stelan steel stélon stolen cuman c(w)0mt c(w)Omon { cueeee cymen 116. —Firtn Crass.$ Le. ®, a. a. e biddan bed bé&don beden gifan geaf géafon gifen cwe8an cwad ew&don ceweden sawon sewen ston sea s@gon { sawen * Sievers divides his Third Class into four subdivisions: (1) Verbs with the stem ending in a nasal + a consonant, as bindan; (2) Verbs with 1+ consonant, as helpan; (3) Verbs with r or h + a consonant, as weorpan, wearp, wurpon, worpen; or feohtan, feaht, fahton, fohten; (4) Other variations are shown by the following verbs: bregdan, stregdan, berstan, berscan, frignan, murnan, spurnan (spornan). + These two verbs have an exceptional long vowel in Pret. sg. } Sievers divides his Fifth Class into three subdivisions: (1) Those verbs like metan, m#t, m@ton, meten; (2) The verbs geféon, pléon, séon; (3) The verbs biddan, licg(e)an, sittan, etc.42 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO SAXON GRAMMAR. 116.—Srxtu Cuass.* Present. Pret. Sg. Pret. Pl. Past Part. a, ea. 6. 6. a, ea. hebban hot hdfon hafen wadan wod wodon waden hlihhan hloh hlégon hleahhen sian slog slogon {aston For further examples of the different Classes, see Cook’s Sievers’s Grammar of Old English. 117. — II. REDUPLICATING VERBS. In Gothic there are Reduplicating Verbs without vowel-change, haitan, hathait, haitans, call, and with vowel-change, létan, lafldt, Iétans, let. In the other Germanic languages the Reduplicating Verbs are so shortened by contraction that they are distinguished only by vowel-change from the Present. Germanic Reduplicating Verbs formed the Preterit by prefixing to the root-syllable its initial consonant + e (in Gothic al): *he-hat (= Goth. haihait) > hé-hat > heht > hét. Of the forty verbs in Gothic which plainly showed reduplication, only a few have traces of it in Old English: heht, leolc, reord, leort, (on)- dreord. These Preterits have younger forms: hét, léc, etc. Contraction has taken place until there are only two classes left: (a) éo-preterits ; (d) &-preterits. ‘The four Parts can be recognized ; but the first and fourth have the same vowel, and the second and third are alike. (a) 60-Prererits, Infinitive. Pret. Sg. Pret. Pl. Past Part. ea: — feallan féoll féollon feallen healdan héold héoldon healden 8a:— béatan béot béoton béaten hiéapan hiléop hiéopon hiéapen a: — blawan bisow bléowon blawen cnawan cntow enéowon en&iwen o:— flowan fldow fléowon fldwen rowan réow réowon rowen wépan (by umlaut) wéop wéopon wopen *In like manner his Sixth Class he divides into four subdivisions : (1) Those verbs like faran, fOr, fOron, faren; (2) The verbs Iéan,AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 48 (0) 6-Prerenits, Infinitive. Pret. Sg. Pret. Pl. Past Part. &:— hatan hét héton haten &:— 1étan let léton léten a:— blandan blénd bléndon blanden fOn (by contraction) feng féngon fangen hon héng héngon hangen ‘These are conjugated like other Strong Verbs, § 118. WEAK VERBS. There are three classes of Weak Verbs, divided into (1) the Ja-class ; (2) the 0-class; (3) the al-class. ‘There are tlree stems distinguishable in Weak Verbs —the Present, the Preterit, and the Past Participle. §119.—1. Tue ja-Crass. INDICATIVE. Pres. Sg.—1. nerie fremme déme 2. neres(t) fremes(t) dém(e)st 3. nered’ freme8 dém(e)8 Pl.—__oneria® fremmad démad Pret. Sg.—1. nerede fremede démde 2. neredes(t) fremedes(t) démdes(t) 3. nerede fremede démde Pl.— _neredon fremedon démdon SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. Sg.—1. nerle fremme déme 2. nerie fremme : déme 3. nerie fremme déme Pl.—__ nerien fremmen démen Pret. Sg.—1. nerede fremede démde 2. nerede fremede démde 8. nerede fremede démde PlL— _ nereden fremeden démden IMPERATIVE, INFINITIVE. Sg.—2. mere freme dém- nerian fremman déman Pl.—2. neriaS fremmad démav sléan, pwéan, etc.; (3) standan which loses n in the Pret. stOd, stédon; (4) The verbs swerig(e)an, hebban, hlihhan, scyppan, steppan, sce8¥an, etc., which have J in the Pres.44 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. GERUND. to nerianne fremmanne démanne Present, PARTICIPLES. Past, neriende fremmende démende nered fremed démed nerian represents short stems in r and fremman all other short stems ; déman long stems. Wherever it is admissible i-umlaut occurs in all forms of the Present. Both long and short stems retain this i-umlaut in the Preterit and Past Participle (with the exception of those verbs given below). 120.— By suffixing the -de certain euphonic changes are brought about, as — -ndde becomes -nde, as in sende, from sendan -llde “ ade,“ fylde, “ fyllan -tde a -tte, “ métte, ‘“ métan -pde “pte, “ dypte, “ dyppan -ede “hte, “ t@hte, “ t&can -ssde 0 “* ate, **scyste, “ cyssan -xde _ -xte, ‘ lixte, “ lixan -rw(e)de “ = -rede, “ gyrede “ gyrwan 121.—The Past Participle generally contracts; as send, métt, t&ht, wend; seted, pl. sette ; treded, tredde ; démed, démde ; gegyrwed, gegyrede. The ending -ed is, however, frequently retained ; as fylled, dypped, hfred, c9¥ed, etc. 122. — In like manner conjugate — ferian, carry ferede (ge)-fered werlan, defend werede (ge)-wered pennan, extend penede (ge)-bened sced8an, hurt scedede (ge)-sceded cnyssan, strike enysede (ge)-cnysed lecg(e)an, lay legde (léde) (ge)-legd (18d) weeg(e)an, awake wegede (ge)-weged treddan, tread tredde treded settan, set sette seted c§8an, make known cgsde (ge)-cHted : sendan, send sende send fyllan, fill fylde fylled nemnan, name nemnde nemned gyrwan, prepare gyrede (ge)-gyrwed cigan, call cigde (ge)-cigedAN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 45 123, — The following verbs have been affected by i-umlaut only in the Present, because they join the termination of the Preterit and Past Participle directly to the radical syllable, without the intervention of a connecting vowel. cwellan, kill cwealde (ge)-eweald sellan, sell sealde (ge)-seald tellan, tell tealde (ge)-teala bycg(e)an, buy bohte boht penc(e)an, think pohte poht pync(e)an, appear pahte paht wyrean, work worhte worht bringan, bring brohte broht réc(e)an, care rohte roht s€can, seek sdhte soht 124, — A few have e also in the Preterit (due most probably to anal- ogy with the vowel of the Present, or possibly to palatal umlaut); as — cwecc(e)an, vibrate cweahte — cwehte cweaht drece(e)an, vex dreahte —drehte dreaht rece(e)an, tell reahte rehte reaht wecec(e)an, awake weahte —-wehte weaht pecc(e)an, thatch peahte pehte peaht 125.—2. Tur 6-Crass. INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres, Sg. —1. lufi(g)e lufi(g)e 2. lufast lufi(g)e 3. lufat lufi(g)e PL— lufias lufi(g)en Pret. Sg.—1. lufode lufode 2, lufodest lufode 3. lufode lufode Pl.— __lufedon, -odon lufoden IMPERATIVE. INFINITIVE. 8g.—2. lufa luflan Pl.—2. lufiad GERUND. t6 lufianne Present, PARTICIPLES. Past, lufiende lufod46 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. Instead of luflan, we frequently find lufigan, lufigean. A large number of Verbs belongs to this class. ‘The Preterit ends in -ode (-ade, -ude, -ede); the Past Participle in -od (-ad, -ud). In inflected forms -ed- is found. So conjugate Ascian, ask ; 10clan, look; macian, make ; scéawian, behold ; sealfian, anoint ; tacnian, betoken ; weorSian, honor, etc. 126.—8. Tue al-Crass. INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE, libbe libbe Pres. Sg. —1. hebbe lifge hebbe lifge 2. hafast ofas(t) hebbe _lifge 3. hafad Hofas heebbe lifge habbaS = libbad Hibben PL— {hepbat lifg(e)a8 bl alts tie Pret. Sg.—1. hefde, lifde, etc., like démde. IMPERATIVE. INFINITIVE. Ubban Sg.—2. hafa Hofa habban { lifgan lifian Hbba PL—2. habbat anasea) — GERUND. : tO Iibbanne, t6 habbanne lif(i)(g)anne PARTICIPLES, Present. Past. libbende habbende { ievonde gehefd gelifa This class contains only a few remains of the original af-class. Besides the above two, there belong here secg(e)an, say; hycg(e)an, think. They are all conjugated in full in Cook’s Sievers’s Grammar of Old Eng- lish, p. 233. 127,—4. Prererit-Presents. These Verbs are old Strong Preterits, with Present signification. From these, new Weak Preterits have been formed, which are inflected like other Weak Preterits.AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 47 Pres. —1. 2. 3. Pl.— Pret. Sg. — Pl.— willan. INDICATIVE. wille, wile wilt wile, wille willad wolde, walde woldon SUBJUNCTIVE. wile wile wile willen wolde wolden The Present wille was originally a Subj. Preterit, and hence willan is not strictly to be classed with the Preterit-Presents. nyllan. INDICATIVE, Pres. —1. nele, nyle 2. nelt, nylt 3. nele, nyle Pl.— nellad, nyllad Pret. Sg.— nolde, nalde Pl.— _—noldon Imper. Sg.— __ nelle, nyl PL— nylla¥ 1. witan. INDICATIVE. Pres. Sg. —1. wt, know 2. wast 3. wat Pl.— ~witon Pret. Sg.— wiste, wisse PL— wiston IMPERATIVE. wite, witad GERUND. t6 witanne, wiotonne PARTICIPLES. Present. witende SUBJUNCTIVE. nyle, nel(l)e nyle nyle nylen nolde nolden SUBJUNCTIVE. wite wite INFINITIVE, witan. Past. witen With ne (not) = nat, nast, nyton (-un), nysse, nyste, etc.AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 48 veunul(e8) epueunur uvmnut we]O008 uemos epugjzved uvzmd (unouy ‘foe sv fja0) — uvuuo p90 ‘ueuund ueuun(e#) opuvuun uvaun epuesnp uvsnp wes (uaro “fp ev xju0) = uvsy wesy “Weg wweserg “JU. ‘saTaIolLava —_— eu _ ognu- e8nui ‘eeu eSeur oukured eucur eunuies =") ounur }= 01()}08 ‘ofooos: euun o8y ce emos pe a eying euuno ouun ezhp esnp o8y ‘fang e3sQur uoj;QUI 48QUI Zz Avon 9Qui- g‘T “Br seo eyqou- uo8nu- — z -jns qi ‘quoU- gt ‘IT Ojqyur) uoSeur) yqyur 8 «wee ‘Baur g ‘Tt “OT e7qveu J uoSeu )yqQvour, geunur JequieuL epunut suvur Zz -o1 ‘mem (a8) ¢‘T “6 agounu dWoloI08 @pro(e)os 918008 Zs yeas ‘To0os g‘T ‘g wo[nos wan wai eys10p uwoLmMp 4s1vep Z erep ‘avep ¢‘T ‘h eyso{ uojind yawod z poou Javed ¢ ‘I ‘9 egpo uomUND ysu¥IZ MOT ‘UB ET “g egy uown — Zz quel ‘ue g ‘TF yop uosnp — zg [eae(S)quep ‘T's yyy uosy ysqy SKY Z ssessod (3)q¥ ‘I ‘s wg —< mg “GAILVOIGNIAN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 49 128. — 5. ANOMALIES, 1. wesan, to be. INDICATIVE. Pres. Sg.—1. eom béom 2. eart bist 3. is bis sind (t) aims } peor Pret. Sg.—1. was 2. were 3. wees Pl.— wéron IMPERATIVE. wes, wesad béo, béod GERUND. t6 béonne, bionne Present. PARTICIPLES. wesende SUBJUNCTIVE. sie béo sie béo sie béo sien béon wére wére were wéren INFINITIVE. wesan béon Past. gewesen For a variety of forms in the different dialects, see Cook’s Sievers's Grammar of Old English, § 427. The contracted negative forms are neom, neart, nis, nes, n@ron, néren, etc. 129. —2. don, to do. INDICATIVE. Pres. Sg.—1. dO 2. dést 3. dee Pl.— doo Pret. Sg.—1. dyde 2. dydes(t) 3. dyde PlL— dydon IMPERATIVE. 40, 208 SUBJUNCTIVE. a6 dé a6 don dyde dyde dyde dyden INFINITIVE. don50 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. GERUND, tO donne Present. PARTICIPLES. Past. donde ] gedon 130. —8. gfn, to go. INDICATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. Sg.—1. g& gh 2, gest ga 3. geu ga Pl— gad gan Pret.— éode Sede Like nerede IMPERATIVE. INFINITIVE, ga, gad gan GERUND. tO ganne Present. PARTICIPLES. Past. gande “ gegan 131. ADVERBS. Adverbs, derived from adjectives, generally have the ending -e; as hearde, hard ; lange, long; s0¥e, truly ; wide, widely. If the adjec- tive ends in -e, the adverb has the same form. Many adverbs are formed with the suffix -lice (-ly); as heardlice, hardly; sO8lice, truly ; sweotullice, clearly. Still another class has the ending -a; as fela, very ; singala, always; s6na, soon; tela, teala, properly. ‘The end- ings -unga, -enga, -inga, are also used to form adverbs; as Anunga, -inga, entirely; semninga, suddenly; eallunga, entirely; hOlinga, secretly ; wéninga, perhaps. Of nouns ante adjectives the oblique cases are freely used as adverbs : deges, by day; nihtes, by night; (um)ponces (un)willingly; drop- mé&lum, drop by drop; stundm@lum, time after time; facne, very; Ipt, IPtel, little; gendg, enough; héah, high; micles, very ; stéapes, high, etc. Comparison of adverbs is like that of adjectives. Adverbs of place answer to the three questions — Where? Whither? Whence ?— as, b@r, there; pider, thither; ponan, thence; hwér, where; hwider, whither; hwonan, whence ; hér, here ; hider, hither; heonan, hence, etc.BRIEF SYNTAX. ee 1, THE CASES. 2. The Nominative is used like the modern Nom., as subject of the verb, as predicate after a copulative verb (to be, etc.), and in address, as a Vocative. 8. The Genitive represents the possessive case, the personal adjunct, the means or instrument by which anything is done, the time or place in which, and separation from something. Further, the Gen. is used parti- tively (to express part of a whole), attributively (giving a characteristic), predicatively, in various relations ; as the object of verbs of joy, sorrow, longing, emotion generally ; and of verbs of accusing, asking, reminding, granting, separating, with adjectives of similar meaning (worthy of, empty, mindful, ete.). ‘The material of which anything is made is often put in the Gen.; measure of distance, time, age, price, and value are often expressed in the Gen. ; adverbial time when, means, manner often take the Gen.; some prepositions take the Gen. in certain senses (wi¥, of, t0, innan, fitan, wana, etc.), Some impersonal verbs take the Gen. 4. The Dative represents the indirect object, the person to or for whom something is done, and is often used like the Gen. to express the means or instrument by which, the time or place at which, and the ablative of separation. Verbs of giving, praying to, saying, obeying, approaching, helping, thanking, etc., take the Dat. of the person interested. Some transitive and some intransitive verbs of separation take the Dat. . Passive verbs take the Dat. with fram (from) or the Acc. with puch (through); occasionally the Dat. alone ; occasionally the Dat. with of. Adjectives of friendliness, unfriendliness, nearness, advantage, dis- advantage, obedience, etc., take the Dat. ‘The possessor is sometimes put in the Dat. The reflexive object of a verb of taking, moving, going, fearing, being, remaining, is often put (expletively) in the Dat. Some impersonals of liking, decency, fitness, suitability, take the Dat. Price, measure of difference, local relations, are often expressed by the Dat. 6152 BRIEF SYNTAX. A noun or a pronoun and a participle in the Dat. express the “ Dat. Absolute” and represent abbreviated adverb clauses of time, cause, etc., like the Abl. or Gen. Absolute in Latin and Greek ; as him sprecendum, hig cOmon (he speaking = while, etc., they came). Some prepositions govern the Dat. (fram, mfter, mt, &r, bi, for, intO, on, mid, néah, of, ofer, t6, under, wi, etc.). Some of these take, also, the Gen. or the Acc. if motion is involved. test is a Dat. relation. See Genitive and Accusative. 6. The Accusative is the case of the direct object of a transitive verb. A few impersonal verbs of hungering, thirsting, longing, loathing, rueing, irking, dreaming, etc., take the Acc. Some reflexive verbs take an Acc. object. Some verbs of asking and teaching take a double object, one of the person, the other of the thing. Verbs of seeing, hearing, declaring, wishing, take an infinitive clause with its subject in the Acc. (I hear him coming, etc.). Verbs of naming, choosing, electing, finding, leav- ing, take a double Acc. of the same person or thing, as in Latin and German. Extent of time and space, time how long, etc., are generally put in the Acc. Many prepositions take the Acc., either independently (geond, o8, purh, wi, ymb(e)) or in the sense toward, to, on, over, with a verb or an implication of motion (sfter, xt, for, (in), on, mid, ofer, under, Qppan). See Dative. On nearly always takes the place of in in vo Saxon, and ofer supplements on in certain senses. Remarx.— The Instrumental coincides in some uses with the Dat., in others with the Gen., and expresses various relations of time, manner, means, instrument, measure. In the pl. it is identical in form with the Dat. It is often used before comparatives (the more the merrier) to ex- press degree of excess. See Dative and Genitive. 6. THE ADJECTIVE, Adjectives agree in gender, number, and case with their nouns under all circumstances, — before the noun (attributively), after (apposition), and in predicate positions. There are two forms of the adjective, the Strong or Indefinite, and the Weak or Definite. (a) The Strong or Indefinite form is the simple attributive, appost- tional, or predicative inflected adjective, without any word of higher order before it, such as article, demonstratives, possessives, etc.: géde menn, menn sind(on) géde, etc.BRIEF SYNTAX. 53 (b) The Weak or Definite form of the adjective is used after the def- nite article, the demonstratives, the possessive pronouns, occasionally after the indefinite adjective &n aud sum, in the vocative case with or without the definite article, and in poetry, to give an additional full syllable. Over (other) is always strong; comparative adjectives (since they end in -ra, -re) are always weak. An adjective referring to nouns of different genders takes the neuter form. For weak and strong AS. declensions of adjectives, compare Mod. Ger- man : gute Manner, die guten Manner. The neuters pet and pis (like the Mod. German das, dies, etc.) often serve to introduce a plural verb, which then agrees in the plural with the predicate noun: pis sind b&ra apostola word (this are the apostles’ words). Rem. — For Numerals, see p. 34. 7. THE ARTICLES (88, s60, bet; &n). Both definite and indefinite articles are sparingly used as such. The definite article before a noun sometimes includes the whole species: sé mann, mankind. It is omitted before God, Deofol (devil), and Dryh- ten (Lord), and in phrases like ‘‘on land,” ‘‘on sea,” ‘‘to wood,” ‘‘over land.”? The germ of the modern use of an (a) as indefinite article is not infrequent in AS.: &n wif, a (certain) woman. The definite article when stressed or emphatic becomes a demonstrative = this, etc.; Am = oné. 8. THE PRONOUNS. Subject pronouns are often omitted, if the sense is clear. The duals are found especially in poetry and in translations of the Bible. Imper- sonal verbs often have their subjects in the Acc., Gen., or Dat.; cf. Eng. methinks, ete. ‘The indeclinable relative pronoun pe represents all cases, sg. and pl. Hwa and hwile are not used as relatives. The definite article 86 séo pest is often used as a relative. 9. THE VERB. (a) Number. The verb generally agrees with its subject in number and person. In the combination &lc bfra pe (each of those that), it agrees in the sg. with &lc. When it is introduced by the neuters pet, pis, it agrees with the pl. noun following: pst sind gdde menn.54 BRIEF SYNTAX. (6) Tenses. Anglo-Saxon is supplied with a fairly complete scheme of tenses, simple and compound, —a fact often disputed at an earlier stage of our Imowledge of the language: Present, Imperfect or Preterit, Future with shall and will (with stronger implications of obligation and voli- tion than are at present involved in these faded forms), Present-Perfect with habban and a perfect participle for transitive verbs, and with wesan and a perfect participle for intransitives of motion, Pluperfect, or Past-Perfect with habban or wesan, Progressive Imperfects (was, were, going) and Presents (is, are, going), and a comparatively full scheme of Passive tenses. (a) The present is used as a present, a future, and a past (in lively narration). (b) The preterit is used as a preterit, an imperfect, a perfect, and a pluperfect. (c) The future is generally represented (1) by the present, (2) by béon, to be, in the present tense, with a future implication, and (3) sometimes by willan, will, and sculan, shall. (a) The compound tenses with hebbe (have) and hefde (had), béo, eom (am), and wees (was) represent perfect and pluperfect rela- tions, the participle agreeing with the subject when wesan (béon) is the auxiliary, and sometimes agreeing with, sometimes governing, the object when the auxiliary is habban. (c) Tue Passive. The Passive is formed with the various tenses of wesan (to be) or weor¥an (to become: ME. worth, German, werden) joined to the past participle. Wesan secms to mean that a certain state or condition has been attained, the present result of a past action; weor¥an seems to indicate an action, something being undergone in present or past time. Compare the difference in German between werden and sein. Ex.: Hé is gelufod ; sé cyning weard geslegen (was undergoing slaying). (@) Moons. (1) The Indicative. The Indicative is generally used, as in Modern English, for facts, in positive assertions and declarations, in questions for information, etc., and in conditions with gif (if) and bdtan (unless) expressing a fact.BRIEF SYNTAX. 55 (2) The Subjunctive. (a) The Subjunctive is used in independent sentences to express wish and command, generally in the 3d pers. ag an imperative, and in questions for mere effect (rhetorical questions). It loses its m termination if the pronoun follows: fare wé (let us go). It is used in conditional, exclama- tory, and other sentences expressing doubt, contingency, possibility : wére ic! (were I!). (b) ‘The Subjunctive is used in dependent clauses after verbs of asking, saying, thinking, wishing ; in indirect statements and indirect questions ; in indefinite relative adjective and adverb clauses (whoever, wherever, etc.) and comparative clauses; to express purpose, concession (though), unreal conditions (if), and clauses of result or consequence, etc. Condi- tional clauses expressing a fact take the Indicative. Rem. — Uton, wutun, the Ist pers. pres. subj. pl. of witan, to go, is often used = let us, to introduce imperatives of exhortation. (3) The Imperative. ‘The Imperative is used in commands, etc., like the Mod. Eng. Impera- tive: g&, go. (4) The Infinitive and Gerund. (a) The simple Infinitive without tO is a neuter verbal noun in -an (-on), and is used as subject or object of verbs, especially as object of verbs of beginning, ending, moving (to define the mode of motion, as walking, gliding, riding, etc.); of verbs of seeing, hearing, feeling, bidding, teaching ; of the modal auxiliaries may, can, must, ete. ; of the causative auxiliaries making, doing, letting, etc. Cf. Mod. Eng. I will go, I see him go, bid him go, etc. ; German, spazieren gehen, etc. (b) The Gerundial Infinitive with t6 + Dat. case expresses what must, may, or should be done. It is used to express purpose, to define an adj. or noun in respect to something, to represent such relations as those of the Latin supines in -um and -u, the Latin fut. active part. in -rus and Gerund with ad, ut with Subj., etc.: fl@se t6 etanne ; fis t6 farenne (ready to go); t6 s@wenne (for the purpose of sowing), etc. (c) The simple Inf. after a verb of commanding, hearing, etc., often has a passive sense: wé secgan hierdon (we heard [some one] say) ; as in German.56 BRIEF SYNTAX. 10. NEGATIVES. Repeated negatives strengthen without contradicting one another. Ne (mot) is the general verb negative, and may be repeated before every emphatic word such as subject, object, adverb: né@n ne dorste nan bing Acsian (no one durst ask him anything ; cf. Chaucer’s ‘‘ He nevere yet no vileynye ne sayde,”’ Prologue, 70). Ne often forms one word with verbs beginning with a vowel, an h or a w: ne+is=nis; ne + hefde =nefde; ne + willan = nillan, etc. Cf. n-one, n-aught, n-olens, n-unquam, etc. Ne is often strengthened by n&, n&t, wiht, nawiht, etc. (no, not, whit, naught). 11. ORDER OF WORDS. Anglo-Saxon words are arranged in three ways, which may (as in Ger- man) be called the Normal Order, the Inverted Order, and the Transposed Order. (a) In the Normal Order (usual in independent clauses) the subject comes first, the predicate next, the modifiers last, just as in Modern English. (®) In the Inverted Order (usual in questions, in commands, and when some part of the predicate stands emphatically at the head of the sentence), the subject comes after the verb. (c) In the Transposed Order the verb comes last. This order is frequent but not invariable in subordinate or dependent clauses. Examples : — Normat: Breten fegland is eahta hund mila lang (Britain island is 800 miles long). Invertep: b& férdon bé Philistéi for’ (then went the Philistines forth); hwf dést bG swa? (why doest thou so?); ga gé om minne wingeard (go ye into my vineyard). TransroseD : Wel wiste Crist hwet hé d6n wolde (well wist Christ what he would do). Rem. 1.— A pronoun object often emphatically precedes the verb: hie hine &@bléndon (they blinded him); him forgeaf sé zlmihtiga Weal- dend his gewitt (to him the Almighty gave back his wits). Rem. 2. — Noun objects follow the verb. Rem. 3.— A Gen. precedes the noun qualified: Godes folc; manna ricu (men’s kingdoms); on C§res dagum (in Cyrus’ days).BRIEF SYNTAX. 57 Rem. 4.— Prepositions are often separated from their objects: him cdm pA gangende t6 Godes engel (God's angel then came moving to him). Rem. 5.—A ‘mixed order’ often occurs. The verb is frequently thrown last in what would be ordinarily a ‘‘ Normal” order ; “‘ Inverted ’” arrangements occur with both object and subject before the verb; the subordinate clause often has ‘‘ Normal”? or partly ‘‘ Inverted’? order, etc.ANGLO-SAXON READER. —s39402— SHORT PASSAGES. On anginne gescéop God heofenan and eort’an. And God geblétsode pone seofedan deg and hine gehflgode. And God geseah ealle p& ping pe hé geworhte and hig w&ron swide géde. Eorde is gecweden Godes fét-sceamel and sé heofon is his prym-setl. Séo sunne ymbsciné pone blindan and sé blinda ne gesihd p&re sunnan léoman. Wé habbad pone ge- léafan pe Crist sylf t@hte his apostolum and hi eallum man- cynne. Ponne habbad pi gddan éce lif mid Gode, and he syld pa méde &lcum be his geearnungum. Hé wees bfiton synnum 4cenned, and his lif wees eal bfiton synnum. 4 worhte hé fela wundra, pet men mihton gelffan pet hé wes Godes bearn. p& ne mihton hie him nan word and- swarian, né nén mann ne dorste hine nn ping mare Ascian. p& nam pet Ifidéisce fole micelne andan ongéan his lére and sméadon hf hi mihton hine t6 déate gedén. Crist p& gepafode pet pi welhréowan hine genémon and gebundon and on réde- hengene fcwealdon. Witodlice hé cymd on ende pyssere worulde mid micclum mzgenprymme on wolcnum, and ealle pa pe &fre siwle underféngon Arisad of déade him togéanes, —— THE LORD’S PRAYER. [Luke xi.] 1. Sddlice wes geworden p& hé wes on sumere stéwe hine gebiddende, pa pa hé geswAc, him td cwa% 4n his leorningenihta, 59 5 2060 ANGLO-SAXON READER. Drihten, 1@r fis fis gebiddan, sw Idhannes his leorningcnihtas l&rde. 2. pa cwxd hé td him, Cwedad pus ponne gé éow gebiddad, Ure Fader pi pe on heofone eart, si pin nama gehdlgod. 5 Técume pin rice. Gewurde pin willa on heofone and on eoréan. 3. Syle fs t6 deg firne deghwfmlican hlaf. 4, And forgyf fs fire gyltas, sw& wé forgyfad &leum para pe wid fis Agyltad’. And ne l&d pa fis on costunge, ac 4lfs fs 10 from yfele. ——_. THE SOWER. [Luke viii.) 4, Sdplice pi mycel menegeo com, and of pam ceastrum td him efstun, hé s@de him an bigspel: 5. Sum man his s&d séow; pa hé pet séow, sum féoll wid pone weg and weard fortreden, and heofones fugulas hyt 15 fr&ton. 6. And sum fé@oll ofer pone stan, and hit forscranc, for pam pe hit w&tan nefde. 7. And sum féoll on p& pornas, and p& pornas hyt forprys- modon. 2 8. And sum féoll on géde eordan, and worhte hund-fealdne westm. p& clypode hé and cwxd, Gehfre sé pe Garan hebbe. — TRUST IN GOD. (Matthew vi.) 26. Behealdad heofonan fuglas, for pam pe hig ne siwad, ne hig ne ripad, ne hig ne gadriad on berne; and éower heofonlica feeder hig fét. Hi ne synt gé sélran ponne hig?ANGLO-SAXON READER. 61 27. Hwyle Gower meg sddlice gepencan pet hé geéacnige Ane elne té hys anlicnesse ? 28. And t6 hwi synt gé ymbhfdige be réafe? Bescéawiad eecyres lilian, hi hig weaxad’. Ne swincad hig, ne hig ne spinnad ; 29. Ic secge ow sddlice, pet furson Salomén on eallum hys wuldre nes oferwrigen sw4 sw Gn of pysum — 30. Sddlice gyf ecyres wéod, pzet pe td deg is and bid tomorgen on ofen 4send, God sw4 scrjt, éalé gé gehw&des geléafan, pam mycle ma hé serft éow ? 31. Nellen gé eornustlice béon ymbhfdige, pus cwedende, Hwet ete wé? ode, Hwat drince wé? od3e, Mid hwam béo wé oferwrogene ? 32. Sdvlice ealle pis ping péoda sécead; witodlice éower feeder wAt pet gé ealra pyssa pinga bepurfon. 33. Eornustlice sécead &rest Godes rice and hys rihtwis- nesse, and ealle pas ping éow béod p&r td geéacnode. THE GARDEN OF EDEN. [From Zifric’s Pentateuch, Gen. ii. and iii., Grein’s Ed., Marburg, 1872.] 7. God gescéop eornostlice man of p&re eordan lame and on &bléow on hys ansine lifes ordunge, and sé man wes geworht on libbendre sAwle. 8. God pa &plantode wynsumnisse orcerd fram frimée, on pam hé gelégode pone man, pe hé geworhte. 9. God p& fordatéah of p&re moldan &lces cynnes tréow feger on gesihte and t6 bricenne wynsum, éac swilce lifes tréow onmiddan neorxenawange and tréow ingehfdes gddes and yfeles. 15. God genam pa pone man and gelégode hine on neorxena- wange, pet hé p&r wircean sceolde and pes begiman. 5 10 15 2B62 ANGLO-SAXON READER. 16. And bebéad him pus cwetende: Of &lcum tréowe pises orcerdes pi mést etan. 17. Sédlice of pam tréowe ingehides gédes and yfeles ne et pai! on sw hwilcum dege sw pi etst of pam tréowe, pi scealt 5 déade sweltan. 18. God cwed éac swilce: Nis nf gédd pisum men Ana to wunienne; uton wircean him sumne fultum td his gelic- nisse! 19. God sddlice gel&dde p& nitenu, pe hé of eordan gescéop, 10 and p&re lyfte fugolas td Adame, pet h@ forescéawode, hi hé hig gecigde; sdtlice &lc libbende nften, swi swi Adam hit gecigde, swi ys hys nama. 20. And Adam pa genamode ealle nftenu heora namum and ealle fugelas and ealle wilddéor. Adam sddlice ne gemétte pa 1 git nfnne fultum his gelican. 21. pa sende God sl&p on Adam, and pé p& hé slép, pa genam hé fn ribb of his sidan and gefilde mid fi&sce, p&r p&r pet ribb wes. 22. And geworhte pet ribb, pe hé genam of Adame, to anum 2 wifmen and gel&dde hig té Adame. 23, Adam pa cwed: pis ys nf bin of minum binum and fi€sc of minum fi⪰ péos bid geciged f®mne, for pam pe héo ys of were genumen! 24, For pam forl&t s@ man feder and méder and gepéot 25 hine t6 his wife, and hig béod bitu on Anum fi&sce. 25. Hi w&ron pa bitu nacode, Adam and his wif, and him pes ne sceamode. [Gen. iii.) 1. Rac swilce sto n&ddre wes géappre ponne ealle pA dtre nftenu pe God geworhte ofer eordan, and séo n&ddre ewes td 30 pim wife: Hwi forbéad God éow, pet gé ne &ton of eum tréowe binnan paradisum ? 2. Pet wif andwirde: Of p&ra tréowa westme, pe synd [on neorxenawange, wé etad].ANGLO-SAXON READER. 63 3. [Sddlice of pim tréowe, pe is] onmiddan neorxenawange, God bebéad fis, pet wé ne &ton, ne wé pet tréow ne hrepodon, py 1&s we swulton. 4, p& cwxd séo n&ddre eft ts pam wife: Ne béo gé nftes- hwén déade, péah pe gé of pam tréowe eton. 5. Ac God wat sdédlice, pat éowre @agan béod geopenode on swd hwilcum dege swa gé etad of pam tréowe, and gé béod ponne englum gelice witende &géer ge god ge yfel. 6. p& geseah pet wif, pet ‘pet tréow wes géd td etanne, be pan pe hire pihte, and wlitig on éagum and lustb&re on_ge- sihde, and genam pa of pes tréowes westme and ge&t and sealde hire were: hé &t pa. 7. And heora bégra éagan wurdon geopenode; hig oncnéo- won pa, pet hig nacode wron, and siwodon ficléaf and worhton him w&dbréc. 8. Eft p& pa God cém, hig gehirdon hys stemne, p&r hé éode on neorxenawange ofer middzg; pi behidde Adam hyne and his wif éac sw& dide fram Godes gesihde onmiddan pim tréowe neorxenawanges, 9. God clipode pa Ad&im and cwad: Adam, hw&r eart pa? 10. Hé cwed: Pine stemne ic gehirde, léof, on neorxena- wange and ic ondréd mé, for pém pe ic eom nacod, and ic behidde mé. 11. God cwed: Hw4 s&de pé, pat pi nacod w&re, gif pi ne &te of pim tréowe, pe ic pe bebéad pet pi of ne Ate? 12. Adam cwad: pat wif, pet pi mé forgéafe td geféran, sealde mé of pam tréowe and ic &t. 13. God cwed td pim wife: Hwi didest pi pat? Héo cwad: Séo n&ddre bep&hte mé and ic &t. 14. God cwxt t6 p&re n&ddran: For pan pe pai pis dydest, pi byst Awirged betwux eallum nitenum and wilddéorum! pf g&st on pinum bréoste and etst pa eordan eallum dagum pines lifes. 15. Ic sette féondr&dene betweox pé and pam wife and pinum ofspringe and hire ofspringe; héo tobryt pin héafod and pi syrwst ongéan hyre hd, 3064 ANGLO-SAXON READER. 16. Td pim wife cwxd God éac swilce: Ic gemenigfilde pine yrmia and pine geéacnunga; on sarnysse pi Acenst cild and _ pa bist under weres anwealde and hé gewild pé. 17. Td Adame hd ewad: For pan pe pa gehirdest pines wifes 5 stemne and pi &te of pam tréowe, pe ic pe beb@ad pet pi ne &te, ys séo eorse 4wirged on pinum weorce; on geswincum pi etst of p&re eordan eallum dagum pines lifes. 18. Pornas and brémelas héo sprit pé and pi ytst pé&re eordan wyrta. 10 19. On swfte pines andwlitan pi bricst pines hlafes, 03 pat pa gewende t6 eordan, of p&re pe pi genumen wére, for pan pe pai eart dist and t6 diste wyrst. 20. p& gescéop Adam naman his wife Bua, patris lif, for pan pe héo is ealra libbendra médor. 15 21. God worhte éac Adame and his wife fellene réaf and gescridde hi. 22. And cwad: Na Adam can yfel and god, swa swa fire sum, pé l&s hé Astrecce his hand, nime éac swilce of lifes tréowe and ete and libbe on écnysse! 2 23, Adr&fde hine p& of neorxenawange, pet hé pa eordan worhte and him pér on tilode, of pre hé genumen was. 24, pa pi hé adr&fed wes of neorxenawanges myrée, pa gesette God zt pim infere engla hyrdr&dene and ffren swurd +6 gehealdenne pone weg t6 pam lifes tréowe. —— THE STORY OF JACOB AND ESAU. [From #lfric’s Pentatench : Gen. xxvii.] 2 1. pa Isaac ealdode and his éagan pfstrodon, pet hé ne mihte nfn ping geséon, p& clypode hé Rsau his yldran sunu. 2. And cwxd td him: pf gesihst, pat ic ealdige, and ic nat, hweenne mine dagas Agane Léos.ANGLO-SAXON READER. 65 3. Nim pin gescéot, pinne cocur and pinne bogan and gang fit, and ponne pi &nig ping begite, pes pe pi wéne pet me lfcige (4.) bring mé, pat ic ete and ic pé blétsige, &r pam pe ic swelte. 5. pa Rebecc’ pet gehirde and Esau ft agin was, (6.) pa 5 ewed héo t6 Iacdbe hire suna: Ic gehirde, pat pin feeder cwxd to Rsauwe pinum bréser: 7. Bring mé of pinum huntose, pat ic pé blétsige beforan Drihtne, &r ic swelte! 8. Sunu min, hlyste minre lare! 10 9. Far t6 p&re heorde and bring mé twA pa betstan tyc- cenu, pet ic macige mete pinum feder p&r of and hé ytt lustlice ! 10. Ponne pi in bringst, hé ytt and blétsad pé, &r hé swelte. 11. pa cwad hé t6 hire: pi wast, pat Bsiu min brosur ys 15 rih and ic eom sméée. 12. Gif min feeder mé handlad and mé gecn&wi, ic ondr&de, pet hé wéne, pt ic hine wylle beswican and pat hé wirige mé and nes nA blétsige. 13. p& cwd séo médor td him: Sunu min, sig séo wirignys 20 ofer m6! d6 sw& ic pé secge, far and bring pa ping, pe ic pé béad! 14. Hé férde p& and bréhte and sealde hit hys méder and héo hit gearwode, sw& héo wiste pet his feeder licode. 15. And héo serfdde Iacéb mid pim déorwuréustan réafe, 25 pe héo et him mid hire hefde. 16. And beféold his handa mid p&ra tyccena fellum and his swiran, p&r hé nacod wes, héo beféold. 17. And héo sealde him pone mete, pe héo séa%, and hl&f, and hé bréhte pet his fader. 30 18. And cwed: Feder min! Hé andswarode and cwad: Hweet eart pi, sunu min? 19. And Iacdb ewed: Ic eom Rsau pin frumcenneda sunu; ic dyde, sw pa mé@ bebude. Aris fipp and site and et of minum huntode, pet pi mé blétsige! 3566 ANGLO-SAXON READER. 20. Eft Iséac cwet t6 his suna: Sunu min, hii mihtest pa hit swa hredlice findan? p& andswarode hé and cwxd: Hit wes Godes willa, pet mé hredlice ongéan com, pet ic wolde. 5 21. And Isfac cwxd: GA hider néar, pet ic ethrine pin, sunu min, and fandige, hweter pi sig min sunu Esau pe ne sig! 22. Hé éode td pam feder, and Isfac cwad pa, pa hé hyne gegrapod hzfde: Witodlice séo stemn ys Iacdbes stefn and pa 10 handa synd Fsaues handa. 23. And hé ne gecnéow hine, for pim pa ritwan handa w&ron swilce pes yldran brédur. Hé hyne blétsode pa. 24, And cwad: Eart pi Bsiu min sunu? And hé cwad: Ta leof, ic hit eom. 13 ©6025. p& cwed hé: Bring mé mete of pinum huntose, pet ic pé blétsige! pa hé pone mete bréhte, hé brdéhte him éac win. p& hé hefde gedruncen, (26.) pa cwd hé t6 him: Sunu min, gang hider and cysse mé! 27. Hé néal&hte and cyste hine. Séna sw hé hyne onget, 20 hé blétsode hine and cwed: Nii ys mines suna stenc swilce pes landes stenc, pe Drihten blétsode. 28. Syle pé God of heofenes déawe and of eoréan f@tnisse and micelnysse hw&tes and wines! 29. And péowion pé eall fole and géadmédan pé ealle m&géa; 25 béo pi pinra brédra hl4ford and sin pinre médur suna gebiged beforan pé! sé pe pé wirige, si hé 4wiriged, and sé pe pé blétsige, si hé mid blétsunge gefylled! 30. Unéade Isaac geendode pis spré&ce, pi Iacdb fit éode, pa com Esau of huntode. 30 81. And brdhte in gesodenne mete and cwad td his feeder: Aris, feder min, and et of pines suna huntode! 32. p& cwxd Isfac: Hwet eart pi? Hé andwirde and ewad: Ic eom Rsau. 33. pa Aforhtode Isaac micelre forhtnisse and wundrode 35 ungemetlice swide and cwed: Hwat was sé, pe mé &r brohteANGLO-SAXON READER. 67 of huntove and ic &t p&rof, &r pi céme, and hine blétsode and hé byd geblétsod ? 34. pa Esau his feder spréca gehirde, pa weard hé swide sadrig and géomorméd ewxd: Feder min, blétsa éac me! 35. pa ewad hé: Pin brddor cdm facenlive and nam pine 5 blétsunga. 36. And hé cwa% éac: Rihte ys hé genemned Iacdb, nfi hé beswic mé; &r hé etbr&d mé mine frumcennedan and ni dre side forstzl mine blétsunga. Eft hé ewed té pim feeder: Cwist pa, ne héolde pi mé n4ne blétsunge ? 10 37. p& andswarode Isfac and ewed: Ic gesette hine pé to hlaforde and ealle pine gebrdsru béod under his péowddme; ic sealde him micelnisse hw&tes and wines; hwet meg ic leng don? 38. pi cwed Esau to him: La feeder, hefdest pi git ane 15 blétsunge? ic bidde pé, pet pi mé blétsige. pa hé swide wéop. 39. pa& weard Isfac sarig and cwed td him: Blétsige pé God on eordan f&tnysse and of heofones déawe! 41. Sddlice Rsfu Ascunode Iacdb for p&re blétsunge, pe 20 his feder hine blétsode, and pédhte t6 ofsléanne Iacdb his brddor. 42, pa cfdde man pet Rebeccin heora méder; pa hét héo feccan hire sunu and cwed to him: Esau pin brosur pe pencd t6 ofsléanne. 25 43. Sunu min, hlyste minra worda! Aris and far t6 Labane minum brééer on Aram! 44, And wuna mid him sume hwile, 06 pines brddur yrre geswice (45.) and 03 pat hé forgite pa ping, pe pi him dydest! and ie sende syddan efter pé and hate pé feccan hider; hwi 30 sceal ic béon bed&led &gder minra sunena on Anum dege ? 46. And Rebecc’ cwxd td Isface: Ic eom sfrig for Ethes dohtrum; gif Iacdb nyméd wif of pises landes mannum, nelle ic libban.68 ANGLO-SAXON READER. THE X COMMANDMENTS. [Exodus xx.] 1.* God spree pus: (2.) Ic eom drihten pin God. 4, Ne wire pi pé dgrafene godas (5.) ne ne wurda! ic wrece federa unrihtwisnysse on bearnum (6.) and ic dé mildheort- nysse pam, pe mé lufiad and mine bebodu healdad. 5 7. Ne nemn pi Drihtnes naman on fdel! ne byd unscyldig, sé pe his naman on $del nemné. 8. Gehalga pone restedeg, (9.) wire six dagas ealle pine weorc! 10. Sé seofoda ys Drihtnes restedeg pines Godes: ne wire 10 pi ndn weorce on pam dge, ne nan para, pe mid pé béo! 11. On six dagum God geworhte heofenan and eordan and s& and ealle pa ping, pe on him synd, and reste pf seofodan dege and gehlgode hyne. : 12. Arwurda feeder and médor! 15 13. Ne sleh pa! 14. Ne synga pai! 15. Ne stel pi! 16. Ne béo pit on liesre gewitnysse ongén pinne néhstan! 17. Ne wilna pi pines néhstan hises, ne his wifes, ne his 2 weles, ne his wylne, ne his oxan, ne his assan, ne nan para pinga pe his synd! — THE CHILDHOOD OF OUR LORD. [From Bright’s The Gospel of St. Luke, ii.] 1. Sddlice on pam dagum wes geworden gebod fram pam casere Augusto, pt eall ymbehwyrft w&re témearcod. 2. péos témearcodnes was &ryst geworden fram pim déman 2 Syrige Cirino. * The figures follow those in Grein’s Ed., Marburg, 1872.ANGLO-SAXON READER. 69 3. And ealle hig éodon and syndri[g]e férdon on hyra ceastre. 4, pa férde Idsép fram Galiléa of p&re ceastre Nazareth on Ifidéisce ceastre Dauides, séo is genemned Bethleém, for pam pe hé wes of Dauides hiise and hirede ; 5. Pat he férde mid Marian pe him beweddod wes, and wees 5 geéacnod. 6. Sddlice wes geworden pa hi par w&ron, hire dagas w&ron gefyllede pat héo cende. 7. And héo cende hyre frumcennedan sunu, and hine mid cildclé3um bewand, and hine on binne 4léde, for pam pe hig 10 nefdon rfim on cumena hiise. 8. And hyrdas w&ron on pim ylean rice waciende, and nihtwaccan healdende ofer heora heorda. 9. p&stéd Drihtnes engel wid hig, and Godes beorhtnes him ymbesc&n, and hi him mycelum ege 4drédon. 15 10. And sé engel him té cwed, Nelle gé éow Adr&dan; sddlice ni ic ow bodie mycelne geféan, sé bid eallum folce; 11. for pain t6 deg Gow ys H&lend Acenned, sé is Drihten Crist, on Dauides ceastre. 12. And pis tacen Gow byd: Gé gemétad fn cild hreglum 20 bewunden, and on binne Aléd. 13. And pi wes f€ringa geworden mid pim engle mycelnes heofonlices weredes God heriendra and pus cwesendra, 14, Gode sf wuldor on héahnesse, and on eordan sybb mannum gédes willan. 25 15. And hit was geworden p& pa englas td heofene férdon, pa hyrdas him betwfnan spr&con, and ew&don, Utun faran t6 Bethleém, and geséon pet word pe geworden is, pet Drihten fis etfwde. 16. And hig efstende cémon, and gemétton Marian and 30 Tésép, and peet cild on binne aléd. 17. pa hi pet gesAwon pa oncnéowon hig be pam worde pe him ges&d wees be pim cilde. 18. And ealle pa pe geh$rdon wundredon be pam pe him pi hyrdas s&don. 3570 ANGLO-SAXON READER. 19. Maria gehéold ealle pas word on hyre heortan sméagende. 20. p&é gewendon him pa hyrdas, God wuldriende and heriende on eallum pam pe hi gehfrdon and ges4won, sw4 té him gecweden wes. 5 21. After pam pe ehta dagas gefyllede w&ron pet pat cild ymbsniden w&re, his nama wes H&lend, sé wes fram engle genemned &r hé on innode geéacnod wre. 22. And efter pam pe hyre cl&nsunge dagas gefyllede w&ron wfter Moyses &, hi 1€don hyne on Hierfsalém pet hi hine 10 Gode gesettun, — 23, sw& sw& on Drihtnes @ Awriten is, pet Sle w&pned gecyndlim ontfnende byd Drihtne halig genemned, — 24, And pet hig offrunge sealdon efter pam pe [on] Drihtnes & gecweden is, Tw4 turtlan, od8e twégen culfran briddas. 1% 25. And p& wes 4n man on Hierfsalém pes nama wes Simeon, and pés man wes rihtwis and od Israhéla fréfor geanbidiende; and HAlig Gast him on wes. 26. And hé andsware fram pim Hélegan GAste onféng, pet hé déad ne gesdwe baton hé &r Drihten Crist ges4we. 20 27. And on gaste hé on pet tempel cdm, and pa his migas 1&ddon pone H&lend pet hig for him efter pre & gewunan dydon, 28. hé onféng hine mid his handum, and God blétsode, and cwed, 25 29. Drihten, ni pai l&tst pinne péow, efter pinum worde, on sibbe; 30. for pim mine éagan gesfwon pine h@le, 31. pa pi geearwodest beforan ansfne eallra folea; 32. léoht t6 péoda Awrigenesse, and t6 pines folces wuldre 30 Israhél. 33, P& wes his feeder and his médor wundriende be pam pe be him ges&de w&ron. 34. And pa blétsude hig Simeon, and cwet té Marian his méder, Léca, nfi pés is on hryre and on &ryst dsett manegra on 35 Israhél, and on técen pam pe wideweden byd;ANGLO-SAXON READER. val 35. and his swurd pine sawle purhferd, pet gepdhtas sfn Awrigene of manegum heortum. 36. And Anna wes witegystre, Fanuéles dohtor of Asseres mé&gée, peos wunude manigne dwg, and héo leofode mid hyre were seofon gér of hyre f#mnhade; 37. and héo wes wudewe 06 féower and hundeahtatig géara; séo of pam temple ne gewat, deges and nihtes péowigende on festenum and on halsungum. 38. And péos pire tide becumende Drihtne andette, and be him spreec eallum pam pe geanbidedon Hieriisalém 4lfsed- nesse. : 39. And p& hi ealle ping gefyldon efter Drihtnes &, hi gehwurfon on Galiléam, on heora ceastre Nazareth. 40. Sddlice pet cild wéox and wes gestrangod, wisdémes full; and Godes gyfu wes on him. 41. And his magas férdon &lce gére to Hierfisalém on @aster- deges fréolstide. 42. And p& hé wes twelfwintre, hf féron t6 Hierfisalém t6 pam éasterlican fréolse efter hyra gewunan; 43. and gefylledum dagum, pa hig agén gehwurfon, belaf sé H&lend on Hierfisalém; and his magas pet nyston; 44. wéndon pet hé on heora gefére w&re; pa cdmon hig anes deges fer, and hine sdhton betwux his magas and his efivan. . 45. P&i hig hyne ne fundon, hig gewendun to Hierisalém hyne sécende. 46. pa after prim dagum hig fundon hine on pam temple, sittende onmiddan pam laréowum, hlystende and hi 4hsiende. 47. p& wundrodon hig ealle pe gehfrdon be his gléawseipe and hys andswarum. — 48. p& cwed his méddor té him, Sunu, hwi dydest pi une pus? pin feeder and ic sfrigende pé sdhton. - 49. pa cwed hé td him, Hwiet is pat gyt mé sdhton? nyste gyt pet mé gebyrad t6 béonne on pim pingum pe mines fader synt? 1572 ANGLO-SAXON READER. 50. p& ne ongéton hig pat word pe hé td him spree. 51. p& férde hé mid him, and cdm t6 Nazareth, and wes him underpéod; and his médor gehéold ealle pas word on hyre heortan sméagende. 5 652. And sé H&lend péah on wisdéme and on ylde, and mid gyfe mid Gode and mid mannum. THE ROMAN OCCUPATION OF. BRITAIN. [From Miller’s Bede’s Eccles. History, pp. 30-34.] Il. Wes Breotene éalond Romanum uncid, 03 pet Gaius sé cfisere, ddre naman Ifilius, hit mid ferde gesdhte and geéode syxtygum wintra &r Cristes cyme. ur 10 pa efter pon Claudius sé cAsere, s¢ wes féorda fram Agusto, eft fyrde gel&dde on Breotone, and p&r biitan hefegum gefeohte and blédgfte mycelne d&] pes landes on anweald onféng. Swylee hé éac Orcadas pi éalond, pa wron fit on garsecge bitan Breotone, t6 Rémwara rice gepéodde, and py syxtan monée, pe hé hider cdm, hé eft t6 Rome hwearf. péos fyrd wes getogen py féordan géare his rices, pet gér wes fram Cristes hidercyme pet sixte éac féowertigum. Fram pam ylean cfsere Claudie wes sended Uespassianus on Breotone, sé efter Neréne ricsode. Sé geéode pet éalond on 2 Wiht and RémAna onwealde underpéodde. pet is prittiges mila lang éast and west, and twelf mila brid si and nor. pa féng Nerdn t6 rice efter Claudie pim cfsere. Sé naht freomlices ongan on p&re cynewisan, ac betwuh ddera unrim ewyrdleana Roémwara rices, pet hé Breotone rice forlét. 5 aANGLO-SAXON READER. 3 Iv. p& wes fram Cristes hidereyme hundtéontig and fiftig and six géar, pet Marcus, ddre naman Antonius, sé wes feowertéodsa fram Agusto pam cfsere, sé onféng Rémwara rice mid Aurélio his bréder. Pra cyninga tidum wes sé halga wer Eleuther biscop and p&pa p&re Rémaniscan cyrican. Sende td him 5 Lficius Breotone cyning &rendgewrit; bed hine and halsade, pet hé purh his bebod Cristene gefremed w&re; and hrate pi gefremednesse pire Arfestan béne wes fylgende; and p& onféngan Bryttas fulluhte and Cristes geléafan, and pone onwealhne and unwemmedne on smyltre sibbe héoldan 08 10 Deoclitianes tide pes yfelan cAseres. Vv. p& wees ymb hundtéontig wintra and nigon and hundeahtatig wintra fram Drihtnes menniscnysse, pet Seuérus csere, sé wes ZEffrica cynnes, of pre byrig pe Lepti hatte, —s@ wes seofontéogeda fram Agusto — peet hé rice onféng, and pet hefde 15 seofontfne géar. és casere framlice rehte pi cynewisan, ac hwatere mid gewinne. Hé cdm on Breotone mid fyrde, and p&r mid myclum and hefegum gefeohtum mycelne d&! pas éalondes on anweald onféng; and hit begyrde and gefestnade mid dice and mid eortwealle from s& t6 s& fram ddrum elreor- 20 dum péodum. And hé p&r on Eoforwicceastre Adle fordférde ; and Basianus his sunu féng té Breotenrice. VI. p& wes ymb ti hund wintra and syx and hundeahtatig efter p&re Drihtenlican mennysenysse, pet Dioclitianus casere, sé wes fram Agusto pridde éac prittigum, sé heafde twéntig wintra 25 tice. Sé gecéas Maximianum him té fultume his rices, gesealde him westd&] middaneardes, and hé onféng cynegew&dum and cém on Breotone. pP& betwyh p& monigan yfel pe hi dydon, Dioclitiénus in éstd&le middangeardes and Maximianus on10 15 4 ANGLO-SAXON READER. westd@le, hi héndon and hergedon Godes cyrican and yfeledon, and slégan Cristene men. Onféngon hi pa téodan stéwe on éhtnysse Godes cyrcena efter Nerdne cAsere. Ves séo éhtnysse pyssa Arléasra cyninga unmétre and singalre eallum pam &rgeddnum on middanearde, for pon purh tYn winter full Godes cyricena hfnnysse and unsceaddiendra fordémednesse and slege haligra martyra unblinnendlice dén wes. Wes éac Bryten pi swfse gehyned on myclum wuldre Godes geléafan and ondetnysse. CONVERSION OF ZTHELBERT. [From Miller’s Bede’s Eccles. History, pp. 56-60.) XIV. pa wees on pa tid Adelbyrht cyning hften on Centrice, and mihtig: hé hefde rice 05 gem&ro Humbre stréames, sé toscéad- ed sfidfolc Angelpéode and nordfole. Ponne is on éasteweardre Cent mycel éaland Tenet, pat is syx hund hida micel efter Angelcynnes &hte. Pt éalond téscéaded Wantsum stréam fram pim togepéoddan lande. Sé is préora furlunga brad: and on twim stéwum is oferférnes, and &ghwesder ende lid on s&. On pyssum éalande cém fipp sé Godes péow Agusti- nus and his geféran; wes hé féowertiga sum. N6éman hi éac swylce him wealhstédas of Franclande mid, sw4 him Ses Gre- gorius bebéad; and p& sende td Aitelbyrhte &renddracan and onbéad, pet hé of Réme céme and pet betste #rende l&dde; and sé pe him hfrsum béon wolde, biton twéon hé gehét écne geféan on heofonum and toweard rice bitan ende mid pone sddan Gode and pone lifigendan. pa hé p& sé cyning pas word gehfrde, pa hét hé hi bidan on p&m éalonde, pe hi fipp cémon: and him pider hiora pearfe forgéafon, 03 pat hé gesiwe hwet hé him dén wolde. Swylce éac &r pam becwOm hlisa td him p&re Cristenan &festnesse, for pon hé Cristen wifANGLO-SAXON READER. 15 hefde, him gegyfen of Francena cyningcynne, Byrhte wes haten. Pet wif hé onféng fram hyre yldrum p&re Grédnesse, pet hio his léafnesse hefde pat héo pone péaw pes Cristenan geléafan and hyre &festnesse ungewemmedne healdan méste mid pf biscope, pone pe hi hyre t6 fultome pes geléafan seal- 5 don, pas nama wes Leodheard. pa wes efter monegum dagum, pet sé cyning cém t6 pam @alonde, and hét him fite set] gewyrcean; and hét Agustinum mid his geférum pider t6 his spr&ce cuman. Warnode hé him py 1&s hie on hwyle hfs té him in @odan; bréac ealdre héals- 10 unge, gif hie hwylene drfcraft hefdon pat hi hine oferswidan and beswican sceolden. Ac hi nales mid déofulcraefte ac mid godcunde megene gewelgade cOman: b&ron Cristes rédetaécen, sylfrene Cristes m@l mid him and anlicnesse Drihtnes H&- lendes on brede ffegde and Awritene, and w&ron haligra naman 15 rimende, and gebedo singende; somod for hiora sylfra écre h&lo and para pe hi td cOmon td Drihtne pingodon. pa hét sé cyning hie sittan, and hie sw& dydon; and hi sdna him lifes word etgadere mid eallum his geférum, pe p&r etw&ron, bodedon and l&rdon. 4 ondswarede sé cyning and pus cwed: 20 Feger word pis syndon and gehat pe gé brohtan, and fis secgad. Ac for pon héo néowe syndon and uncfiée, ne magon wé nfi gén pet patian, pet wé forl&ten pi wisan, pe wé longre tide mid ealle Ongolpéode héoldon. Ac for pon pe gé hider feorran elpéodige cw6mon ond, pes pe mé gepiht is and gesewen, pa 25 ping, p& pe s08 and betst geléfdon, pet éac swilce willadon is p& gem&nsuman, nella’ wé for pon éow hefige béon. Ac wé ‘willad Gow éac fremsumlice in gestliénesse onfén, and éow ondlifen sellan and éowre pearfe forgifan. Ne wé éow bewe- riad pet gé ealle, pi pe gé magen, purh Gowre lére td éowres 30 igeléafan &festnisse gepéode and gecyrre. 4 sealde sé cyning him wunenesse and stéwe in Cantwarabyrig, séo wes ealles his rices ealdorburg, ond sw sw hé geheht, him ondlifen forgeaf and weoruld-pearfe; ond éac swylce léafnesse sealde, ‘pet hé@o mdsten Cristes geléafan bodian and l@ran. Is pet 3510 15 16 ANGLO-SAXON READER. segd, pa héo férdon and néaléhton td p&re ceastre, swA swA heora péaw wes, mid pf halgan Cristes m@&le and mid onlic- nesse pes miclan cyninges fisses Drihtnes H@lendes Cristes, pet péosne letaniam and ontemn gehléodre stefne sungon : Deprecamur te, Domine, in omni misericordia twa ut auferatur Juror tuus, et ira tua a ciuitate ista et de domo sancta tua quo- niam peccauimus. THE. VOYAGE OF OHTHERE. [From Sweet’s King Hlfred’s Orosius, pp. 17-21.] Ohthere s@de his hlaforde, Alfréde cyninge, pet hé ealra Nordmonna norpmest bide. Hé cwaxd pet hé bide on p&m lande norpweardum wip pa Wests®. Hé s&de péah pat pet land sie swipe lang norp ponan; ac hit is eal wéste, biiton on féawum stéwum styccem&lum wiciad Finnas, on hyntose on wintra, ond on sumera on fiscape be p&re s&. Hé s&de pet hé et sumum cirre wolde fandian hi longe pat land norpryhte l@ge, oppe hweter &nig mon be nordan p&m wéstenne bide. pa for hé norpryhte be p&m lande: lét him ealne weg pet wéste land on set stéorbord, ond pa wids® on Sat bechord prie dagas. pa wes hé@ sw& feor norp swa pa hwelhuntan firrest farap. p& for hé pa giet norpryhte swd feor sw4 hé meahte on p&m 6prum prim dagum gesiglan. pa béag pet land p&r éastryhte, oppe séo s& in on sxt lond, hé nysse hwaver, biton hé wisse det hé s&r bad westanwindes ond hwdn norpan, ond siglde %4 éast be lande sw& swM hé meahte on féower dagum gesiglan. pA sceolde hé sr bidan ryhtnorpanwindes, for 3&m pet land béag p&r sfipryhte, oppe séo s® in on tet land, hé nysse hweper. 4 siglde hé ponan siiéryhte be lande sw& sw4 hé mehte on fif dagum gesiglan. Da leg p&r An micel éa fip in on pat land. 4 cirdon hie fp in on 84 éa, for p&m hie ne dorston forp bi p&re éa siglan forANGLO-SAXON READER. 17 unfripe; for p&m det land wes eall gebiin on pre healfe p&re éas. Ne métte hé @r nan gebfin land, sippan hé from his Agnum ham for; ac him wes ealne weg wéste land on pet stéorbord, bitan fiscerum ond fugelerum ond huntum, ond pet wron eall Finnas; ond him was 4 wids® on tet bec- 5 bord. 4 Beormas hefdon swipe wel gebiid hira land: ac hie ne dorston p&r on cuman. Ac para Terfinna land wes eal wéste, biiton t&r huntan gewicodon, oppe fisceras, oppe fuge- Jeras. Fela spella him s&don pa Beormas &gper ge of hiera 4gnum 10 lande ge of p&m landum pe ymb hie fitan w&ron; ac hé nyste hweet pees sdpes wees, for p&m hé hit self ne geseah. p& Finnas, him pihte, ond pa Beormas spr&con néah An gepéode. Swi- post hé fdr sider, t6 éacan pes landes scéawunge, for p&m hors- hwelum, for tm hie habbad swipe zpele ban on hiora tépum 15 — pa ted hie brdhton sume p&m cyninge — ond hiora hfd bid swide god t6 sciprapum. Sé hwel bid micle 1&ssa ponne ddre hwalas: ne bid hé lengra tonne syfan elna lang; ac on his Agnum lande is sé betsta hwalhuntad: pi béod eahta and féowertiges elna lange, and pa mé&stan fiftiges elna lange; 20 para hé s&de pet hé syxa sum ofslége syxtig on twim dagum. Hé wes swfSe spédig man on p&m Khtum pe heora spéda on béod, pat is, on wildrum. Hé hefde pa g¥t, 34 hé pone eyninge sdhte, tamra déora unbebohtra syx hund. )p& déor hi 25 hatad ‘hranas’; para w&ron syx stelhranas; 8& béod swfte dfre mid Finnum, for 3&m hf £05 pa wildan hranas mid. Hé was mid p&m fyrstum mannum on p&m lande: nzfde hé péah ma tonne twéntig hrfsera, and twéntig scéapa, and twéntig swyna; and pat lftle pat hé erede, hé erede mid horsan. Ac 30 hyra ar is m&st on p&m gafole pe 84 Finnas him gyldad. Pet gafol bid on déora fellum, and on fugela federum, and hwales bane, and on p&m sciprapum pe béod of hweles hfde geworht and of séoles. Aghwile gylt be hys gebyrdum. Sé@ byrdesta sceal]l gyldan fiftyne mearées fell, and fif hranes, and 4n beren 3518 ANGLO-SAXON READER. fel, and tf#n ambra fetra, and berenne kyrtel odde yterenne, and twégen sciprapas; &gper sf syxtig elna lang, Oper sf of hwales hfde geworht, dper of sioles. Hé s&de sxt Nordmanna land wre swype lang and swyse smal. Eal pet his man Ader odde ettan ode erian meg, pet lid wid 04 s®; and pat is péah on sumum stéwum sw¥ée cliidig; and licgad wilde moras wid éastan and wid fipp on emnlange p&m bfnum lande. On pm mérum eardiad Finnas. And pet bfne land is éasteweard bradost, and symle sw4 nordor sw& smelre. Fastewerd hit mag bion syxtig mila brad, oppe hwéne bradre; and middeweard pritig ode bradre; and norde- weard hé cwad, p&r hit smalost w&re, pat hit mihte béon préora mila brad té p&m more; and sé mér sydpan, on swum stdwum, sw brid sw4 man meg on twam wucum oferféran; 15 and on sumum stéwum sw4 brid sw& man meg on syx dagum oferféran. Donne is téemnes p&m lande sfideweardum, on dére healfe pes mores, Swéoland, op pet land nordeweard; and toemnes p&m lande norseweardum, Cwéna land. pa Cwénas hergiad 20 hwilum on 84 Nordmen ofer Sone mor, hwilum pa Nordmen on hy. And p&r sint swite micle meras fersce geond pi moras; and berad pé Cwénas hyra scypu ofer land on 84 meras, and panon hergiad on 84 Nordmen; hf habbad swe lftle scypa and sw¥ée leohte. 25 Ohthere s&de pet sio scir hatte Hflgoland, pe hé on bide. Hé cwed pet nan man ne bfide be nordan him. Ponne is 4n port on sfideweardum p&m lande, pone man h&t Sciringeshéal. Pyder hé cwed pet man ne mihte geseglian on Anum monde, gyf man on niht wicode, and &lce dege hafde ambyrne wind; 30 and ealle 54 hwile hé sceal seglian be lande. And on pet stéorbord him bid &rest Traland, and ponne %4 igland pe synd betux Tralande and pissum lande. Ponne is pis land, 03 hé cymd t6 Scirinegeshéale, and ealne weg on pet becbord Nord- weg. Wid sfidan pone Sciringeshéal fyl3 swfde mycel s® fip 35 in on et land; séo is bradre ponne &nig man ofer séon mage. a 1 SANGLO-SAXON READER. 79 And is Gotland on ddre healfe ongéan, and siddan Sillende. Séo s& lid menig hund mila Gp in on pet land. And of Sciringeshéale hé cwed det hé seglode on fif dagan td p&m porte pe mon h&t et H&pum; sé stent betuh Wine- dum, and Seaxum, and Angle, and hfré in on Dene. D& hé 5 piderweard seglode fram Sciringeshé@ale, pi wees him on pat becbord Denamearc and on pet stéorbord wids&® pr} dagas ; and pa, twégen dagas &r hé t6 H&pum come, him wes on pet stéorbord Gotland, and Sillende, and iglanda fela. On p&m Jandum eardodon Engle, &r hi hider on land céman. And 10 hym wees 34 twégen dagas on tet becbord pa igland pe in on Denemearce hfras. —— THE VOYAGE OF WULFSTAN. Wulfstin s&de pet hé gefore of H&dum, pet hé w&re on Tris6 on syfan dagum and nihtum, pet pet scip wes ealne weg yrnende under segle. Weonodland him was on stéorbord, 15 and on becbord him wes Langaland, and Lé&land, and Falster, and Sconég; and pas land eall hfrad t6 Denemearcan. And ponne Burgenda land wes fis on becbord, and p&é habbad him sylfe cyning. Ponne efter Burgenda lande w&ron fis pas land, pa synd hatene @rest Blécinga-ég, and Méore, and EKowland, 20 and Gotland on becbord; and pas land hf¥rad t6 Swéom. And Weonodland wes fis ealne weg on stéorbord 03 Wislemfidan. Séo Wisle is sw§e mycel éa, and hio tdlié Witland and Weo- nodland; and pet Witland belimpe’ t6 Estum; and séo Wisle 1i8 fit of Weonodlande, and lis in Estmere; and sé Estmere is 25 hiru fifténe mila brad. Ponne cymed Ilfing éastan in Estmere of s&m mere, se Triisé standed in steede; and cumad fit samod in Estmere, Ilfing @astan of Estlande, and Wisle sfisan of Winodlande. And ponne benimd Wisle Ilfing hire naman, and liged of p&m mere west and noré on s&; for df hit man 30 h&t Wislemida.80 ANGLO-SAXON READER. Pet Estland is swfSe mycel, and p&r bid swfde manig burh, and on flcere byrig bid cyninge. And p&r bid swfse mycel hunig, and fisenad; and sé cyning and pa ricostan men drincad infran meole, and pi unspédigan and pi péowan drincad medo. p&r bid swfde mycel gewinn betweonan him. And ne bid d3&r n&nig ealo gebrowen mid Estum, ac p&r bid medo gendh. And p&r is mid Estum déaw, ponne p&r bid man déad, pwt hé 115 inne unforberned mid his m&égum and fréondum mona, ge hwilum twégen; and p& kyningas, and p& dre h@ahdungene 10 men, sw& micle lencg sw& hi m4ran spéda habbat, hwilum healf géar p&t hi béod unforberned, and licgad bufan eordan on hyra hiisum. And ealle pa hwile pe pet lic bid inne, p&r sceal béon gedryne and plega, 03 done deg pe hi hine for- bernad. ponne pf ylean dege pe hi hine td p&m Ade beran 15 wyllad, ponne’ téd&laé hi his feoh, pet p&r to lafe bid after p&m gedrynce and p&m plegan, on fif od8e syx, hwflum on ma, swi swi pes fos andéfn bit. Alecgaé hit Sonne for- hwega on anre mile pone m&stan d&l fram p&m tfine, ponne dserne, Sonne pone priddan, op pe hyt eall 4léd bid on p&re 2 fnre mile; and sceall béon sé l&sta d&l nfhst p&m tine de sd déada man on 1i8. Donne sceolon béon gesamnode ealle 34 menn te swyftoste hors habbad on p&m lande, forhwega on fif milum od%e on syx milum fram p&m féo. Ponne ernad hf ealle toweard p&m féo: tonne cymed sé man sé pet swif- 25 toste hors hafad td p&m @restan d&le and td p&m mé&stan, and sw4 &lc efter d3rum, op hit bid eall genumen; and sé nim’ pone I&stan d&l sé nfhst p&m tine pet feoh geerned. And ponne rided lc hys weges mid 8&m féo, and hyt métan habban eall; and for tf p&r béod pA swiftan hors ungefdge 30 dfre. And ponne his gestréon béod pus eall Aspended, ponne byrd man hine fit, and forberned mid his w&pnum and hregle; and swidost ealle hys spéda hf forspendad mid p&m langan legere pes déadan mannes inne, and ps pe hf be p&m wegum Glecgad, pe 34 fremdan t6 ernad, and nima’.!| And pet is mid 35 Estum péaw pet p&r sceal Rlces gedéodes man béon forberned; oANGLO-SAXON READER. 81 and gyf par man 4n ban finded unforberned, hi hit sceolan miclum gebétan. And p&r is mid Estum 4n m&gd pet hi, magon cyle gewyrean; and py p&r licgad pa déadan men swa lange, and ne filiad, pet hy wyrcad pone cyle him on. And péah man dsette twégen f&tels full ealad od3e weteres, hy ged6d pet &gper bid oferfroren, sam hit sf sumor sam winter. THE LEGEND OF ST. ANDREW. [From Bright’s Reader.] Hér segd pet efter pim pe Drihten H@lend Crist té heo- fonum 4st&h, pet pi apostoli wRron etsomne; and hie sendon hlot him betwéonum, hwider hyra gehwyle faran scolde td l@ranne. Segd pet sé €adiga Mathéus gehléat t6 Marmadonia p&re ceastre; segd ponne pzet pa men pe on pre ceastre w&ron pet hi hlaf ne &ton, ne water ne druncon, ac &ton manna lichaman and heora bléd druncon; and &ghwyle man pe on p&re ceastre cdm zl®éodisc, segd pet hie hine séna genémon and his éagan fit 4stungon, and hie him sealdon 4ttor drincan pet mid myclum lyberefte wes geblanden, and mid pf pe hie pone drene druncon, hraée heora heorte wes télésed and heora méd onwended. Sé éadiga Mathéus pa in @ode on pa ceastre, and hraée hie hine genaémon and his éagan fit Astungon, and hie him sealdon &ttor drincan, and hine sendon on carcerne, and hie hine héton pat Attor etan, and hé hit etan nolde; for pon his heorte nzs télésed, ne his méd onwended; 4c hé wes simle t6 Drihtne biddende mid myclum wope, and cwad td him, ‘Min Drihten H@lend Crist, for pon wé ealle forléton fire enéorisse, and w&ron pé fylgende, and pf eart fire ealra fultum, pa pe on pé gelffad, beheald nfi and geseoh hfi pas men pinum péowe d6v. And ic pé bidde, Drihten, pat pi mé forgife minra éagna léoht, pect ic geséo pa pe mé onginnas dén on pisse ceastre 5a 10 82 ANGLO-SAXON READER. p& weorstan tintrego; and ne forl&t mé, min Drihten H&lend Crist, ne mé ne sele on pone bitterestan déad.’ Mid pf pe hé pis gebed sé Gadiga Mathéus geeweden hiefde, mycel léoht and beorht onl@ohte pet carcern, and Driltnes stefn wes geworden td him on pm léohte cwedende, ‘ Mathéus min sé léofa, beheald on mé.’ Mathéus pa léciende hé geseah Drihten Crist, and eft Drihtnes stefn was geworden t6 him ewevdende, ‘Mathéus, wes pi gestrangod, and ne ondr&d pi pé, for pon ne forl&te ic pé &fre, ac ic pe gefréolsige of ealre frécennesse, and nals pet dn, ac simle ealle pine brddor, and ealle p& pe on mé gelffad on eallum tidum o& écnesse. Ac onbid hér seofon and twéntig nihta, and efter pon ic sende td pé Andréas, pinne brédor, and hé pé it Al&ded of pissum car- cerne, and ealle pa pe mid pé syndon.’ Mid pf pe pis gecweden wes, Drihten him eft t6 cwad, ‘Sib si mid pé, Mathéus.’ Hé p& purhwuniende mid gebedum wes Drihtnes lof singende on pam carcerne. And p& unrihtan men in éodon on pet carcern pet hie p& men fit dan woldon and him t6 mete dén. Sé éadiga Mathéus pi betfnde his éagan pf l&@s pa cwelleras gesiwan pet his @agan geopenede w&ron; and hie cw&don him betwfnum, ‘Prf dagas nfi t6 léfe syndon pet wé hine willad dewellan and fis td mete ged6n.’ Se éadiga Mathéus pa gefelde xx daga. p& Drihten H&lend Crist cwed té Andréa his apostole, mid pi pe hé wes in Achaia pam lande and pé&r l&rde his discipuli, hé cw, ‘Gang on Mar- madonia ceastre, and 4l@d panon Mathéum pinne brédor of p&m carcerne, for pon pe n& git pr? dagas t6 lafe syndon, pet hie hine willad Acwellan and him t6 mete gedén.’ Sé haliga Andréas him andswarode, and hé cwx%, ‘Min Drihten H&lend Crist, hi mag ic hit on prim dagum gefaran? Ac m4 wén is pet pi onsende pinne engel sé hit meg hreedlicor gefaran, for pon, min Drihten, pai wast pet ic eam fi€sclic man and ic hit ne meg hredlice gefaran for pon pe, min Drihten, sé sidft is pider t6 lang, and ic pone weg ne can.’ Drihten him té cwa%, ‘ Andréas, gehér mé, for pon pe ic pé geworhte, and ic pinne sid gestadelode and getry- mede. Gang ni td pes s&s warode mid pinum discipulum, andANGLO-SAXON READER. 83 pai p&r gemétest scip on pam warote; and Astig on pat mid pinum discipulum.’ And mid pf pe hé pis cwad, Drihten H&lend pa git wes sprecende and cwe®, ‘Sib mid pé and mid eallum pinum discipulum.’ And hé Astég on heofonas. Sé@ haliga Andréas p& drés on mergen, and hé éode to p&re 5 s& mid his discipulum, and hé geseah scip on pam warode and prs weras on pam sittende; and hé wes geféonde mid mycle geféan, and him té ewes, ‘Brosor, hwider wille gé faran mid pis medmiclum scipe?’ Drihten H&lend wis on pam scipe sw sé stéorrédra, and his twégen englas mid him; p&é w&ron 10 gehwyrfede on manna onsfne. Drihten Crist him p& té ew, *On Marmadonia ceastre.’ Sé@ hAliga Andréas him andswarode, and hé ewes, ‘Brétor, onféh fis mid Gow on pet scip and gel&dad fis on pa ceastre.’ Drihten him t6 ewe, ‘Ealle men fléod of p&re ceastre ; t6 hw&m wille gé pider faran?’ Se haliga 15 Andréas him andswarode, hé cwed, ‘Medmycel &rende wé pider habba®, and fis is pearf pet wé hit péh gefyllon. Drihten H@lend. him t6 ewes, ‘Astigad on pis scip t6 fis, and sellad fis G@owerne fersceat.’ Sé haliga Andréas him andswarode, ‘Gehfrad, gebrodor, nabbad wé fersceat, ac we syndon discipuli 20 Drihtnes H&lendes Cristes, pa hé gecéas; and pis bebod hé us sealde, and hé cwxd, “Ponne gé faren godspel té Irenne, ponne nabbe gé mid éow hlaf ne feoh, ne twifeald hragl.” Gif pi ponne wille mildheortnesse mid fis dén, saga fis pat hredlice; gif pi ponne nelle, gecfS fis swA péah pone weg.’ 25 Drihten H&lend him té cwas, ‘Gif pis gebod éow w&re geseald fram éowrum Drihtene, dstigad hider mid geféan on min scip.’ Sé halga Andréas pa 4stah on pet scip mid his discipulum, and hé geset beforan pam st@orrédran pes scipes, pet was Drihten H&lend Crist. Drihten H&lend him té cwed, ‘Ic 30 geséo pet pas brddor synt geswencede of pisse s&we hréohnesse; Acsa hie hweéer hi woldon té lande Astigan and pin p&r onbidan 0d pet pi gefylle pine pénunge t6 p&re pe pi sended eart, and pi ponne eft hwyrfest td him.’ Sé halga Andréas him td ewes, ‘Mine bearn, wille gé t6 lande faran and min p&r onbi- 3584 ANGLO-SAXON READER: dan?’ His discipuli him andswarodon, and hie cw&don, ‘Gif wé gewitad fram p@, ponne beo wé fremde fram eallum pam gédum pe pi fis gearwodest; ac wé béod mid pé swi hwyder sw4 pi fwrest.’ Drihten H&lend him té ewxt, to pam halgan Andréa, ‘Gif pai sf sddlice his discipul sé is cweden Crist, spec t6 pinum discipulum be pim mwgenum pe pin Laréow dyde, pet sie geblétsod heora heorte, and hie ofergieton pisse swe ege.’ Sé haliga Andréas cw t6 his discipulum, «Sumre tide mid pi pe wé w&ron mid frum Drihtne, wé Astigon 10 mid him on scip; and hé etywde fis sw hé sl&pende w&re td costianne, and dyde swide hréoge pa s®; fram pim winde wes geworden sw4 pet pi selfan fsa w&ron dhafene ofer pet scip. Wé fis pi swide andrédon and cigdon t6 him, Drihtne H@lend- um Criste. And hé pa aras and bebéad pim winde pet hé 15 gestilde: pa wes geworden mycel smyltnes on p&re s®. And hi hine ondrédon ealle pai pe his weore gesiwon. Ndi ponne, mine bearn, ne ondr&dad gé éow, for pon pe fire God Os ne forl&ted.’ And pus ewetende, sé hilga Andréas sette his héafod ofer 20 &nne his discipula, and hé onslép. Drihten H&lend pa wiste for pon pe sé halga Andréas pa slép, hé cwed t6 his englum, ‘Genimad Andréas and his discipuli, and Asettad hie beforan Marmadonia ceastre; and mid pi pe gé hie p&r dsetton, hweor- fad eft t6 mé.’ And pa englas dydon swa heom beboden wes; 25 and hé 4stéh on heofonas. p& sé mergen geworden wes, pa sé haliga Andréas liegende wes beforan Marmadonia ceastre, and his discipulés p&r sl&pende w&ron mid him; and hé hie dweahte, and cwe®, ‘Arisad gé, mine bearn, and ongitad Godes mildheortnesse sio 30 is nfii mid fis geworden. Wé witon pet fire Drihten mid fs wes on pém scipe, and wé hine ne ongé@aton; hé hine geéas- médde sw4 stéorrédra, and hé hine etéowde sw& man fis té costienne.’ Sé halga Andréas pa lécode té heofonum, and hé cwed, ‘Min Drihten H&lend Crist, ic wat pet pi ne eart feor 35 fram pinum péowum, and ic pé behéold on pam scype, and ic eANGLO-SAXON READER. 85 wees td pe sprecende swi td men. Nii ponne, Drihten, ic pé bidde put pi mé pé onfwe on pisse stéwe.’ pa pis gecweden wes, pi Drihten him ztfwde his onsfne on faegeres cildes hiwe, and him td eww, ‘ Andréas, gefeoh mid pinum discipu- lum.’ Sé@ halga Andréas pa hine gebed and ewe, ‘ Forgif mé, 5 min Drihten, pet ic t6 pe sprecende wes sw4 t6 men; and wén is pet ic gefirnode, for pon pe ic pé ne ongeat.’? Drihten him pa t6 cwed, ‘Andréas, n&nig wuht pi gefirnodest, ac for pon ic swi dyde, for pon pi swa cw&de pet pi hit ne meahtes on prim dagum pider geféran; for pon ic pé swa wtéowde, for pon 10 ic eom mihtig mid worde sw eall t6 dénne, and Anra gehwilc- um té etéowenne swa hwet swi mé lica’. Na ponne Aris, and ga on pa ceastre t6 Mathéum pinum brééer, and 1@t ponne hine of p&re ceastre, and ealle pa pe mid him syndon. Eno ic pe gecfde, Andréas, for pon pe manega tintrega hie pé on 15 bringa’, and pinne lichaman geond pisse ceastre lonan hie téstencad swi pat pin bléd fldwd ofer eordan sw& sw weter. TO déade hie pé willad gel&dan, ac hi ne magon; ac manega earfodnessa hie pé magon on gebringan; ac ponne hwevere frefna pi pa ealle, Andréas, and ne dé pi after heora ungeléa- 20 fulnesse. Gemune hii manega earfodnesse fram Ifidéum ic wes proéwiende, pa hie mé swungon, and hie mé sp&tton on mine onsfne; ac eall ic hit Arefnede, pet ic éow xtéowe hwylce gemete gé sculon Arefnan. Gehiere mé, Andréas, and frefna pas tintrego, for pon manige synt on pisse ceastre pa 25 sculon geléofan on minne naman.’ Mid pi hé pis cw’, Drihten H&lend Crist, hé astaéh on heofonas. Sé haliga Andréas pA in éode on pa ceastre mid his discipu- lum; and n&nig man hine ne mihte geséon. Mid pi pe hie cémon t6é pes carcernes dyru, hie p&r gemétton seofon hyrdas 30 standan. Sé haliga Andréas pa gebed on his heortan, and rade hio w&ron déade. Sé halga Andréas pa éode tO pes car- cernes duru, and hé worhte Cristes rédet&cen, and rade pa dura w&ron ontfnede, and hé in éode on pet carcern mid his discipulum, and hé geseah pone éadigan Mathéus &nne sittan 3386 ANGLO-SAXON READER. singende. Sé éadiga Mathéus pa and sé héliga Andréas hie w&ron cyssende him betwéonon. Sé halga Andréas him té ewed, ‘Hwet is pet, brédor? Hi eart pi hér gemé@t? No pry dagas t6 lafe syndon pet hie pé willad acwellan, and him t6 mete gedén.’ Sé halga Mathéus him andswarode, and hé ewes, ‘Brodor Andréas, ac ne gehfrdest pi Drihten cwedende, “For pon pe ic éow sende swA sw4 scéap on middum wulfum?” Panon was geworden, mid pf pe hie mé sendon on pis carcern, ic bed firne Drihten pet hé hine eztéowde, and hrate hé mé hine atéowde, and hé mé t6 cwed, “ Onbid hér xxvii daga, and efter pon ic sende td pé Andréas pinne brddor, and hé pé at 4l&t of pissum carcerne and ealle pa [pe] mid pé syndon.” Sw4 mé Drihten t6 ew&%, ic gesio. Brédor, hwet sculon wé ni dén?’ 16 Sé halga Andréas pi and sé hflga Math@us gebé&don td Drihtne, and efter pon gebede sé haliga Andréas sette his hand ofer para wera éagan pe p&r on p&m carcerne w&ron, and gesihée hie onféngon. And eft hé sette his hand ofer hiora heortan, and heora andgit him eft t6 hwirfde. Sé 2% haliga Andréas him to cwed, ‘Gangad on pas niteran d&las pisse ceastre, and gé p&r gemétad mycel fictréow; sittad under him and etad of his wastmum 08 pet ic @ow td cyme” Hi ew&don té pam halgan Andréa, ‘Cum ni mid fs, for pon pe pi eart fire wealdend, pf l&s wén is pet hi fis eft genimon and on 25 pa wyrstan tintregu hie fis on gebringan.’ Sé@ haliga Andréas him té cwa%, ‘ Farad pider, for pon pe ow n&nig wiht ne derad ne ne swenced.’ And hrate hie pa ealle férdon, swa him sé halga Andréas bebéad. And p&r w&ron on p&m carcerne twa hund and eahta and féowertig wera, and nigon and féowertig 30 wifa, pi sé haliga Andréas panon onsende. And pone éadigan Mathéum hé gedyde gangan t6 pam éastd&le mid his discipu- lum and 4setton on pa dine p&r sé éadiga Pétrus sé apostol wes. And hé p&r wunode mid him. Sé haliga Andréas pa fit @ode of p&m carcerne, and hé ongan 35 gangan fit purh midde pa ceastre, and hé cém t6 sumre stdwe, a 1 SsANGLO-SAXON READER. 87 and hé p&r geseah swer standan, and ofer pone swer &rne onlicnesse. And hé geset be pam swere anbidende hwet him gelimpan scolde. 4 unrihte men p& éodon pet hie pa men fit gel&ddon, and hie t6 mete gedydon. And hie gemétton pes carcernes duru opene, and pa seofon hyrdas déade licgan. Mid 5 pS pe hie pet ges&won, hie eft hwirfdon t6 hiora ealdorman- num, and hie ew&don, ‘Pin carcern open wé gemétton, and in gangende n&nige wé p&r gemétton.’ Mid pi pe hie gehfrdon para sfcerda ealdormen, hie cw&don him betwéonon, ‘Hwet wile pis wesan? Wen is pet hwile wundor in @ode on pet 10 eareern and p& hyrdas deweelde, and somnunga 4lfsde pa pe p&r betfnede w&ron.’ ‘Efter piossum him etéowde déofol on enihtes onlicnysse, and him td ewad, ‘Gehfrad mé, and sécad hér sumne zlpeodigne man pes nama is Andréas, and dewellad hine. Hé pet is sé 15 pa gebundenan of pissum carcerne ft 4l&dde, and hé is nfi on pisse ceastre; gé hine ni witon; efstad, mine bearn, and ficwellad hine.’ S@ haliga Andréas pi cwed td pam déofle, «Eno pi heardeste str@1 t6 &ghwilcre unrihtnesse, ph pe simle fihtest wid manna cyn; min Drihten H@lend Crist pé gehnitde 20 in helle.” pet d@ofol, pa hé pis gehfrde, hé him td cwei, «Pine stefne ic gehiere, ac ic ne wat hwér pa eart.’ Se haliga Andréas him té cw, ‘For pon pe pi eart blind, pi ne gesihst &nigne of Godes pam halgum.’ Pzxt déofol p& cwxd td pam folce, ‘Behealda’ @ow and geséod hine, for pon pe hé pet is sé pe wid mé spree.’ p& burhléode p& urnon, and hi betfndon pére ceastre gatu, and hi sdhton pone halgan Andréas pat hie hine genfmon. Drihten H@lend hine p& etéowde pim hfligan Andréa, and him t6 cw, ‘Andréa aris, and gec}é him pet hie ongieton 30 min megen on pé wesan.’ Sé haliga Andréas pa Arfs on pes folces gesihde, and hé cwe®, ‘Ic eom sé Andréas pe gé sécai.’ Pet fole p& arn, and hie hine genamon, and ew&don, ‘For pon pa fis pus dydest, wé hit pé forgyldas.’ And hie pohton hi hie hine dewellan meahton. 35 R88 ANGLO-SAXON READER. pa wes sé déofol in gangende, and cwxd t6 pam folce, ‘Gif éow swa licige, uton sendan rap on his swYran, and hine téon purh pisse ceastre lanan, and pis uton wé dén 0d pet hé swelte. And mid pi pe hé déad sie, uton wé d@lan his lichaman frum burhléodum.’ And pa eall pet fole pet gehierde, hit him licode, and hra’e hie sendon rap on his swéoran, and hie hine tugon geond p&re ceastre lanan. Mid pi pe sé éadiga Andréas wes togen, his lichama wes gemenged mid p&re eordan, sw& pet bléd fleow ofer eordan swi water. pi &fen geworden 10 wes, hi hine sendon on pat carcern, and hie gebundon his handa behindan, and hie hine forléton; and eall his lichama wes gelfsed. Swilce d8re dege pet ilce hie dydon. Sé haliga Andréas pa wéop, and hé cw#%, ‘Min Drihten H@lend Crist, cum and geseoh pat hie mé dd, pinum peowe; 15 and eall ic hit 4refnie for pinum gebode pe pi mé sealdest, and pi cw&de, “Ne dd efter hiora ungeléafulnesse.” Beheald, Drihten, and geseoh hii hie mé ddd.’ Mid pi hé pus ewes, pet déofol cwxd t6 pam folce, ‘Swingad hine on his mid, pet hé pus ne sprece.’ P& geworden wes pet hie hine eft betyndon 20 on pim carcerne. Pet déofol pa genam mid him dtre seofon déoflo, pa pe sé hfliga Andréas panon 4fliemde, and in gangende on pet car- cern hie gestédon on gesihde pes éadigan Andréas, and hine bismriende mid myclere bismre, and hie cw&don, ‘ Hwet is pet 25 pi hér gemétest? Hwile gefréolsed pé nfi of firum gewealde? Hwé€&r is pin gilp and pin hiht?’ pet déofol pa cwed td pam ddrum déofium, ‘Mine bearn, dcwellad hine, for pon hé fis ge- scende and fire weore.’ pa déofla pa bl&ston hie ofer pone halgan Andréas, and hie gesfwon Cristes rédetfcen on his onsiene; 30 hi ne dorston hine genéal&can, ac hra’e hte on weg flugon. Pet déofol him té cw%, ‘Mine bearn, for hwon ne Acwealdon gé hine?’ Hie him andswarodon and hie cw&don, ‘Wé ne mihton, for pon pe Cristes rédetacn on his onsiene wé ges&won, and wé fis ondrédon. Wé witon for pon pe &r hé on pas 35 earfodnesse cém, hé fire wes wealdend. Gif pi mage, acwel a