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CHNG MT

NHP MN V KHOA HC BO H LAO

NG V V SINH LAO NG
1.1. CC KHI NIM C BN V KHOA HC K THUT BO H LAO NG

1.1.1. Mc ch, ngha, tnh cht ca cng tc bo h lao ng (BHL)

a. Mc ch, ngha ca cng tc BHL
Mc ch ca BHL l thng qua cc bin php v khoa hc k thut, t chc,
kinh t, x hi loi tr cc yu t nguy him v c hi pht sinh trong qu trnh sn
xut; to nn mt iu kin lao ng thun li v ngy cng c ci thin ngn
nga tai nn lao ngv bnh ngh nghip, hn ch m au, gim st sc kho cng
nh nhng thit hi khc i vi ngi lao ng, nhm bo m an ton, bo v sc
kho v tnh mng ngi lao ng trc tip gp phn bo v v pht trin lc lng
sn xut, tng nng sut lao ng.
Bo h lao ng trc ht l phm tr sn xut, do yu cu ca sn xut v gn
lin vi qu trnh sn xut nhm bo v yu t nng ng, quan trng nht ca lc
lng sn xut l ngi lao ng. Mt khc, vic chm lo sc kho ca ngi lao
ng mang li nim vui, hnh phc cho mi ngi.m cng tc BHL mang li cn
c ngha nhn o.
b. Tnh cht ca cng tc bo h lao ng
BHL C 3 tnh cht ch yu l: Php l, Khoa hc k thut v tnh qun
chng.
- BHL mang tnh cht php l
Nhng quy nh v ni dung v BHL c th ch ho chng thnh nhng lut
l, ch chnh sch, tiu chun v c hng dn cho mi cp mi ngnh mi t
chc v c nhn nghim chnh thc hin. Nhng chnh sch, ch , quy phm, tiu
chun, c ban hnh trong cng tc bo h lao ng l lut php ca Nh nc.
- BHL mang tnh KHKT
Mi hot ng ca BHL nhm loi tr cc yu t nguy him, c hi, phng v
chng tai nn, cc bnh ngh nghip... u xut pht t nhng c s ca KHKT. Cc
hot ng iu tra kho st phn tch iu kin lao ng, nh gi nh hng ca cc
yu t c hi n con ngi ra cc gii php chng nhim, gii php m
bo an ton u da trn cc c s khoa hc k thut.
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- BHL mang tnh qun chng

BHL l hot ng hng v c s sn xut v con ngi v trc ht l ngi
trc tip lao ng. N lin quan vi qun chng lao ng, bo v quyn li v hnh
phc cho mi ngi, mi nh, cho ton x hi. V th BHL lun mang tnh qun
chng
Tm li: Ba tnh cht trn y ca cng tc bo h lao ng: tnh php l, tnh
khoa hc k thut v tnh qun chng c lin quan mt thit vi nhau v h tr ln
nhau.
1.1.2. iu kin lao ng v cc yu t lin quan
a. iu kin lao ng.
iu kin lao ng l tp hp tng th cc yu t t nhin, k thut, kinh t x
hi c biu hin thng qua cc cng c v phng tin lao ng, i tng lao
ng, trnh cng ngh, mi trng lao ng, v s sp xp b tr cng nh cc tc
ng qua li ca chng trong mi quan h vi con ngi to nn nhng iu kin
nht nh cho con ngi trong qu trnh lao ng. iu kin lao ng c nh hng
n sc kho v tnh mng con ngi.
Nhng cng c v phng tin lao ng c tin nghi, thun li hay gy kh
khn nguy him cho ngi lao ng, i tng lao ng cng nh hng n ngi
lao ng rt a dng nh dng in, cht n, phng x, ... Nhng nh hng cn
ph thuc quy trnh cng ngh, trnh sn xut (th s hay hin i, lc hu hay tin
tin), mi trng lao ng rt a dng, c nhiu yu t tin nghi, thun li hay ngc
li rt khc nghit, c hi, u tc ng ln n sc kho ca ngi lao ng.
b. Cc yu t nguy him v c hi
Trong mt iu kin lao ng c th, bao gi cng xut hin cc yu t vt
cht c nh hng xu, nguy him, c nguy c gy tai nn hoc bnh ngh nghip
cho ngi lao ng, ta gi l cc yu t nguy him v c hi. C th l:
Cc yu t vt l nh nhit , m, ting n, rung ng, cc bc x c
hi, bi.
Cc yu t ho hc nh ho cht c, cc loi hi, kh, bi c, cc cht
phng x.
Cc yu t sinh vt, vi sinh vt nh cc loi vi khun, siu vi khun, k
sinh trng, cn trng, rn.
Cc yu t bt li v t th lao ng, khng tin nghi do khng gian ch
lm vic, nh xng cht hp, mt v sinh.
Cc yu t tm l khng thut li... u l nhng yu t nguy him v c
hi.

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c. Tai nn lao ng
Tai nn lao ng l tai nn khng may xy ra trong qu trnh lao ng, gn
lin vi vic thc hin cng vic hoc nhim v lao ng lm tn thng cho bt k
b phn, chc nng no ca ngi lao ng, hoc gy t vong. Nhim c t ngt
cng l tai nn lao ng.
Nhng tiu chun c trng cho tai nn lao ng l:

S c gy tn thng v tc ng t bn ngoi.
S c t ngt.
S c khng bnh thng.
Hot ng an ton

d. Bnh ngh nghip:

Bnh pht sinh do tc ng ca iu kin lao ng c hi i vi ngi lao
ng c goil l bnh ngh nghip. Bnh ngh nghip lm suy yu sc kho mt
cch dn dn v lu di.
1.1.3. Nhng ni dung ch yu ca khoa hc k thut bo h lao ng
a) . Ni dung khoa hc k thut.
Ni dung khoa hc k thut chim mt v tr rt quan trng, l phn ct li
loi tr cc yu t nguy him v c hi, ci thin iu kin lao ng.
Khoa hc k thut bo h lao ng l lnh vc khoa hc rt tng hp v lin
ngnh, c hnh thnh v pht trin trn c s kt hp v s dng thnh tu ca
nhiu ngnh khoa hc khc nhau, t khoa hc t nhin (nh ton, vt l, ho hc,
sinh hc ...) n khoa hc k thut chuyn ngnh v cn lin quan n cc ngnh kinh
t, x hi, tm l hc ...Nhng ni dung nghin cu chnh ca Khoa hc bo h lao
ng bao gm nhng vn :
-

Khoa hc v sinh lao ng (VSL).

VSL l mn khoa hc nghin cu nh hng ca nhng yu t c hi trong sn

xut i vi sc kho ngi lao ng, tm cc bin php ci thin iu kin lao ng,
phng nga cc bnh ngh nghip v nng cao kh nng lao ng cho ngi lao
ng.
Ni dung ca khoa hc VSL ch yu bao gm :
-

Pht hin, o, nh gi cc iu kin lao ng xung quanh.

Nghin cu, nh gi cc tc ng ch yu ca cc yu t mi
trng lao ng n con ngi.

xut cc bin php bo v cho ngi lao ng.

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phng bnh ngh nghip cng nh to ra iu kin ti u cho sc kho v

tnh trng lnh mnh cho ngi lao ng chnh l mc ch ca v sinh lao ng.
. C s k thut an ton
K thut an ton l h thng cc bin php, phng tin, t chc v k thut
nhm phng nga s tc ng ca cc yu t nguy him gy chn thng sn xut
i vi ngi lao ng.
. Khoa hc v cc phng tin bo v ngi lao ng
Ngnh khoa hc ny c nhim v nghin cu, thit k, ch to nhng phng
tin bo v tp th hay c nhn ngi lao ng s dng trong sn xut nhm chng
li nhng nh hng ca cc yu t nguy him v c hi, khi cc bin php v mt k
thut an ton khng th loi tr c chng. Ngy nay cc phng tin bo v c
nhn nh mt n phng c, knh mu chng bc x, qun o chng nng, qun o
khng p, cc loi bao tay, giy, ng cch in... l nhng phng tin thit yu trong
lao ng.
. Ecgnmi vi an ton sc kho lao ng
Ecgnmi l mn khoa hc lin ngnh nghin cu tng hp s thch ng gia
cc phng tin k thut v mi trng lao ng vi kh nng ca con ngi v gii
phu, tm l, sinh l nhm m bo cho lao ng c hiu qu nht, ng thi bo v
sc kho, an ton cho con ngi.
Ecgnmi tp trung vo s thch ng ca my mc, cng c vi ngi iu
khin nh vo vic thit k, tuyn chn v hun luyn. Ecgnmi tp trung vo vic
ti u ho mi trng xung quanh thch hp vi con ngi v s thch nghi ca con
ngi vi iu kin mi trng. Ecgnmi coi c hai yu t bo v sc kho ngi
lao ng v nng sut lao ng quan trng nh nhau.
Trong Ecgnmi ngi ta thng nhn mnh ti khi nim nhn trc hc
Ecgnmi tc l quan tm ti s khc bit v chng tc v nhn chng hc khi nhp
khu hay chuyn giao cng ngh ca nc ngoi.
b) Ni dung xy dng v thc hin php lut v bo h lao ng.
1.1.4. S pht trin bn vng
Pht trin bn vng l cch pht trin tho mn nhu cu ca th h hin ti
m khng nh hng n kh nng tho mn nhu cu ca th h mai sau
Pht trin bn vng c th c xem l mt tin trnh i hi s tin trin
ng thi 4 lnh vc: kinh t, nhn vn, mi trng v k thut.
1.2. Lut php,ch chnh sch bo h lao ng
1.2.1. H thng lut php ch chnh sch BHL ca Vit nam
ng v nh nc Vit Nam ta nht l trong cng cuc i mi lun lun
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quan tm n ngi lao ng ni chung v cng tc BHL ni ring. n nay chng

ta c mt h thng vn bn php lut ch chnh sch BHL tng i y .
H thng php lut BHL gm 3 phn:
Phn I: B lut lao ng v cc lut khc c lin quan n ATVSL.
Phn II: Ngh nh 06/CP v cc ngh nh khc lin quan n ATVSL.
Phn III: Cc thng t, Ch th, Tiu chun qui phm ATVSL.
a. B lut lao ng v cc lut php c lin quan n ATVSL
- Mt s iu ca B lut lao ng c lin quan n ATVSL
Ngoi chng IX v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng cn mt s iu lin
quan n ATVSL vi ni dung c bn sau:
iu 29. Chng IV qui nh hp ng lao ng ngoi ni dung khc phi c
ni dung iu kin v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng.
iu 23. Chng IV qui nh mt trong nhiu trng hp v chp dt hp ng
l: ngi s dng lao ng khng c n phng chm dt hp ng lao ng khi
ngi lao ng b m au hay b tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip ang iu tr,
iu dng theo quyt nh ca thy thuc.
iu 46. Chng V qui nh mt trong nhng ni dung ch yu ca tho c
tp th l ATL, v sinh lao ng.
iu 68 Chng IIV qui nh vic rt ngn thi gian lm vic i vi nhng
ngi lm cng vic c bit nng nhc, c hi, nguy him.
iu 69 quy nh s gi lm thm khng c vt qu trong mt ngy, mt
nm.
iu 284 Chng VIII qui nh cc hnh thc x l ngi vi phm k lut lao
ng trong c vi phm ni dung ATVSL.
b. Tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip
Ni dung ny c quy nh trong b lut lao ng v c c th ho trong
cc iu 9, 10, 11, 12 chng III Ngh nh 06/CP nh sau:
Trch nhim ngi s dng lao ng i vi ngi b tai nn lao ng:
S cu cp cu kp thi; tai nn lao ng nng, cht ngi phi gi
nguyn hin trng v bo ngay cho c quan Lao ng, Y t, Cng on
cp tnh v cng an gn nht.
Trch nhim ca ngi s dng lao ng i vi ngi mc bnh ngh
nghip l phi iu tr theo chuyn khoa, khm sc kho nh k v lp
h s sc kho ring bit.
Trch nhim ngi s dng lao ng bi thng cho ngi b tai nn lao
ng hoc bnh ngh nghip.
Trch nhim ngi s dng lao ng t chc iu tra cc v tai nn lao

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ng c s tham gia ca cc i din BCH Cng on, lp bin bn theo

ng quy nh.
1.3. K thut v sinh lao ng (VSL).
1.3.1. i tng v nhim v v ni dung ca VSL
V sinh lao ng l mn khoa hc d phng, nghin cu iu kin thin nhin,
iu kin sn xut, sc kho con ngi, ngng sinh l cho php v nhng nh
hng ca iu kin lao ng, qu trnh lao ng, gy nn tai nn lao ng v bnh
ngh nghip. Trong v sinh lao ng (VSL) ch yu i su nghin cu cc tc
hi ngh nghip, t m c bin php phng nga cc tc nhn c hi mt cch c
hiu qu.
Ni dung ca VSL bao gm :
- Nghin cu c im v sinh ca cc qu trnh sn xut.
- Nghin cu cc bin I sinh l, sinh ho ca c th ngi.
- Nghin cu vic t chc lao ng v ngh ngi hp l.
- Nghin cu cc bin php phng tnh trng mt mI trong lao ng,
hn ch nh hng ca cc yu t tc hI ngh nghip trong sn xut, nh
gi hiu qu cc bin php .
- Qui nh cc ch bo h lao ng, cc tiu chun v sinh, ch v sinh
x nghip v c nhn.
- T chc khm tuyn v sp xp hp l cng nhn vo lm vic cc b
phn sn xut khc nhau trong x nghip.
- Qun l, theo di tnh hnh sc kho cng nhn, t chc khm sc kho
nh k, pht hin sm bnh ngh nghip.Gim nh kh nng lao ng cho
cng nhn b tai nn lao ng, mc bnh ngh nghip v cc bnh mn tnh
khc.
- n c, kim tra vic thc hin cc bin php v sinh an ton lao ng
trong sn xut.
1.3.2. Cc tc hi ngh nghip .
Cc tc hi ngh nghip i vi ngi lao ng c th do cc yu t vi kh hu;
ting n v rung ng; bi; phng x; in t trng; chiu sng gy ra.
Cc tc hi ngh nghip c th phn ra cc loi sau:
-

Tc hi lin quan n qu trnh sn xut nh cc yu t vt l, ho hc,sinh

vt xut hin trong qu trnh sn xut.

Tc hi lin quan n t chc lao ng nh ch lm vic, ngh ngi khng

hp l,cng lm vic qu cao, thi gian lm vic qu di

Tc hi lin quan n iu kin v sinh an ton nh thiu cc thit b thng

gi, chng bi, chng nng, chng ting n, thiu trang b phng h lao
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ng, khng thc hin ng v trit cc qui tc v sinh v an ton lao

ng
a. Vi kh hu.
Vi kh hu l trng thi l hc ca khng kh trong khong khng gian thu hp
gm cc yu t nhit khng kh, m tng i ca khng kh, vn tc chuyn
ng khng kh v bc x nhit. iu kin vi kh hu trong sn xut ph thuc vo
tnh cht ca qu trnh cng ngh v kh hu a phng.
V mt v sinh, vi kh hu c nh hng n sc kho, bnh tt ca cng nhn.
Lm vic lu trong iu kin vi kh hu lnh v m c th mc bnh thp khp, vim
ng h hp trn, vim phi v lm cho bnh lao nng thm. Vi kh hu lnh v kh
lm cho ri lon vn mch thm trm trng, gy kh nim mc, nt n da. Vi kh hu
nng m lm gim kh nng bay hi m hi, gy ra ri lon thng bng nhit, lm
cho mt mi xut hin sm, n cn to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin, gy cc
bnh ngoi da.
b. Ting n v rung ng.
Ting n l nhng m thanh gy kh chu , quy ri s lm vic v ngh ngi
ca con ngi.
Rung ng l dao ng c hc ca vt th n hi sinh ra khi trng tm hoc
trc i xng ca chng x xch (dch) trong khng gian hoc do s thay i c tnh
chu k hnh dng m chng c trng thi tnh.
Ting n tc ng trc ht n h thn kinh trung ng,sau n h thng tim
mch v nhiu c quan khc. Tc hi ca ting n ch yu ph thuc vo mc n.
Tuy nhin tn s lp li ca ting n, c im ca n cng nh hng ln n
ngi.Ting n lin tc gy tc dng kh chu t hn ting n gin on. Ting n c
cc thnh phn tn s cao kh chu hn ting n c tn s thp.Kh chu nht l ting
n thay i c v tn s v cng . nh hng ca ting n i vi c th cn ph
thuc vo hng ca nng lng m thanh ti, thi gian tc dng, vo nhy ring
ca tng ngi cng nh vo la tui, gii tnh v trng thi c th ca ngi cng
nhn.
c. Bi
Bi l tp hp nhiu ht c kch thc ln nh khc nhau tn ti lu trong khng
kh di dng bi bay bay hay bi lng v cc h kh dung nhiu pha nh hi, khi,
m . Bi pht sinh t nhin do gi bo, ng t, ni la nhng quan trng hn l
trong sinh hot v sn xut ca con ngi nh t cc qu trnh gia cng, ch bin, vn
chuyn cc nguyn vt liu rn.
Bi gy nhiu tc hi cho con ngi m trc ht l cc bnh v ng h hp,
bnh ngoi da, bnh tiu honh cc bnh v phi, bnh vim mi, hng, ph qun,
bnh mn nht, l lot

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d. Chiu sng.
Chiu sng hp l khng nhng gp phn lm tng nng sut lao ng m cn
hn ch cc tai nn lao ng, gim cc bnh v mt.
e. Phng x.
Nguyn t phng x l nhng nguyn t c ht nhn nguyn t pht ra cc tia c
kh nng ion ho vt cht, cc tia gi l tia phng x. Hin ti ngi ta bit
c khong 50 nguyn t phng x v 1000 ng v phng x nhn to. Ht nhn
nguyn t ca cc nguyn t phng x c th pht ra nhng tia phng x nh tia ,,
tia Rnghen, tia ntron,nhng tia ny mt thng khng nhn thy c, pht ra
do s bin i bn trong ht nhn nguyn t .
Lm vic vi cc cht phng x c th b nhim x. Nhim x cp tnh thng
xy ra sau vi gi hoc vi ngy khi ton than nhim x 1 liu lng nht nh (trn
200Rem).Khi b nhim x cp tnh thng c nhng triu chng nh :
- Da b bng, ty ch tia phng x chiu vo.
- Chc nng thn kinh trung ng b ri lon.
- Gy, st cn, cht dn cht mn trong tnh trng suy nhc
Trng hp nhim x cp tnh thng t gp trong sn xut v nghin cu m
ch yu xy ra trong cc v n v kh ht nhn v tai nn cc l phn ng nguyn
t.
Nhim x mn tnh xy ra khi liu lng t hn (nh hn 200 Rem) nhng trong
mt thi gian di v thng c cc triu chng sau :
- Thn kinh b suy nhc.
- Ri lon cc chc nng to mu.
- C hin tng c nhn mt, ung th da, ung th xng.
- Cn lu l cc c quan cm gic ca ngi khng th pht hin c cc
tc ng ca phng x ln c th, ch khi no c hu qu mi bit c.

1.4 Cc yu t nguy him gy chn thng v bin php phng nga.

1.4.1 Cc yu t nguy him gy chn thng sn xut.
Cc yu t nguy him gy chn thng sn xut ch yu do c cu, c
trng qu trnh cng ngh ca cc dy chuyn sn xut gy ra nh :
+ C cc c cu chuyn ng, khp ni truyn ng.
+ Chi tit, vt liu gia cng vng bn ra (ct, mip, nghin)
+ in git.
+Yu t v nhit : Kim loi nng chy,vt liu nung nng,nc nng ( luyn
kim,sn xut vt liu xy dng).
+ Cht c cng nghip , cc cht lng hot tnh (a xt, kim..)
+ Bi (sn xut xi mng)

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+ Nguy him v n, chy, p sut cao (sn xut pho hoa, v kh,l hi )
+ Lm vic trn cao, vt ri t trn cao xung (xy dng).
1.4.2 Nguyn nhn gy chn thng .
a) Nhm cc nguyn nhn k thut.
- Qu trnh cng ngh cha ng cc yu t nguy him, c hi: c cc b phn
chuyn ng,bi, ting n
- Thit k, kt cu khng m bo, khng thch hp vi c im sinh l ca
ngi s dng; bn km; thiu cc tn hiu, c cu bo hiu, ngn nga qu ti
nh van an ton, phanh hm, chiu sng khng thch hp; n, rung vt qu mc
cho php ,
- Khng thc c kh ho, t ng ho nhng khu lao ng nng nhc, nguy
him .
- Khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng ng cc qui tc k thut an ton nh
cc thit b p lc khng c kim nghim trc khi a vo s dnh, thiu hoc s
dng khng ng cc phng tin bo v c nhn.
b) Nhm cc nguyn nhn v qun l, t chc.
- T chc, sp xp ch lm vic khng hp l, t th thao tc kh khn.
- T chc tuyn dng, phn cng, hun luyn, gio dc khng ng, khng t
yu cu.
1.4.3 Cc bin php v phng tin k thut an ton c bn.
a) Bin php an ton i vi bn thn ngi lao ng .
-

Thc hin thao tc, t th lao ng ph hp, ng nguyn tc an ton,

trnh cc t th ci gp ngi, cc t th c th gy chn thng ct sng,
thot v a m

Bo m khng gian vn ng, thao tc ti u, s thch nghi gia ngi v

my

m bo cc iu kin lao ng th gic, thnh gic, xc gic.

m bo tm l ph hp, trnh qu ti, cng thng hay n iu.

b) Thc hin cc bin php che chn an ton.

Mc ch ca thit b che chn an ton l cch li cc vng nguy him i vi
ngi lao ng nh cc vng c in p cao, c cc chi tit chuyn ng, nhng ni
ngi c th ri, ng .
Yu cu i vi thit b che chn l :
-

Ngn nga c cc tc ng xu, nguy him gy ra trong qu trnh sn

xut.

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Khng gy tr ngi, kh chu cho ngi lao ng.

Khng nh hng n nng sut lao ng, cng sut thit b.

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Phn loi cc thit b che chn :

-

Che chn cc b phn, c cu chuyn ng.

Che chn cc b phn dn in.

Che chn cc ngun bc x c hi.

Che chn ho, h, cc vng lm vic trn cao..

Che chn c dnh, che chn tm thi.

c) S dng thit b v c cu phng nga.

Mc ch s dng thit b v c cu phng nga l ngn chn cc tc ng
xu do s c ca qu trnh sn xut gy ra, ngn chn, hn ch s c lan rng.S c
gy ra c th do s qu ti (v p sut, nhit , in p) hoc do cc h hng
ngu nhin ca cc chi tit, phn t ca thit b.
Nhim v ca thit b v c cu phng nga l phi t ng loi tr nguy c
s c hoc tai nn khi i tng phng nga vt qu gii hn qui nh.
Thit b phng nga ch lm vic tt khi tnh ton ng khu thit k, ch
to v nht l khi s dng phi tun th cc qui nh v k thut an ton.
Phn loi thit b v c cu phng nga :
-

H thng c th t phc hi li kh nng lm vic khi i tng phng

nga tr li dI gii hn qui nh nh van an ton kiu ti trng, r le
nhit

H thng phc hi li kh nng lm vic bng cch thay th ci mi nh

cu ch, cht cm

d) S dng cc tn hiu, du hiu an ton.

Tn hiu an ton nhm mc ch:
-

Bo trc cho ngI lao ng nhng nguy him c th xy ra.

Hng dn cc thao tc cn thit .

Nhn bit qui nh v k thut v an ton qua cc du hiu qui c v mu

sc, hnh v (bin bo ch ng).

Tn hiu an ton c th dung :

-

nh sng, mu sc.

m thanh : ci chung

Mu sn, hnh v, ch.

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ng h, dng c o lng.

Yu cu i vi tn hiu an ton :
-

D nhn bit.

tin cy cao, t nhm ln.

D thc hin, ph hp vi tp qun, c s khoa hc k thut v yu cu

ca tiu chun ho.

e) m bo khong cch v kch thc an ton.

Khong cch an ton l l khong khng gian ti thiu gia ngi lao ng v
cc phng tin, thit b, hoc khong cch nh nht gia chng vi nhau khng
b tc ng xu ca cc yu t sn xut nh khong cch gia ng dy dn in
n ngi, khong cch an ton khi n mn, khong cch gia cc my mc, khong
cch trong cht cy, ko g, khong cch an ton v phng x
Tu thuc vo qu trnh cng ngh, c im ca tng loi thit b m qui
nh cc khong cch an ton khc nhau..
f) Thc hin c kh ho, t ng ho v iu khin t xa..
l bin php nhm gii phng ngi lao ng khi khu vc nguy him ,
c hi. Cc trang thit b c kh ho, t ng ho v iu khin t xa thay th con
ngi thc hin cc thao tc t xa, trong iu kin kh khn, nguy him , ng thi
nng cao c nng sut lao ng.
g) Trang b cc phng tin bo v c nhn.
Trang b phng tin bo v c nhn l bin php bo v b sung, h tr
nhng c vai tr rt quan trng khi cc bin php bo v khc vn khng m bo an
ton cho ngi lao ng, nht l trong iu kin thit b, cng ngh lc hu.
Cc trang b , phng tin bo v c nhn c th bao gm :
-

Trang b bo v mt :cc loi knh bo v khc nhau.

Trang b bo v c quan h hp :mt n, khu trang, bnh th

Trang b bo v c quan thnh gic nhm ngn nga ting n.nh

nt bt tai, bao p tai..

Trang b bo v u, chn tay : cc loi m, giy, bao tay..

Qun o bo h lao ng : bo v ngi lao ng khi cc tc ng

v nhit, v ho cht, v phng x, p sut

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Trang b phng tin c nhn phi c sn xut theo tiu chun cht lng
nh nc, vic cp pht, s dng phi theo qui nh ca php lut. Ngi s dng lao
ng phi tin hnh kim tra cht lng phng tin bo v c nhn trc khi cp
pht v kim tra nh k theo tiu chun khi a vo s dng.
h) Thc hin kim nghim d phng thit b.
Kim nghim bn, tin cy ca my mc, thit b, cng trnh, cc b phn
ca chng l bin php an ton nht thit trc khi a chng vo s dng.Mc ch
ca kim nghim d phng l nh gi cht lng ca thit b v cc mt tnh nng ,
bn, tin cy quyt nh c a thit b vo s dng hay khng. Kim nghim
d phng c tin hnh nh k, hoc sau nhng k sa cha, bo dng.

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13

CHNG 2

CC KHI NIM V AN TON IN

2.1. TC DNG CA DNG IN I VI C TH CON NGI

Ngi b in git l do tip xc vi mch in c in p hay ni mt cch

khc l do c dng in chy qua c th ngi. Dng in chy qua c th ngi s
gy ra cc tc dng sau y:
- Tc dng nhit: lm chy bng thn th, thn kinh, tim no v cc c quan
ni tng khc gy ra cc ri lon nghim trng v chc nng.
- Tc dng in phn: biu hin vic phn ly mu v cc cht lng hu c
dn n ph hu thnh phn ho l ca mu v cc t bo.
- Tc dng sinh l: gy ra s hng phn v kch thch cc t chc sng dn n
co rt cc bp tht trong c tim v phi. Kt qu c th a n ph hoi, thm ch
lm ngng hn hot ng h hp v tun hon.
Cc nguyn nhn ch yu gy cht ngi bi dng in thng l tim phi
ngng lm vic v sc in:
Tim ngng p l trng hp nguy him nht v thng cu sng nn nhn
hn l ngng th v sc in. Tc dng dng in n c tim c th gy ra ngng tim
hoc rung tim. Rung tim l hin tng co rt nhanh v ln xn cc si c tim lm cho
cc mch mu trong c th b ngng hot ng dn n tim ngng p hon ton.
Ngng th thng xy ra nhiu hn so vi ngng tim, ngi ta thy bt u
kh th do s co rt do c dng in 20-25mA tn s 50Hz chy qua c th. Nu
dng in tc dng lu th s co rt cc c lng ngc mnh thm dn n ngt th,
dn dn nn nhn mt thc, mt cm gic ri ngt th cui cng tim ngng p v
cht lm sng.
Sc in l phn ng phn x thn kinh c bit ca c th do s hng phn
mnh bi tc dng ca dng in dn n ri lon nghim trng tun hon, h hp v
qu trnh trao i cht. Tnh trng sc in ko di vi chc pht cho n mt
ngy m, nu nn nhn c cu cha kp thi th c th bnh phc.
Hin nay cn nhiu kin khc nhau trong vic xc nh nguyn nhn u tin
v quan trng nht dn n cht ngi. kin th nht cho rng l do tim ngng
p song loi kin th hai li cho rng l do phi ngng th v theo h trong
nhiu trng hp tai nn in git th nn nhn c cu sng ch n thun bng
bin php h hp nhn to thi. Loi kin th ba cho rng khi c dng in qua
ngi th u tin n ph hoi h thng h hp sau n lm ngng tr hot ng
tun hon.
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Do c nhiu quan im khc nhau nh vy nn hin nay trong vic cu cha

nn nhn b in git ngi ta khuyn nn p dng tt c cc bin php va phc
hi h thng h hp (thc hin h hp nhn to) va phc hi h thng tun hon
(xoa bp tim )
2.2. IN TR C TH NGI:
Thn th ngi ta gm c da tht xng mu...to thnh v c mt tng tr no
i vi dng in chy qua ngi. Lp da c in tr ln nht m in tr ca da
l do in tr ca lp sng trn da quyt nh. in tr ca ngi l mt i lng rt
khng n nh v khng ch ph thuc vo trng thi sc kho ca c th ngi tng
lc m cn ph thuc vo mi trng xung quanh, iu kin tn thng...
Qua nghin cu rt ra mt s kt lun c bn v gi tr in tr c th ngi
nh sau:
in tr c th ngi l mt i lng khng thun nht. Th nghim cho
thy dng in i qua ngi v in p t vo c s lch pha. S thay ca in
tr ngi c th biu din bng hnh v sau:
Ing

C1

C2

R1

R2

Trong :
R1: in tr tc dng ca da
R2: in tr ca tng cc b phn bn trong c th ngi
C: in dung ca da v lp tht di da
V thnh phn in dung rt b nn trong tnh ton thng b qua.
in tr ca ngi lun lun thay i trong mt phm vi rt ln t vi chc
ngn n 600. Trong tnh ton thng ly
Rng(1011)
14
gi tr trung bnh l 1000. Khi da b m hoc
khi tip xc vi nc hoc do m hi u lm
12
cho in tr ngi gim xung.
10

in tr ca ngi ph thuc vo p
lc v din tch tip xc. p lc v din tch
tip xc cng tng th in tr ngi cng
gim. S thay i ny rt d nhn thy trong
vng p lc nh hn 1kG/cm2 (hnh 2.1).

8
6
1

kG/cm
2

Hnh 2.1: S ph thuc ca in tr

ngi vo p lc tip xc

in tr ngi gim i khi c dng in i qua ngi, gim t l vi thi

gian tc dng ca dng in. iu ny c th gii thch v da b t nng v c s
thay i v in phn
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in tr ngi ph thuc in p t
vo v ngoi hin tng in phn cn c hin
tng chc thng. Khi in p t vo 250V lc
ny lp da ngoi cng mt ht tc dng nn in
tr ngi gim xung rt thp.

15
1.103

ng i ca dng in tay - chn

0,015s

30
25
20

Hnh 2.2: S ph thuc in tr ngi

vo in p ng vi cc thi gian tip xc khc
nhau (0,015s v 3s).
ng i ca dng in tay tay

0,015s

35

15
10

3s
3s

5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 V

2.3. NH HNG CA TR S DNG IN GIT N TAI NN IN

Dng in l nhn t vt l trc tip gy tn thng khi b in git. Cho ti
nay vn cn nhiu kin khc nhau v gi tr dng in c th gy nguy him cht
ngi.Trng hp chung th dng in 100mA xoay chiu gy nguy him cht ngi.
Tuy vy cng c trng hp dng in ch khong 5- 10mA lm cht ngi bi v
cn tu thuc vo nhiu yu t khc na nh iu kin ni xy ra tai nn, sc kho
trng thi thn kinh ca tng nn nhn, ng i ca dng in ..
Trong tnh ton thng ly tr s dng in an ton l 10mA i vi dng in
xoay chiu v 50mA vi dng in mt chiu. Bng 2.1 cho php nh gi tc dng
ca dng in i vi c th ngi:
Bng 2-1
Tr s dng
in (mA)
0.6-1.5
2-3
3-7

8 - 10
20 - 25
50 - 80
90 - 100

Tc dng ca dng in xoay chiu

Bt u thy ngn tay t
Ngn tay t rt mnh
Bp tht co li v rung

Tc dng ca dng in
mt chiu
Khng c cm gic g
Khng c cm gic g
au nh kim chm cm thy
nng

Tay kh ri khi vt c in nhng vn ri

c.
Nng tng ln
Ngn tay, khp tay, lng bn tay cm thy au
Tay khng ri khi vt c in, au kh th
Nng cng tng ln tht co
qup li nhng cha mnh
C quan h hp b t lit. Tim bt u p Cm gic nng mnh. Bp
mnh
tht tay co rt, kh th.
C quan h hp b t lit. Ko di 3 giy hoc C quan h hp b t lit
di hn tim b t lit n ngng p

Qua bng 2-1 ta thy dng in xoay chiu nguy him hn dng mt chiu v:
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- Qua nghin cu ngi ta thy rng tr s dng in tc dng ln ngi khng

phi l tr s hiu dng m l tr s bin ca n.
- i vi dng xoay chiu trn c th ngi tn ti nhiu vng nhy nguy
him.
2.4. NH HNG CA DNG IN GIT N TAI NN IN GIT
V ng i ca dng in qua ngi c th c rt nhiu trng hp khc
nhau, tuy vy c nhng ng i c bn thng gp l: dng qua tay - chn, tay - tay,
chn - chn. Mt vn cn tranh ci l ng i no l nguy him nht.
a s cc nh nghin cu cho rng ng i nguy him nht ph thuc vo s
phn trm dng in tng qua tim v phi. Theo quan im ny th dng in i t
tay phi qua chn, u qua chn, u qua tay l nhng ng i nguy him nht v:
Dng i t tay qua tay c 3.3% dng in tng qua tim
Dng i t tay tri qua chn c 3.7% dng in tng qua tim
Dng i t tay phi qua chn c 6.7% dng in tng qua tim
Dng i t chn qua chn c 0.4% dng in tng qua tim
Dng i t u qua tay c 7% dng in tng qua tim
Dng i t u qua chn c 6.8% dng in tng qua tim.
2.5. NH HNG CA THI GIAN DNG IN QUA NGI N TAI
NN IN GIT
Yu t thi gian tc ng ca dng in vo c th ngi rt quan trng v
biu hin di nhiu hnh thi khc nhau. u tin chng ta thy thi gian tc dng
ca dng in nh hng n in tr ca ngi. Thi gian tc dng cng lu, in
tr ca ngi cng b gim xung v lp da b nng dn v lp sng trn da b chc
thng cng nhiu. Th hai l thi gian tc dng ca dng in cng lu th xc sut
trng hp vi thi im chy qua tim vi pha T (l pha d thng tn nht ca
chu trnh tim) tng ln. Hay ni mt cch khc
R
R
trong mi chu k ca tim ko di mt giy c
T
P
0,4s tim ngh lm vic (gia trng thi co v gin)
0,2s
thi im ny tim rt nhy cm vi dng in i
qua n.
0,95-1s

Hnh 2.3: S nguy him khi thi im dng

in chy qua tim trng vi pha T ca chu trnh tim.
a. in tm ca ngi kho
b. c tnh ph thuc gia xc sut xy ra
tai nn v thi im dng in chy qua
tim

a.
100
60
20

t(s)
b.

2.6. NH HNG CA TN S DNG IN GIT N TAI NN IN

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GIT:
Ta xt xem khi tn s thay i th tai nn xy ra nng hay nh
Theo l lun thng thng th khi tn s f tng ln th tng tr c th ngi
gim xung v in khng ca da ngi do in dung to ra: ... dn n dng in
tng cng nguy him. Tuy nhin qua thc t v nghin cu ngi ta thy rng tn s
nguy him nht l t (50 - 60)Hz. Nu tn s ln hn tn s ny th mc nguy
him gim cn nu tn s b hn th mc nguy him cng gim.
C th gii thch nh sau: Lc t dng in mt chiu vo t bo, cc phn t
trong t bo b phn thnh nhng ion khc du v b ht ra mng t bo. Nh vy
phn t b phn cc ho, cc chc nng sinh vt ho hc ca t bo b ph hoi n
mc nht nh. By gi nu t ngun in xoay chiu vo th ion cng chy theo
hai chiu khc nhau ra pha ngoi ca mng t bo. Nhng khi dng in i chiu
th chuyn ng ca ion cng ngc li. Vi tn s no ca dng in, tc ca
ion ln trong mt chu k chy c hai ln b rng ca t bo th trng hp
ny mc kch thch ln nht, chc nng sinh vt - ho hc ca t bo b ph hoi
nhiu nht. Nu dng in c tn s cao th khi dng in i chiu th ion cha kp
p vo mng t bo.
Khi nghin cu tc hi ca dng in mt chiu i vi ngi thy rng
trng hp mt chiu in tr ca ngi ln hn xoay chiu. iu ny c th gii
thch l mt chiu c in dung v s phn cc tng ln. Nghin cu thy rng khi
dng in mt chiu ln hn 80mA mi nh hng n tim v c quan h hp ca
con ngi.
2.7. HIN TNG DNG IN I TRONG T
Khi cch in ca thit b in b chc thng s c dng in chm t, dng
in ny i vo t trc tip hay qua mt cu trc no .
V phng din an ton m ni th dng in chm t thay i c bn trng
thi ca mng in (in p gia dy dn v t thay i xut hin cc th hiu khc
nhau gia cc im trn mt t gn ch chm t). Dng in i vo t s to nn
im chm t mt vng dng in r trong t v in p trong vng ny phn b
theo mt quy lut nht nh. n gin nghin cu hin tng ny ta gii thch
dng in chm t i vo t qua mt cc kim loi hnh bn cu. t th thun nht
v c in tr sut l (tnh bng Ohm.cm). Nh th c th xem nh dng in i t
tm hnh bn knh cu ta ra theo ng bn knh.
Trn c s l thuyt tng t ta c th xem trng ca dng in i trong t
ging dng trng trong tnh in, ngha l tp hp ca nhng ng sc v ng
ng th ca chng ging nhau.
i lng c bn trong in trng ca mi trng dn in l mt dng
in J. Vect ny hng theo hng ca vecto cng in trng.
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Phng trnh kho st in trng trong t l phng trnh theo nh lut

Ohm di dng vi phn :
E= J.
Trong : l in tr sut.
E l in p trn n v chiu di dc theo ng i ca dng in .
Mt dng in ti im cch tm bn cu 1 khong X bng :
Id
J=
2 .X 2
y I l dng in chm t.
in p trn mt on v cng b dX (Xem hnh 2.4) dc trn ng i ca
dU = E.dX = J. .dX =

Id

.dX
2 X 2
in p ti mt im A no y cng tc l hiu s in th gia im A v
im v cng xa ( th ca im v cng xa c th xem nh bng 0) bng :
dng in l :

I d dx
I
U A = dU =
= d

2 xA x 2 2 X A
XA

Nu dch chuyn im A n gn mt ca vt ni t ta c in p cao nht

i vi t U :
U
Ud = Umax
I d .
Ud =
2 .X d
Id
Trong X l bn knh ca
U 68%Ud
vt ni t hnh bn cu.
y ta xem bn thn vt
x dx
ni t c bn knh X nh vt m
r0
cc im ca n c in p nh
nhau. Gi thit ny da trn c s
vt ni t c in dn rt ln (V
d : in dn ca thp gn nh
bng 109 ln in dn ca t)
Ta c th vit :
Hnh 2.4: Dng chm t i vo
t qua bn cc bn cu
UA Xd
=
Ud XA

Hay :

UA = Ud .

Xd
XA

Thay tch U . X= K (l mt hng s ng vi nhng iu kin nht nh) ta c

phng trnh hyperbol sau :

UA =

K
XA

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+ Nh vy, s phn b in p trong vng dng in r trong t i vi im

v cc ngoi vng dng in r c dng hyperbol.
+ Ti im chm t trn mt ca vt ni t ta c in p i vi t l cc i.
+ Khng ring g vt ni t c dng hnh bn cu m ngay i vi cc dng
khc ca vt ni t nh hnh ng, thanh, ch nht... cng u c s phn b in p
gn ging hnh hyperbol.
Dng cch o trc tip in p
100%
tng im trn mt t quanh ch chm
t ta cng v c ng cong phn b
in p i vi t trong vng dng in
1
32
U = K.
r trong t c dng hyperbol.
x
+ Khi x = r0
Id
8
= U d : gi l
Ta c U r =
1
10
20
2 .r0
0

in th t (in th ti b mt in cc)

t R d =
: gi l in tr
2 .r0

Hnh 2.5: ng cong ch s phn b

in p ca cc im trn mt t lc
c chm t.

ni t ca in cc kim loi bn cu. R ch ph thuc vo in tr sut ca t

khng ph thuc vo in tr kim loi. R cn gi l in tr tn.
Trong thc t in tr sut ca kim loi rt nh so vi in tr sut ca t v
th c th xem in cc l ng th. Lc ny in th trn b mt kim loi l:
Umax = U = I. R
+ Khi x > 20m th c th xem nh ngoi vng dng in r hay cn c gi
l nhng im c in p bng khng
+ Trong vng gn 1m cch vt ni t chim 68% in p ri
Nhng nhn xt trn y cng ng vi cc loi in cc khc, ch c hm
phn b in th l khc (cng thc khc)
2.8. IN P TIP XC V IN P BC
2.8.1. in p tip xc
Trong qu trnh tip xc vi thit b in, nu c mch in khp kn qua
ngi th in p ging ln ngi ln hay nh l tu thuc vo in tr khc mc ni
tip vi ngi.
in p t vo ngi (tay-chn) khi ngi chm phi vt c mang in p gi
l in p tip xc. Hay ni cch khc in p gia tay ngi khi chm vo vt c
mang in p v t ni ngi ng gi l in p tip xc.

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V chng ta nghin cu an ton trong iu kin chm vo mt pha l ch yu

cho nn c th xem in p tip xc l th gia hai im trn ng dng in i m
ngi c th chm phi.
Utx1
Utx2=U

U=I .R
1

R
Hnh 2.6:

Trn hnh 2.6 v hai thit b in ( ng c, my sn xut...) c v my c ni

vi vt ni t c in tr t l R. Gi s cch in ca mt pha ca thit b 1 b
chc thng v c dng in chm t i t v thit b vo t qua vt ni t. Lc
ny, vt ni t cng nh v cc thit b c ni t u mang in p i vi t l :
U = I.R
Trong , I l dng in chm t.
Tay ngi chm vo thit b no cng u c in p l U trong lc in
p ca chn ngi Uch li ph thuc ngi ng tc l ph thuc vo khong cch t
ch ng n vt ni t. Kt qu l ngi b tc ng ca hiu s in p t vo tay
v chn, l in p tip xc :
Utx=U Uch
Nh vy, in p tip xc ph thuc vo khong cch t v thit b c ni
t.
Trng hp chung c th biu din in p tip xc theo biu thc :
Utx= . U
trong l h s tip xc ( 1)
Trong thc t in p tip xc thng b hn in p ging trn vt ni t.
2.8.2. in p bc
Trn hnh 1.7 v s phn b th ca cc im trn mt t lc c pha chm t
U =I .R
(do dy dn 1 pha rt chm t
hay cch in mt pha caUthit
b in b chc
b
thng...)
Ta bit in p i vi t ch trc tip chm t l :
Ub= 0
+ in p ca cc im trn mt t i vi t cch xa ch chm t t
20m tr ln c th xem bng khng.
+ Nhng vng trn ng tm (hay chnh xc hn l cc mt phng m tm
im l ch chm t chnh l cc vng trn cn) ng th.
+ Khi ngi

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng

Hnh 2.7: Phn b th ca cc im trn mt t