LI NI U

Cu kin in t l mn hc nghin cu v cu to, nguyn l hot ng, c tnh,

so tng ng v mt s ng dng ca cc linh kin c s dng trong cc mch
in t thc hin mt chc nng k thut no ca mt b phn trong mt thit b
in t chuyn dng cng nh thit b in t dn dng.
Cu kin in t c rt nhiu loi thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau trong mch
in t. Mun to ra mt thit b in t chng ta phi s dng rt nhiu cc linh kin
in t, t nhng linh kin n gin nh in tr, t in, cun dy...n cc linh kin
khng th thiu c nh it, transistor...v cc linh kin in t t hp phc tp.
Chng c u ni vi nhau theo cc s mch c thit k, tnh ton khoa hc
thc hin chc nng ca thit b thng thng nh my radio cassettes, tivi, my tnh,
cc thit b in t y t... n cc thit b thng tin lin lc nh tng i in thoi, cc
trm thu - pht thng tin hay cc thit b v tinh v tr v.v...Ni chung cu kin in t l
loi linh kin to ra cc thit b in t do vy chng rt quan trng trong i sng khoa
hc k thut v mun s dng chng mt cch hiu qu th chng ta phi hiu bit v
nm chc cc c im ca chng. Bi ging "Cu kin in" c bin son lm ti
liu ging dy v hc tp cho cc sinh vin chuyn ngnh in in t, in t - Vin
thng, ng thi bi ging cng c th c s dng lm ti liu tham kho cho sinh
vin ca cc chuyn ngnh k thut khc.
Bi ging c vit theo chng trnh cng mn hc "Cu kin in t" ca
Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng ban hnh thng 6/2009. Ni dung ca bi
ging c trnh by mt cch r rng, c h thng cc kin thc c bn v hin i v
vt liu v cc cu kin in t ang s dng trong ngnh in, in t, Vin thng, v
CNTT
Bi ging "Cu kin in t" gm 9 chng.
+ Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v cu kin v mch in t.
+ Chng 2: Vt liu in t
+ Chng 3 : Cu kin th ng
+ Chng 4: it bn dn
+ Chng 5: Transistor lng cc BJT
3

+ Chng 6: Transistor hiu ng trng FET

+ Chng 7: Thyristor
+ Chng 8: Cu kin quang in t
+ Chng 9: Gii thiu cng ngh ch to linh kin bn dn
Trong t chng 1 n chng 6 v chng 9 do ging vin Mnh H bin
son, chng 8 do ging vin Trn Th Thy H bin son, chng 7 v phn bi tp cc
chng do ging vin Trn Thc Linh bin son, ging vin Phm Vn S v ging vin
Nguyn Vn Thun phn bin.
Trong tp bi ging ny cc tc gi s dng nhiu ti liu tham kho v bin
son theo mt trt t logic nht nh. Tuy nhin, do thi gian bin son ngn,tp bi
ging c th cn nhng thiu st v hn ch. Chng ti rt mong nhn c s gp
ca cc nh chuyn mn, cc bn ng nghip, sinh vin, cng nh cc bn c quan
tm b sung v hon chnh tp bi ging "Cu kin in t" c tt hn.
Cc kin ng gp xin gi n B mn K thut in t - Khoa k thut in t 1,
Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, km 10 ng Nguyn Tri, H ng, H
Ni.
Xin chn thnh cm n!

Nhm tc gi

Mc lc

MC LC
LI NI U ...................................................................................................................3
MC LC..........................................................................................................................5
CHNG 1 .....................................................................................................................12
GII THIU CHUNG V CU KIN V MCH IN T..................................12
1.1. KHI NIM CHUNG ...............................................................................................12
1.1.1. Vai tr ca khi nim k thut tru tng.......................................................12
1.1.2. Tn hiu ............................................................................................................13
1.1.3. Khi nim cu kin, mch, h thng in t....................................................17
1.2. CC M HNH PHN T C BN CA MCH IN......................................20
1.2.1. Cc phn t tuyn tnh R, L, C ........................................................................21
1.2.2. M hnh ngun in .........................................................................................23
1.2.3. Mt s k hiu ca cc phn t c bn khc trong s mch in...............24
1.3. PHNG PHP C BN PHN TCH MCH IN..........................................24
1.3.1. Phng php dng cc nh lut Kirchhoff : KCL, KVL (m1) .......................24
1.3.2. Phng php dng lut kt hp (Composition Rules).....................................26
1.3.3. Dng bin i tng ng Thevenin, Norton................................................27
1.4. PHNG PHP PHN TCH MCH PHI TUYN ..............................................28
1.4.1. Phng php phn tch ....................................................................................29
1.4.2. Phng php th ..........................................................................................29
1.4.3. Phng php phn tch gia s (Phng php tn hiu nh - small signal
method) ......................................................................................................................30
1.5. PHN LOI CU KIN IN T .........................................................................32
1.5.1. Phn loi da trn c tnh vt l: ...................................................................32
1.5.2. Phn loi da theo lch s pht trin ca cng ngh in t: ..........................33
1.5.3. Phn loi da trn chc nng x l tn hiu: ...................................................33
1.5.4. Phn loi da vo ng dng:............................................................................33
1.5.5. Phn loi theo c tnh in .............................................................................34
CU HI N TP...........................................................................................................34
CHNG 2 VT LIU IN T ............................................................................36
2.1. GII THIU V VT LIU IN T ...................................................................36
2.1.1. C s vt l ca vt liu in t ......................................................................36
2.1.2. Phn loi vt liu in t .................................................................................40
2.2. CHT CCH IN ..................................................................................................40
5

Mc lc

2.2.1. nh ngha........................................................................................................ 40
2.2.2. Cc tnh cht ca cht in mi. ...................................................................... 40
2.2.3. Phn loi cht in mi.................................................................................... 42
2.3. CHT DN IN .................................................................................................... 43
2.3.1. nh ngha........................................................................................................ 43
2.3.2. Cc tnh cht ca cht dn in ....................................................................... 44
2.4. VT LIU T........................................................................................................... 47
2.4.1. nh ngha........................................................................................................ 47
2.4.2. Cc tnh cht c trng cho vt liu t ............................................................ 48
2.4.3. Phn loi v ng dng ca vt liu t.............................................................. 52
2.5. THCH ANH V NG DNG............................................................................... 55
2.6. CHT BN DN ..................................................................................................... 56
2.6.1 nh ngha cht bn dn ................................................................................... 56
2.6.2 Cht bn dn thun nguyn cht (Intrinsic semiconductor) ............................. 57
2.6.3 Cht bn dn khng thun ................................................................................ 64
CU HI N TP........................................................................................................... 72
BI TP ........................................................................................................................... 73
CHNG 3 CU KIN TH NG....................................................................... 75
3.1. IN TR (Resistor) ................................................................................................ 75
3.1.1 nh ngha......................................................................................................... 75
3.1.2 Cu to in tr................................................................................................. 76
3.1.3 Cc tham s k thut c trng ca in tr .................................................... 76
3.1.4 Cch ghi v c tham s trn thn in tr ...................................................... 80
3.1.5. in tr cao tn v mch tng ng............................................................ 82
3.1.6. Phn loi in tr ............................................................................................. 83
3.1.7 Mt s in tr c bit .................................................................................... 85
3.1.8. Hnh nh ca mt s loi in tr trong thc t .............................................. 87
3.2 T IN (Capacitor) ................................................................................................. 90
3.2.1 nh ngha......................................................................................................... 90
3.2.2 Cu to ca T in .......................................................................................... 90
3.2.3 Cc tham s k thut c trng ca t in ...................................................... 91
3.2.4. K hiu ca t in .......................................................................................... 93
3.2.5. Cch ghi v c tham s trn t in.............................................................. 93
3.2.6. T in cao tn v mch tng ng: ........................................................... 95
3.2.7. Phn loi .......................................................................................................... 96
6

Mc lc

3.2.8. ng dng ca t in.......................................................................................98

3.8.9 Hnh nh ca mt s loi t trong thc t .........................................................99
3.3 CUN CM (Inductor) ............................................................................................103
3.3.1. nh ngha......................................................................................................103
3.3.2. Cu to cun cm...........................................................................................103
3.3.3. K hiu ca cun cm....................................................................................104
3.3.4. Cc tham s k thut c trng ca cun dy................................................104
3.3.5. Cch ghi v c tham s trn cun dy .........................................................105
2.3.6. Phn loi.........................................................................................................107
3.5.7. Hnh nh ca mt s loi cun cm trong thc t.........................................108
3.4. BIN P (Transformer)...........................................................................................109
3.4.1. nh ngha v cu to ca bin p .................................................................109
3.4.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca bin p...................................................................109
3.4.3. Cc tham s k thut ca bin p...................................................................110
3.4.4. K hiu ca bin p........................................................................................111
3.4.5. Phn loi v ng dng....................................................................................112
3.4.6. Thit k bin p ngun...................................................................................115
3.5. CC LOI LINH KIN KHC .............................................................................118
CHNG 4 IT .....................................................................................................121
4.1. TRNG TNH IN TRONG CHT BN DN IU KIN CN BNG
NHIT.............................................................................................................................121
4.1.1. Cht bn dn nng pha tp khng ng u .............................................121
4.1.2. Quan h Boltzman (Quan h gia in th tnh in (x) v nng ht ti
in) .........................................................................................................................125
4.2. TIP GIP PN.........................................................................................................126
4.2.1. Gii thiu chung.............................................................................................127
4.2.2 Chuyn tip PN trng thi cn bng nhit ...................................................127
4.2.3 Chuyn tip PN khi c in p phn cc ........................................................133
4.2.4. c tuyn V-A ca tip gip PN....................................................................137
5.2.5. C ch nh thng trong chuyn tip PN ......................................................141
4.2.6. in dung ca chuyn tip PN.......................................................................142
4.3 GII THIU CHUNG V IT BN DN ..........................................................143
4.4. IT CHNH LU .................................................................................................145
4.4.1. Cu to ...........................................................................................................145
4.4.2. Nguyn l hot ng......................................................................................145
7

Mc lc

4.4.3. c tuyn Vn-Ampe .................................................................................... 146

4.4.4. Cc tham s tnh ca it chnh lu.............................................................. 147
4.4.5. M hnh tng ng ca it chnh lu ..................................................... 152
4.4.6. Mt s hnh nh ca it chnh lu .............................................................. 157
4.5. IT N P ........................................................................................................... 157
4.5.1. Cu to chung ................................................................................................ 157
4.5.2. Cc tham s c bn ca it n p: .............................................................. 159
4.6. IT BIN DUNG VARICAP (VARACTOR)..................................................... 161
4.7 CC LOI IT C BIT KHC ..................................................................... 163
4.8. MT S MCH NG DNG IT .................................................................... 164
BI TP ......................................................................................................................... 171
CHNG 5 TRANSISTOR LNG CC (BJT) ................................................ 182
GII THIU CHUNG.................................................................................................... 182
5.1 CU TO, K HIU CA BJT ............................................................................. 183
5.2 NGUYN L HOT NG CA BJT.................................................................. 185
5.2.1 BJT lm vic trong ch tch cc (Forward Active) ................................... 186
5.2.2. BJT lm vic trong ch o (Reverse)...................................................... 195
5.2.3. BJT lm vic ch ngt (Cut-off ) ........................................................... 196
5.2.4. BJT ch bo ha (Saturation) ................................................................ 196
5.3 M HNH Ebers-Moll.............................................................................................. 198
5.4 CC CCH MC BJT V CC H C TUYN TNG NG..................... 201
5.4.1 Cc cch mc BJT........................................................................................... 201
5.4.2 Cc tham s c trng cho BJT mi ch mc ......................................... 202
5.4.3 BJT npn mc cc pht chung CE................................................................. 202
5.4.4. BJT npn mc cc gc chung CB ................................................................ 205
5.4.5. BJT npn mc cc gc chung - CC ................................................................. 206
5.5. PHN CC CHO BJT ............................................................................................ 208
5.5.1. Khi nim phn cc cho cc ch lm vic ca BJT.................................. 208
5.3.2 Mch nh thin cc gc (BB: Base Bias)...................................................... 213
5.5.3 Mch nh thin hi tip m ........................................................................... 216
5.5.4 Mch nh thin phn p (VDB Voltage Divider Bias)............................ 226
5.5.5. Phn cc kiu b............................................................................................ 230
5.6. BJT TRONG CH CHUYN MCH (ch xung) ...................................... 233
5.7 CC M HNH TNG NG XOAY CHIU CA BJT .............................. 236
5.7.1. M hnh tham s Hybrid (Hybrid parameter/hParameter Model) ............... 237
8

Mc lc

5.7.2. M hnh tng ng tn hiu nh hybrid- .................................................239

5.7.3. M hnh tng ng re ................................................................................244
5.7.4 M hnh tng ng tn hiu ln..................................................................245
5.7.5. M hnh Spice ................................................................................................247
5.8. THAM S K THUT CA BJT .........................................................................250
5.9. PHN LOI BJT.....................................................................................................252
5.10 NG DNG CA BJT ..........................................................................................252
BI TP .........................................................................................................................254
CHNG 6 TRANSISTOR HIU NG TRNG (FET).................................276
6.1. GII THIU CHUNG V FET...............................................................................276
6.2. TRANSISTOR TRNG LOI TIP GIP JFET ............................................277
6.2.1. Cu to ca JFET ...........................................................................................277
6.2.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca JFET......................................................................278
6.2.3. Tham s c bn ca nJFET............................................................................284
6.2.3. Cc cch mc ca JFET .................................................................................287
6.2.4. Phn cc cho JFET ........................................................................................288
6.2.5. Cc m hnh tng ng ca JFET .............................................................292
6.2.6. JFET lm vic ch chuyn mch ...........................................................295
6.2.7. Mt s mch ng dng n gin ca JFET ...................................................296
6.3. CU TRC MOS....................................................................................................297
6.3.1. Cu to ca cu trc MOS .............................................................................297
6.3.2. Cu trc MOS trong iu kin cn bng nhit...............................................298
6.3.3. Cu trc MOS khi c in p phn cc .........................................................301
6.3.4. c tuyn Q-V ...............................................................................................306
6.4. TRANSISTOR TRNG LOI CC CA CCH LY IGFET........................308
6.4.1. Gii thiu chung v IGFET ...........................................................................308
6.4.2. Cu to v k hiu ca MOSFET: D-MOSFET, E-MOSFET.......................309
6.4.3. Nguyn l lm vic ca MOSFET.................................................................310
6.4.4. Cc cch mc ca MOFET ............................................................................316
5.4.5. nh thin cho MOSFET: D-MOSFET, E-MOSFET ...................................317
6.4.6. M hnh tng ng ca MOSFET: D-MOSFET, E-MOSFET .................324
6.4.7. MOSFET lm vic ch chuyn mch ....................................................327
6.5. CU TRC CMOS .................................................................................................330
BI TP .........................................................................................................................330
CHNG 7 - THYRISTORS......................................................................................350
9

Mc lc

7.0 GII THIU CHUNG V THYRISTORS............................................................. 350

7.1 HIN TNG TR ................................................................................................. 351
7.2 IT SHOCKLEY................................................................................................... 351
7.3 DIAC......................................................................................................................... 357
7.4 CU KIN CHNH LU C IU KHIN SILIC (SCR- Silicon-Controlled
Rectifier) ......................................................................................................................... 359
7.5 TRIAC ...................................................................................................................... 373
7.6 TRANSISTOR N NI (Unijunction Transistor UJT) ..................................... 376
7.7 CHUYN MCH IU KHIN SILIC (The Silicon-Controlled Switch - SCS)... 382
7.8 THYRISTOR IU KHIN BNG HIU NG TRNG (Field-effect-controlled
Thyristor) ........................................................................................................................ 383
TM TT CHNG..................................................................................................... 385
CHNG 8 - CU KIN QUANG IN T .......................................................... 389
8.1 PHN M U ...................................................................................................... 389
8.1.1. Khi nim chung v k thut quang in t. ................................................. 389
8.1.2. H thng thng tin quang............................................................................... 390
8.1.3. Vt liu bn dn quang .................................................................................. 391
8.2. CC CU KIN PHT QUANG .......................................................................... 393
8.2.1 S tng tc gia nh sng v vt cht .......................................................... 393
8.2.2. Diode pht quang (LED- Light Emitting Diode)........................................... 397
8.2.3. it LASER................................................................................................... 403
8.2.4. Mt ch th tinh th lng (LCD) ..................................................................... 408
Cc linh kin thu quang. ................................................................................................. 410
8.3.1. Gii thiu chung. ........................................................................................... 410
8.3.2. in tr quang. .............................................................................................. 410
8.3.3. it quang (photodiode)................................................................................ 414
T bo quang in.................................................................................................... 423
Transistor quang lng cc. .................................................................................... 425
Thyrixto quang......................................................................................................... 428
Cc b ghp quang (Opto- Couplers). ............................................................................ 430
CU KIN CCD (Charge Coupled Devices - Cu kin tch in kp) ........................ 432
TM TT....................................................................................................................... 434
CU HI N TP......................................................................................................... 434
CHNG 9 ................................................................................................................... 436
GII THIU V CNG NGH CH TO MCH TCH HP .......................... 436
9.1. KHI NIM V PHN LOI MCH TCH HP............................................... 436
10

Mc lc

9.1.1 nh ngha.......................................................................................................436
9.1.2 Phn loi..........................................................................................................437
9.2 CNG NGH TCH HP:.......................................................................................438
9.3 QUY TRNH THIT K V SN XUT VI MCH............................................440
9.4 NG DNG VI MCH ...........................................................................................446
9.4.1 Vi mch tch hp tng t (Analog IC)..........................................................446
9.4.2 Vi mch tch hp s (Digital IC): ...................................................................448
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................449

11

Chng 1 - Gii thiu chung v cu kin v mch in t

CHNG 1
GII THIU CHUNG V CU KIN V MCH IN T
Khi nim chung
Khi nim v cu kin, mch, h thng in t
Cc m hnh phn t mch in c bn
Tng quan cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
Phng php phn tch mch in phi tuyn
Phn loi cu kin in t.

1.1. KHI NIM CHUNG

1.1.1. Vai tr ca khi nim k thut tru tng
Cc lnh vc k thut (Engieering) l cch s dng c mc ch ca cc lnh vc
khoa hc. Khoa hc c nhim v gii thch v cc hin tng t nhin. Nghin cu khoa
hc thng gn lin vi thc nghim, v cc nh lut khoa hc l nhng pht biu ngn
gn hay biu thc gii thch nhng s liu thc nghim. Cc nh lut vt l c th c
xem nh l lp tru tng gia nhng s liu thc nghim v ngi thc hin khng
cn quan tm n nhng chi tit thc nghim v s liu c c kt thnh cc nh
lut. Khi nim k thut tru tng c xy dng vi tp ring cc mc ch trong
ngh, v chng c s dng khi nhng rng buc thch hp xut hin.
K thut in in t l mt trong nhiu ngnh k thut v l ngnh s dng c
mc ch cc phng trnh ca Maxwell v hin tng in t trng. thun tin cho
vic s dng cc kt qu ca hin tng in t trng, k thut in in t to ra
mt lp khi nim tru tng mi trn cc phng trnh Maxwell l khi nim v linh
kin v mch in c thu gn. Trong gio trnh ny s cung cp mi lin h gia vt l
v k thut in in t. Bn cch c mi lin h cht ch, thng nht gia in t vin thng, khoa hc my tnh n k thut in in t. K thut in in t l nn
tng cho pht trin cc h thng vin thng, cng ngh thng tin v ngc li vin thng
v cng ngh thng tin pht trin h tr c lc v hiu qu cho qu trnh qun l, xy
dng nhng h thng in in t phc tp.
Tri qua nhiu thp k pht trin, k thut in in t pht trin tp cc khi
nim k thut tru tng cho php chng ta chuyn cc l thuyt khoa hc vt l chuyn
12

Chng 1 - Gii thiu chung v cu kin v mch in t

ngnh sang k thut v do xy dng c nhng h thng in, in t phc tp v

hu ch.
S dng m hnh k thut tru tng gip cho vic nghin cu cc bi ton vt l
thc t tr ln d dng hn. Gi s c mch in thc t nh dng ngun Pin thp sang
bng n si t. Lm th no tnh ton dng in I qua bng n?
Thay v a ra cc m t ton hc ca bi ton di dng cc phng trnh
Maxwell, chng ta thay th cc thnh phn mch in bng cc m hnh tru tng ri
rc. B qua cch dng in tch chy trong si t, cng nh b qua tham s v nhit ,
hnh dng ... ca n, nu ch tnh cng dng in qua bng n th chng ta c th
thay th tng ng bng n bng m hnh in tr ri rc c tr s in tr R. B qua
tham s v cu to, dung lng ca Pin, chng ta c th thay th n bng m hnh ngun
p khng i c gi tr V. T m hnh mch in c th xc nh cng dng in
quan bng n theo nh lut m nh sau:

I=

V
R
A I
V

Hnh 1.1

- Bi ton vt l thc t v m hnh tru tng

1.1.2. Tn hiu
a. Khi nim tn hiu
Tn hiu l i lng vt l mang thng tin vo v ra ca h thng. Tn hiu cha
thng tin v s bin i ca nhng s vt, hnh ng trong th gii vt l ca chng ta.
V d thng tin v thi tit c cha trong tn hiu biu din nhit ca khng kh, p
sut kh quyn, tc gi... Ting ni ca pht thanh vin c bn tin qua microphone
to ra tn hiu m cha thng tin v cc s kin trn th gii... Ting ni, m nhc, m
thanh Cc dng tn hiu thng gp trong t nhin nh dao ng t cc h thng c
hc, chui video v nh chp, nh cng hng t (MRI), nh x-ray, sng in t pht ra
t cc h thng truyn thng, in p v dng in trong cu kin, mch, h thng,
biu in tm (ECG), in no , Emails, web pages. Mi loi tn hiu tng

13

Chng 1 - Gii thiu chung v cu kin v mch in t

ng vi ngun no trong t nhin, v thng c biu din bng hm s theo thi

gian, tn s hay khong cch.
C hai dng tn hiu ph bin l:
+ Tn hiu tng t (Analog Signal): Tn hiu c gi tr bin i lin tc theo thi
gian. Hu ht tn hiu trong t nhin l tn hiu tng t, x(t).
+ Tn hiu ri rc (Discrete Signal): Tn hiu c gi tr ri rc theo thi gian. Tn
hiu s l loi tn hiu ri rc ch nhn cc gi tr trong mt tp hu hn xc nh. V d
tn hiu s dng trong cc h thng my tnh l tn hiu s dng nh phn (hai mc logic
0 v 1).
x[n]

x(t)

t
Tn hiu tng t

t , x (t )
Hnh 1.2

n
Tn hiu s

n , x[ n ]

- Minh ha dng sng tn hiu tng t/ tn hiu s

b. Tn hiu in
tch c nhng thng tin yu cu t tp cc tn hiu, lun cn x l tn hiu
theo cch nh trc. Hin nay qu trnh x l tn hiu ch yu c thc hin bi cc
h thng in t. Do tn hiu phi in trc ht phi c bin i thnh tn hiu in
nh cc b bin i (Transducers). V d bin i sng m thnh tn hiu in dng
microphone. Tn hiu in mang thng tin cng chnh l i tng c nghin cu ch
yu trong lnh vc in, in t, vin thng. Cu kin, mch, h thng in t chnh l
cc phng tin thc hin vic sao lu, x l, truyn ti cc tn hiu in . Trong ti
liu ny s tp trung trnh by v cc loi cu kin in t thng dng.
Tn hiu in l tn hiu cha dng in, in t trng bin i theo thi gian v
khng gian vi cc tham s xc nh. Tn hiu in thng c s dng di dng di
ba dng l sng in t, tn hiu dng in, v tn hiu in p,.
Dng in (Current): L dng dch chuyn c hng ca cc in tch thng qua
vt dn hoc phn t mch in. K hiu: I -thng c hiu l dng khng i, i(t)
dng bin thin theo thi gian. n v: Ampere (A), mA... Ngun to ra dng in c
gi l ngun dng.
in p (Voltage): Khi nim in p hay hiu in th thng c dng khi so
snh in th gia hai im, hoc ni v in th ca mt im khi ly im kia l mc
14

Chng 1 - Gii thiu chung v cu kin v mch in t

c in th bng 0. in p chnh l nng lng c truyn trong mt n v thi gian

ca in tch dch chuyn gia 2 im.
K hiu in p l V hoc U , v(t) hoc u(t). n v V, mV, kV... Ngun to ra
in p c gi l ngun p.
c. Dng mt chiu v dng xoay chiu
I

i(t)

3A
t

t
0

0
i(t)

i(t)
10A
5A

t
0

0
Dng mt chiu - DC
Hnh 1.3

Dng xoay chiu - AC

th minh ha dng mt chiu v dng xoay chiu

DC (Direct current) - Dng mt chiu: dng in c chiu khng i theo thi

gian. V mt biu thc ton hc th gi tr ca dng lun dng hoc lun m. Ch
trnh hiu nhm DC = khng i. Xem Hnh 1.3
V d: Dng khng i I=3A;
Dng mt chiu bin thin i(t)=10+5 sin(100t)(A)
AC (Alternating Current): Dng xoay chiu: Dng in c chiu thay i theo
thi gian. V mt biu thc ton hc th gi tr ca dng va c gi tr dng v va c
gi tr m. Xem Hnh 1.3.
V d: Dng xoay chiu i (t ) = 2 cos(2t )( A) ;
i (t ) = 5 + 10 cos(200t )( A) .

15

Chng 1 - Gii thiu chung v cu kin v mch in t

d. Cc thnh phn v tr s in p, dng in

Tn hiu in p v dng in c dng bt k tun ton vi chu k T c th c
phn tch thnh tng ca thnh phn mt chiu gi tr khng i v thnh phn xoay
chiu.
Ngoi ra, nh gi v cng ca tn hiu c th dng tham s tr s trung
bnh, tr s hiu dng ca tn hiu.
Biu thc xc nh cc thnh phn v tr s ca in p, dng in nh sau:
Tn hiu in p u(t)

Tn hiu dng in i(t)

+ Thnh phn in p mt chiu UDC

U DC =

+ Thnh phn dng mt chiu IDC

T +t0

u (t )dt

I DC =

+ Thnh phn in p xoay chiu uAC

+ Thnh phn dng xoay chiu iAC

u AC = u (t ) U DC

i AC = i (t ) I DC

+ Tr s in p hiu dng Uhd hay URMS

U RMS

T + t0

+ Tr s dng in hiu dng Ihd hay IRMS

(t )dt

I RMS

to

+ Tr s in p trung bnh Utb

U tb =

i(t )dt

to

to

1
=
T

T +t0

1
=
T

T + t0

(t ) dt

to

+ Tr s dng in trung bnh Itb

T + t0

u (t ) dt

I DC =

to

T + t0

i(t ) dt

to

V d 1.1: Xc nh cc thnh phn ca in p dng hnh sin c dng nh sau:

u(t)
Um

u(t)
Um

u(t)
Um
t

T/2

t
3T/2

(a)

(b)

(c)

u(t)=Umsint(V)

u(t)=|Umsint| (V)

u(t) = Umsint vi 0tT/2

=0

16

T/2

vi T/2tT

Chng 1 - Gii thiu chung v cu kin v mch in t

UDC=0 V

U tb =

2U m

U RMS =

Um
2

U DC =

(V )

U tb =
(V )

2U m

(V )

U DC =

2U m

(V )

U tb =

U RMS =

Um

(V )

U RMS =

Um

(V )

Um

(V )

Um
2 2

(V )

1.1.3. Khi nim cu kin, mch, h thng in t

a. Cu kin in t
Cu kin in t: l cc phn t linh kin ri rc, mch tch hp (IC) c tnh
nng thu nhn, lu tr, truyn dn, hoc x l tn hiu in... to nn mch in t, cc
h thng in t c chc nng k thut no . Xem hnh nh mt s loi cu kin trong
thc t trong Hnh 1.4.

Hnh 1.4

- Hnh nh ca mt s loi cu kin in t trong thc t.

Cu kin in t c rt nhiu loi thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau trong mch
in t. Mun to ra mt thit b in t chng ta phi s dng rt nhiu cc linh kin
in t, t nhng linh kin n gin nh in tr, t in, cun dy... cc linh kin khng
17

Chng 1 - Gii thiu chung v cu kin v mch in t

th thiu c nh it, transistor... n cc linh kin tch hp (IC) phc tp... Chng
c u ni vi nhau theo cc s mch c thit k, tnh ton khoa hc thc
hin chc nng ca thit b in t, v d nh my radio cassettes, tivi, my tnh, cc thit
b in t y t... n cc thit b thng tin lin lc nh tng i in thoi, cc trm thu pht thng tin hay cc thit b v tinh v tr v.v...Ni chung cu kin in t l loi linh
kin to ra cc thit b in t do vy chng rt quan trng trong i sng khoa hc k
thut v mun s dng chng mt cch hiu qu th chng ta phi hiu bit v nm chc
nguyn l hoc ng, c im, tham s, v ng dng ca chng.
Trong thc t cu kin in t rt a dng, c nhiu tham s, c tnh khc nhau,
tuy nhin khi nghin cu v cu kin in t chng ta thng s dng cc m hnh ca
cu kin vi nhng tham s c trng, quan trng nht.
b. Mch in t

iPhone 3G

Hnh 1.5
18

- Hnh nh ca mt s mch in t trong thc t.

Chng 1 - Gii thiu chung v cu kin v mch in t

Mch in l mt tp hp gm c ngun in (ngun p hoc ngun dng nu c)

v cc cu kin in t cng dy dn in c u ni vi nhau theo mt s mch
thit k nhm thc hin mt chc nng no ca mt thit b in t hoc mt h thng
in t. V d nh mch to dao ng hnh sin, mch khuch i micro, mch gii m nh
phn, mch m xung, hoc n gin ch l mt mch phn p,... Hnh nh mt s mch
in t trong thc t nh Hnh 1.5.
Cu hnh vt l ca mch in t rt a dng v phc tp, khi nghin cu v mch
chng ta thng nghin cu chng di dng m hnh mch in (Tp hp ca nhiu m
hnh cu kin kt ni vi nhau).
c. H thng in t
H thng in t l mt tp hp cc mch in t c cc chc nng k thut ring
kt ni vi nhau theo mt cu trc nht nh to thnh mt thit b in t c chc nng
k thut nht nh hoc mt h thng in t phc tp c chc nng k thut ring nh
my thu hnh, my hin sng, h thng pht thanh truyn hnh, trm truyn dn vi ba, h
thng thng tin quang...

Hnh 1.6

- Hnh nh ca mt s h thng in t trong thc t.

19

Chng 1 - Gii thiu chung v cu kin v mch in t

1.2. CC M HNH PHN T C BN CA MCH IN

Trong thc t cu kin, mch, h thng in t rt a dng, nghin cu, thit k,
tnh ton chng thng s dng m hnh mch in nguyn l tng ng. M hnh mch
in nguyn l c xy dng t cc m hnh cc phn t mch in.
Trong m hnh mch in nguyn l, mi cu kin in t c th c thay th
tng ng bng mt m hnh phn t tng ng hoc bng mt khi mch tng tng
gm nhiu phn t c bn ghp vi nhau. Trong thc t nhiu cu kin phc tp c th
ch thay th bng mt m hnh n gin gm hp en c cc chn vo/ra v km theo l
m t hot ng ca chng di dng cc phng trnh quan h, bng trng thi, gii
thut, m t bng ngn ng c t hay ngn ng t nhin. V d v mch in trong thc
t v m hnh mch in nguyn l nh Hnh 1.7.

Mch in thc t

M hnh mch in nguyn l tng ng

Hnh 1.7
20

- Mch in thc t v m hnh mch tng ng

Chng 1 - Gii thiu chung v cu kin v mch in t

Cc cu kin in t c trnh by trong ti liu ny ch yu c nghin cu

di dng m hnh v kt chng vi nhau trong m hnh mch nguyn l xc nh. Nh
vy trong ti liu ny khi ni n mch in chng ta hiu l m hnh mch in
nguyn l.
Cc m hnh phn t c bn ca mch in bao gm: Cc phn t ngun in,
Phn t th ng c bn: in tr, in cm, in dung. Cn m hnh ca cc phn t
phc tp hn nh it, Transistor, ... s ln lt c xt trong cc chng tip theo.
1.2.1. Cc phn t tuyn tnh R, L, C
1.2.1.1. Phn t in tr
Ta hiu mt cch n gin in tr l s cn tr dng in ca mt vt dn in.
Nu vt dn in tt th in tr nh, vt dn in km th in tr ln, vt cch in th
in tr l v cng ln. Mc cn in c c trng bi phn t in tr, thng
c k hiu l R (Resistor) v c 2 dng m hnh (hon ton tng ng) nh Hnh
1.8.
i(t)

i(t)

u(t)

u(t)
Hnh 1.8

M hnh ca phn t in tr

Quan h gia in p v dng in trn in tr tun theo nh lut m rt ni

ting:
U=I.R
hay u(t)=i(t).R
Trong :
U, u(t) : l hiu in th gia hai u vt dn in, n v o c bn V (Vn).
I, i(t) : l cng dng in i qua vt dn in, n v o c bn A (Ampe).
R : tr s in tr ca vt dn in, n v o c bn (Ohm).
- Tr s in dn ca in tr: G=1/R
1.2.1.2 Phn t in dung (t in)
T in l phn t mch c kh nng Tch, Lu v phng in tch di dng nng
lng ca in trng . Thng c to ra bi hai b mt dn in c ngn cch bi
in mi (cht cch in). Khi c chnh lch in th ti hai b mt, ti cc b mt s
xut hin in tch cng cng , nhng tri du. S tch t ca in tch trn hai b mt
to ra kh nng tch tr nng lng in trng ca t in. Khi chnh lch in th trn
21

Chng 1 - Gii thiu chung v cu kin v mch in t

hai b mt l in th xoay chiu, s tch lu in tch b chm pha so vi in p, to

nn tr khng ca t in trong mch in xoay chiu.
V mt lu tr nng lng, t in c phn ging vi c qui. Mc d cch hot
ng ca chng th hon ton khc nhau, nhng chng u cng lu tr nng lng in.
c qui c 2 cc, bn trong xy ra phn ng ha hc to ra electron cc ny v
chuyn electron sang cc cn li. T in th n gin hn, n khng th to ra electron n ch lu tr chng. T in c kh nng np v x rt nhanh, y l mt u th ca n
so vi c qui.

i(t)

C
u(t)

Hnh 1.9

M hnh ca phn t t in

Mc tch in ca t in c c trng bi tr s in dung C (F), v cng

c k hiu l C v c m hnh nh Hnh 1.9:
Quan h gia dng v in p xoay chiu trn t nh sau:

i (t ) = C.

du (t )
dt

1.2.1.3 Phn t in cm

in cm l phn t mch in c kh nng lu tr nng lng dng t nng

(nng lng ca t trng to ra bi cun cm khi dng in bin thin i qua); v lm
dng in b tr pha so vi in p mt gc bng 90. Tham s in cm c c trng
bng t cm L, n v henri (H). Cun cm c t cm L cng cao th cng to ra t
trng mnh v d tr nhiu nng lng. Trong s mch in, in cm cng c k
hiu l L v c m hnh nh Hnh 1.10:
i(t)

L
u(t)

Hnh 1.10 M hnh ca phn t in cm

Quan h gia dng v in p xoay chiu trn in cm nh sau:

u (t ) = L.

22

di (t )
dt