4 PDF

E Learning courses
Traversing
. /
-

:
:
:

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Traverse Definition
:
Traverse :To pass or travel across, over, or through
something. / zigzag pass
( ) :
:
A geometrical shape that the surveyor follows by
placing and occupying points on the ground and
measuring the distances and angles between the points.
:

.

) (
.
Traverse types
:
- Closed Traverse
- )(Polygon or Closed Loop / Ring Traverse
.
-
)(Link or connecting or closed route traverse
.
- Open Traverse

.
( )


Traversing Fieldwork
- :
.
- :
.
.
- : :
-
- ) (
-


-
-
)
(.
- :
.
- :
)
(
- )( :
.

Angles vs. Directions
: .
:
- Interior angles
- Exterior angles
- Deflection angles
:
) ( .
:
- Azimuth
- Quadrant Bearing
- Reduced Bearing
Angle Types
:
Interior angles
Exterior angles
Deflection angles


Direction Types
:

) Azimuth or (whole bearing
.

Quadrant Bearing
Reduced Bearing


Angles and directions measurement
:
) (

:
) ( :
.
.

North (meridian) Types

- )( Geographical (True) North :

. GPS
- Magnetic North :

.
- Assumed North :
.
- Grid North :

) . ( Grid
75
60
45
30
15
l
0
15
30
0
45
60
75
30
N
10
N
0
0

10
S
Declination angle
.
.
Quadrant Bearing
4th
quadrant
NW
NE
SW
3rd
quadrant
1st
quadrant
SE
2nd
quadrant
)Whole Bearing (Azimuth
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Reduced Bearing
*
*

= -
= -

Forward and Back Bearing
: .
: .
)(+
)(+
)(+
)(-
)(-
)(-
)(+
)(-

=
=
= +
= +

Traverse calculations
)
( ) ( :
- Angular closure
- Linear closure
-
:
= ) * ( = ) * ( +

) = (
- :

.

.
:
-
- )
( .
"16135 00
253.68
"26246 40
"629 10
55.82
80.08
36
126.
214.24
"8520 00
"34830 50
- :
:
=
=

:
=
=
:
) ( ) = (
) +(
( +)
( +)
* Not to scale
- :

.

) ( .
) ( :
) ( = \

Adjustment of Compass Traverse
Bowditch Method :
-
.
-
- .
-
- .
-
.
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0 126.36
161 35
40 253.68
262 46
50 55.82
348 30
10 80.08
29
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0 126.36
161 35
40 253.68
262 46
50 55.82
348 30
10 80.08
29
730.18
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
213.530
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
40 253.68
-251.667 262 46
50 55.82
-11.115 348 30
10 80.08
29
9.046
730.18
= x
) (
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
213.530
17.430
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
-119.888
40 253.68
-251.667 262 46
-31.892
50 55.82
-11.115 348 30
54.702
10 80.08
29
9.046
79.567
730.18
= x
) (
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
213.530
17.430
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
-119.888
40 253.68
-251.667 262 46
-31.892
50 55.82
-11.115 348 30
54.702
10 80.08
29
9.046
79.567
730.18
-0.287
-0.081
= ) (
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.084 213.530
17.430
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
-119.888 0.050
40 253.68
0.100 -251.667 262 46
-31.892
50 55.82
0.022 -11.115 348 30
54.702
10 80.08
29
9.046
0.031
79.567
730.18
-0.287
-0.081
= ) x \ (
***
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.084 213.530
17.430
0.024
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.014 -119.888 0.050
40 253.68
0.100 -251.667 262 46
0.028 -31.892
50 55.82
0.022 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.006
10 80.08
29
9.046
0.031
79.567
0.009
730.18
-0.287
-0.081
= ) x \ (
***
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.084 213.530
17.430
213.614 0.024
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.014 -119.888 0.050
39.970
40 253.68
0.100 -251.667 262 46
-251.568 0.028 -31.892
50 55.82
0.022 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.006
-11.094
10 80.08
29
9.046
0.031
79.567
0.009
9.077
730.18
-0.287
-0.081
= +
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.084 213.530
17.430
213.614 0.024
17.454
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.014 -119.888 0.050
-119.874 39.970
40 253.68
0.100 -251.667 262 46
-31.864 -251.568 0.028 -31.892
50 55.82
0.022 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.006
-11.094
54.708
10 80.08
29
9.046
0.031
79.567
0.009
9.077
79.576
730.18
-0.287
-0.081
= +
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.084 213.530
17.430
213.614 0.024
17.454
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.014 -119.888 0.050
-119.874 39.970
40 253.68
0.100 -251.667 262 46
-31.864 -251.568 0.028 -31.892
50 55.82
0.022 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.006
-11.094
54.708
10 80.08
29
9.046
0.031
79.567
0.009
9.077
79.576
730.18
-0.287
-0.081
0.000
0.000
: =
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.084 213.530
17.430
213.614 0.024
17.454
5213.614
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.014 -119.888 0.050
-119.874 39.970
5253.584
40 253.68
0.100 -251.667 262 46
-31.864 -251.568 0.028 -31.892
5002.016
50 55.82
0.022 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.006
-11.094
54.708
4990.923

10 80.08
29
9.046
0.031
79.567
0.009
9.077
79.576
5000.000
730.18
-0.287
-0.081
0.000
0.000
= +
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.084 213.530
17.430
213.614 0.024
17.454
1017.454 5213.614
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.014 -119.888 0.050
-119.874 39.970
897.580 5253.584
40 253.68
0.100 -251.667 262 46
-31.864 -251.568 0.028 -31.892
865.715 5002.016
50 55.82
0.022 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.006
-11.094
54.708
920.424 4990.923

10 80.08
29
9.046
0.031
79.567
0.009
9.077
79.576
1000.000 5000.000
730.18
-0.287
-0.081
0.000
0.000
= +
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.084 213.530
17.430
213.614 0.024
17.454
1017.454 5213.614
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.014 -119.888 0.050
-119.874 39.970
897.580 5253.584
40 253.68
0.100 -251.667 262 46
-31.864 -251.568 0.028 -31.892
865.715 5002.016
50 55.82
0.022 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.006
-11.094
54.708
920.424 4990.923

10 80.08
29
9.046
0.031
79.567
0.009
9.077
79.576
1000.000 5000.000
730.18
-0.287
-0.081
0.000
0.000
: ) (
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.084 213.530
17.430
213.614 0.024
17.454
1017.454 5213.614
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.014 -119.888 0.050
-119.874 39.970
897.580 5253.584
40 253.68
0.100 -251.667 262 46
-31.864 -251.568 0.028 -31.892
865.715 5002.016
50 55.82
0.022 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.006
-11.094
54.708
920.424 4990.923

10 80.08
29
9.046
0.031
79.567
0.009
9.077
79.576
1000.000 5000.000
730.18
-0.287
-0.081
0.000
0.000
0.298
= ) () + 2 ( 2
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.084 213.530
17.430
213.614 0.024
17.454
1017.454 5213.614
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.014 -119.888 0.050
-119.874 39.970
897.580 5253.584
40 253.68
0.100 -251.667 262 46
-31.864 -251.568 0.028 -31.892
865.715 5002.016
50 55.82
0.022 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.006
-11.094
54.708
920.424 4990.923

10 80.08
29
9.046
0.031
79.567
0.009
9.077
79.576
1000.000 5000.000
730.18
-0.287
-0.081
0.000
0.000
0.298
1 / 2450
= ) \ (

Adjustment of Theodolite Traverse

Transit Method :
-
.Total station
- .
-
-
-
-

-

1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0 126.36
161 35
40 253.68
262 46
50 55.82
348 30
10 80.08
29
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
213.530
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
40 253.68
-251.667 262 46
50 55.82
-11.115 348 30
10 80.08
29
9.046
= x
) (
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
213.530
17.430
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
-119.888
40 253.68
-251.667 262 46
-31.892
50 55.82
-11.115 348 30
54.702
10 80.08
29
9.046
79.567
= x
) (
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
213.530
17.430
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
-119.888
40 253.68
-251.667 262 46
-31.892
50 55.82
-11.115 348 30
54.702
10 80.08
29
9.046
525.279
79.567
303.480
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
213.530
17.430
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
-119.888
40 253.68
-251.667 262 46
-31.892
50 55.82
-11.115 348 30
54.702
10 80.08
29
9.046
525.279
-0.287
79.567
303.480
-0.081
) ( :
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.117 213.530
17.430
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
-119.888 0.022
40 253.68
0.137 -251.667 262 46
-31.892
50 55.82
0.006 -11.115 348 30
54.702
10 80.08
29
9.046
525.279
-0.287
0.005
79.567
303.480
-0.081
= ) x \ (
***
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.117 213.530
17.430
0.005
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.032 -119.888 0.022
40 253.68
0.137 -251.667 262 46
0.008 -31.892
50 55.82
0.006 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.015
10 80.08
29
9.046
525.279
-0.287
0.005
79.567
0.021
303.480
-0.081
= ) x \ (
***
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.117 213.530
17.430
213.646 0.005
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.032 -119.888 0.022
39.942
40 253.68
0.137 -251.667 262 46
-251.530 0.008 -31.892
50 55.82
0.006 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.015
-11.109
10 80.08
29
9.046
525.279
-0.287
0.005
79.567
0.021
9.051
303.480
-0.081
= +
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.117 213.530
17.430
213.646 0.005
17.435
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.032 -119.888 0.022
-119.856 39.942
40 253.68
0.137 -251.667 262 46
-31.884 -251.530 0.008 -31.892
50 55.82
0.006 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.015
-11.109
54.717
10 80.08
29
9.046
525.279
-0.287
0.005
79.567
0.021
9.051
79.589
303.480
-0.081
= +
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.117 213.530
17.430
213.646 0.005
17.435
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.032 -119.888 0.022
-119.856 39.942
40 253.68
0.137 -251.667 262 46
-31.884 -251.530 0.008 -31.892
50 55.82
0.006 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.015
-11.109
54.717
10 80.08
29
9.046
525.279
-0.287
0.005
79.567
303.480
-0.081
0.021
9.051
0.000
79.589
0.000
: =
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.117 213.530
17.430
213.646 0.005
17.435
5213.646
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.032 -119.888 0.022
-119.856 39.942
5253.588
40 253.68
0.137 -251.667 262 46
-31.884 -251.530 0.008 -31.892

5002.058
50 55.82
0.006 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.015
-11.109
54.717
4990.949
10 80.08
29
9.046
0.005
79.567
0.021
9.051
79.589
5000.000
525.279
-0.287
303.480
-0.081
0.000
0.000
= +
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.117 213.530
17.430
213.646 0.005
17.435
1017.435 5213.646
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.032 -119.888 0.022
-119.856 39.942
897.578 5253.588
40 253.68
0.137 -251.667 262 46
-31.884 -251.530 0.008 -31.892

865.695 5002.058
50 55.82
0.006 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.015
-11.109
54.717
920.411 4990.949
10 80.08
29
9.046
0.005
79.567
0.021
9.051
79.589
1000.000 5000.000
525.279
-0.287
303.480
-0.081
0.000
0.000
= +
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.117 213.530
17.430
213.646 0.005
17.435
1017.435 5213.646
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.032 -119.888 0.022
-119.856 39.942
897.578 5253.588
40 253.68
0.137 -251.667 262 46
-31.884 -251.530 0.008 -31.892

865.695 5002.058
50 55.82
0.006 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.015
-11.109
54.717
920.411 4990.949
10 80.08
29
9.046
0.005
79.567
0.021
9.051
79.589
1000.000 5000.000
525.279
-0.287
303.480
-0.081
0.000
0.000
: ) (
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.117 213.530
17.430
213.646 0.005
17.435
1017.435 5213.646
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.032 -119.888 0.022
-119.856 39.942
897.578 5253.588
40 253.68
0.137 -251.667 262 46
-31.884 -251.530 0.008 -31.892

865.695 5002.058
50 55.82
0.006 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.015
-11.109
54.717
920.411 4990.949
10 80.08
29
9.046
0.005
79.567
0.021
9.051
79.589
1000.000 5000.000
525.279
-0.287
303.480
-0.081
0.298
0.000
0.000
= ) () + 2 ( 2
1000.000 5000.000
0 214.24
20
85
0.117 213.530
17.430
213.646 0.005
17.435
1017.435 5213.646
0 126.36
161 35
39.920
0.032 -119.888 0.022
-119.856 39.942
897.578 5253.588
40 253.68
0.137 -251.667 262 46
-31.884 -251.530 0.008 -31.892

865.695 5002.058
50 55.82
0.006 -11.115 348 30
54.702
0.015
-11.109
54.717
920.411 4990.949
10 80.08
730.18

29
9.046
0.005
79.567
0.021
9.051
79.589
1000.000 5000.000
525.279
-0.287
303.480
-0.081
0.298
1\2450
0.000
0.000
= ) \ (

) (
.

.
:
-
-
-
-

- .
- :
.
- .
- :
: =
: =

.
- :
214.24
126.36
253.68
80.08
0
0
40
10
20
35
46
29
85
161
262
6

213.530
39.920
-251.667

9.046
17.430
-119.888
-31.892

79.567
= + - + +
= +- - +
- :

17.430
213.530
85
20
0 214.24
161 35 ) ( ) (
0
-31.892
-251.667
262 46 40 253.68

55.82
55.82
55.82
79.567
9.046
6
29 10 80.08
) + - + ( = +
) +- + ( = +
- :
214.24
253.68
80.08

17.430
213.530
85 20
0
161 35 ) ( )(
0
-31.892
-251.667
262 46 40
348 30 50 ) ( )(
79.567
9.046
6
29 10
) + ( ) = + - + (
) + ( ) = +- + (
- :
214.24
126.36
253.68
55.82
80.08
0
40
10
35
46
29
161
262
6

214.24214.24
-119.888
39.920
-31.892
-251.667
55.8255.82
79.567
9.046
214.24 + - + = +
214.24 + - - = +
214.24
126.36
253.68
55.82
80.08

85 20 0
161 35 0
262 46 40
348 30 50
6
29 10
214.24
"8520 00
"16135 00
214.24
126.36
253.68
55.82
80.08
36
126.

85 20 0
161 35 0
262 46 40
348 30 50
6
29 10
214.24
"8520 00
"16135 00
214.24
126.36
253.68
55.82
80.08
"26246 40
36
126.

85 20 0
161 35 0
262 46 40
348 30 50
6
29 10
214.24
"8520 00
253.68
"16135 00
"26246 40
253.68
55.82
214.24
126.36
253.68
55.82
80.08
36
126.

85 20 0
161 35 0
262 46 40
348 30 50
6
29 10
214.24
"8520 00
"34830 50
"16135 00
80.08
"629 10
"26246 40
253.68
55.82
214.24
126.36
253.68
55.82
80.08
36
126.

85 20 0
161 35 0
262 46 40
348 30 50
6
29 10
214.24
"8520 00
"34830 50
1000.000 5000.000
1017.435 5213.646
5253.588
897.578
5002.058
865.695
4990.949
920.411
1000
950
5300
5250
5200
5150
5100
5050
900
850
5000
-
= ] x
) - ( [
= ] x
) - ([
* .
* .
=
] )x
- ( [
1000.000 5000.000
1017.454 5213.614
897.580 5253.584
865.715 5002.016
920.424 4990.923
) -
(
1000.000 5000.000
1017.454 5213.614
897.580 5253.584
865.715 5002.016
920.424 4990.923
1000.000 5000.000
1017.454 5213.614
) -
(
1000.000 5000.000
1017.454 5213.614
897.580 5253.584
865.715 5002.016
920.424 4990.923
1000.000 5000.000
1017.454 5213.614
) -
(
-102.420
1000.000 5000.000
) -
(
1017.454 5213.614
-102.420
897.580 5253.584
-151.739
865.715 5002.016
920.424 4990.923
1000.000 5000.000
1017.454 5213.614
1000.000 5000.000
) -
(
1017.454 5213.614
-102.420
897.580 5253.584
-151.739
865.715 5002.016
22.844
920.424 4990.923
1000.000 5000.000
1017.454 5213.614
1000.000 5000.000
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897.580 5253.584
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(
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22.844
114266.862
920.424 4990.923
134.285
1000.000 5000.000
97.030
1017.454 5213.614
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(
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-102.420
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897.580 5253.584
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865.715 5002.016
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114266.862
920.424 4990.923
134.285
670203.746
1000.000 5000.000
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(
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865.715 5002.016
22.844
114266.862
920.424 4990.923
134.285
670203.746
1000.000 5000.000
97.030
485151.196
1017.454 5213.614
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920.424 4990.923
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1017.454 5213.614
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1017.454 5213.614
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1000.000 5000.000
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253.584
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253.584
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222.691
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920.424 4990.923
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5233.599
-119.874
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5127.800
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4996.469
54.708
920.424 4990.923

17.454
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4995.461
79.576
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897.580 5253.584

5127.800
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54.708
273348.153
920.424 4990.923

17.454
89134.002
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54.708
273348.153
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881.648
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1000.000 5000.000
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897.580 5253.584

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213.614
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213.614
215478.089
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960.212
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1000.000 5000.000
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957.517
39.970
38271.848
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920.424 4990.923

213.614
215478.089
1017.454 5213.614

960.212
1000.000 5000.000
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8716.291
30764.880
Thanks
fo r
your
attention
I am glad to receive your additional comments at:
E-mail: saidmaghraby@yahoo.com

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