Fourie Laplace

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...
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)(1749 -1827
:
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mtmanzari@sharif.edu
.

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...

1-1
2-1
1-2-1
2-2-1
3-2-1
3-1
1-3-1
2-3-1
3-3-1
4-1
5-1
6-1
7-1
: ( T * ) T

C
2
T
1

1-2
16
20
24
55

E0
63
1-1-2
E0
2-1-2
E0
3-1-2
E0
4-1-2
E0
86
5-1-2
6-1-2
E0
89
89
7-1-2
2-2
1-2-2
2-2-2
3-2-2
4-2-2
3-2
1-3-2
E
E
E
E

69
93
95
98
99
100
2-3-2
3-3-2
4-3-2
4-2
5-2
6-2
1-6-2
2-6-2
3-6-2
7-2
8-2

) . (

108
112
115
116
137
1
2
3
4
5
149
152
154
156
158
-1-1

1-1 .
) s (t
) e (t
:1-1
] e[t ] s [t .
2-1 .
] s [t
.
:2-1

. T . 3-1
1
. t sin 2t t 1 t sin 5t
2
.
:3-1
: ) 1768-1837(
T .
.
) (Dirichlet .
-2-1
.
.
-1-2-1 :
f n
) f n (t ) a n cos ( n t ) bn sin( n t an . bn
t n .
-2-2-1 : . 2 .
-1-2-2-1 : ) t f n (t ) an cos ( n t ) bn sin( n t 2
n ) . f n (t 2 ) f n (t
. f n
.
-2-2-2-1 an :( n ) bn
. f t
)(1
) f (t ) (an cos nt bn sin nt ) a0 (an cos nt bn sin nt
n1
n0
. b0 0 . p :
)(2
f (t ) cos pt a0 cos pt (an cos nt bn sin nt ) cos pt

n1
)(3
f (t ) sin pt a0 sin pt (an cos nt bn sin nt) sin pt

n1
) (2 ) (3 ] [ 0 , 2 . :
2
2
2
2

f
(
t
)
cos
pt
dt
a
cos
pt
dt
a
cos
nt
cos
pt
dt
b
n
0
n sin nt cos pt dt
0
n 1
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
f
(
t
)
sin
pt
dt
a
sin
pt
dt
a n cos nt sin pt dt bn sin nt sin pt dt
0
0
0
n 1
0
0
n 0 p 0) :
(
n p
cos nt cos pt dt
n p
n p
sin nt sin pt dt
n p
sin nt cos pt dt 0
0
p n :
2
f (t ) cos nt dt a
0
f (t ) sin nt dt b
a0
f (t ) dt
) (1
. ( n * ) :
b0 0
f (t ) sin nt dt ,
0
bn
f (t ) cos nt dt ,
an
f (t ) dt ,
1
a0
2
: ) f (t 2
t f ( t ) cos nt t f ( t ) sin nt . an a0 bn
2 ) (
. :
2
f (t ) sin nt dt , b0 0

an :
bn
f (t ) cos nt dt ,
an
f (t ) dt ,
1
2
a0
f (t ) cos nt dt
a n :
f (t ) cos nt dt
)(1
f (t ) cos nt dt
a n f (t ) cos nt dt
t u 2 :
0
f (t ) cos nt dt f (u 2 ) cos ( nu 2 n ) du f (u ) cos nu du
f (t ) cos nt dt f (u ) cos nu du f (t ) cos nt dt
) (1 .
: ) g (t 2

2
g (t ) dt g (t ) dt
0
-3-2-1 : (T * ) T
) f (t T 2-2-1
. ) g ( u ) f (Tu / 2 ) f (t t Tu / 2
. ) g (u . 2 :
T
)g (u 2 ) f (u 2 ) f u T f (t T ) f (t ) f u g (u
2
2
) g (u 2
2-2-1 ) g (u . ) g (u :
T
f
u du
2
2
t
T
1
2
1
2
g (u ) du
a0
u :
T
T
2
f (t ) dt
2
1
dt
T
T
) f (t
T
) ( 2
2
1
2
a0
) f (t :
) (
f (t ) dt
1
T
a0
( n * ) :
b0 0
f (t ) sin (n t ) dt
2
T
bn
f (t ) cos ( n t ) dt ,
2
T
an
T 2 1 .
-3-1
-1-3-1 C 1
- : ) g (t t 0
) t 0 ( . g t 0
t 0 ) .(4-1 g t 0
:
) g (t 0 0) lim g (t ) g (t 0
t t 0
) g (t 0 0) lim g (t ) g (t 0
t t0
- C 1 [ a , b ]
: f ] [ a , b f
C 1 .
f ) .
( t
ti ti a, b f (t i 0) ) f (ti 0
. ti a b ) f ( a 0 ) f ( b 0 .
) ti ( ti a, b ) f (ti 0 ) f (ti 0 . ti
a b ) f ( a 0 ) f ( b 0 .
:4-1 g t 0
:1 f 5-1 .
f ] [ 0 , 3 C 1
[t [0, 1
]t ]1, 3
f (t ) t
2
f (t ) t 2t
:5-1 ) f (t
-1 f ] [ 0 , 3 t1 1
) ( t1 1 [ [ 0 , 1 ] ]1, 3
.
2
-2 lim f (t ) lim t 1 lim f (t ) lim (t 2t ) 1 ) f (1 0 ) f (1 0
t 1
t 1
t 1
t 1
. t1 1
.
-3 :
t [0,1[ f (t ) t f (t ) 1, lim f (t ) 1
t 1
2
f (t ) 0
t ]1, 3] f (t ) t 2t f (t ) 2t 2, tlim
1
) f (1 0 ) f (1 0 .
) f (t ] [ 0 , 3 . f C 1 ] [ 0 , 3.
:2 g
] t [0,
g (t ) t
] t ] , 2
g (t ) t 2
] [ 0 , 2 C 1 . g 6-1 .
:6-1 ) g (t
g ] [ 0 , ] ] , 2
t .
g ( )
lim g (t ) g ( )
g (t ) 2 g ( )
tlim

g ] [ 0 , 2 .
g:
) lim g (t ) 1 g ( 0
t
)g (t ) 1 g ( 0
tlim

1 1 . g
C 1 C 1 ] . [ 0 , 2
- C 1
: T C 1
] [ , T C 1 .
T T
T ] [ 0 , T ] [ ,
2 2
C 1
C 1 .
-2-3-1 2
) f (t 2
:
f (t ) a0 an cos nt bn sin nt
n1
-1-2-3-1 : ) f (t 2 .
f n (t ) a n cos nt bn sin nt f .
( n * ) :
2
f (t ) cos nt dt
f (t ) dt , a n
f (t ) sin nt dt
1
2
a0
b0 0 , bn
-2-2-3-1 :
- f ] [ , 2
. f
t i ] [ , 2 [ [ , t i ] ]t i , 2
2
f (t ) dt
] [ , t i ] . [t i , 2
.
- - 2 .
[t [0,1
f (t ) t
f (1) 3
f (t ) t 2 2t
] t ]1,2
a0 . [ [ 0 ,1 f p1 (t ) t
. ] ]1, 2 p 2 (t ) t 2 2t ) p2 (t
] [1, 2 . f t 1 ) .:
lim f (t ) 1 f (1) ( lim f (t ) 1 f (1) ) 5 ( :
t 1
t 1
p
t
dt
(
)
2
1
1
p1 (t ) dt
2 0
1
f (t ) dt
1
2
a0
1
2
1
2
t dt (t 2t ) dt
2 0
1
2
7
4
2
12
3
t 1 ] [ 0 , 2 )f (1
a .
- f . f
] [ , . f
t f ( t ) sin nt ] [ , .
bn 1 f (t ) sin nt dt 0 f a0 an cos nt

n 1
. ) f (t :
1
f (t ) dt 0
a0
2
a 1 f (t ) cos nt dt 0
n
f bn sin nt ) . f
n
f ( t ) cos nt (.
-3-2-3-1
) ( Dirichlet
- : f 2 f
a0 an cos nt bn sin nt . .
n1
: f
: f f
- : f 2 C 1
f t t :
1
f (t 0) f (t 0) a0 an cos(n t ) bn sin(n t )
2
n1
t 0 f f ) f (t0
. .
: f 2 :
] t [ 0 , 2
f (t ) t

-1 f ) (0, i , j ] [ 4 , 4
f .
-2 f f
.
:
-1 f ] [ 0 , 2 ) . 2
( 2 f ( 0 0 ) 0 f ( 2 0 ) 2
. [ ]0 , 2
lim f (t ) f (0 0) 1 lim f (t ) f (2 0) 1 .
t 2
t 0
f 2 ] [ 0 , 2 C
1
. 2 C 1
. ] [ 0 , 2 f . :
2
1 t 2
t
dt
0
2 2 0
0
sin nt dt 0 n cos nt
2
0
1
a0
2
1 t
1
an t cos nt dt an sin nt
0
n
n
0
2
1 t
1
2
cos nt dt
bn t sin nt dt cos nt
0
n
n 0
n
0
a0 an t f (t ) a0 ) . (7-1
-2 f 2 C 1
. f [ ]0 , 2
f ) f (t . :
1
) t [ ( ]0 , 2
f (t ) t sin nt
n1 n
1
t 0 f f (0 ) f (0 )
2
1
)(2 0
2
. . t 2
1
f f (2 0) f (2 0)
2
[ ]0 , 2 [ ] 2 , 0 [ ]2 , 4
[ ]0 , 2 f (t ) t
.
sin 2t
sin nt
t 2 sin t
...
...
[ t ]0, 2
2
n
sin nt
t 2 2
[t ] 2 , 0
n
n 1
sin nt
t 2 2
[ t ] 2 , 4
n
n 1
f [ ]0 , 2 .
:7-1 ) f (t
-4-2-3-1 :
f 2 :
f (t ) a0 an cos nt bn sin nt
n1
-1
f (t ) dt
a0 f 2.
-2 a n cos nt bn sin nt 1 n n . 1
a1 cos t b1 sin t )( .
-3 u n an cos nt bn sin nt
) u n An cos( nt n a n 0 :
An an2 bn2 ,
n ]
tan bn ,
n
an
an
,
cos n
2
an bn2
bn
sin n
an2 bn2
n . An bn An
a n 0
2
n . n .
-4 n An .
8-1 3-2-3-1 . :
A0 . An 4 / n 2 0 2 / n
:8-1 An
-3-3-1 T :
3-2-1 f T
a0 an cos n t bn sin n t : . 2 / T
n1
f T f 2
f T .
:
) f (t T C
) f (t t :
1
1
f (t 0) f (t 0) a0 an cos n t bn sin n t
2
n1
t 0 f ) f (t0
.
: f ] [ 0 , T
] [ T / 2 , T / 2 .
: f T 4
[t [2, 1
f (t ) 0,
f (t ) 1 t ,
[t [1, 0
[t [0, 1
f (t ) 1 t ,
f (t ) 0,
[t [1, 2
-1 ] [ 5, 5 .
.
-2 f .
-3 f
[ [ 2 , 2 .
:
-1 9-1 . [ [ 2 , 1 [ [1, 2
1 t 1 t [ [ 1, 0 [ [ 0 , 1
t t . .
:9-1 ) f (t
-2 : f n . bn 0
f:
2
2
f (t ) dt
4 0
T / 2
f (t ) dt
2
T
T / 2
f (t ) dt
T / 2
1
T
1
f (t ) dt f (t ) dt
20
1
a0
1
2
1
(1 t ) dt (0) dt
20
1
1 t2
t
2
2 0
an
2
: n )
T
2
1
4
T / 2
2
an
f (t ) cos n t dt
T T/ 2
2
2
T
T / 2

f (t ) cos n t dt
2

f (t ) cos n t dt
2
0
2

(1 t ) cos n t dt (0) cos n t dt
2
2
0
1
1
2
2

(1 t ) sin n t
sin n t dt
2 0 n 0 2
n
1
4
0 2 2 cos n t
n 2 0
4

1 cos n
2
n
2
2
p

n 2 p , ( p 0) cos n cos ( p ) 1
2
n 2 p , ( p 0) an a2 p
p 2k ( k 0)
0
2 2 1 (1)
2
p 2k 1
p
(2k 1) 2 2 ,
4

n 2 p 1 cos n 0 a2 p 1
(p )
(2 p 1) 2 2
2
[ 2 , 2 ] f -3
t 1, 0 , 1, 2 [ 2 , 2 ] f .
.
: . t 1, 0 , 1, 2
f (1) 0,
f (t ) 0,
tlim
1
f (t ) 0
tlim
1
f (0) 1,
f (t ) lim (1 t ) 1,
tlim
0
t 0
f (t ) lim (1 t ) 1
tlim
0
t 0
. 1 f
. f
f .
f (1) 0,
f (t ) lim (1 t ) 0,
lim
t 1
t 1
f (t ) 0
lim
t 1
f t 2 . :
f (t ) 0 f (t ) 0 lim f (t ) 0 f (1 0) 0
[t ] 2, 1
t 1
f (t ) 1 t f (t ) 1 lim f (t ) 1 f (1 0) 1
t 1
[t ] 1, 0
f (0 ) 1 :
f (t ) 1 t f (t ) 1 lim f (t ) 1 f (0 ) 1
t 0
[t ]0,1
f (1 ) 1
f (1 0) 0
f (t ) 0
[t ]1, 2
. f (2 0) 0 ] [ 2 , 2
C 1 . ] [ 2 , 2 f T 4 f
C 1 . f .
f t ) . f (t f
] [ 2 , 2 :
cos (2 p 1) t
2
2 p 1
p 0
4
1
cos (4k 2) t 2
2
2
k 0 2k 1
1 2
4 2
f (t )
-4-1
f T C 1 ] [ ,
f
) u n u n an cos ( n t ) bn sin ( n t
a
b
u n n exp(in t ) exp(in t ) n exp(in t ) exp(in t ) :
2
2i
)* (n
a i bn
a i bn
un n
exp(in t ) n
) exp( in t
2
2
Cn an i bn / 2 Cn an i bn / 2 u n
a i bn
. u n n an bn
) exp(in t ) C n exp( in t
2
Cn :
f (t ) sin(n t ) dt
2
f (t ) cos(n t ) dt i
T
1 2
Cn
2 T
T
1
T
1
T
f (t ) cos(n t ) i sin (n t )dt

f (t ) exp(n t ) dt
) f (t :
1 T
f (t ) exp( in t ) dt
f (t ) exp(in t ) dt
T
b
g (t ) dt g (t ) dt :
a
1
Cn
T
. . C n C n f
( n ) :
n0
n1
f (t ) a0 un un
1
) an bn exp(in t ) 1 an bn exp(in t
2
2
) u n C n exp(in t ) C n exp( in t
u n . u0 a0 :
) exp(in t
C n C n
f (t ) . n
: ) f (t T
) f (t ) f1 (t ) i f 2 (t f1 f 2 T .
) f (t ) f1 (t ) f 2 (t
.
Cn ) f1 (t ) f 2 (t C n ,1 C n , 2
:
T
1
T
f (t ) exp(in t ) dt ,
1
(t ) exp(in t ) dt ,
Cn ,1
Cn , 2
f1 (t ) Cn,1 exp(in t ),
) f (t ) C exp(in t
n,2
2
) f (t ) (Cn,1 i Cn, 2 ) exp(in t
(t ) exp(in t ) dt
f1 (t ) exp(in t ) dt i
1
T
f (t ) i f (t )exp(in t ) dt
2
Cn ,1 i Cn , 2
f (t ) exp(in t ) dt
Cn
Cn ) f (t . n ) f (t ) Cn exp(in t .
) f (t . n :
T
f (t ) exp( in t ) dt
1
T
Cn
f (t ) : T 1 :
[t [ 0 , 1
) f ( t ) exp( t
-1 f .
-2 f [ ]0 , 1 .
.
:
-1 f 10-1 . n
2
:(
) 2
T
Cn exp(t ) . exp(2 i n t ) dt
0
exp (1 2 i n)t dt
0
1
exp[(1 2i n)t ]10
1 2 i n
1
1 exp[(1 2i n)]
1 2 i n
exp( 2 i n ) cos ( 2 n ) i sin ( 2 n ) 1 :
1
1
1
1 2i n e
. Cn
:10-1 ) f (t
-2 f C 1 [ ]0 , 1 .
f [ ]0 , 1 []0 , 1
. :
lim f (t ) lim exp(t ) 1
f ( 0 ) 1
t 0
f (1) 1 / e
) f (t [ ]0 , 1
:
t 0
lim f (t ) lim exp(t )

t 1
t 1
) f ( t ) exp( t
lim f (t ) lim exp( t ) 1

t 0
t 0
t 1
e
) f (t [ ]0 , 1 C 1
. ) f (t [ ]0 , 1 ) f (t .
2 / T ) : ( T 1
lim f (t )
f (t )
exp(in t )
f (t )
1 2i n 1 e exp(2in t )
:
an i bn
2
1
1
1
1 2i n e
Cn
1 2i n 1
1
1 4 2 n2 e
1 1/ e
2i n (1 1 / e)
2 2
1 4 n
1 4 2 n2
2(1 1 / e)
an 1 4 2 n 2
4n (1 1 / e)
bn
1 4 2 n 2
:
1
e
f (t ) f ]0 , 1[ t
.
a0 C 0 a0 1
1 1
2
cos 2 n t 2 n sin 2 n t
f (t ) 1 1
2 2
e n1 e 1 4 n
2
1
cos 2 n t 2 n sin 2 n t
1 1
2 2
e n1 1 4 n
-5-1
) f (t T
:
- f ) : (
a n2 bn2
2
f 2 (t ) dt a 02
n 1
1
T
- f :
2
Cn Cn C0 Cn
2
n 1
f 2 (t ) dt
1
T
1
T
- f :
2
n
f (t ) dt
) : ( - ) f (t ) :
( 2 / T
f (t ) a0 an cos n t bn sin n t
n1
:
T
g (t ) dt
1
T
f 2 (t ) dt
1
T
g (t ) a02 an2 cos 2 n t bn2 sin 2 n t 2a0 an cos n t bn sin n t

n 1
n 1
i 1
j 2
i j
i 1
j 1
2ai b j cos i t . sin j t 2bi b j sin i t . sin j t
2ai b j cos i t . cos j t

i 1
j 2
j i
.

T
a n2
cos 2 n t dt
n 1 2
a n2
dt
n 1 2
a 2
n sin 2 n t
n 1 4 n
cos n t dt
a 2
n
n 1 2
a 2 a 2
n T n sin ( 2 n 2 n T ) sin 2 n
n 1 2 n 1 4 n
T 2 ) sin ( 2 n 4 n ) sin ( 2 n
2
n
a
n 1
:
T
n 1
2
n
cos 2 n t dt
n 1
a n2
T
2
:
T
n 1
2
n
2
n
b
T
n 1 2
sin 2 n t dt
n 1
n 1
bn sin n t dt
cos n t dt
:
T
bn
sin
b
n
t
dt
n
n cos n t
n 1
n1
n cos (n n T ) cos n
n1 n
0
T
n 1
cos n t dt 0
:
T
2ai a j cos i t cos j t dt

i 1
j 2
j i
a a cos (i j ) t cos ( j i) t dt
i 1
j 2
j i

ai a j
ij12
j i
1

1
(i j ) sin(i j ) t ( j i ) sin( j i ) t
1
ai a j
sin(i j )( T ) sin (i j )
(i j )
ij12
j i
1
a i a j
sin( j i)( T ) sin ( j i)
( j i )
ij12
j i
T 2
T
2a a
i 1
j 2
j i
cos i t cos j t dt 0 :
: .
1
T
a
b
1 2
a0 T T T
T
n 1 2
n 1 2
2
2
a bn
a02 n
2
n 1
f 2 (t ) dt
2
n
2
n
: :
) f (t T C 1
) exp(in t
f (t ) . :
T
f (t ) exp(in t )dt
) (n Z
f (t ) dt
1
T
Cn
1
C 0 a0
T
an i bn
2
a i bn
Cn n
Cn
2
Cn
) *(n
an2 bn2
an2 bn2
4
4
2
) f (t ) f (t
. :
:
Cn Cn
an2 bn2
2
n 1
f 2 (t )dt a02
)(
1
T
an2 bn2 an2 bn2
4
4
n 1
2
n
2
0
C0 Cn
2
n 1
2
n
:
1
2
n
f (t ) dt C0 C n
2
n 1
2
n
1
T
bn
:
an
) . an cos n t bn sin n t An cos( n t ) f (t
) f (t ) a0 An cos ( n t :
tan An a n2 bn2
1 2
An
2 n 1
f 2 (t ) dt a 02
1
T
:
) f (t T
(t ) dt
1
T
. p t a0
n ) t an cos( n t ) bn sin( n t . :
a02
1
T
1
Pn
T
a dt T a t
1
2 T
0
2
0
cos(n t ) bn sin(n t ) dt
2
1 2
an (1 cos 2n t ) bn2 (1 cos 2n t ) 2 2an bn sin(2 t ) dt
2T
:
P0
cos( 2 T ) dt 0
:
T
2 / T :
sin (2 t ) dt 2 cos(2 t )
1
cos2 ( T ) cos(2 )
2
1
) (2) sin (2 T ) sin (T

2
sin (2 t ) dt sin( 2 2 ) sin ( 2 ) 0
1 2
a n bn2
2
bn2 dt
2
n
1
2T
Pn
P :
1
1
an2 bn2 a02 An2
2 n1
2 n1
n1
1
C :
P P0 Pn a02
1 2
An
2 n1
P a02
-6-1
:1 . t 0
f 2
.
[ t [t0 , t0
[ t [t0 , t0 2
f ] [t 0 3 , t 0 3 .
f C 1 .
f f .
t 0 0 t0 / 2 3 .

f (t ) E
f (t ) E
-1
-2
-3
-4
:
-1 11-1 .
:11-1 ) f (t
-2 ] [t 0 , t 0 2 . f (t 0 ) E :
) lim f (t ) E f (t 0 . lim f (t ) E
) t ( t 0
) t ( t0
f [ [t 0 , t 0 t t0
. t 0
f (t 0 0) E f (t 0 0) E .
f t t 0 2 E
. f [ ]t0 , t0 [ ]t 0 , t 0 2
lim f (t ) 0 lim f (t ) 0
) t (t 0
f (t ) 0
lim
t (t 0 2 )
) t (t 0
. f C
] . [t 0 , t 0 2 f 2 .
f C 1 .
-3 f C 1
f f .
.:
t0 2
t0
1
( E E ) 0
E dt ( E ) dt
t0
2
t0
1
2
t 0 2
f (t ) dt
t0
t 0 2
f (t ) cos (nt ) dt
t0
1
2
2
2
t
t 0 2
1 0
E cos (nt ) dt ( E ) cos (nt ) dt
t0
t0
t 2
E sin( nt ) 0

n t0
a0
an
E sin( nt ) 0

n t0
E
sin(nt0 n ) sin(nt0 ) sin(nt0 2n ) sin(nt0 n )
n
) sin( nt 0 2n ) sin( nt 0 ) sin( nt 0 n ) ( 1) n sin( nt 0 :
2E
. a n n ) an ( n 2 p . n )
) ( 1) n 1 sin( nt 0
n
4 E sin (2 p 1)t0
.
( n 2 p 1 an
(2 p 1)
bn:
t
t0 2
1 0
f
(
t
)
(sin
nt
)
dt
E
(sin
nt
)
dt
(
E
)
(sin
nt
)
dt
t0
t0
t 0
an : n 2 p bn 0
4 E cos (2 p 1)t0
n 2 p 1 b2 p1
. ) f (t
(2 p 1)
) f (t . :
t0 2
sin(2 p 1)t0
cos(2 p 1)t0
cos(2 p 1)t
sin(2 p 1)t
2 p 1
2 p 1
p 0
2
bn
2
4E
f (t )
sin (2 p 1)t
-4 t 0 0 3
) p0 (2 p 1
f . ) f (t 12-1
:
4E
f (t )
:12-1 ) f (t
***
[ t [0,
[t [ , 0
[ t [ , 2
f (t ) E
f (t ) E
f (t ) E
[ t [ 2 , 3
[ t [ 2 ,
f (t ) E
f (t ) E
:
f ( 0) E 0
) f ( ) E f ( ) f ( ) f (
) f ( 2 ) E f ( 2 ) f ( 2 ) f ( 2
4 E sin (2 p 1)t
f (t )
) f (t .
) p0 (2 p 1
t 0 0 . ) f (t
f (0) 0
f (t ) E
[ t ]0,
f ( ) 0
[ f (t ) E t ] , 2
f ( 2 ) 0
) 2( f
f
:
] sin[(2 p 1)t
p 0
2 p 1
4E
f (t )
4E
) sin(3t ) sin(5t
sin(t )
...

3
5
f (t )
an a0 bn f .
t 0 / 2 ) f (t 2
t [
[ ,
2 2
3
[ t [ ,
2 2
f (t ) E ,
f (t ) E ,
13-1 ) f (t
:
] cos[(2 p 1)t
2 p 1
p 1
1
p 0
4E
f (t )
***
:13-1 ) f (t
t 0 0 13-1 ) f (t
. 2 ) f (t
. ) ) f (t ( 2
f ( 2 ) 0

[ f (t ) E t ] ,
2 2

f( )0
2
[ f (t ) E t ] , 3
2 2
3
f( )0
2
) f (t
4E
cos 3t cos 5t cos 7t
4 E
f (t ) ...
] 1 p cos[(2 p 1)t
cos t

3
5
7
p 0
2 p 1
4E (1) p
. a2 p1
. bn 0
2 p 1
f (t )
f t 0 0 : t0 / 2
f . n An an2 bn2
t 0 0 t 0 / 2 bn :
4E 1
) (p
0, A 2 p 1 a2 p 1
2p 1
) . (14-1
A2 p
:14-1 An
: 14-1 t 0 .
t 0 Cn Cn
) C n exp( in ) .C n : 3 ( . Cn Cn
:2 T .
-1 n * ) : * (
b
I (a, b) t cos( n t ) dt
a
J (a, b) t sin( n t ) dt
a
-2 f
2
[
3
t [0,
2
] ,
3
[t
f (t ) 4 t
3
) f (t ) ( t
2
.
-3 f .
-4 f
.
:
-1:
I (a, b) t cos(n t ) dt
a
1
1
t
sin(n t )
sin(n t ) dt
n
a a n
b
1
1
t
sin(n t ) 2 2 cos(n t )
n
a n
a
1
2 2 n b sin(n b) a sin(n a) cos(n b) cos(n a)
n
:
1
J (a, b) 2 2 n b cos(n b) a cos(n a) sin(n a) sin(n b)
n
b
-2 15-1 .
:15-1 ) f (t
f ] [ 0 , :
1
f (t ) dt
0 0
3
( t ) dt
2
/3
t2
2 2 / 3
3
1
t dt
4
2 / 3
Vm ( f )
2 / 3
3 t 2
4 2 0
6 12 4
: Vm 1 / OAB 15-1
. Vm 1 /
) . Vm S ABC / (.
-3 a0 Vm . a0 / 4 :
f (t ) cos( n t ) dt
0
. n * 2 / T 2 :
2
T
T an
3
2
3
t cos(2nt ) dt
( t ) cos(2nt ) dt
4
2 / 3 2
2 / 3
3
2
3 2
) I (0, ) 3 cos(2nt ) dt I ( ,
2
3
3
2 / 3
an
:
2
2
sin(2nt ) 3 1
3
(cos
2
)
I (0, ) t
nt
4n 2
3
2n 0
4n
cos 3 1

2 cos(2nt )
4n
2
4n
sin
3n 3
1
2
4n
4n
1 cos 3
2
sin(2nt )
I ( , ) t
3
2n 2
4n 1
sin
2
3n
3 4n
1 4 n
sin( 2nt )
sin
2 n 2 / 3 2 n 3
an :
cos( 2nt ) dt
2 /3
4n
cos 3 1

T
: bn bn 2 f (t ) sin( n t ) dt f ( t ) sin( n t ) dt
9
8 n 2
an
2
. b n
T
3t
2
3
sin(2nt ) dt
( t ) sin( 2nt ) dt
4
2 / 3 2
2 / 3
bn
3
3
3
J (0,2 / 3)
) sin(2nt ) dt J (2 / 3,
2
2 / 3
3
3
4n
cos
) J ( 0 , 2 / 3 ) J ( 2 / 3,
2n 2n 3
9
4n
sin
b
. n
3 sin( 2 nt ) dt :
8 n 2 3
2 / 3
-4 f t f
f C 1 . [ [ 0 , 2 / 3 [ [ 2 / 3,
.
t 2 / 3 t 0 t .:
2
2 3
f

,
3 2
3 2
,
.
f 2 / 3 . :
) f (.
lim f (t )
t 2 / 3
lim f (t )
t 2 / 3
lim f (t ) 0 ,
t 0
f (t ) 0
tlim

f (t ) ,
t lim
2 / 3
4
) , (.
f (t )
t lim
2
2 / 3
3
,
f (t )
tlim
2

] [ 0 , C 1 .
f C 1 .
. f
f :
4 n
) sin( 2nt
cos( 2nt ) sin
3
n2
4 n
1 cos
3
n 1
9
8
f (t )
: 3
-1 f 2 .
f g
) g ( t ) f ( t . f ) C n ( f
. g 2 ) C n ( g ) exp( in ) .Cn ( f
.
-2 f 2 :
] f (t ) sin(t ) t [0,
[ t ] ,2
f (t ) 0
.
- f ] [ 3 , 3 .
- f .
- f .
f .
-3 2 ) g ( t ) f ( t
.
1
-4 ) (t ) (t t f (t ) f (t )
2
1
(t ) f (t ) f (t )
2
- 2 ) (t ) (t .
(t )
- f g ) (t ) (t .
- t ) (t ) (t
) t sin(t .
:
-1 n Z:
2
1
2
1
2
g (t ) exp(i n t ) dt ,
f (t ) exp(i n t ) dt
Cn ( g )
Cn ( f )
f (t ) exp( i n t ) dt
1
2
) C n (g t u :
Cn ( g )
1 2
(
)
(exp
(
))
f
u
i
n
u
du
) f (u ) exp( i n u ) du exp( i n
f 2 2
f (u ) exp( i n u ) du
1
2
Cn ( g )
1
C n ( g ) exp( i n )
2
1 2
C n ( g ) exp( i n ) . :
2
) . C n ( g ) exp( i n ) . C n ( f
-2
- f 16-1 .
:16-1 ) f (t
- :
2
0
1
2
C n
1
f
(
t
)
(exp
i
n
t
)
dt
2 0
f ] [ , 2 :
Cn
exp( i n t ) sin( t ) dt
0
) sin( t exp(i t ) exp(i t ) / 2i :
1
Cn
2
1 1
exp[ i (1 n) t ] exp[ i (1 n) t ]dt
2 2i 0
n 1 n 1 :
Cn
1 exp[i (1 n)t ] exp[i(1 n)t ]

Cn
4i i (1 n)
i (1 n)
0
1
1
1 exp[i(1 n)t ] exp[i (1 n)t ]
4 (1 n)
(1 n)
1 n 1 n
exp[ i (1 n ) ] cos[( 1 n ) ] i sin[( 1 n ) ]
: exp[ i (1 n ) ] cos[( 1 n ) ] i sin[( 1 n ) ]
1 cos(1 n) 1 cos(1 n) 1
4
1 n
1 n
Cn
1 (1)1n 1 (1)1 n 1
4 1 n
1 n
. Cn
C2 p1 0 . Cn 1 1 n
: n 1 .( p 1 p 0 )
1
(1 exp(2i t )) dt
C1
4i 0
exp(2i t )
t
2i
0
1
exp(2i ) 1
4i
2i
2i
1
4i
1
4i
1
4i
cos(2 ) i sin (2 ) 1

2i
2i
: n 1
C1
1
4i
exp(2i t ) 1dt
0
1 exp(2i t )
t
4i 2i
0
1 exp(2i ) 1
4i
2i
1 cos(2 ) i sin( 2 ) 1
4i
2i
4i
) n . C1 C1
( p ) : ( n 2 p
1 (1)12 p 1 (1)1 2 p 1
4 1 2 p
1 2 p
C2 p
1
) (1 4 p 2
1
: ( n * ) n C n an i bn
2
1
. C 2 p 1 a2 p 1 i b2 p 1 0 * p a 2 p 1 0 :
2
. b2 p 1 0 p 1 C1 1 /(4i) : a1 0 . b1 1 / 2
( p * ) :
1
a2 p i b2 p
2
C2 p
a i b2 p
1
2p
2
) (1 4 p
2
b0 0 p 0 . C0 a0 * p b2 p 0
2
1 ( )1 n 1 ( )1 n 1
. a2 p
) (1 4 p 2
4 1 n
1 n
C n n
. C 0 1 / a0 1 / .
- f C 1 f .
) t ( t 2 ] [ 0 , 2 . f
] [ 0 , ) t sin( t f [ ] , 2
.
2 :
f (0) 0
) f f (t ) lim sin(t ) 0 (.
tlim
t

f (t ) 0
tlim

) f 2 lim f (t ) lim (0) 0 (.

t 2
t 2
lim f (t ) lim cos(t ) 1

t
t
f (t ) lim (0) 0
tlim

t
f 2 .
C 1
. :
1
1
) 1 exp(2ipt
f (t ) exp(i t ) exp(i t )
4i
4i
1 4 p 2
1
) f (
p 0
f :
1
) 2 cos(2 pt
sin(t )
2
p1 1 4 p 2
) (.
1
f (t )
-3 1 ) . C n ( g ) exp( in ) C n ( f :
) Cn ( g ) exp(i n ) Cn ( f
) (cos i sin ) n Cn ( f
) ( 1) n Cn ( f
g ) an (g ) bn (g :
i
1
C1 ( g ) C1 ( f ) . C1 ( g ) b1 ( g ) 1 / 2 . a1 ( g ) 0 :
4
4i
) p 0 ( p 1
C2 p 1 ( g ) exp i (2 p 1) C2 p1 ( f )
exp[ i ( 2 p 1) ] cos[( 2 p 1) ] i sin[( 2 p 1) ] 1
C 2 p 1 ( g ) C 2 p 1 ( f ) : p 0 . p 1
. C 2 p ( g ) C 2 p ( f ) : ) ( p 0 a2 p 1 ( g ) 0 :
. b2 p 1 ( g ) 0
1
) C 2 p1 ( f ) ( p 0 , p 1
) (1 4 p 2
1
. C2 p ( g )
. ( p C 2 p 1 ( g ) 0 :
) (1 4 p 2
1
C2 p1 ( g ) a2 p1 ( g ) i b2 p1 ( g ) ,
2
1
C2 p ( g ) a2 p ( g ) i b2 p ( g ) .
2
a2 p 1 ( g ) 0 : ) b2 p 1 ( g ) 0 .( p 0 ]) a2 p ( g ) 2 /[ (1 4 p 2
) C2 p ( f )
. b2 p ( g ) 0 ) g ( t ) f ( t g
f . g f f .
g ) g (t :
) cos(2 pt
2
1 4 p
p 1
1
2
sin(t )
2
g (t )
:
) f (t
) ) ( g1 (t
g1 1 ) (3
f .
: ) (3 .
) ( / 2 , 0
. :
f (t ) g1 (t / 2),
g1 (t ) f (t / 2).
:
2
) n Z 1
T
[t [0, / 2
0
[g1 (t ) cos(t ) t [ / 2, 3 / 2
0
[ t [3 / 2, 2
( :
2
exp(i n t ) g (t ) dt
1
3 / 2
exp(i n t ) cos(t )dt
/2
1
Cn ( g1 )
2
1
2
3 / 2
1
exp(i t ) exp(i t )
exp(i n t )
dt
2 / 2
2
3 / 2
1
expi (1 n) t exp i (1 n) t dt
4 / 2
:
3 / 2
1 exp(2i t )dt
/2
1
4
C1 ( g1 )
3 / 2
1 exp( 2i t )
4
2i
/2
1
1
cos(2t ) i sin( 2t )3/ 2/ 2

4 8i
1
4
) C1 ( g1 . C1 ( g1 ) 1 / 4 :
) C n ( g1 n 2 p 1 n 2 p :
1
C2 p 1 ( g1 )
4
3 / 2
exp(2i p t ) exp(i(2 p 2)t )dt
/2
3 / 2
1 exp(2i p t ) exp[i (2 p 2)t ]
8 i
p
p 1
/ 2
( p 0 ) : C 2 p ( g1 ) . C2 p 1 ( g1 ) 0 :
C 2 p ( g1 )
1
4
3 / 2
exp[i(1 2 p)t ] exp[i(1 2 p)t ]dt
/2
3 / 2
1 exp[i (1 2 p )t ] exp[i (1 2 p)t ]
4 i (1 2 p )
i (1 2 p ) / 2
1 cos[(1 2 p)t ] i sin[(1 2 p)t ] cos[(1 2 p )t ] i sin[(1 2 p )t ]
4 i
1 2 p
(1 2 p)
/ 2
3 / 2
1 isin[(1 2 p)3 / 2] sin[(1 2 p) / 2] isin[(1 2 p)3 / 2] sin[(1 2 p) / 2]
4 i
1 2p
(1 2 p)
1 2i cos[(1 2 p ) ] sin[(1 2 p) / 2] 2i cos[(1 2 p) ] sin[(1 2 p ) / 2]
4 i
1 2p
(1 2 p )
1 2i sin[( 2 p 1) / 2] 2i sin[(1 2 p ) / 2]
4 i
1 2 p
(1 2 p)
1 ( 1) p 1
( 1) p
2 1 2 p (1 2 p )
(1) p
(1 4 p 2 )
:
C 0 ( g1 ) a 0 ( g1 )
1
2
3 / 2
cos( t ) dt a
( g1 )
/2
a0 ( g1 )
C1
a1 i bi
2
1 a1 i bi
4
2
a1
1
, b1 0
2
C2 p ( g1 )
a2 p ( g1 ) i b2 p ( g1 )
2
C2 p ( g1 )
(1) 2
, b2 p ( g1 ) 0
(1 4 p 2 )
: g1
p
1
2(1) p cos(2 p t )
cos(t )
2
(1 4 p 2 )
: .( 3) f :
: . g1 (t / 2) f (t ) g1 (t ) f (t / 2) g ( t ) f ( t )
g1
g (t ) f (t ) g1 (t ) . g1 (t / 2) f (t )
.
1
])2 (1) p cos[2 p(t / 2
f (t ) cos (t / 2)
2
p1
1 4 p2
1
1
) 2 ( 1) p (1) p cos(2 pt
sin (t )
2
p1
1 4 p2
1
) 2 cos(2 pt
sin (t )
2
p1 1 4 p 2
1
])2 (1) p cos[2 p(t / 2
cos (t / 2)
2
p1
1 4 p2
1
g (t )
1
) 2 (1) p (1) p cos(2 pt
sin (t )
2
p1
1 4 p2
1
) 2 cos(2 pt
sin (t )
2
p1 1 4 p 2
1
1
) -4( : (t ) [ f (t ) f (t )] : ]) (t ) [ f (t ) f (t
2
2
) f (t ) f ( t :
1 1 1
2
cos(2 pt ) 1 1
2
) cos(2 pt
(t ) sin(t )
sin(t )
2
p1 1 4 p
2
p1 1 4 p 2
2 2
) cos(2 pt
2
1 4p
p 1
1
) (t ) sin(t
2
)( ) f (t ) f ( t ) g (t . :
1
1
) (t ) (t ) f (t ) f (t ) f (t ) f (t ) f (t
2
2
) ( t ) ( t ) f ( t ) . ( t ) ( t ) g ( t
) (t ) (t :
. (t )
) cos[2 p (t )] 1 2 cos(2 p t

) (t
p 1 1 4 p 2
p 1 1 4 p 2
1
2
(t )
1
2
) (t ) sin(t ) sin(t ) (t
( t ) ( t ) ( t ) ( t ) : ) . g ( t ) ( t ) ( t
) ( t ) ( t ) f ( t . ( t ) [ f ( t ) g ( t )] / 2 :
)( - ) f ( t ) g ( t ( t ) [ f ( t ) g ( t )] / 2
) (t ) (t ] [ 0 , 2 ) (t ) (t
. ] [ 0 , 2 ] [ 0 , ] [ , 2
.
-1 ] : [ 0 , ) f (t ) . sin( t :
] t [ 0 , ] ( t ) [ , 0 ) f (t ] [ , 0 t
] [ , 0 ) f ( t ) g (t . ) (t
1
1
] [ 0 , (t ) sin(t ) 0 ) (t ) sin(t . t 0
2
2
) (t ) (t .
-2 ] : [ , 2 ) f (t ) ( . ] t [ , 2
] ( t ) [ 0 , . ] [ 0 , f ) sin( t .
) f ( t t ] [ 0 , ) . sin( t ) g (t
1
] [ , 2 ) sin( t ) ) .( f ( t ) g ( t (t ) 0 sin( t ) :
2
1
) (t ) sin(t . t 0 .
2
f 2 ) (t ) (t
(t ) t .
: 4 ( t ) :
1 2 cos( 2 p t )
sin( t ) 2 (t ) 2 (t ) 2
2
p 1 1 4 p
: ) t sin(t ) sin(t
t t
.
:4
-1 f 2
:
] f (t ) sin(t ), t [0,
[ t ] , 2
f (t ) 0,
- t ] [ 3 , 3 f .
- f .
- f ) f (t f
.
1 (1) p
.
-2 t
4 2 p1 1 4 p 2
-3 .

1 2
1
1
2
2
2 8
) p 1 ( 4 p 1
:
-1 3
3 . :
1
) 2 cos(2 p t
sin(t )
2
p1 1 4 p 2
) f (t an a0
bn :
1
1
1
1
sin(t ) dt
cos(t )0
2 0
2
f (t ) dt
0
f (t )
1
2
2
sin(t ) cos(n t ) dt
2 0
1
2
cos[(n 1)t ] cos[(n 1)t ]
n 1
n 1
1
2
sin (n 1)t sin (n 1)t dt

0
)(n , n 1, 1
a0
an
:
)(n 2 p
)(n 2 p 1
1
,
1 4 p2
0
2
sin(t ) sin( nt ) dt
2 0
cos[(n 1)t ] cos[(n 1)t ]dt

0
a2 p
a2 p1
bn
)(n 1,1
1 sin[( n 1)t ] sin[( n 1)t ]
0
2 n 1
n 1 0
) b0 0 ( :
2
1 1
sin(t ) cos(t ) dt
cos(2t ) 0
2 0
2 2
0
a1
2
1
b1
sin 2 (t ) dt
2 0
2
3 t f
:
1
) 2 cos(2P T
sin(t )
2
P1 1 4P 2
-2 t / 2 f . :
1 1
) 2 cos( p
f ( ) sin( )
2 2
2 p1 1 4 p 2
1
1 2 (1) p
2 1 4 p2
f (t )
) f ( / 2 ) sin( / 2 ) cos( p 1 . :
p
1 (1) p
2 p1 1 4 p 2
-3 :
a b
2
2
n
2
n
(t ) dt a02
n 1
f
0
1
2
an a0 bn :
2
11
1 4
1
1
2
t
dt
sin
(
)

2
0
22
2 p 1 (1 4 p 2 ) 2

1
2
* p :
1
2
, a 2 p 1 b2 p 1 b2 p 0, a 2 p
2
) (1 4 p 2
, b1
, a0
(t ) dt
sin
0
:

1
1 2
1
2
2
2 8
p 1 4 p 1
: 2 3 2
:
(1) p
2 4
,
2
p 1 1 4 p
1 4 p
2 2
2 8 16
p 1
T :5 f t T
:
0tT
) f ( t ) ( t k ) exp( 2 i t
k . k / T
-1 k T f ) f (T 0 ) f ( 0
. k f
) f (T ) f (T 0 .
-2 f .
-3 f f t 0
1
2
2 x ) ( 2 / T [ x ]0 , 1 :
2
)sin 2 ( x
) ( x n
:
-1 f ( 0 ) k ) . f (T 0) lim f (t ) lim (t k ) exp(2i T ) (T k ) exp(2i T
t T
t T
) f (T 0 ) f ( 0 (T k ) exp( 2 i T ) k :
) exp(2i T
T
) 1 exp(2i T
) exp(2i T
T
exp(i T )exp(i T ) exp(i T )

) sin(T ) exp(iT ) exp(iT ) /(2i
. k i T exp( i T ) /( 2 sin( T )) : k sin( T ) 0
T k k / T . . k .
k
-2 n :
T
f (t ) exp(i n t ) dt
0
1
T
Cn
1
(t k ) exp[i (2 n )t ] dt
T 0
. u t k dv expi(2 n )t dt
:
T
T
1
exp[i(2 n )t ]
exp[i(2 n )t ]
) Cn (t k
dt
T
) i(2 n ) 0 0 i (2 n
1
T
f (t ) exp(i n t )0 exp[i(2 n )t ] dt
i(2 n )T
0
exp[i(2 n )t ]

f (T ) exp(i n T ) f (0)
i(2 n ) 0
) f (T 0 ) f ( 0 ) f (T ) f (T 0 ) . f (T ) f ( 0 :
exp( i n T ) exp( i 2 n ) 1 . exp( i T ) exp( i T ) 1 :
i(2 n )T
) 1 exp( 2i T
i 2 T ( 2 n ) 2
]) exp(i T )[exp(i T ) exp(i T
T ( 2 n ) 2
]) exp(i T )[2 i sin( T
T ( 2 n ) 2
-3 f :
Cn
) f (t ) Cn exp(i n t
2i
) exp(i n t
exp(i T ) sin(T )
2
T
) ( 2 n
) t 0 2 x ( k / T :
f (0) k ,
2
)
2
T
x / T k / T . x k
) i T exp(i T
k
x .
) 2 sin( T
)i T exp(i x
. k ) k f ( 0 :
x / T :
)2 sin(i x
T x, (
i T exp(i x) 2i
1
exp(i x) sin( x)
2
)2 sin( x
T
) ( x n
( x ]0 , 1[ ) :
)i T exp(i x
T
)2 sin( x) 2i exp(i x) sin( x
T 2 2
)4 sin 2 ( x
2
)sin 2 ( x
) ( x n
: 6
.

.
1
f (t0 0) f (t 0 0) t 0
2
t t 0 ) f (t .
-
-1 2 17-1 .
:17-1 6
.
sin(2k 1)t
t [ ]0 , 1
2k 1
k 1
t 0 .
4 k p sin(2k 1)t
Sp
-2 - :
k 1 2k 1
) 2 sin(2 p t
S p (t )
. ) exp( 2 i t
) sin(t
t
) 2 sin( 2 p u
du
) 0 sin( u
. S p ) t S p (t t [ [ 0 ,
.
- ) t S 2 (t ) t S 3 (t [ [ 0 ,
.
-3
- S 3 S2 S 6 m13 m12 m16
.
)sin( v
- S p m1 p dv :
v
(0 2 p sin
)
2p
)2 sin(v
lim m1 p .
- dv 1.179
p
v
t 0 t 0 .
. m1 p
:
-1 1 t 0 0 E 1
] sin[(2k 1)t
t [ ]0 , :
2k 1
k 1
2 4 1 ( 17-1 :
) f (t ) 1
t 0, , 2
f (t ) 0
[ t ]0,
f (t ) 1
f (t ) 1
[ t ] , 2
. 2 t 0 :
f (0) [ f (0 ) f (0 )] / 2 f (0 ) 1 f ( 0 ) 0 : f (0 ) 1
0 [( 1) ( 1)] / 2 0 : t 0 .
-2
- p
] 4 k p sin[(2k 1)t
S p (t )
k 1
2k 1
4
) sin(3t ) sin(5t
sin[(2 p 1)t ]
...
sin(t )
3
5
2 p 1
:
4
S p (t ) cos(t ) cos(3t ) cos(5t ) ... cos[( 2 p 1)t ]
exp( i t ) cos( t ) i sin( t ) : ) cos( t ) exp( i t .

) : Re (
S p (t ) Re ei t e3i t e5 i t ... e( 2 p1)i t
) exp( 2 i t
) p( :
e e
it
3i t
... e
( 2 p 1) i t
it
exp(2i t )p 1
exp(2 i t ) 1
e i p t (ei p t e i p t )
e i t (ei t e i t )
2i sin( p t )
ei t
2i sin(t )
ei t
[cos( p t ) i sin( p t )]
sin( p t )
sin(t )
:
cos( p t ) sin( p t )
sin(t )
sin(2 p t )
2 sin(t )
Re(e i t e 3i t ... e ( 2 p 1) i t )
:
S p (t )
2 sin( 2 p t )
,
sin(t )
S p (t )
2 sin( 2 p u )
du
0 sin(u )
: sin( 2 p t ) 0 S p 0 S p (t )
2pt k,
k 1, 2 ,3,..., 2 p 1
. 2 p k t [ 0 , [ t
: S p (t )
S p
Sp
2p
max
3
2p
...
(2 p 1)
2p
...
...
p 3 p 2 : -
: p 2
S 2 (t )
4
1
sin(t ) sin(3t ) ,
S 2 (t )
2 sin(4t )
sin(t )

S 2 0 ,
3
, ,
4 2 4
3 / 4
/2
0
) 8 2 /(3
/4
) 8 /( 3
m12
8 2
1.200 : S2
3
t
) S2 (t
) S2 (t
m12
:18-1 ) S2 (t
S2 t 18-1 . S 3:
4
sin(3t ) sin(5t )
sin(t )
,
3
5
) 2 sin(6t
) sin(t
19-1 .
S3 (t )
5 / 6
0
56
15
2 / 3
/2
8 3
5
0
52
15
/3
8 3
5
:19-1 ) S3 (t
-3
/6
56
1.198 : S 3
15
p 3 S3 (t )
m13
0
m13
t
) S 3 ( t
) S3 (t
) 2 sin(12 t
- m12 m13 . ) S 6 (t
) sin(t
S 6 (t ) 0 . t / 12 :
S6 (t )
1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 1
11
sin 12 3 sin 12 5 sin 12 7 sin 12 9 sin 12 11 sin 12

4
S6 ( )
12
4 1 1
1
1 1

S 6 ( ) sin sin cos cos sin sin
12 12 3 4 5
12 7
12 9 4 11 12
sin( / 12) ( 6 2 ) / 4 cos( / 12) ( 6 2 ) / 4
S 6 . m16 1.181
) 2 sin(2 p t
t .
. S p (t ) S p (t ) 0
-
) sin(t
2p
) : (2
) sin( 2 pu
du
) sin( u
) /( 2 p
2p
( m1 p S p
2 p u v :
)sin(v
dv
v
(0 2 p sin
)
2p
m1 p
- p :
sin
v
2p
lim
lim 2 p sin
v 1 v v
p
p
v
2
p
2p
) 2 sin( v
dv 1.179
0 v
lim m1 p
sin( v ) / v dv
) sin( v .
1.179 m1 p
) ( t 0 [ ]0 , .
. 20-1 .
:20-1
-7 f f (t ) t ] t [ 0 ,1 .
-1 g1 T1 3 g1 (t ) t [. t [ 0 , 3
- g1 t ] [ 3, 6 .
- g1 g1
g1 g1.
- f [ ]0 ,1 .
f .
-2 g2 T2 2 ) g 2 (t [ t [ 0 ,1
.
- ] [ 3, 3 .
- g2 g2
g2 .
- f [ ]0 ,1 .
-3 T3 2 g 3 g 3 (t ) t [ t [ 0 ,1
.
- ] [ 4 , 4 .
- g 3 g 3
) g 3 (t .
- ) f (t [ ]0 ,1 .
:
-1 - 21-1 g1 ] [ 3 , 6 .
:21-1 g1
- . g1
3
1
1
3
g1 (t ) dt tdt
T 0
30
2
a0
2
2n
an t cos
t dt
30
3
3
2 3t
1
2n
2n
t
t dt

sin
sin
3 2n 3 0 n 0 3
3
2n
cos 3 t
0

2 2
* n
T1
3
1 3
n 2n
0
an . * n :
2
2 n
t sin
t dt
30
3
3
bn
2
3
1
2 n
2n
t
cos
cos
t
t dt
3 2 n
3 0 n 0
3
3
2n
3
sin 3 t n
0

g1 ) g1 (t g1
3
1 3
n n 2n
C 1 . [ ]0 , 3 . g1
) ) g1 (t t( .
:
)lim g1 (t ) lim t 0 g1 (0
t 0
t 0
g1 .
lim g1 (t ) lim t 3
g1 3 . [ g1 ]0 , 3 :
t 3
t 3
lim g1 (t ) lim 1 1
t 3
t 3
g1 . g1 .
g1 [ ]0 , 3 C 1 3
. g1
. g1 ) f (t [ ]0 ,1 [ ]0 , 3 ) g1 (t
f :
3 3 1 2n t
f (t ) sin
2 n1 n 3
-2 - 22-1 g2 ] [ 3, 3 .
:22-1 g2
- : g2 ) * an ( n .
2 / T2 :
1
2
4
t sin( n t ) dt t sin( n t ) dt
T2 1
20
bn
1 g1 ( n * ) :
2(1) n
n
[ ] 1,1 . g2
g2 . 1 1 .
lim g 2 lim t 1
bn
t 1
t 1
lim g 2 lim t 1
t 1
t 1
lim g 2 lim1
1
t 1
t 1
lim g 2 lim 1 1
t 1
t 1
g2 [ ] 1,1 C 1 .
g2 . [ t ] 1,1:
) sin(n t
n
) (1
n1
g 2 (t )
[ ]0 ,1 [ ] 1,1 f g2 [ ]0 ,1
:
) sin(n t
n
-3 - 23-1 ) g 3 (t ] [ 4 , 4 .
) (1
f (t )
n1
:23-1 g 3
- :
g 3 bn * n . g 3 ] [ 0 ,1
g 3 (t ) t 2 / T3 : a0 an :
1
1
1
t 2
1
2
1
a0 g 3 (t ) dt t dt
20
T3 1
2 0 2
1
4
t cos(n t )dt
2 0
an
1
t
2 sin( n t ) 2
sin( n t )dt
n 0
n
0
1
n cos(n t )
0
n 2 p a2 p 0 n 2 p 1 :
2
4
(2)
2 2
(2 p 1)
(2 p 1) 2 2
1 2 g 3
g 3 .
f [ ]0 ,1 g 3 f [ ]0 ,1
) f (t . :
a2 p 1
1 4 cos(2 p 1) t
2 2 p0 (2 p 1) 2
: ] [ a , b

.
f (t )
f g b a
[ ]a , b f . g2 g1 g 3
:
g1
g2
g 3
3 3 1 2n
t
sin
2 n1 n 3
2 (1) n
t
sin n t
n1 n
cos2 p 1 t
) (2 p 1
p 0
1 4
2 2
[t ]0,1
[t ]0,1
[t ]0,1
-7-1
f :1 2 .
[ f (t ) t t [0,
[ f (t ) 0 t [ , 2
-1 ] [ 2 , 4 .
-2 f .
-3 f f
.
:2 h 2 h ( t ) t
] t ]0 , .
-1 h ] [ 3 , 3 .
-2 h .
-3 h h .
-4 2 / 6 :
1/ n
n 1
:3 f 2 f ( t ) t / 2 [ t [ ,
.
-1 ) f (t [ ] - 3 p , 3 p .
-2 f [ ] , .
-3 f [ ] , .
-4 3 )/(2n 1
)(1
n 0
:4 24-1 .
.
:24-1 4
:5 f g 2 . g
.
[ f (t ) t t [0, 2
] g (t ) t t [0,
. .
[ ]0 ,
f :6 2 :
[t [0, / 2
f (t ) t
] f (t ) t t [ / 2,
-1 ] [ 2 , 2 .
-2 f .
-3 f t . .
f :7 2 :
] t [0,
1
) f (t ) ( t ) sin(t
2
-1 f .
-2 t f . f
.
-3 t / 2 .
1 (1) k 1
2 k 1 4k 2 1
:8 f T ( a 0 , t [ 0 , T ] ) :
) f ( t ) a t (T t
-1 f .
-2 f C 1 .
-3 f f . ) f (t
[ [ 0 , T [ ]2T , 3T .
-4 T 2 t 0 t :
1 2
,
2
6
n 1 n
(1) n 2
2
12
n 1 n
:
4
90
1
4
f :9 2 :
] t [0,
n
n 1
f (t ) ( t ) 2
-1 f .
-2 f t .
-3
x
f (t ) dt
)sin(nx
) (I
3
n3
n 1
- ) (I ] [ 0 , :
x 4
3 ( x) 3
3
4
1
4
96
)p 1 ( 2 p 1
:10
-1 k n I ( k ) u k cos( n u ) du .
0
I ( 0 ) - .
- k 2:
)(1) n k 1 k (k 1

)I (k 2
n2
n2
I (k ) k
6 5 120 3 720
I (6) ( 1) n 2 .
6
n4
n
n
-2 f 2 :
] t [ ,
- f .
- f t ) f (t.
f (t ) t 6
1 6
-3 t
6
945
n 1 n
(.
) . 4 8
f (t ) :1 4 :
0 t 1
f (t ) t
f (t ) 1 1 t 3
f (t ) 4 t 3 t 4
-1
- f ] [ 6 , 6 .
- f .
- f .
- a0 an f t .
4 np
an = 2 2 cos -1
n p 2
-2 :
3 4
2
) 2 cos( t ) 2 cos( t
4
2
- . T 4
- ( t ) 0 ] [ 0, 2 ) (n / 3 0.01 n [0, 6]
(t )
. t ] [ 0, 2 .
- f ] [ 2 , 2 ] [ 4 , 4 .
-3
2
- I f 2 (t ) dt f .
0
- .
- .
:2 .
. p 3
p 4 p . . f
2 :
] f (t ) sin(t ) t [0,
] t ] , 2
f (t ) 0
-1 : p 3 ) q2 f (t 2 / 3) q1 f (t
) . q3 f (t 4 / 3 Q3 . Q3 q1 q 2 q3
- q1 ] [ 2 , 2 q2 q3
.
- ) Q3 (t ) Q3 (t 2 / 3
)Q 3 (t ) = sin(t + p / 3
]t [0, p / 3
]t ]p / 3, 2p / 3
) Q 3 (t ) = sin(t
- Q3 ] [ 2 , 2 ) Q3 ( / 3) Q3 (0 ) Q3 (2 / 3
.
-2 : p 4 :
)Q 4 (t ) = f (t ) + f (t + p / 2) + f (t + p ) + f (t + 3p / 2
Q4 / 2 ] t [ 0 , / 2:
)Q4 (t ) 2 sin(t / 4
) Q4 (0 ) Q4 ( / 4 Q4 ] [ 2 , 2
.
-3 : p :
Q p min
p max
p ave
min max ave Q p

.
- q f ] [ 0 , 2 Q p
p 3 p 4 .
- 1 2 3 4 3 Q4
-4 p 4 :
- f .
1
) 2 cos(2kt
f (t ) sin(t )
-
2
k 1 4k 2 1
) t f ( t ) t f ( t 3 / 2 ) t f ( t / 2 .
- :
1
) cos(4 p t
2
1
p 1
16 p
:3 .
-
Q4 (t )
-1 b n .
b
I t cos( nt ) dt .
0
-2 )( u 2
] t [0,
u (t ) t
[ u (t ) 2 t t ] , 2
.
- ] [ 4 , 4 .
- u .
- u t
:
] cos[(2 p 1) t
(2 p 1) 2
p 0
-3 :
(t ) dt
u
0
2
u (t ) dt
u (t )
1
2
P - 10 3 .
- - :
1
)P a02 ( a12 a22 a32 ... an2 ...
2
1
2
) P1 a02 (a12 a32 . P1

10 3 .
- .
-1 C R .
) dS (t
RC ( k ) :
) S (t ) cos( t
dt
1
S (t ) K exp
cos( t ) RC sin( t )
2 2 2
RC 1 R C
-2 [ ]0 , / 2 tan( ) RC
t :
) cos( t
k
1 2 R 2C 2
cos( t ) RC sin( t )
1 R C
2
- 25-1 . ) u
( .
:25-1 3
) dS (t
RC S .
) S (t ) u (t
dt
4
4
) u (t ) cos(t )
RC 1 ) cos(3t
2
9
( u u :
-1 ( k ) :
4
4
S (t ) k exp(t )
cos(t / 4)
])cos[3t arctan(3
2 2
9 10
-2 S ( 0 ) 0 k 10 3 .
:4
- f ) f ( t ) t ( t ] t [ 0 ,
-1 f .
-2 f f
.
(1)n 1
-3
n2
n 1
- g 2 ( t [ 0 , ] ) :
) g ( t ) t ( t
-1 g .
-2
) (2n 1
n0
h - 2 :
] h(t ) t ( t ) t [0,
[t ] , 0
h(t ) 0
h .
L E0
E0
E E0 .
.
-1-2
E0
:
- -
) . ) t f ( t ) exp( rt ) . p ( t t p
(. -
.
- t 0 .
t .
-
) . t f ( t ) : ( t f ( a t ) :

. E0 .
-1-1-2 E0
-
: f t f (t ) .
)( ) t U (t
) t U ( t . :
U (t ) 0 , t 0
U (t ) 1, t 0
U (t ) 0 , t
U (t ) 1, t
1-2 .
:1-2
:
) t U (t 2-2 .
- : E0
E0 : ) (
) t U (t ) t n exp( r t n r
.
) f (t ) U (t ) t n exp( r t
. f g E0
f g E0 .
:
) t t 2 exp( t ) U (t 3 n 2 3 r 1 . E0
) f 2 (t ) f1 (t ) U (t ) sin(t
) f1 (t ) U (t ) sin(t
. f 2 f1 . f ( t ) sin( t )
g1 (t ) 3 exp(t / 2) U (T )
g ( t ) 3 exp( t / 2 )
h1 (t ) U (t ) cos(t )
:2-2
h ( t ) cos( t )
: sin(t ) e i t e i t /(2 i ) E0 t h ( t ) sin( t ) U ( t )

1
1
h (t ) exp( i t ) U (t ) exp( i t ) U (t )
2i
2i
f (t ) e i t U (t ), 0, n 0, r i
i t
g (t ) e U (t ), 0, n 0, r i
1
1
.
2i
2i
E0 t S ( t ) U ( t ) sin( t ) t k ( t ) U ( t ) sin( t )

exp[i (t )] exp[ i (t )]
2i
1
1
exp( i ) exp(i t ) U (t ) exp(i ) exp( i t ) U (t )
2i
2i
1
1
1
1
: .
exp( i )
exp(i )
2i
2i
2i
2i
exp(i t ) exp( i t )
S (t ) U (t )
2i
1
1
exp(i t ) U (t ) exp( i t ) U (t )
2i
2i
k (t ) U (t )
1
1
2i
2i
-2 : :
- E0 .
- f E0 r
) t f ( t ) t f ( t ) t exp( r t ) f ( t E0 .
- ) f (t E0
f . E0
t
- t f ( x ) dx E0 f E 0.
0
:
-1 ) t f ( t ) t U ( t ) 2 ( t 1) U ( t 1) ( t 2 ) U ( t 2 . E0
) t t U (t ) f1 (t ) t ( t 1) U ( t 1 ) f 2 (t ) t ( t 2 ) U ( t 2 ) f 3 (t
n 1 0 f1 r 0 . E0 . E0 ) f 2 (t
) f1 (t )( E0 .
) f 3 (t ) f1 (t 2 E0 . ) f (t
f f1 2 f 2 f 3 f 2 f1 f 3 E0.
) f (t :
f (t ) 0
f (t ) t
0 t 1
f (t ) t 2(t 1) 2 t
1 t 2
f (t ) t 2(t 1) (t 2) 0
) f (t 3-2 .
:3-2 ) f (t
t0
2t
-2 g ) t g ( t ) U ( t ) 2U ( t 1) U ( t 2 . E0
.
) U (t ) U (t 1 ) U ( t 2 E0 .
E0 .:
t0
g (t ) 0
g (t ) 1
0 t 1
g (t ) 1 2 1
1 t 2
g (t ) 1 1 0
2t
****
:4-2 ) g (t
: ) ) f (t (1 [ ]0 ,1[ ] , 0 [ ]1,
) f (t ) g (t .
-3 h H :
)h(t ) 2U (t ) 3U (t 1) 2U (t 2
t
H (t ) h( x) dx
0
h(t ) 0
h(t ) 2 3 0 2 0 2
h(t ) 2 3 2 0 1
h(t ) 2 3 2 1
) h (t 5-2 .
t0
0 t 1
1 t 2
2 t
:5-2 ) h (t
) H (t :
H (t ) 0
h(t ) 0
H (t ) 2 dx 2t
h(t ) 2
H (t ) h( x) dx h( x) dx h( x) dx 3 t
1
h(t ) 1
H (t ) h( x) dx h( x) dx h( x) dx h( x) dx t 1
2
h(t ) 1
t0
0 t 1
1 t 2
2t
) H (t 6-2 .
:6-2 ) H (t
:
-1 ) H (t ). H (t ) f1 (t ) U (t ) f 2 (t ) U (t 1) f 3 (t ) U (t 2
-2 ) H (t 0 t 1 2t . f1 (t ) 2t
-3 ) H (t 1 t 2 3 t ) 2 t 3 ( t 1 ) f 2 (t ) 3 ( t 1
.
-4 t 2 ) H (t t 1 ) ( 3 t ) 2 ( t 2
) f 3 (t ) 2 ( t 2 . :
) H ( t ) 2 t U ( t ) 3 ( t 1) U ( t 1) 2 ( t 2 ) U ( t 2
-2-1-2 E0
f (t ) exp( p t ) dt
) f (t E0
p . ) . 5 (
) t exp( r t ) U ( t ) t t exp( r t ) U ( t E0
.
exp( r t ) exp( p t ) dt
. p r
r b i c c 0 A 0:
A
exp[(r p)t ] dt exp[(b p)t ] exp(i c t ) dt

A
exp(b p)t dt
0
exp[(b p ) A] 1
b p
exp( i c t ) cos( c t ) i sin( c t ) cos 2 (c t ) sin 2 (c t ) 1 ] exp[( b p ) t

.
A ] exp[( b p ) A b p 0
A
p r .
exp[( r p )t ] dt
1
:
p b
p r . p r
:
.
exp( r t ) exp( p t ) dt dt
0
) U ( t ) exp( r t ) exp( r t :
exp( r t ) exp( p t ) dt
U (t ) exp( r t ) exp( p t ) dt
p r :
U (t ) exp(r t ) exp( p t ) dt exp(r t ) exp( p t ) dt
exp[(r p)t ]
rp
] exp[(r p)
pr
- : t exp( r t ) exp( p t ) dt
0
) t f ( t ) U ( t ) t exp( r t . A 0 p r:
A
f (t ) exp( p t ) dt t exp ( r p )t dt
0
1
exp[(r p )t ] dt
r p 0
t exp[(r p)t ] dt r p t exp[(r p)t ]
A
0
A
1
exp[(r p) A] 1
exp[(r p ) A]
rp
(r p) 2
)( p r :
lim exp[(r p) A] 0 ) . lim A exp[(r p) A] 0

A
(. p r :
1
( p r)2
. t exp( r t ) exp( p t ) dt
0
- exp( r t ) exp( p t ) dt
t
0
: U (t ) t n exp( r t ) exp( p t ) dt
0
p r
.
: g ) t g (t ) k U (t ) t n exp( r t k r
r g.
f E0 g.
: f E0 :
p [ ] ( f ), ) ( f
f
( f ) . f.
: f E0
) f ( t ) exp( 2 t ) cos( 3t ) U ( t ) t exp( t ) sin( t ) U ( t
) t U (t ) t n exp( r t.
:
it
e e
2i
it
t U (t ) e t
3it
e
2
3it
f (t ) U (t ) e 2t
1
1
1
1
U (t ) e ( 23i )t U (t ) e ( 23i )t t U (t ) e (1i ) t t U (t ) e (1i ) t
2i
2i
2
2
f 1 i 2 3i 2 3i
1 i 2 1 . ) ( f ) max( 1, 2
( f ) 2
p [ ]2 ,
.
-
: f E0 ) ( f ) f (t
F [ ] ( f ),
F ( p ) f (t )
) F ( p ) ( f ) F ( p ) f ( p .
f F.
)( )( ) :
p r (.
1
U (t ) exp( r t )
p r
1
U (t ) t exp( r t )
( p r )2
:
(U ) -1 U .
-2 f n ) f n : t t n U (t ( f n ) - - ) ( f n
) (f n 1 .
-3 )( ) ( f n ) (2 ( n ) .
:
-1 ) U ( t ) U ( t ) exp( 0 t r
. A 0 p 0 :
) (U
U (t ) exp( p t ) dt exp( p t ) dt
1
exp( p t )0A
p
)1 exp( p A
1 0 1
p A
p
p
1
1
1
. U (t ) (U )
p
p
p
U (t ) exp( p t ) dt
. (U )( p )
-2
- n ) . t U (t ) t exp(r t ) U (t r .
f n ) ( f n .
n
A
A
- . Fn ( p ) (f n ) ( p ) lim t n exp( p t ) dt t n exp( p t ) dt

A
0
0
( p 0 ) :
A
A
t n exp( p t )
n n 1
t
(exp
p
t
)
dt
0
t exp( p t ) dt
p
0 p 0
A
n
A )Fn1 ( p
p
n 3 n 2 n 1 ... 2 n :
n
Fn ( p ) Fn1 ( p ) ,
p
n 1
Fn2 ( p ) ,
Fn1
p
n2
Fn3 ( p ) ,
Fn2 ( p )
p
2
F2 ( p ) F1 ( p ),
p
. Fn ( p)
A
1
F1 ( p ) lim t exp( p t ) dt 2
A
0
p
1
-3
p2
) F1 ( p :
n n 1 n 2
2 1
... 2
p
p
p
p p
:
Fn ( p)
!n
p n 1
Fn ( p ) (f n ) ( p )
!n
p n 1
t n U (t )
-3-1-2 E0
- : ) f (t ) g (t E0 :
) h (t ) f (t ) g (t
) g (t ) G ( p ) f (t ) F ( p ) H ( p ) . h (t ) H ( p [ ] ( h ),
) (h f g .
) F ( p ) G ( p H ( p ) F ( p ) G ( p ) : :
A
lim f (t ) g (t )exp( p t ) dt lim f (t )exp( p t ) dt lim g (t )exp( p t ) dt

A
A
A
0
) f (t ) F ( p ) g (t ) G ( p
) f (t ) g (t ) F ( p ) G ( p ) . H ( p ) F ( p ) G ( p
: ) f ( t ) cos( t ) U ( t ) g ( t ) sin( t ) U ( t .
1 it
1 it
sin(t ) e e i t
e e i t
2
2i
) cos( t ) sin( t f g :
cos(t )
1
1
) exp(i t ) U (t ) exp( i t ) U (t
2
2
1
1
) g (t ) exp(i t ) U (t ) exp( i t ) U (t
2i
2i
) h1 (t ) exp(i t ) U (t ) h2 (t ) exp(i t ) U (t ) (h1
f (t )
1
) (h2 . )( ) (2-1 :
p i
1
1
1
. h2 (t ) H 2 ( p ) f (t ) h1 (t ) h2 (t ) :
p i
2
2
( p 0 ) :
h1 (t ) H 1 ( p )
1 1
(f ) (h1 ) (h2 )
2
2
2 p i p i p 2 1
p
1
1
. cos(t )U (t ) 2 exp(i t ) U (t ) exp(i t ) U (t ) :

p 1
2i
2i
1 1
1
1
1
) g (t ) h1 (t ) h2 (t p 0 :
2i p i p i
2i
2i
1
. sin(t )U (t ) 2
p 1
g (t )
sin(t )U (t )
- ) ( a * ) : t f ( a t
) f (t E0 a ) f ( a t
A
lim f ( a t ) exp( p t ) dt A 0 )) . p a ( f ( t
A
0
du
u
u a t . t
. dt t 0
a
a
u 0 t A a ) . u aA (
aA
f (u ) exp( pu / a ) a du
0
f ( a t ) exp( p t ) dt
aA
1
A
lim f ( a t ) exp( p t ) dt lim f (u ) exp( pu / a ) du
A
A
0
a
0
) f (t ) F ( p ) f ( a t
1 p
1 p
a ) p a ( f F
. f (at ) F
a a
a a
: ) h ( t ) cos( t ) U ( t 0 .
) f ( t ) cos( t ) U ( t E0 :
) . f ( t ) cos( t ) U ( t ) U ( t ) U (t .
) . f ( t ) cos( t ) U ( t
p
cos(t )U (t ) 2 ) ( p / 0
p 1
1
p /
cos( t )U (t ) ) p 0 0(
( p / )2 1
p
. cos( t )U (t ) 2 p 0:
p 2
p 2
2
. sin( t )U (t )
- ) t f ( t * :
) f (t E0 ) t f ( t
A
) p ( f . lim f (t ) exp( p t ) dt
A
0
t u t 0 u ) :
(t A u A
A
f (u ) exp[( p p u)] du
f (u ) exp( p u ) du
) exp( p
A
0
exp( p ) f (u ) exp( p u ) du f (u ) exp( p u ) du

0
) f (t E0 ) ( , 0
f (u ) exp( p u ) du
:
A
f (u) exp( p u) du
) f (t ) exp( p t ) dt exp( p
lim f (t ) exp( p t ) dt exp( p ) lim f (u ) exp( p u ) du

A
A
0
A A . ) :
) ( p ( f
) f (t ) exp( p ) F ( p
) f (t ) F ( p
: ) f (t ) E0( ) g ( t ) f ( t ) U ( t
. ) t f ( t ) g (t
) t f ( t ) U ( t g . ) :
)(p (f
) f (t ) U (t ) exp( p ) F ( p
) f (t ) U (t ) F ( p
:1 ) t e (t 7-2 .
:7-2 ) e (t
) e (t ) t U (t
)e ( t ) t U ( t ) ( t 1) U ( t 1
) e ( t ) t (1 t
)e (t ) t U (t ) (t 1) U (t 1) U (t 2
e(t ) t (1 t ) 1
e (t ) 0
t0:
e (t ) t
0 t 1:
e (t ) 1
t 1:
e (t ) 1
1 t 2 :
e(t ) 0
t2:
t2:
e (t ) 0
e(t)0
8-2 ) e ( t ) t U ( t ) t U ( t 1) U ( t 1) U ( t 2.
:8-2 e 3 e2 e1 e4
e ( t ) t U ( t ) ( t 1) U ( t 1) U ( t 2 ) :
. ) e (t :
) t U (t p 0:
) exp( p
p2
(t 1)U (t 1)
1
p2
t U (t )
) U (t:
1
) exp(2 p
U (t 2)
p
p
) e (t ) ( t 1) U ( t 1) t U (t ) U ( t 2
p 0 ) : (
U (t )
) 1 exp( p ) exp(2 p
p2
p2
p
e (t ) t U (t ) (t 1)U (t 1) U (t 2)
) ( p 0
p2
p2
p
[e ] ( p ) E ( p )
:1 ) t e (t :
dt U (t 2) e p t dt
pt
dt U (t 1) e
0
pt
dt t U (t 1) e
0
pt
dt t U (t ) e
0
pt
e(t ) e
0
t e p t dt t e p t dt t e p t dt e p t dt e p t dt
1
1
2
0
1
1
2
t e p t dt e p t dt e p t dt e p t dt
0
2
1
2
) e (t dt e p t dt
1
pt
te
0
.
:2
.
)( ) l ( t ) t U ( t ) t U ( t 1 :
)l ( t ) t U ( t ) ( t 1) U ( t 1) U ( t 1
p 0:
) 1 exp( p ) exp( p
:
p2
p2
p
.
1
) exp( p
t U (t ) p 2 (t 1)U (t 1) p 2
1
) exp( p
U (t )
U (t 1)
p
p
. l (t )
:2 ) t i (t .
i (t ) sin(t ) 0 t
t 0, t
i (t ) 0
) i (t 9-2 .
:9-2 ) i (t
) i (t i(t ) sin(t ) U (t ) U (t )
) i ( t ) sin( t ) U ( t ) sin( t ) U ( t ) i ( t ) sin( t ) U ( t ) sin( t ) U ( t .
1
sin(t )U (t ) 2 :
p 1
) exp( p
. sin(t )U (t ) ) i (t :
p 2 1
) 1 exp( p
i (t ) p 0:
p 2 1
) 1 exp( p
(i ) ( p ) I ( p )
p 2 1
- :
) p Re( r Re r
1
1

) U ( t ) exp( rt ) U ( t ) t exp( rt :
2
p r p r
1 p .
E0 . ) f (t E0 ) : ) ( p ( f
) dF ( p
f (t ) F ( p ) (t ) f (t )
dp
) ( t ) f ( t ) g ( t ) g (t .
:
) dF ( p
d dF ( p )
(t )2 f (t ) (t ) g (t )
dp
dp dp
) p ( f:
(t ) f (t ) g (t )
) d 2F ( p
(t ) f (t )
dp 2
2
) : ) ( p ( f
)d nF (p
dp n
(t )n f (t )
p 0
p 0
) : ( p 0
2 p
t sin( t )U (t )
2
p 2 2
sin( t )U (t ) p 2 2
p
cos( t )U (t )
2
p 2
dp p 2 2
t sin( t )U (t )
p 2 2
d p
dp p 2 2
t cos( t )U (t )
t cos( t )U (t )
- ) exp( a t a .
) f ( t ) exp( a t f E0
:

A
lim
f (t ) exp( a t ) exp( p t ) dt f (t ) exp[ ( a p ) t ] dt
A
0
0
p 0
) f (t ) exp( p t ) dt F ( p
) ) a p ( f
) ( p a ( f
) f (t ) exp (a p ) t dt F (a p
) p a ( f ) f (t ) F ( p ) . f (t ) exp( a t ) F (a p
:
sin( t )U (t ) p 2 2
p
cos( t )U (t )
2
p 2
)( a ) : (
p a
exp(at ) cos( t )U (t ) ( p a ) 2 2
exp(at ) sin( t )U (t )
( p a )2 2
p a
p a
- :
) f (t E0 ) lim f (t ) f (0
t 0
. ) F ( p ) p ( f
. ) f (t C [ ]0 ,
1
f ) : (
A
f (t ) exp( p t ) dt f (t ) exp( p t ) p f (t ) exp( p t ) dt

A
A ) p ( f :
)) p F ( p
f (t ) exp( p t ) dt f (0
0
A lim f (t ) exp( pA) .

A
) [f ]( p ) p [f ]( p ) f (0
) f (t ) F ( p ) f (t ) pF ( p ) f (0
f [ ]0 , .
) f (t [ ]0 , :
) [f ]( p ) p [f ]( p ) f (0
) [f ]( p ) p 2 [f ]( p ) pf (0 ) f (0
) f (t ) p 2 F ( p ) p f (0 ) f (0
) f (t ) F ( p
:1 ) . f ( t ) cos( t ) U ( t
- ) . f ( t ) sin( t ) U ( t ) cos( t ) U ( t ) U (t
[ ]0 , [ ]0 , . f ( t ) sin( t ) U ( t ) : ) f (t
) . ) f (t (. ) sin( t ) U ( t
2
: p 0
p 2 2
. f (t )
: ) . f (t ) F ( p ) f (t ) p F ( p ) f (0
p
2
) f (0 ) f ( t ) cos( t ) U ( t ) F ( p
2
p
:
2
p 2 2
f (t )
p
1
2
p 2
[f ]( p )
:2 ) f (t 10-2 .
:10-2 ) f (t
:
f (t ) 0, t 0
f (t ) 1, 0 t 1
f (t ) 2 t 1 (1 t ) , 1 t 2
f (t ) 0 1 (1 t ) (t 2) ,
2t
f
) f ( t ) U ( t ) ( t 1)U ( t 1) ( t 2 ) U ( t 2 .
) : ( p 0
[f ]( p ) F ( p )
p
p2
p2
) f (t [ ]1, 2[ ]0 , 1[ ] , 0 [ ]2 , .
1 0 0 . f (t )
.
:11-2 ) f ( t ) U ( t 1) U ( t 2
) : ( p 0
e p e 2 p
p
p
) f (t
. ) f (t [ ]0 ,
:
) [f ]( p ) pF ( p ) f (0
[f ]( p )
) f (t ) f (0 ( p 0 ) :
1 exp( p ) exp(2 p )
1
p2
p2
p
[f ]( p ) p
) exp( p ) exp(2 p
p
p
:3 12-2 .
.
f (t ) 0, t 0
f (t ) t , 0 t 1
f (t ) 0 t t 1 t
:12-2 ) f (t
f ( t ) t U ( t ) t U ( t 1) : ). f ( t ) t U ( t ) ( t 1) U ( t 1) U ( t 1
) ) t U (t ) t U ( t 1 (.
f [ ]0 , ) 1 ( .
.
.
. f ( t ) U ( t ) U ( t 1) g ( t ) : 13-2 ) g (t .
) 1 exp( p
. [ g ]( p ) f f (0 ) 0 :
:
p
p
) 1 exp( p ) exp( p
) . [f ]( p ) 2 ( .
p
p2
p
) p [f ]( p ) f (0 ] [ g .
f .
:13-2 ) g (t
***
) f (t a 14-2 .
:14-2 ) f (t
.
:
( a 0 ) a [ ]0 ,
[ ]0, a [ ]a ,
:
) [f ]( p ) p [f ]( p ) f (0 ) f (a 0) f (a 0) exp(a p
: :
a
f (t ) exp( p t ) dt f (t ) exp( p t )
:
A
f (t ) exp( p t ) dt f (t ) exp( p t )
A
a
A ) p ( f :
a
f ( a 0) exp( p a ) f (0 ) p f (t ) exp( p t ) dt
0
f (t ) exp(- p t ) dt
f (t ) exp(- p t ) dt = -f (a + 0) exp(- p a ) + p
dt
pa
f (t ) e
f (t ) e p a dt f (t ) e p a dt
a
f (a 0) e p a f (a 0) e p a f (0 ) p f (t ) e p a dt f (t ) e p a dt
a
dt f (0 ) f (a 0) f (a 0)e p a
pa
f (t ) e
.
: ) a = f (a + 0) - f (a - 0 g
) g ( t ) f ( t ) U ( t a . f a .:
g ( a 0 ) f ( a 0 ) 1 ) g ( a 0 ) f ( a 0 :
g ( a 0 ) f ( a 0 ) 0 ) . g ( a 0 ) f ( a 0 :
) . g ( a 0 ) g ( a 0 g a . g E0
) ) . g ( t ) f ( t ) g ( t ) f ( t ) U ( t a (. g
[ ]0 , a ) f (t .
g . [ g ]( p ) p [ g ]( p ) g (0 ) :
exp(a p )
) f (0
p
[f ]( p ) [ g ]( p ) p [f ]( p )
g ) g (0 ) f (0 .
) f (a 0) f ( a 0
.
3 : :
1 exp( p ) exp( p )
) 0 f (1 0) f (1 0) exp(1 p
2
p2
p
p
[f ]( p ) p
f (1 0 ) 0 f (0 ) 0 f (1 0 ) 1) ( f :
) 1 exp( p
[f ]( p )
) [f ]( p ) [ g ]( p ) G ( p
p
p
- . [ ]0 ,
a f ( a 0 ) ) f ( a 0 .
- :
) f (t ) f ( t ) exp( r t ) U ( t f ) F ( p
1

. p ) F ( p .
pr
E0 t n
. E0 .
: f E0 ) F ( p :
lim F ( p) 0
) lim p F ( p) f (0
: f E0 F ) lim f (t
t
:
) lim p F ( p ) lim f (t
t
p 0
:1 ) f ( t ) exp( r t ) U ( t .
1
p Re( r ) f :
pr
1
1
lim F ( p) lim 1
0
lim p F ( p) lim p
p
p
p
p p r
pr
) f (0 ) . lim p F ( p ) 1 f (0 r f f
. F ( p) :
) f ( t ) U ( t ) lim f (t ) lim p F ( p
t
p0
1

p
) f ( t ) exp( 2 t ) U ( t
lim f (t ) .
lim p . f .
p0
:2 ) . g ( t ) cos( t ) U ( t
p
p 0
p 1
2
p2
1
p2 1
. G( p) g (0 ) 1
lim p G ( p) lim ) lim p G ( p ) g (0 . lim G ( p ) 0
) lim cos(t ) U (t
t
.
: .
t .
-4-1-2 E0
- : f g
f (t ) g ( x t ) dt
. h( x ) ) h ( x ) ( f g )( x ) .
( . f t
) h ( x
f (t ) g ( x t ) dt
h ( x ) ( f g )( x ) . g
:
h( x) 0
xt 0
x0
) g ( x t ) x t (.
x 0 h( x ) f (t ) g ( x t ) dx
0
: f g E0 :
x
h ( x ) ( f * g )( x ) f (t ) g ( x t ) dt
) ) h ( x x 0 (.
: ) f ( t ) exp( r t ) U ( t ) g ( t ) exp( s t ) U ( t :
x
( f g )( x ) e s x exp[( r s )t ] dt
h ( x ) ( f g )( x ) e r t exp[ s ( x t )] dt
0
:
x
)r s h( x) e s x dt x exp( s x
0
)exp( s x
exp[(r s )t ]
exp[(r s) x] 1
r s h( x ) e

rs
rs
0
h h ( x ) x exp( s x ) U ( x ) :
) exp( s x
. h( x ) f g E0
)exp[( r s ) x] 1U ( x
rs
h E0 E0.
x
sx
: f g E0 h = f * g E0 .
f g g f : . f ( g s ) f g f s
. :
f (t ) g ( x t ) dt
( f g )( x)
u x t :
f ( x u ) g (u ) (du ) g (u ) f ( x u ) du
( f g )( x )
) . ( f g )( x ) ( g f )( x
:
f ( g s) ( x) f (t ) ( g s)( x t ) dt
f (t ) g ( x t ) s( x t )dt
)f (t ) g ( x t ) dt f (t ) s ( x t ) dt ( f g )( x) ( f s )( x
.
- : f g
1
.
p r
1
. g (t ) exp(s t )U (t ) G ( p ) r s
p s
1
(f g )(x )
) . ( f g )( x ) x exp( r x ) x exp( s x ) U ( x :
( p r )2
1
. ) . H ( p ) F ( p ) G ( p
) F ( p ) G ( p
( p r)2
) exp( s x
( f g )( x )
r s )exp[( r s ) x] 1U ( x
rs
1
1
. h( x)
exp( r x ) U ( x)
)exp( s x) U ( x
rs
rs
1
1
1
1
1
H ( p) ) . H ( p ) F ( p ) G ( p
)r s p r r s p s ( p r )( p s
f g
. .
f (t ) exp(r t )U (t ) F ( p )
: f g E0
) . )) . ( p max( ( f ), ( g .
x
- : x f (t ) dt
0
f E0 ) U (t
) f (t ) U (t ) :( x 0
x
x
1
(U * f )( x ) f (t ) U ( x t ) dt . (U * f )( x ) f (t ) dt
p
0
0
.U (t )
x
1
f ) F ( p . f (t ) dt F ( p ) :
0
p
-5-1-2
) f (t ) t n exp( r t ) U (t p.
) t f ( t ) . exp( p
E0
) exp( p ) .( 0 p
f
f f .
: F f f Ff .
F .
-6-1-2 E0
E0
1/ p
) U (t
1/ p2
) t U (t
n ! / p n1
t n U (t ) , n
) 1 /( p a
) exp( a t ) U ( t
) /( p 2 2
) p /( p 2 2
1 p
F
a a
) sin( t ) U ( t
) cos( t ) U ( t
) f ( a t ) , a 0 ) f F ( p(
) F ( p ) exp( p
) f (t
)F ( p a
) f ( t ) exp( a t
) p F ( p ) f (0
) f (t
) p pF ( p ) f (0 ) f (0
) f (t
F ( p) / p
f (u ) du
dF ( p ) / dp
) t f (t
)F ( p) G ( p
( f g ) U (t ) f (u ) g (t u ) du
) [f ]( p ) F ( p
) [ g ]( p ) G ( p
) f g E0(
-7-1-2
:1 ) f : t sin( 3 t ) cos( 2 t ) U ( t .
1
1
) sin(5 t ) sin(t
2
2
1
1
) . f (t ) sin(5 t ) U (t ) sin(t ) U (t f
2
2
.
sin(3 t ) cos( 2 t ) :
1
p 1
2
sin(t )U )t )
5
,
p 52
2
sin(5t )U (t )
) F ( p :
1
5
1
1
2
2
2 p 25 2 p 1
[f ]( p ) F ( p )
p
:2
p 4 p 13
2
G ( p) .
p2
2
3
p
G( p)
) G ( p
2
2
2
2
( p 2) 3 3 ( p 2) 3
( p 2) 2 9
) G ( p . ) : (
2
) g (t ) cos(3 t ) exp( 2 t ) U (t ) sin(3t ) exp( 2t ) U (t
3
G ( p)
2 p 1
:3
)p ( p 2 4
2
F ( p) .
. :
A B Cp D
)(I
F ( p) 2 2
p
p p 4
2 p 1
)p 2 (Cp D
Bp
p2 :
p2 4
p2 4
A A 1 / 4 . .
. p
) (I p 2 4 p 2 i . C D
. :
1 2
)p + 4
)B ( p 2 + 4
( 2 p +1 4
=
+
+ Cp + D
p2
p2
p
4i 1
0 0 2i C D
4
C 1 / 2 D 1 / 4 . ) (I p
p B . 0 B C. B 1 / 2 :
1 1 11 1 p
1 1
2
2
4 p
2 p 2 p 4 4 p2 4
f . :
F ( p)
1
1 1 1
) f (t ) t cos(2t ) sin(2t ) U (t
8
4 2 2
2
p
cos(2 t )U (t ) 2
2
p 22
p 2
2
2
:4
p 2 2 2
H ( p ) 0 ) h (t .
p p 2
2
. sin(2 t )U (t )
. H ( p) ) H ( p ) h (t
) . f * f (t
p 2
2
sin( t )U (t )
:
t
f * f (t ) h(t ) f (u ) f (t u ) du
0
:
t
h (t ) = sin(w u )sin(w t - w u ) du
0
1
[cos(2w u - w t ) - cos(w t )]du
2 0
1 1
= sin(2w u - w t ) -u cos(w t )
0
2 2w
1 1
= 2sin(w t ) -t cos(w t )
2 2w
11
) = sin(w t ) -t cos(w t ) U (t
2 w
p
:5
p 2 2 2
H ( p) 0 ) h (t .
. H ( p)
p
H1 ( p) H 2 ( p) :( 4 ) :
p p 2
2
h1 sin( t )U (t )
p 2
2
: . h1 * h2 (t ) h (t )
: . h2 cos( t )U (t )
p
p 2
2
h(t ) h1 * h2 (t ) sin( u ) cos[ (t u )] du

0
1
sin( t ) sin(2 u t )du
2 0
1
1
sin(
)
cos(2 u t )
u
t
2
2
0
1
t sin( t ) U (t )
2
p
p
1 d
d
:

2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
p 2 dp p dp p
p 2 2
( f ( t ) ] F ( p ) ):
dF ( p )
1
1 dF ( p )
t f (t )
t f (t )
dp
2
2 dp
p
: sin( t )U (t ) 2

p 2
p
1
1 d
1
1
2 p
t sin( t )U (t )
t sin( t )U (t )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 dp p
2
2 p
p
1
. t sin( t ) U (t )
2
-2-2
-1-2-2 : E
- f a
] [ 0, a .
f (t ) dt
. ) .
a
5 f (t ) dt
(.
E0 .
- : E
f A
A
p f (t ) dt
f (t ) exp( p t ) d t
( p0 p ) p0 lim f (t ) exp( p0 t ) d t
A
0
) : ( t 0
A
) f (t ) exp( p t ) f (t ) exp( p0 t
A:
A
f (t ) exp( p t ) dt f (t ) exp( p0 t ) dt
0
M :
A
f (t ) exp( p t ) dt M
A
lim f (t ) exp( p0 t ) dt M
A
h ( A ): A h ( A ) = f (t ) exp(- p t ) dt
0
. lim f (t ) exp( p t ) d t ) p0 ( p p0 .
A
0
A
: E . E
-1
-2 .
T
-3 p0 lim f (t ) exp( p0 t ) d t
T
0
.
E ) ( 0
E ) exp( a t E . E0 E
f E f
) exp( a t .
: E .
) t f (t ) exp(t 2 ) U (t .:
A
f (t ) exp( p0 t ) dt exp( t 2 p0 t ) dt
0
) lim exp(t 2 p0t . t t 0

t
t t0 ) exp(t 2 p0t . :
A
t ) dt 1 dt
t0
exp(t p
t0
f (t ) exp( p0 t ) dt A t 0
t0
:
A
t0
t0
f (t ) exp( p0 t ) dt f (t ) exp( p0 t ) dt f (t ) exp( p0 t ) dt
f (t ) exp( p0 t ) dt
t0
t0
f (t ) exp( p0 t ) dt f (t ) exp( p0 t ) dt lim
lim

A t 0 f (t ) exp( p0 t ) dt :
lim
. f (t ) exp( p0 t ) dt
E .
lim
-2-2-2 E
- : f E f ) ( f
A
p [ ] ( f ), f (t ) exp( p t ) dt
0
lim . f (t ) exp( p t ) dt
lim
F ( p ) f
.
- : E
.
) g (t T ] [ 0 , T
) f ( t ) g ( t ) U ( t ) U (t . f
) g (t .
k f ( t ) k .
exp( p t ) dt
) f (t E.
E f .
. f k ) : T (
kT
kT
f (t ) exp( p t ) dt g (t ) exp( p t ) dt
0
dt
pt
kT
g (t ) e
dt ...
pt
( k 1)T
3T
dt g (t ) e
pt
2T
2T
dt g (t ) e
pt
g (t ) e
0
t T u ) :
t T u t 2T u (
2T
kT
pt
pu
) p (T u
du
g (t ) e dt g (u) e du g (T u ) e
du
] p[( k 1)T u
kT
g[(k 1)T u ] e
du ...
( k 1)T
) p ( 2T u
3T
g (2T u ) e
2T
) g (t T ) g (T u ) g ( u
) g ( 2T u ) g ( u :
g (u ) exp( p u ) du
T
kT
pT
2 pT
3 pT
( k 1) pT
g (t ) exp( p t ) dt 1 e e e ... e
0
g (t ) exp( p t ) dt
T
kT
pT
2 pT
3 pT
( k 1) pT
g (t ) exp( p t ) dt 1 e e e ... e
0
p 0 0 exp( p T ) 1 : k
) exp( p T
. 1 exp( p T ) ) f (t ] t [ 0 , T
) f 0 (t f 0 (t ) 0 :
1
g (t ) U (t ) exp( p t ) dt f (t ) exp( p t ) dt
(t ) exp( p t ) dt
f
0
1
) 1 exp( p T
1
) [f 0 (t )]( p
) 1 exp( pT
[ g (t )U (t )]( p )
1
) [f 0 ]( p
) 1 exp( pT
[f ]( p )
:1 f ] [ 0 , T f (t ) t
T ) . f(.
f .
f ) f 0 (t ] [ 0 , T -2
15 ) f 0 (t f 0 (t ) t U (t ) U (t T )
) f 0 (t ) t U (t ) t U (t T ) . f 0 (t ) tU (t ) (t T )U (t T ) T U (t T
) f 0 (t:
) 1 exp( pT
) exp( pT
T
2
2
p
p
p
f 0 ) t U (t
) ( t T ) U ( t T ) T U ( t T) . (16-2
f 0 (t ) F0 ( p )
:15-2 ) f (t
) 1 exp( pT
1
1
exp( pT )
[f 0 ]( p )
2
2
) 1 exp( pT
1 exp( pT ) p
p
p
[f ]( p )
) 1 T exp( pT
) p 2 1 exp( pT
[f ]( p ) F ( p )
:16-2 ) f 0 (t
:2
] [ 0 , ) f ( t ) sin( t
.
17-2 . 1
) f 0 (t . :
f 0 (t ) sin(t ) U (t ) U (t T ) f 0 (t ) sin(t ) U (t ) U (t )
) . f 0 (t ) sin(t ) U (t ) sin(t ) U (t :
1
) exp( p
[f 0 ]( p )
2
1 p
1 p 2
) 1 exp( p
F0 ( p) f :
1 p2
) F0 ( p
) 1 + exp(- p p
=
= )F (p
])1- exp(- p p ) (1 + p 2 ) [1- exp(- p p
:3 f n ) . (
[t ] , 0
[t [0,1
[t [1, 2
[ t [n 1, n
f (t ) 0
f (t ) 1
f (t ) 2
f (t ) n
.:
e 1
)k p ( k 1
k e p k
e
e p k
k 1 p
p k 1
) :
p
k 1
k 1
f (t ) exp( p t ) dt k exp( p t ) dt
] 1- exp[-(n +1) p
) 1- exp(-p
k :
)e p
(e p
= = 1+ e - p + e -2 p + ... + e -n p
( n 1) p
-p k
e
k =0
1 e (n 1) e
(1 e
1 e
p
] [ ( n 1) p
p 2
k exp( k p )
k 0
p n :
n

)exp( p
lim k exp(k p) k exp(k p) k exp(k p)
n
1 exp( p)2
k 1
k 0
k 0
p 0 . :
e p 1
e p
p
1 e p
:
p
e
) p (1 e p
[f ]( p ) F ( p )
:17-2 ) f (t
-3-2-2 E
- : ) E0 (3-1
.
E . ) f (t E
d nF
) t ( t ) n f (t E :
dp n
. (t )n f (t )
- : )-3-1( . ) f (t
E ) lim f (t ) f (0+ f E
t 0
[ ]0 , f
E0 ) : ) ( f (t ) F ( p
) f (t ) pF ( p ) f (0
f )-1
-3( f . :
) [f ]( p ) p [f ]( p ) f (0 ) f (t j 0) f (t j 0) exp( t j p
j
t j f [ ]0 , .
- : )-3-1(
.
- : f g [ ]0 ,
:
x
f * g ( x ) f (t ) g ( x t ) dt
f
g E f * g ( p ) [f ]( p ) [ g ]( p ) :
-4-2-2
:
: f E p :
. [ f ]( p ) 0 t ) f (t .
f
f .
[ ]0 , .
E
f

1/ p
) U (t
1/ p2
) t U (t
n ! / p n1
)( n
) t n U (t
) 1 /( p a
) exp( a t ) U ( t
) /( p 2 2
) p /( p 2 2
) sin( t ) U ( t
) cos( t ) U ( t
2n
1/ 1 p2
t

2
( 1) n
2
n 0 n !
) (
U ( t ) J 0 ( t ) U (t )
a0
F ( p / a) / a
f (a t ) ,
) f E(
) f (t
) F ( p ) exp( p
) f E(
) f ( t ) exp( a t
)F ( p a
) f E(
) p F ( p ) f (0
) f (t
) f E(
) p 2 F ( p ) p f (0 ) f (0
) f (t
) f E(
)F ( p
p
f (u ) du
) f E(
)dF ( p
dp
) t f (t
) f E(
t
)F ( p) G ( p
f * g (t ) U (t ) f (u ) g (t u ) du
0
) f g E(
) (t - t ) U (t - t ) t U (t
) exp(-t p
p2
-3-2

.
-1-3-2 :
a y b y f y ( 0 )
a y b y c y f y ( 0 ) . y ( 0 )
f y
.
-2-3-2 :

.
f . f E

.
- : ) y ( t ) y ( t ) U ( t ) U ( t 1
) y ( 0 .
: U ( t ) U ( t 1) f 18-2 . f
. y
t 0 0 t0 1 ) y ( 0 .
[ ] , 0[ ]0 , 1[ ]1, .
:18-2 )U ( t ) U ( t 1
[] , 0
[]0,1
[]1,
y(t ) y (t ) 0 ,
y(t ) y (t ) 1,
y(t ) y (t ) 0 ,
) y c exp( t y c1 exp(t ) 1
) y = c 2 exp(-t . ) y c exp( t
) y ( 0 :
lim c exp(t ) lim c exp(t ) y (0) 0

t 0
t 0
. c 0 y c1 exp(t ) 1 y .
y ( 0 ) 0 :
lim c1 exp(t ) 1 lim c1 exp(t ) 1 y(0) 0
t 0
t 0
. c1 1 :
lim c2 exp(t ) lim c1 exp(t ) 1

t 1
t 1
1
1
) y c2 exp(t . 1 :
e
e
y :
c2 . c2 e 1
[t ] , 0
y (t ) 0,
[t ]0,1
y (t ) 1 exp(t ),
y (t ) (e 1) exp(t ),
[t ]1,
y(0 ) 0,
y(0 ) lim exp(t ) 1,

t 0
1
y(1 ) lim exp(t ) ,
t 1
e
e 1 1
1
t 1
e
e
y .
C 1 .
y(1 ) lim (e 1) exp(t )
:
y E . f E y
E ) y y f .( E p
:
) [ y ]( p ) p [ y ]( p ) y (0
y y (0 ) y (0) : ) y (0 ) 0
) y ( 0 ( . :
]) p [ y ]( p ) 0 [ y ]( p ) [U (t ) U (t 1
)1 exp( p
p
p
)1 exp( p
:
p
p Y ( p) Y ( p )
( p 1) Y ( p)
)1 exp( p) 1 exp( p
1
)exp( p

)p( p 1
p
p
1 p
p 1
) y (t ) Y ( p
:
Y ( p)
)t y(t ) U (t ) U (t 1) exp(t ) U (t ) exp (t 1)U (t 1

.
- : a y b y f f
C 0 + .
C 1 + f
y ) a ( t ) y ( t ) b ( t ) y ( t ) f ( t .
) a y b y c y f (t f
+
. C 2
+ y f
) a ( t ) y ( t ) b ( t ) y ( t ) c ( t ) y ( t ) f ( t .
.
[ [ 0 , [ ]0 , .
-3-3-2 :
f E
) (.
- ) a y b y f (t . y ( 0 ) 0
[ : ] , 0 ) f (t [ ] , 0
a y b y 0 ) y c exp( b t / a . y ( 0 ) 0
) : ) y ( 0 ( c
lim y (t ) lim c exp(b t / a) c

t 0
t 0
c 0 . y .
) a y b y f (t . f E
y E a y f b y y E ) . y
f y( ) [ y ]( p ) Y ( p ) [ f ]( p ) F ( p
) [ y ]( p ) pY ( p ) y (0 :
)F ( p
a pb
y .
.:
1
1
1

ap b a p b / a
1
1
1
) g (t ) . g (t ) exp( b t / a

a p b/a
a
. y f g
Y ( p)
)a p Y ( p) b Y ( p) F ( p
- ) a y b y f (t y ( 0 ) . 0
y . y
:
lim y lim y y (0) 0

t 0
t 0
lim y 0 y . y [] , 0
t 0
t ) . z ( t ) y ( t ) exp( b t / a
. lim z (t ) 0 ) z (t .
t 0
z ) y (t ) z ( t ) exp( b t / a ) y (t
) exp( b t / a
a
a z ( t ) b z ( t ) f ( t ) : z .
) (
) g (t ) ) . z (t ) f g (t (
y ) y ( t ) z ( t ) exp( b t / a ) y(t ) f g (t ) exp(b t / a .

.
- ) a y ( t ) b y ( t ) c y ( t ) f ( t y ( 0 ) 0 . y ( 0 ) 0
) f (t [ ] , 0
a y ( t ) b y ( t ) c y ( t ) 0
.
a r 2 b r c 0 y
:
r1 r2 :
) y(t ) c1 exp(r1 t ) c2 exp(r2 t

r1 r2:
) y(t ) (c1 t c2 ) exp(r1 t

i :
y(t ) exp( t ) c1 cos( t ) c2 sin( t )
0 .
y (0) c1 c 2 0
) y(t ) c1 exp(r1 t ) c2 exp(r2 t

c2 c1 ]) . y c1 [exp(r1 t ) exp(r2 t
lim y (t ) lim c1 [exp(r1t ) exp(r2t )] c1 (1 1) 0
t 0
t 0
) ( lim y(t ) 0 y .
t 0
. lim y (t ) c1 (1 1) 0 : lim y(t ) lim y(t ) y(0) 0 ) y (t

t 0
t 0
t 0
.
) y (t ]) y(t ) c1 [r1 exp(r1 t ) r2 exp(r2 t ) :
y ( 0 ) 0 ) ( 0 c1 (r1 r2
lim y (t ) c1 ( r1 r2 ) 0
t 0
y (t ) c1 ( r1 r2 ) 0
tlim
0
) y (t .
y y y E . .
:
[ y ]( p ) Y ( p ),
[f ]( p ) F ( p ),
[ y ]( p ) pY ( p ) y (0 ) pY ( p ) 0 pY ( p ),
) [ y ]( p ) p pY ( p ) y (0 ) p 2 Y ( p ) 0 p 2 Y ( p

)a p 2 Y ( p) b p Y ( p) c Y ( p) F ( p
)F ( p
a p b pc
c b a ) F ( p y (t )
. 0
0 0 .
2
Y ( p)
- ) a y ( t ) b y ( t ) c y ( t ) f ( t y ( 0 ) 0 . y ( 0 ) 0
[ ] , 0 a y ( t ) b y ( t ) c y ( t ) 0
g (t ) .
lim g (t ) ,
t 0
lim g (t )
t 0
) z ( t ) y ( t ) g ( t
) ( . :
) a z(t ) g (t ) b z(t ) g (t ) c z (t ) g (t ) f (t
) a z(t ) b z(t ) c z(t ) a g (t ) b g (t ) c g (t ) f (t

) g (t
. ) a z ( t ) b z ( t ) c z ( t ) f ( t z z z

lim z (t ) lim y (t ) lim g (t ) y (0) 0

t 0
t 0
t 0
) z (t . z z . y y y
.
) a z ( t ) b z ( t ) c z ( t ) f ( t )(
. ) z (t ) g (t ) y (t
.
-4-3-2 :
) f (t
t 0 . [ ]0 ,
t 0 .
) U (t
. ) a y ( t ) b y ( t ) f ( t :
) a U ( t ) y ( t ) b U ( t ) y ( t ) U ( t ) f ( t
[ ]0 , [ [ 0 , U y y (U y ) :
a U y b U y U f U y [ ]0 ,
U f ) . E(.
y ( 0 ) y (0 ) (U y )(0 ) .
: [ ]0 , .
x(t ) x(t ) sin( 2t ),

x (0 ) 1, x(0 ) 1
[ ]0 , ) U (t
. . U ( t ) x ( t ) U ( t ) x ( t ) U ( t ) sin( 2 t ) :
U x (U x ) : U x (U x ) [ ]0 , ) U (t .
. (U x ) ( t ) (U x ) ( t ) U ( t ) sin( 2 t ) : ) t U ( t ) sin( 2 t
E . ) [U x ]( p ) X ( p
:
2
p 2 X ( p) p x(0 ) x(0 ) p X ( p) x(0 ) 2
p 22
2
p 2 X ( p) p 1 (1) p X ( p) 1 2
p 4
p3 2 p 2 4 p 6
)p( p 1)( p 2 4
X ( p)
31 3 1
1
p
1 2
2
2 p 5 p 1 10 p 4 5 p 2 4
) (U x )( t .
) U x (t ) 3 U (t ) 3 U (t ) exp(t ) 1 U (t ) cos(2 t ) 1 U (t ) sin(2 t
2
5
10
5
) : [ ( t ]0 ,
3 3
1
1
) x(t ) exp(t ) cos( 2 t ) sin( 2 t
2 5
10
5
X ( p)
-4-2 ) . (
.
t y y t y 0
y (0) 1,
y (0) 0
.
-1 .
-2 .
- :
n
y an t ) ( R
n 0
. ) [ ( ] R , R
) . (4 :
y(t ) n an t n1
n1
y(t ) n (n 1) an t n2
n2
an t .
y y :
t n1 n a n t n1 a n t n1 0
n1
n0
n (n 1) a
n 2
n 1
t
) : n n n 2 n (
n(n 1) nan an2 0
n 2 . n 2 an an2 : :
a0 1
y ( 0) a 0
y (0) 1, y a0 a1 t a2 t 2 a3 t 3 ...,
a1 0
y (0) a1
y (0) 1, y a1 2a2 t 3a3 t ...,

2
n 2 an an2 n 2 p 1 ... 7 5 3 :
32 a3 a1 a3 0
2
5 a5 a3 a5 0
a
2 p 1 0
n 2 an an2 n 2 p ... 6 4 2
( a0 1 ) :
4 p 12 22 32 ... p 2 a2 p (1) p
(1) p
2 2 p ( p!) 2
a2 p
:
1
1
2 ( p!) 2
lim
lim
0
p 4 p 2
p
1
2 2 ( p 1) [( p 1)!]2
2p
a2 p
a2 p 2
lim
1

0
.
. R
(1) n 2 n
t
2n
2
) ! n 0 2 ( n
y(t )
2n
( 1) n t

( n !) 2 2
y (t )
n 0
) J 0 (t .
- :
) U (
t y ( t ) U ( t ) y ( t ) U ( t ) t y ( t ) U ( t ) 0 [ ]0 , . :
y(t ) U (t ) y U (t ),
y(t ) U (t ) y U (t ),
y U (0 ) y (0) 1,
y U (0 ) y(0) 0
. t y U (t ) y U (t ) t y U (t ) 0 :

y U ( p ) Y ( p ),
y U ( p ) pY ( p ) y U (0 ) pY ( p ) 1
y U ( p ) p pY ( p ) 1 y U (0 ) p 2Y ( p ) p 0 p 2Y ( p ) p
dY
t y U (t )
)(p
dp
d
dY
1
t y U (t ) p 2Y ( p ) p 2 pY ( p ) p 2
dp
dp
:
dY
)dY ( p
2 pY ( p) p 2
1 pY ( p) 1
0
dp
dp
dY
0
dp
pY ( p) p 2 1
c ) : (
(c )
p 2 1
p 2 1
[Y ( p )]
1 dY
p
2
Y ( p ) dp p 1
c
p2 1
Y ( p)
c ) . lim pF ( p ) f (0
p
lim pY ( p ) y (0 ) 1 : c 1
p
1
p2 1
pc
p 1
2
. lim pY ( p ) lim
. Y ( p)
) Y ( p ) y (t .
y J 0 U J 0 .
y ( 0 ) 0 y t y t y :
y ( 0 ) t 0 .
-
.
f (t ) J 0 (t ) U (t ),
2n
(1) n t
2
J 0 (t )
n 0 n ! 2
n
: f (t ) U (t ) an t
n0
n!a t
n
n0
. ) f (t
n
E p 1 / R . [f ]( p ) an L U (t ) t :
n 0
) f (t ) U (t ) J 0 (t
) J 0 (t . :
(1) n1
1
(n 1)!2 2[ 2( n1)] lim
lim
0
n
n
n
)(1
(n 1) 2 4
(n)!2 22 n
1

0
an1
an
lim
a n 1 ) . R an u n 1 u n ) J 0 (t(
) J 0 (t t 2 n
2n!a
n 0
! n ! ) ( 2 n
. :
[2(n 1)]!(1) n1
)(2n 1)(2n 2
])[(n 1)!]2 2[ 2( n1
lim
lim
1
n
n
n
)(2n)!(1
(n 1) 2 4
(n !) 2 2 2 n
. R 1 / 1 1
) J 0 (t
n
] [f ]( p ) an [U (t ) t ) J 0 (t . :
n 0
(1) n
] L[U (t ) t 2 n
2
2n
n 0 n! 2
F ( p)
(1) n
!)(2n
2 n1
2
2n
p
n 0 n! 2
)1 2 3 ... (2n
1
2 n1
2
2n
p
(1 2 3 ... n) 2
n
(1) n
n 0
1
1 2 3 ... (2n) 1

(1) n
p n 0
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1
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(1) n
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p n 0
x .
1 3 5 ... (2n 1) n
1
1 3 2
x ...
x
x ... (1) n
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2
2 4
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) F ( p :
1
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1
1
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p
p
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1
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n
19-2 . n -2
20 .
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) f n (t ) Fn ( p :
Fn ( p ) n [U (t )] [U (t 1/ n )]
1 exp(n / p )
n
p
p
n n
p
exp
p p
n
p
exp

n
p
p2
p3
p
exp
3
...
1 2
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n
:
n n
p
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p
1
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. lim F ( p) 1
n
.
t f n (t )
n . .
: n
t 0 ( :
) f n (t ) .
1
(t ) dt n U (t ) dt n U t dt
n
0
1/ n
n[t ]0 n[t ]1/n
n
n
1
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-1-6-2 :
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a ) . b (. e
E ) ( s s s s
E s ( 0 ) s ( 0 ) 0 ) [ s ]( p ) S ( p :
[s ]( p ) pS ( p ) s (0 ) pS ( p ) 0 pS ( p ),
) [s ]( p ) p p S ( p ) s (0 ) p 2S ( p
:
) [ s ]( p ) a [ s ]( p ) b [ s ]( p ) [e ]( p
) p [s ]( p ) a p [s ]( p ) b [s ]( p ) [e ]( p
2
) [s ]( p ).( p a p b ) [e ]( p
2
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h e .
-2-6-2 :
.
k h * ek .
h(t ) e ( x t ) dt h(t ) e( x t k ) dt
k
s h * e
s ( x k ) h(t ) e( x t k ) dt
) . (. sk h * ek .
:
: k k
.
e1 e2 s1 s2 e1 e2
. s h * e1 e2 :
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s ( x )
h(t ) e1 ( x t ) dt h(t ) e2 ( x t ) dt
s( x)
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: .
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: s e .
:
.

.
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s h * e
h e E :
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-7-2
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. ) e (t 21-2 .
) i (t [ ] , 0 C 1
.
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) d i (t
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dt
i ( 0 ) 0
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R
-2 - A B p
L
:
E
A
B

)(I
p( Lp R) p Lp R
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.
:
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t0
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at
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) e (t ) e ( t ) E U ( t ) 2 E U ( t a ) E U ( t b .
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1
) exp( p a
)exp( p b
E
( p) E 2 E
p
p
p
1
exp( p a ) exp( p b)
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p
p
p
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. B LE / R :
E
E1
L E1
1

p( Lp R) R p Lp R R p p R / L
G ( p ) - :
E exp( p) 1
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R
p
p R / L
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) ) g (t ( G :
G ( p)
E
R
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1
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L
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p
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L
g (t )
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L
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dt
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lim i (t ) i (0) 0
t 0
lim k exp( R t / L) 0
t 0
. k 0 [ ] , 0 . ) i (t E ) e (t
E0 L i R i e i E .
.

) L . [ i (t )]( p ) R [ i (t )]( p ) [e (t )]( p
) [e (t )]( p ) ( p ) [ i (t )]( p ) I ( p :
) i(0 :
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L pR
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:
E
1 2 exp( p a) exp( p b)
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I ( p)
1
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E exp( p a) exp( p a) E exp( p b) exp( p b)

2

R p p R/ L
R
p
p R / L R
p
p R / L

i (t ) :
E
U (t ) exp( Rt / L) U (t ) 2 E U (t a) exp[ R(t a) / L]U (t a)
R
R
E
U (t b) exp[ R(t b) / L]U (t b)
R
:
i (t )
i(t ) 0
t0
E
0t a
i(t ) 1 e Rt / L
i(t ) E 1 e Rt / L 2 E 1 e R (t a ) / L E 1 e Rt / L 2e R (t a ) / L a t b
R
R
R
E
E
Rt / L
R ( t a ) / L
i (t ) 1 e
bt
2e
1 e R (t b ) / L
R
R
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:
i(t ) 0
t0
1
i (t ) 1 e 100 t
0 t 0.02
i(t ) 1 1 e 100 t 2e 100 t 2

0.02 t 0.04
1
100 t
0.04 t
2 e 2100 t e 4100 t
i (t ) e
5
0.04
0.02
0.14
)(min
0.17
)(max
) i (t
) i (t
22-2 . ) t i (t
.
:22-2
) i (t
:2 :
) y ( t ) y ( t ) f (t y ( 0 ) y ( 0 ) 0
.

) t y (t

.
) f (t 233-2
3-2
:23 ) f (t
-1
) t f (t .
) exp( p
.

H ( p)
-2
)p( p 2 1
) t y (t [ ] , 0

-3
[ [ / 2 , [ [ 0 , / 2 [ [ , .
.

-4 y
) e (t

) f (t
:
1 a E b / 2 1 .
) f (t ) e (t . f ( t ) U ( t ) 2U ( t / 2 ) U ( t ) :
f ( f (t ) F ( p ) ) :
1
)exp(p / 2) exp(p
F ( p) 2
p
p
p
1
1
p
2
-2
2
p( p 1) p p 1
:

1
,
p
U (t )
1
,
p 1
) f (t )U (t ) exp( p ) F ( p
2
cos(t )U (t )
H h . h ( t ) U ( t ) cos( t ) U ( t ) :
-3 :
y (0 ) y (0 ) 0
y (0) 0

y (0) 0
y (0 ) y (0 ) 0
Y ( p ) ) :
) y (t(.
) p Y ( p ) p y (0 ) y (0 ) Y ( p ) F ( p
) p Y ( p ) p 0 0 Y ( p ) F ( p
2
1
)exp( p / 2) exp( p
2
p
p
p
F ( p)
1
)2 exp( p / 2) exp( p
2
)p( p 1
)p( p 2 1
)p( p 2 1

) y (t . :
1
p
)2 exp( p / 2) 2 p exp( p / 2) exp( p) p exp( p
Y ( p) 2
p p 1
p
p2 1
p
p2 1
:
Y ( p)
) y (t ) = U (t ) - cos(t )U (t ) - 2U (t - p / 2) + 2 cos(t - p / 2)U (t - p / 2) + U (t - p ) - cos(t - p )U (t - p

) = U (t ) - cos(t )U (t ) - 2U (t - p / 2) + 2 sin(t )U (t - p / 2) + U (t - p ) + cos(t )U (t - p
y (t ) 0
t0
0t /2
) y (t ) 1 cos(t
y (t ) 1 cos(t ) 2 sin(t ) / 2 t
) y (t ) 2 sin(t
t
y ( / 2) y ( / 2) y ( / 2) 1 y / 2
y ( ) y ( ) y ( ) 0 y . ) y (t
.
-4 ) y (t:
y(t ) 0
t0
0t /2
) y(t ) sin(t
y(t ) sin(t ) 2 cos(t ) / 2 t
t
) y(t ) 2 cos(t
y (0) y (0 ) y (0 ) 0 y
y ( / 2) y (( / 2) ) y (( / 2) ) 1 y / 2
y ( ) y ( ) y ( ) 2 y .
) y (t . ) y (t .
) y (t 24-2 .
:24-2 ) y (t
:3 ) 2 y ( t ) 4 y ( t ) U ( t y ( 0 ) 1 .
) y (
: [ ] , 0 2 y ( t ) 4 y ( t ) 0
. t y ( t ) c exp( 2 t ) : y :
lim y (t ) y (0) 1 . lim c exp(2 t ) c 1 [ ] , 0

t 0
t 0
) y exp( 2 t .
[ [ 0 , ) t z ( t ) y ( t ) exp( 2 t y
. t z (t ) ) . ) y (t t
) exp( 2 t( ) z (t . z ( t ) y ( t ) 2 exp( 2 t ) :
) . y ( t ) z ( t ) 2 exp( 2 t ) z ( t ) 2 exp( 2 t ) y (t
:
) 2z(t ) 2 exp(2t ) 4z (t ) exp(2t ) U (t

) 2 z ( t ) 4 z ( t ) U ( t
) z (t . z ( 0 ) y ( 0 ) exp( 2 0 ) 1 1 0 :
) 2 z ( t ) 4 z ( t ) U ( t z
z ( 0 ) 0 [ ]0 , .
1
) 2 pZ ( p ) z (0 ) 4 Z ( p ) [U ]( p
p
1
1 1 1
1
Z ( p)

2 p( p 2) 4 p 4 p 2
:
1
1
) z (t ) U (t ) exp( 2t ) U (t
4
4
) y ( t ) z ( t ) exp( 2 t
. 2 pZ ( p) 0 4Z ( p)
1
) 1 exp( 2t ) exp( 2t
4
1 3
) exp( 2t
4 4
y (t )
) U (t [ ]0 , . :
y (0 ) 1
) y (t ) exp(2t
y (t ) 1
1 3
1 3
) exp(2t
y (0 ) 1
4 4
4 4
) y (t . ) y (t:
y (0 ) 2
y (t )
[t ] , 0
t 0
0 t
) y (t ) 2 exp(2t
y (t ) 0
3
3
) y (t ) exp(2t
y(0 )
2
2
) y (t .
t 0
t 0
0 t

) y (t . y .
:4 [ [ 0 , .
) 4 x(t ) y(t ) U (t
y (t ) x(t ) 0
x ( 0 ) 1 y ( 0 ) 0.
: [ ]0 ,
) U (t :
) 4 x(t ) U (t ) y(t ) U (t ) U (t
)(I
y (t ) U (t ) x(t ) U (t ) 0
x y :
x (0) x (0 ) 1
xU (0 ) 1
y (0) y (0 ) 0 yU (0 ) 0
) [ x U ]( p ) X ( p ) [ y U ]( p ) Y ( p
) (I :
4 X ( p) p Y ( p) y U (0 ) p
Y ( p) pX ( p) x U (0 ) 0
4 X ( p ) p Y ( p )
p
Y ( p) pX ( p) 1 0
X ( p ) ) Y ( p :
3
p2 4
Y ( p)
p2 1
)p( p 2 4

) x (t ) y (t .
1
3
1
3

Y ( p)
4 p2 4 p2
1 1 3
1
3
1

X ( p)
4 p 8 p2 8 p2
:
X ( p)
1
3
3
) x (t ) U (t ) 4 U (t ) 8 exp( 2t ) U (t ) 8 exp( 2t ) U (t
) y (t ) U (t ) 3 exp( 2t ) U (t ) 3 exp( 2t ) U (t
4
4
[ t ]0 , :
1 3
3
) x (t ) exp( 2t ) exp( 2t
4 8
8
3
3
y (t )
) exp( 2t ) exp( 2t
4
4
( t ]0 , [ ) :
1 3
3
) x (t ) 4 8 exp( 2t ) 8 exp( 2t
) y (t ) 3 exp( 2t ) 3 exp( 2t
4
4
x ( 0 ) 1 . y ( 0 ) 0
:5 ) S ( p ) H ( p ) E ( p E S
e s s ) . e
). ( (25-2
) s (t
) e (t
:25-2
e s e (t ) .
e(t ) 0
e(t ) 2t
e(t ) 2 t 4
[t ] , 0[ [2,
[t [0,1
[t [1, 2
H ) H ( p ) 1 /( p 2 4 .
-1 e ) ( E .
-2 C B A D :
1
A B Cp D
2 2
)(I
2
2
p ( p 4) p
p p 4
S ( p ) -3 ) t s (t . ) s (t
[ [1, 2 [ [ 0 , 1 [ ] , 0 [ [ 2 , .
: ) e (t 26-2 .
:26-2 ) e (t
-1 ) e (t :
)e(t ) 2 t U (t ) 2 t U (t 1) (2 t 4) U (t 1) (2 t 4) U (t 2
) 2 t U (t ) 4 (t 1) U (t 1) 2(t 2) U (t 2
1
) exp( p
(t )U (t ) . t U (t ) 2 :

p
p2
) 2 4 exp( p ) 2 exp(2 p
[e ]( p ) E ( p ) 2
p
p2
p2
1
-2 ) (I p2 p
4
1 / 4 A p p B = -C
A .
. A B ) (I p 2 4
2 i p C 0 D 1 / 4 . :
1
1 1
1
2 2
2
p ( p 4) 4 p
p 4
2
-3 . S ( p ) H ( p ) E ( p ) : ) H ( p ) 1 /( p 2 4 ) E ( p
)2 4 exp( p) 2 exp(2 p
2 :

p
p2
p2
2
) 4 exp(- p ) 2 exp(-2 p
- 2 2
+
S (p) = 2 2
)p ( p + 4) p ( p + 4) p 2 ( p 2 + 4
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1
- 2 - 2
exp(- p ) + 2 - 2
) exp(-2 p
= 2 - 2
2 p
2 p
p + 4 p
p + 4
p + 4
s (t ) :
1
1
1

t U (t ) sin(2 t ) U (t ) (t 1) U (t 1) sin2 (t 1)U (t 1)
2
2
2
s(t )
1
1
(t 2) U (t 2) sin2 (t 2)U (t 2)
2
2
) s (t :
s (t ) 0
1
1
) t sin( 2 t
2
4
1
1
1
]) s (t ) t 1 sin( 2 t ) sin[ 2(t 1
2
4
2
1
1
1
]) s (t ) sin( 2 t ) sin[ 2(t 1)] sin[ 2(t 2
4
2
4
0 t 1 ) U (t .
s (t )
t 0
0 t 1
1 t 2
2 t
:6
: f / 2
:
[t [0, / 4
[t [ / 4, / 2
) f (t ) sin(4 t
f (t ) 0
: ) f (t 27-2 .
:27-2 ) f (t
-2-2 1 2
) f 0 (t ) [U (t ) U (t / 2)] f (t ) (28-2 ) f 0 (t
) f (t ) . ) f 0 (t
[ [ 0 , / 2 (
:28-2 ) f 0 (t
) f 0 (t :
) f 0 (t ) U (t ) U (t / 4) U (t / 4) U (t / 2) f (t
]) U (t ) sin(4 t ) U (t / 4) sin[4(t / 4
4
U (t )sin(4 t ) 2
) f 0 (t
p 16
)4exp( p / 4
U t / 4 sin[4(t / 4)] ) [f 0 ]( p
p 2 16
) F ( p . :
4
4 exp( p / 4) 4 1 exp( p / 4)
p 16
p 2 16
p 2 16
2
[f 0 ]( p )
) [f 0 ]( p
)1 exp( p / 2
[f ]( p ) F ( p )
])4[1 exp( p / 4
( p 16) 1 exp( p / 2)
2
F ( p)
: g ) g ( t ) sin( 4 t [ t [ 0 , / 4
. / 4 29-2 .
:29-2 ) g (t
: ) g 0 (t ) g (t
. ) . g 0 (t ) U (t ) U (t / 4) g (t ) : ) g 0 (t
[ [ 0 , / 4 ( g 0 (t ) .
) g 0 (t ) U (t ) U (t / 4)sin( 4 t
]) g 0 (t ) U (t ) sin( 4 t ) U (t / 4) sin[ 4 (t / 4 :
4
)4exp( p / 4
[ g 0 ]( p ) 2
p 16
p 2 16
4 1 exp( p / 4)
p 2 16
:
) G ( p ) [ g ]( p
) [ g 0 ]( p
)1 exp( p / 4
4 1 exp( p / 4)
)1 exp( p / 4) ( p 2 16
: ) H ( p .
4
)1 exp( p / 4
)p 16 1 exp( p / 2
2
H ( p)
) H ( p / 2
) f (t ) ) . h ( t ) f ( t (.
.
) H ( p :
4 1 exp( p / 4)
p 16 1 exp( p / 4)1 exp( p / 4)
H ( p)
4
p 16 1 exp( p / 4)
/ 4 ) H 0 ( P
) . 4 /( p 2 16 . h0 (t ) U (t ) sin( 4 t ) : ) h0 (t
[ [ 0 , / 4 . ) h0 (t
) [U ( t ) U ( t / 4 )] h ( t .
)F0 ( p
:
) 1 exp( pT
T ) F0 ( p
[ ]T , .
F ( p)
p 0 ]) 1 /[1 exp( p T
1 exp( p T ) exp( 2 p T ) exp( 3 p T ) ...
) F ( p . ) H ( p .
:
4
1
H ( p) 2
)p 16 1 exp( p / 4
4
1 exp( p / 4) exp(2 p / 4) exp(3 p / 4) ...
2
p 16
4
) exp(n p / 4
p 2 16 n0
4
)4 exp( p / 4) 4 exp(2 p / 4) 4 exp(3 p / 4
2
...
p 16
p 2 16
p 2 16
p 2 16

:
)h(t ) sin(4 t ) U (t ) sin4(t / 4)U (t / 4) sin4(t 2 / 4)U (t 2 / 4
sin4(t 3 / 4)U (t 3 / 4) ...
n0
n0
)h(t ) hn (t ) sin[4(t n / 4)]U (t n / 4

) h (t :
) h0 (t ) sin( 4t ) U (t
)h1 (t ) sin[ 4(t / 4)]U (t / 4
)h2 (t ) sin[ 4(t 2 / 4)]U (t 2 / 4
)h3 (t ) sin[ 4(t 3 / 4)]U (t 3 / 4
)h4 (t ) sin[ 4(t 4 / 4)]U (t 4 / 4
h0 h1 h2 h3 h4 ) -2
(30 h0 h1 h2 h3 h4 ) f (t
.
:30-2 hi
:7 ) t x (t
:
) x(t ) 2 x(t ) x(t ) g (t
x(0) x(0) 0
g T 2a 31-2 .
:31-2 g
:
-1 ) G ( p ) g (t .
-2 B A C p } {1 :
1
A
B
C

2
2
)p( p 1
)p ( p 1
p 1
1
-3 p 0 ) (1) n exp(n a p
.
1 exp(a p) n0
-4 ) t x (t .
:
-1 ) g 0 (t G0 ( p ) . ) G ( p ) G0 ( p
. :
[t [0, a
g (t ) 1
[t [a, 2a
g (t ) 0
g 0 (t ) U (t ) U (t a ) 1 ) . g 0 (t ) U (t ) U (t a
) 1 exp(a p
) exp(a p
1
. [ g 0 ]( p ) G 0 ( p )
U (t a ) :
U (t )
p
p
p
p
:
)1 exp(a p
G0 ( p)
p
) G0 ( p
[ g ]( p ) G ( p )
) 1 exp(2 a p
) : g 2 a(
)1 exp(a p
G( p)
])p[1 exp(2 a p
-2 p 1 p ( p 1) 2 p
B A C . :
B 1 A 1 . C 1
1
1
1
1

2
2
)p( p 1
)p ( p 1
p 1
-3 un exp(a p) un (1) n exp(a p)
) q exp( a p . p
n
1 /1 exp(a p) .
exp(n a p) 1 /[1 exp(a p)] :
) (1
n0
-4 [ ]0 , ) U (t .
:
)(I
) x ( t ) U ( t ) 2 x ( t ) U ( t ) x ( t ) U ( t ) g ( t ) U ( t
) : (
) x(t ) U (t ) x U x(t ) U (t
) x(t ) U (t ) x U x(t ) U (t
) . x U (t ) 2 x U (t ) x U (t ) g U (t
:
x(0) x(0 ) 0
xU (0 ) 0
x(0) x(0 ) 0
xU (0 ) 0
) (I ) :
) ( [( x U )] X ( p
) [( x U )] p X ( p ) ( x U )(0 ) p X ( p ) 0 p X ( p
) [( x U )] p pX ( p ) ( xU )(0 ) p 2 X ( p ) 0 p 2 X ( p
) (I :
)p X ( p) 2 p X ( p) X ( p) G ( p
2
)G (p
p - 2 p +1
) 1- exp(-a p
]) p [1- exp(-2a p
=
( p -1) 2
1
1
=
2
) p ( p -1) 1 + exp(-a p
1
1
1
1- e -a p + e -2a p - e -3a p + ... + (-1) n e -n a p + ...
= +
2
) p ( p -1

p
1
e -a p
e -a p
e -a p e -2a p
e -2a p
e -2 a p
1
1
1
+ ...
= +
+
+
+
p ( p -1) 2 p -1
p
p
( p -1) 2 p -1
( p -1) 2 p -1
2
= )X (p
x (t ) ) X ( p
1
) x (t .:
p
1
1
e a p
e a p
t a
e U (t a )
U (t a )
e t t U (t )
e t U (t )
2
p 1
)( p 1
p 1
p
U (t )
e a p
. e (t a )U (t a )
( p 1) 2
:
t a
x (t ) = U (t ) + t e t U (t ) -e tU (t ) - U (t - a ) + (t - a ) e t -aU (t - a ) -e t -aU (t - a )
+ U (t - 2a ) + (t - 2a ) e t -2aU (t - 2a ) -e t -2aU (t - 2a ) - ...

= 1 + (t -1) e t U (t ) - 1 + (t - a -1) e t -a U (t - a ) + ...
+(-1)n 1 + (t - n a -1) e t -na U (t - n a ) + ...
) x (t C 1 .
:8 .
: ) t x (t
E ) . c
(
) x (t ) U (t ) x (t ) U (t ) c U (t
:
-1 p 0 ) exp( p
.
-2 ) ) t x (t ( .
-3 ) x (t t [ [ 0 , 6 .
:
-1 ) un exp( p ) : ( ) q exp( p ) (
. p 0 0 .
n
1

) 1 exp( p
1
) 1 exp( p
n 0
-2 x E . :
c
) [xU ] X ( p
X ( p ) X ( p ) exp( p )
p
exp( p )
1
c
) p 1 exp( p
c
1 e p e 2 p e 3 p ... e np ...
p
X ( p)
1 e p e 2 p
c
...
p
p
p
:
x (t ) c U (t ) U (t ) ... U (t n ) ...
) c U (t n
n 0
-3 ) x (t 32-2 .
:32-2 x
:
) x ( t ) U ( t ) 2 x ( t 1) U ( t 1) x ( t 2 ) U ( t 2 ) t U ( t
] [ 0, 6 .
x E .
) [ x (t )] X ( P :
1
X ( p) 2 X ( p) exp( p) X ( p) exp(2 p) 2
p
:
1
1
2
p 1 exp( p)2
p 0:
X ( p)
1
)1 exp( p
p :
1 e p e 2 p e 3 p ... (1) n1 e ( n1) p ...
e p
...
(1 e p ) 2
( n 1) p
... (1) (n 1) e
n
3 p
3e
2 p
2e
1
(1 e p ) 2
1 2e p 3e 2 p ... (1) n (n 1) e n p ...
1
1 2 e p 3 e 2 p ... (1) n (n 1) e np ...
2
p
X ( p)
e p
e 2 p
e np
1
n
2 2 2 3 2 ... (1) (n 1) 2 ...
p
p
p
p
:
x(t ) t U (t ) 2(t 1) U (t 1) 3(t 2) U (t 2) ... ( 1) n ( n 1)(t n) U (t n) ...
) x (t ] [ 0, 6 :
x0
xt
x t 2
x 2t 4
x 2 t 8
x 3 t 12
x 3 t 18
] [ 0, 6 33-2 .
:33-2 x
t 0
0 t 1
1 t 2
2 t 3
3 t 4
4 t 5
5 t 6
: -8-2
. :1
(I )
t f (t ) (t 1) sin( 2t ) U (t )
( II )
t g (t ) cos 2 (t ) U (t )
( III )
t h(t ) exp(t ) cos(2t ) U (t )
( IV )
t i (t ) 4t 2 exp(t ) U (t )
. :2
(I )
t f (t ) cos(t ) sin 2 (t ) U (t )
( II )
t g (t ) e 2 t sin(2t ) e t cos(t ) U (t )
( III )
t h(t ) t sin (t ) U (t )
( IV )
t i(t ) t e t sin(t ) U (t )
. :3
(I )
t f (t ) t 2 U (t ) (t 3) U (t 4)
( II )
t g (t ) e tU (t 1) sin 2 (t ) U (t )
( III )
t h(t ) (t 2 1) U (t 1)
( IV )
t i (t ) e3t U (t ) e t U (t 2)
:4 34-2 .
:34-2 4
:5 F .
3
1
2
p2 p
2
F ( p)
( p 2) 3
1
F ( p)
)p( p 1
p
F ( p)
)( p 2)( p 3
F ( p)
) (I
) ( II
) ( III
) ( IV
:6 F .
1
p ( p 1) 2
1
F ( p)
)p ( p 1) 2 ( p 2
F ( p)
) (I
) ( II
:7 .
1
p 2p 2
p 1
F ( p) 2
)( p 9)( p 1
p2
F ( p) 2
p p5
2
F ( p)
) (I
) ( II
) ( III
:8 .
) exp( p
)p ( p 1
) exp(2 p
F ( p)
p ( p 1) 2
) p exp(3 p
F ( p)
)( p 1)( p 2 4
F ( p)
) (I
) ( II
) ( III
:9 .
p
)( p 4)( p 2 9
1
F ( p) 2
)( p 1)( p 2 16
2
F ( p)
p2
F ( p) 2
( p 4) 2
) (I
) ( II
) ( III
:10 .
) 1 exp( p
p
) exp(a p
F ( p)
2 exp(a p) exp(2 a p)
p
) 1 exp(a p
F ( p)
)( a 0
p2
1 (1 2 a p ) exp(a p ) 1
F ( p)
) exp(2 a p
p
a p2
ap
F ( p)
)( a 0
)( a 0
) (I
) ( II
) ( III
) ( IV
:11 T
.
T3
[t [0, / 6
) ( I ) f (t ) sin(6 t
f (t ) 0
[t [ / 6, / 3
T 2
[t [0,1
( II ) f (t ) 1
f (t ) 1
[t [1, 2
T 4
f (t ) 2 t
[t [0,1
( III )
[t [1, 2
f (t ) 2t 4
f (t ) 0
[t [2, 4
T
( IV )
[ t [0,
) f (t ) cos(t
:12 :
)p exp( p / 10
p2 9
4
1 exp( p / 4)
F ( p) 2
p 16
F ( p)
4 1 exp( p / 4)
p 16 1 exp( p / 2)
2
F ( p)
) (I
) ( II
) ( III
:13 :
) f : t sin( t ) U (t
) g : t f (t
) h : t f (t ) g (t
-1 - ) U (t
- g f
-2 g f
) sin( t .
h .
h .
-3 e 3t sin( t ) dt .
0
:14 ) t x ( t ) t U ( t ) t y (t:
) . Y ( p ) H ( p ) X ( p ) X ( p ) Y ( p ) x (t ) y (t
p 1
H ( p) 2.
p p 1
-1 Y ( p ) - .
- ) y (0 ) lim y (t
t 0
-2 - y ) y (t .
- ) y (0 ) lim y (t
t 0
-3 ) lim y(t .
t 0
:15 ) t x (t ) t y (t
exp( p ) exp( p )
) 1 1 2 p X ( p
p
Y ( p ) ) x (t ) y (t ) .
(
) x ( t ) U ( t ) t y (t t
) . (.
:16 ) t x (t
) x ( 0 ) x ( 0 .
) x ( t ) 4 x ( t ) 2 cos( t ) cos( 3t ) U ( t
p
1 p 1 p

) :
2
2
( p 4) 12 p 4 12 p 2 16
2
( X ( p)
:17 16 ) x ( t ) 6 x ( t ) 9 x ( t ) exp( 2 t ) U ( t
.
A
B
C
+
+
B A
) X ( p ) :
2
)p + 2 ( p + 3
p +3
C (.
:18 [ [ 0 , .
) x(t ) 2 x(t ) 3 x(t ) exp(t
x(0) 0,
x(0) 1
) x(t ) 2 x(t ) x(t ) t exp(t
x(0) 1,
x(0) 0
A
B
C
D
) :
2
2
)( p 1
)p 1 ( p 1
p 1
( X ( p)
:19 ) t y (t ) y ( t ) 4 y ( t ) e ( t y ( 0 ) y ( 0 ) 0
.
) e (t 35-2 .
:35-2 ) e (t 19
:20 ) t y (t ) y ( t ) y ( t ) l ( t y ( 0 ) 1
y ( 0 ) 0 [ [ 0 , . ) l (t 36-2 .
:36-2 ) l (t 20
) : y [ [ 0 ,
) y (t (.
:21 [ [ 0 , .
) x(t ) 5 x(t ) 2 y (t
(I )
x(0) 1, y (0) 0
) y (t ) 2 x(t ) 5 y (t
y ( 0) 3
x(0) 8,
) x(t ) 2 x(t ) 3 y (t
( II )
) y (t ) 2 x(t ) y (t
:1 ) ve : t ve (t
) vs : t vs (t . v e v s Ve Vs
) H ( p ) Vs ( p ) / Ve ( p .
:
p
p/2
H ( p)
2
2 p 2 p 1 ( p 1 / 2) 2 1 / 4
-1 - ) f ( t ) exp( t ) sin( t ) U ( t
.
- ) ve U (t ) Vs ( p ) vs (t .
p
-2 -
F ( p) 2
)( p 1 / 4)(2 p 2 2 p 1
2p / 5+ 2 / 5
2p / 5+ 4 / 5
= ). F (p
2
p +1/ 4
( p +1/ 2)2 +1/ 4
- ) Vs ( p ) ve (t ) sin(t / 2) U (t ) vs (t .
- lim vs (t ) cos(t / 2) 2 sin(t / 2) / 5U (t ) 0
:2 37-2 x y
. ) t y (t ) t x (t :
1
)X ( p
. Y ( p) X Y x y.
1 10 p
) y (t
) x (t
:37-2 2
:
x(t ) t ,
x(t ) 0,
[ t [0,10
[t ] , 0[ [10,
-1 x .
1 1 10 p
X ( p) 2
-2 p 0exp(10 p) :
p
p2
-3 - B A C p } { 1 / 10, 0
1
A B
C
2
:
2
p (1 10 p) p
p 1 10 p
- ) t y (t [ ] , 0
[ [ 0 , 10 [ [10 , .
-4 - y [ [ 0 , .
- y .
:3 38-2 ) t i (t
.
:38-2 3
) t e (t 39-2 .
0 < t1 < t 2
t1 t t 2
if
e (t ) = E
e (t ) = 0
if
t < t1 or t 2 < t
:39-2 ) e (t 3
di
L .
) i (t ) R i (t ) e(t
dt
.
-1 ) t e (t .
1
1
11
1
-2

)p ( Lp R
p( Lp R) R p p R / L
)exp( p
p ) . (.
)p ( Lp R
di
L i ( 0 ) 0
-3 ) R i (t ) e(t
dt
) i (t [ [t1 , t2 [ [0, t1 [ [t 2 , .
p
:4 40-2 ) f (t
:
t0
0t A
At
f (t ) 0,
f (t ) E ,
f (t ) 0,
) t v (t
) dv (t
RC v ( t ) 0 t 0 .
) v (t ) f (t
dt
-1 f .
-2 ) . ) v ( t ) ] V ( p ) ( [ f ]( p ) F ( p
1
1
-3 1 exp( p A)
. V ( p) E
p p 1
RC
-4 3 ) v (t [ [ 0 , A[ ] , 0 [ [ A , .
-5 A 1 s C 0 . 01 F R 100 E 1V v
.
:40-2 4
:5 ) i ( t ) i ( t ) e ( t i ( 0 ) i ( 0 ) 0 .
) t i (t . ) e (t 41-2
.
-1 t ) e (t :
) e ( t ) t U ( t ) 2 ( t ) U ( t ) ( t 2 ) U ( t 2
-2 ) t e (t .
-3 - ) t i (t .
)exp( p
1
2 2 .
2 2
-
)p ( p 1) p ( p 1
- ) t i (t .
-4 - ) i (t [ [ , 2 [ [ 0 , [ ] , 0 [ [ 2 , .
- i ] [ 0 , 4 .
:41-2 5
:6 q R L q .
1
[ [ 0 , L q(t ) R q(t ) q (t ) 0 .
C
-1 q . C 0 .2 F L 10 H
R 2 . 25 q ( 0 ) 1 q ( 0 ) 13 / 4.
-2 - g [ [ 0 , ) g ( t ) 2 exp( 2 t ) 3 exp( 3t / 4
) g (t .
) g ( 10 3 .
- ) g ( 8 ) g ( 4 ) g (1 ) g (16 10 2 .
- C g
.
-3 ) ( q 0.2
0.5 .
:7 42-2
di 1 de
d 2i
R
e i
2
dt C dt
dt
L i ( t ) 0
di
e ( t ) 0 t 0 . i ( 0 ) 0 e ( 0 ) 0 : (0) 0
dt
-1
) I ( p ) H ( p ) E ( p I ( p ) ) . ) E ( p i e(
p
. H ( p)
-2 R 10 L 1 H C 400 F
( p 5) 2 152
-1-2 ] 1[H 1 ) . (
-2-2 ) e ( t ) U ( t 1) U ( t 3
-2-2 - ) e (t .
-2-2 E ( p ) - ) I ( p .
-2-2 i (t ) - .
-3 w . ) r ( w
) H ( j w ) j .( p / 2
r ( w ) -1-3 .
62500
f (u ) = u 2 - 400 +
-2-3 f [ ]0, +
u2
. f .
-3-3 ) r ( w ) f ( w w
.
-4-3 ) r ( w w .
:42-2 7
:8 43-2
. q1 q2 n1 n2 .
:
) n1 (t ) q1 (t ) 2 n1 (t ) n2 (t
) n2 (t ) q 2 (t ) n1 (t ) 2 n2 (t
t . . n1 (0 ) n2 (0 ) 0
-1 :
1
p2
) N1 ( p) ( p 1)( p 3) Q1 ( p) ( p 1)( p 3) Q2 ( p
1
p2
N ( p)
Q1 ( p)
)Q2 ( p
2
)( p 1)( p 3
)( p 1)( p 3
Q1 N 2 N1 Q2 q1 n2 n1 q2.
-2 ) q1 (t ) q2 (t ) U (t n1 (t ) ) n2 (t n1
.
-3 q1 (t ) 0 ) q2 (t ) U (t n1 (t ) ) n2 (t ) lim n1 (t
t
) lim n2 (t .
t
:43-2 8
-
-1 :
. ) f ( x x0 ) f ( x0 0
) f ( x0 0 :
) f ( x0 0) f ( x0 ) lim f ( x
x x0
x x0
)f ( x0 0) f ( x0 ) lim f ( x
x x0
x x0
-2 : f x0 :
) lim f ( x) f ( x0
x x0
x x0
) f ( x0 0) f ( x0
f x0 :
) lim f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) . f ( x 0 + 0) = f ( x 0
x x 0
x >x 0
f x0 x0 . :
) f ( x0 0 ) f ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 0
) lim f ( x ) f ( x0
x x0
-3 : f ] I [ a , b
) I a b a b .
a b(.
f [ ]a , b [ ]a , b .
f ] [ a , b [ ]a , b a
b .
f [ [ a , b [ ]a , b a
.
f ] ]a , b [ ]a , b b
.
f [ [ a , x a a
.
f ] ] , b x b b
.
: f f 0 .
: f [ ]a , b b b
g ] ]a , b
[ g ( x) f ( x) x ]a, b
) g (b) f (b 0
g ] ]a , b g . f f
. f a .
-
-1 : f x0 )
) f ( x) f ( x0
x0 (. f x0
x x0
x x0 . A A f x0.
) f ( x) f ( x0
x x0
A lim
xx0

) f x0 ( f ) x0 (
f : x0
) f ( x ) f ( x0
) f =( x0
x x0
lim
x x0
x x0
f : x0
) f ( x ) f ( x0
) f =( x0
x x0
lim
x x0
x x0
-2 : f
a ) : b (.
) f [ ]a , b ( f ) [ ]a , b (
) f [ ]a , b f a b ( f )
] [ a , b (
) f [ ]a , b a ( f ) [ [ a , b (
) f [ ]a , b b ( f ) ] ]a , b (
) f x a a ( f ) [ [ a ,
(
) f x b b ( f ) ] ] - , b
(
-3
-1-3 : ) f ( x
f .
) f ( x h) f ( x
x f ( x) lim
h 0
h
f (n ) ... f f f f.
] f ]a , b [ ]a , b . b
[ . [ a , b
-2-3 n : 1
.
) ( 2
.
f ) ( n n
n .

.
: ] [ a , b ] [ b , c ] [ a , c .
b .
0
0
] [ a , b ] [ b , c ] [ a , c .
] [ a , b ] [ b , c 1 ] [ a , c 1 b
.
2
-
) u n u n ( u n
S n u0 u1 u 2 ... u n :
k N
u
k 0
un lim Sn lim
n
n0
lim un 0 . .
n
-
-1 : n . 0 u n vn vn
u n u n vn .
-2 : u n vn )) vn u n (1 (n lim (n) 0

u v
n
-3 ) :(Cauchy lim n u n
1
1 . 1
.
-4 ) :(D'Alembert lim un1 / un .
1
1 .
n
1 .
-5 : ) u n f (n ) f (n
[ [ a ,
f (t ) dt
) . 5 (.
- ) (
-1 :

) . (
-2 :
. / n
.
) (1
u n
:
lim un 0 un
n
-3 :
:
1
:
1 a
a
n 0
a .
n
. a
n0
n
n 1
1.
: n
n1
1n
n1
. .
)sin(n x
:
n
n1
.
) :(Bertrand
0 1
n ln(n)
n 2
. 1 . 1
1 1 .
-1 :
-1-1 : ) ( ) (
) ( . n f n
f n ) ( f n .
fn
) x I ; x f n ( x n f n
-2-1 : ) ( f n x
f n (x) . f ) f ( x) lim f n ( x ) ( f n
n
.
x 0 N
n N f n ( x) f ( x) :
:
: N x
) ( f n f) . f ) ( f n(
: N ) ( f n
f) . f ) ( f n(
-2
-1-2 : ) ( f n ) ( .
) f n (x
S n
) S n ( x ) f 0 ( x ) f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) ... f n ( x x I
.
) lim S n ( x) f ( x
n
) . f ( x) f n ( x S n f
n
n 0
) ( f n f.
S n f
) ( f n f .
2-2 :
:1 f n ) (
f .
:2
] ) [ a , b ( ] [ a , b
. x ] [ a , b
:
x
f
(
t
)
dt
a n0 n n0 a f n (t ) dt
.
x
:3
] ) [ a , b (
f
n
] [ a , b
( x0 [a, b] ) x0 ) ( x0
f n ] [ a , b
. x ] [ a , b:
d
d f n ( x)
f
x
(
)
n
dx n0
dx
n 0
.
4
-
: un an z n an z

a z
n
:
n
-1 : z
a z
n
n
f ( z) an z . 3
n0
.
-2 : .
a n 1

an
lim . . :
a n 1 z n 1
z
an z n
. lim = 0 z
1
. 0 z
a
lim n 1 z 0 .
n a
n
z .
) : (.
( R 0 ) R :

z R
a z
n
z R
R [ ] R , R . R
. R = 1/ .
-3 ) ( : x [) ] R , R (
n
f ( x) an x:
n0
- ) f ( x [ ] R , R
. [ x ] R , R:
f
(
x
)
n an x n1
n 1
f ( x) n (n 1) a x n2
n2
.
- f [ ) ] r , r ( r R
an ) . (.
- :
.
) : (
1 x n 1 ( 1)( 2) ... ( n 1 x n
!n
n 1
n 1
x
n 1
ln(1 x) (1) n
n 0
x [ ] 1, 1 .( x 1 ) . x
:
xn
(exp
)
x
! n 0 n
x 2 n1
sinh( x)
!n 0 2 n 1
x 2n
cosh( x)
!n 0 2 n
x 2 n1
sin( x) (1) n
!2n 1
n 0
2n
cos( x) (1) n x
!2n
n 0
-1 :
f ] ) [ a , b ( ... t2 t1 t n
f ] [ a , b
) :
( a t1 t 2 ... t n b
b
t2
t1
tn
t1
f (t ) dt f (t ) dt f (t ) dt ... f (t ) dt
-2 [ : [ a ,
-1-2 : f [ [ a ,
b
f (t ) dt lim f (t ) dt ) . f (t ) dt
b
a
a
b a (.:
b
f (t ) dt lim f (t ) dt
b
-2-2 f :
- : f g [ [ a ,
t a t . f ( t ) g ( t ) :
:
f (t ) dt
g (t ) dt
g (t ) dt
f (t ) dt
- : f g [ [ a ,
:
f (t ) g (t ) 1 (t )
lim (t ) 0
t
. f ~ g : f g
) ( .
-3-2 :
- :
f (t ) dt
f (t ) dt
f (t ) dt
f (t ) dt
.
- : [ [ a ,
. .
-4-2 :
exp( p t ) dt
p 0
dx
-3 ] : ] , a
. t u
[ [ a , .
-4
] ]a , b
[[ a , b
b
f a b
f (t ) dt
a
( . .
-1-4:
: b ) lim f (t .
t b
f ] [ a , c [ [a , b b
b
f (t ) dt
c b
f (t ) dt
.
: ) a ) lim f (t (
t a
:
b
c
c a
:
c
a
c b
-2-4 :
b
a b . f (t ) dt
a
-3-4 :
dt
dt
) . (
b t
) . b a(.
ln( t ) dt .
0

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f (t ) cos pt a0 cos pt (an cos nt bn sin nt ) cos pt

f (t ) sin pt a0 sin pt (an cos nt bn sin nt) sin pt

f (t ) cos nt dt f (u 2 ) cos ( nu 2 n ) du f (u ) cos nu du

f (t ) cos nt dt f (u ) cos nu du f (t ) cos nt dt

f (t ) cos(n t ) i sin (n t )dt

) f (t ) (Cn,1 i Cn, 2 ) exp(in t

lim f (t ) lim exp(t )

lim f (t ) lim exp( t ) 1

g (t ) a02 an2 cos 2 n t bn2 sin 2 n t 2a0 an cos n t bn sin n t

2ai b j cos i t . sin j t 2bi b j sin i t . sin j t

2ai b j cos i t . cos j t

2ai a j cos i t cos j t dt

an2 bn2 an2 bn2

) (2) sin (2 T ) sin (T

sin (2 t ) dt sin( 2 2 ) sin ( 2 ) 0

) sin( t exp(i t ) exp(i t ) / 2i :

1 exp[i (1 n)t ] exp[i(1 n)t ]

) f 2 lim f (t ) lim (0) 0 (.

lim f (t ) lim cos(t ) 1

exp[ i ( 2 p 1) ] cos[( 2 p 1) ] i sin[( 2 p 1) ] 1

exp(i n t ) cos(t )dt

exp(2i p t ) exp(i(2 p 2)t )dt

1 exp(2i p t ) exp[i (2 p 2)t ]

exp[i(1 2 p)t ] exp[i(1 2 p)t ]dt

1 exp[i (1 2 p )t ] exp[i (1 2 p)t ]

1 cos[(1 2 p)t ] i sin[(1 2 p)t ] cos[(1 2 p )t ] i sin[(1 2 p )t ]

1 isin[(1 2 p)3 / 2] sin[(1 2 p) / 2] isin[(1 2 p)3 / 2] sin[(1 2 p) / 2]

1 2i cos[(1 2 p ) ] sin[(1 2 p) / 2] 2i cos[(1 2 p) ] sin[(1 2 p ) / 2]

cos[(n 1)t ] cos[(n 1)t ]

sin (n 1)t sin (n 1)t dt

cos[(n 1)t ] cos[(n 1)t ]dt

1 sin[( n 1)t ] sin[( n 1)t ]

exp(i T )exp(i T ) exp(i T )

exp( i t ) cos( t ) i sin( t ) : ) cos( t ) exp( i t .

S p (t ) Re ei t e3i t e5 i t ... e( 2 p1)i t

min max ave Q p

) P1 a02 (a12 a32 . P1

: sin(t ) e i t e i t /(2 i ) E0 t h ( t ) sin( t ) U ( t )

exp[(r p)t ] dt exp[(b p)t ] exp(i c t ) dt

exp( i c t ) cos( c t ) i sin( c t ) cos 2 (c t ) sin 2 (c t ) 1 ] exp[( b p ) t

U (t ) exp(r t ) exp( p t ) dt exp(r t ) exp( p t ) dt

t exp[(r p)t ] dt r p t exp[(r p)t ]

lim exp[(r p) A] 0 ) . lim A exp[(r p) A] 0

- . Fn ( p ) (f n ) ( p ) lim t n exp( p t ) dt t n exp( p t ) dt

lim f (t ) g (t )exp( p t ) dt lim f (t )exp( p t ) dt lim g (t )exp( p t ) dt

. cos(t )U (t ) 2 exp(i t ) U (t ) exp(i t ) U (t ) :

exp( p ) f (u ) exp( p u ) du f (u ) exp( p u ) du

lim f (t ) exp( p t ) dt exp( p ) lim f (u ) exp( p u ) du

f (t ) exp( p t ) dt f (t ) exp( p t ) p f (t ) exp( p t ) dt

A lim f (t ) exp( pA) .

lim p G ( p) lim ) lim p G ( p ) g (0 . lim G ( p ) 0

h(t ) h1 * h2 (t ) sin( u ) cos[ (t u )] du

) lim exp(t 2 p0t . t t 0

f (t ) exp( p0 t ) dt f (t ) exp( p0 t ) dt f (t ) exp( p0 t ) dt

f (t ) exp( p0 t ) dt f (t ) exp( p0 t ) dt lim

lim c exp(t ) lim c exp(t ) y (0) 0

lim c1 exp(t ) 1 lim c1 exp(t ) 1 y(0) 0

lim c2 exp(t ) lim c1 exp(t ) 1

y(0 ) lim exp(t ) 1,

)t y(t ) U (t ) U (t 1) exp(t ) U (t ) exp (t 1)U (t 1

lim y (t ) lim c exp(b t / a) c

lim y lim y y (0) 0

y ) y ( t ) z ( t ) exp( b t / a ) y(t ) f g (t ) exp(b t / a .