ant cONG TRUONG — con Cs TP. HCM BIENB6 CONG THUONG TRUONG DAI HOG CONG NGHIEP TP. HOM KHOA BIENYarny Hire Maen Chuting 1 KHAI NIEM VE DO LUGNG aw 1.1 KRATNIEM VE DO LUGNG ‘Bu luting 1a qué inh su sinh, dink luting gitta dai higng chua biSt (det Lung du wi Aaj lugng 43 dhije chudin hoe (dyi luang miu hoée dai tirang chuda), th fadng Ca nev thiet be vo wae hy thing dace Khen sito gran ste kel gud de ote dat luipng cin thet, Mee veg, cing m4 Ton rier oi Wi. mang thong tin ve Bit ca dai lugng do Ing Pree beasiag ele Ne thing x0 ade dink qué wind vatI¥ eva dn higu do Trang mdt qua ‘Fin vat ly ¢6 nhgu théng sé nhumng trong exBi aug hop cy thé , ta chi yuan tam dén mbt thong a8 ey thé. Bai hung do dutfe phin thank 2 leat 8 ali’ Aetingr Le thn alinh rr la? Facng do age ndcin , Dai lujog do tie dinh 1A dei bung do da biet wade cuy 1wst thay 485 theo thoi gian ci ching va dai lung do nga nhion ta dai hegng do ma sy thay dca eng khong theo guy lust nt inh Thee be ao ia wich bi ky tout dong af gia cong din higu mang thong Gin do thinh dig ign boi cho ngubi quan s8tThiét bi do gm ei 4 A ial. vate hagein oss eh tty. cto hang oy dow. erie te hee hit bis ele batty wir bp thing thing Ain che toarng. 12 BAILUGNG BO LUGNG Dus trén tin chi ee hin eda dgi hing do, ching te c6 thé phén dai lugng do hing ra ThA fa ogi cet bn Dai luge 60 bi lung RhOag din 121 Dai heyog ‘Doi lagng dig duge phan thank hai dang ~ Bai lugng dim tse ding ( setive) + Bal tng dim tha ding ¢ passive ) Dyilugng alga tée ddngHite niton vb ae Ceding Dai lung dign téc dGng Ja nbiing dai lung dign c6 sn nang Itgng dién nén khi do Ing cée dai lwong nay , ta khdng clin cung cép cung cp nang lugng cho mach do . Bai lugng dign téc dong nhu dai lugng din 4p, dong dién, cong sudt .. Trong tring hgp ning Iwyng cba dai lugng cin do qué ldn sé diye gidm bét cho phd ‘hgp vdi mach do . Vi dy dign 4p can do qué Ién , ta 06 thé sit dung cdu phan 4p dé cho phd hop véi od edfu do hay thong qua mot thiét bj khac dé gidm nhé ning litgng can do hod khi 9K R, 208, 2 4 2000 A D co" rp G 4K Re v) 2000 V| cr ‘Trong truding hop nang lung qué nhé thi duoc khuéch dai di 16n cho mach do cé thé hoat dong duge. Dai lugng di¢n thy dong Bai lugng dign thy dong 1a cée dai lugng khong mang nang ltgng dign . Vi vay khi do lu®ng céc dai Ivong logi nay , ta cn phai cung cp nguén nang lung dign cho mach do . Dai lugng dign thy dng nhu dign cdm,, dign tr8 , dign dung , hé cm... ‘Sau khi cung cap nang Itong dign cho céc dai lugng nay , cdc dai lung nay sé duge do lung dui dang dai lugng dién téc dng . Nhu vay cdc dai luting dign thy dong c6 sy eu hao nang lugng , cho nén phi c6 nhthg yéu cu riéng cho dai lung nay nhut :tiéu hao nang lugng ft , khi duige cung cp nang lugng dign , ban chit cila céttadai lugng dign nay khong thay d6i . Thi du : dong dign cung ofp cho dign tr cdin do c6 tri 86 Idn khién cho mot nhiét Iuong d6t néng dign trd Lam thay d6i ti so dign trd 1.22 Dai higng khong dign La dai higng khOng mang nang ligng dién , d6 1a dai lugng vat ly chdng han nhu ahigt d6 , Ie, Ap sudt , Anh sng, t6c d9.... Dé do wong cae dai luyng vat ly nay , ngudi ta c6 nhitng phudng phép va thiét bi do luting thich hgp dé chuyén adi cdc dai lugng khéng dién thanh dai long dién . Nhét la vdi hé th6ng ty dGng héa céng hién dai sé can nhiéu thong sf dé xu ly trong d6 cdc thong so khong dign cin xitly ngay cing nhiéu . Tuy ahién viee do céc dai lugng khong din thutng phite tap va rdi rac. Do dé , cn chuy€n 461 nhtng dai Iwgng khong dign thanh dai iugng ign dé phép do duge d& dang , thudn Idi . tin cy va chfnh xe dng thoi tang tinh ty dong. hog . Céich thite do nay da mé rng ky thuat do lung néi chung cho céc dai lvgng va khOngYhanng ign. Ning thiét bi bién 46i dai Iwong vat Iy sang dai lung din dude goi l& cm bign dién hoje chuyén ddi ma chiing ta sé dé cap dén 6 phan sau 1.3 CHUC NANG VA CACH SU DUNG THIET BT BO 131 Chife nang Cée thiét bj do c6 chic nang cung cp cho chiing ta két qua do cila dai Iuing dang ndo sat 132. Céch sit dyng thiet bj do Khi sit dung thigt bi do ta phdi chd § dé eéch thi va qui triah siv dung cia thigt bi do + Phai doc va dm hidu ky ac tinh, c&ch sit dung va qui tinh hoat dng cia thigt bj Go true khi cho thigt bj hoat ding + Cin chi ¥ dén tim do cia thigt bi + Khong dé cho may bij ede chin dng 4 Phdi chi § d&n ep chinh xée cla thigt bi 1.4 CHUAN HOA TRONG DO LUNG 1.4.1 Céip chudn héa Khi si dung thigt bi do lung, ching ta mong mud thiét bi do duge chuan hod (calip) V6i cae thi€t bi do luting chudn ( standard) . Vige chuidn hod thiét bj do lung duige xéc dinh theo 4 cflp nhu sau + Clip 1 “Chudn qué t€” ( International standard ) céc thigt bi do luting edp chudn quée t duige thy hign dinh chudn tgi Trung tam do luting qué t€ d&t tai Paris (Phap) . Cac thiét bj do luting cip 1 dug dinh ky kiém tra dénh gid theo tri sO do tuy€t d6i ela cée dom vi eo bin vat ly dugg hoi nghi qube tf vé do Iudng gidi thigu va chip nhén + Cap2 “Chuiin qué gia” cde thiét bj do Inong duge thyc hign dink chudn tai céc vign dinh chudn quéc gia. Céc thiét bi do lying ti cde vién dinh chudn qué gia 8 cfc quée gia khéc nhau trén thé gidi phi duige chudn hod theo chudn quéc t€ va cde thiét bj do Inting duye chudn héa tai céc vign dink chudt que gia + Ciip3. “Chin khu vue” Trong mot quéc gia co thé c6 nhiéu trung tam dinh chudn cho titg khu vye ( standard zone center ) . Céc thiét bj do luding tai cae trung tam nay dvgng nhién phai mang chudn qué gia. Nhttag thigt bi do luting duge dinh chudn tai cée trung tim dinh chuda nay sé mang chuén khu vye (standard zone ).Fike nite of de boing Nuc ta c6 3 chudn khu vue 18 trung tém do lung I ( Khu vye 1 8 HA gi), trung tam do Iudng 2 ( Khu vue 2 8 Mién Trung ) va trung tm do luting 3 (Khu vue 3.8 Tp. H6 Chi Minh ) (Cac thi€t bi do Iudng tai c& trung tam do luting , vign dinh chun quée gia thi phai duge chudn héa va mang tiéu chudn cp cao hda . Ching hen nhut , ce thiét bi tai phong thi nghiém phdi trang bj cdc thiét bi do cé tiéu chuén ving hoae tiéu chudn quéc gia . Cdn céc thiét bi tai vién dinh chudn quéc gia thi phai c6 chun quée tf. + Cap 4 “Chudn phong thi nghi¢m” Trong ting ku vye chudn hos sé 06 nhiing phong thf nghiém duc cong nhdn dé chudn hos céc thigt bi do duige «dang trong sn xudt cOng nghiép. Nhu v8y céc thiét bj duige chudin hod tai cée phong thi nghiém nay sé 06 chudn hod ca phong thi nghiém , Do 46 cfc thigt bi do hudng khi duge sin xudt ra due chun hod tai c&ip no thi sé mang tiéu chudin do luting cba efip 46 15 PHUONG PHAP BO LUONG Trong kj thudt do lung chiing ta c6 thé chia ra 2 phuong phip do luting mot céch t6ng quit : 4 Phuong phap do luting trye tiép + Phuong phap do lung gidn ip 1.5.1 Phuéng phap do lang try tiép Voi nhing phuéng phép do luOing truc tig , thiét bi do lugng sé cho ching ta bigt két ‘qui do trye tiép dai hong do , ma khong théng qua dgi lugng do nao khéc . Phutng phép do ludng tye tip may cho két qui nhanh tong chinh xée , tuy ahién khOng phai bat k) dai lutgng nao eiing cé thé ding phudng phép do lung tne tip duge vi khéng 06 dutyc nhitng thiét bi 6 thé cho biét ngay két qud do cia dai htgng do duoc ‘Thidy Trong mach do chi c6 Volt ké' va Ampere ké , ta khéng thé ding phutong phap do lubng trye tip 4€ do cOng sudt duge ma phii sit dung phudng phép do gin tiép 1.5.2. Phuong phép do Iuding glén tiép ‘rong phudng phép do luting gin tigp , dai lung do sé dutge biét két qui thong qua dai lugng do Khée , ma cdc thiét bj do sé do dai lugng do khéc nay bling phuting phép trec tip . Nhu véy gitta dai lugng cin do phai c6 sy tuong quan véi cdc dai Ivigng do khéc nay Thidu: Cong sudt 6 si tong quan véi dign ap va dong dign cho nén ding Volt KE hofe Ampe Ke a6 do cOng sufi bling phutng phép gidn tip. Hay mach do dign ud eta pu tdi , t 06 thé do ign dp va dong dign ti d6 suy ra dién trd cin doChong 7 Trong linh vyc do luting , céc dai lugng dign ding phudng phép do lung gin tigp bao gém nhttng phutdng phép sau Phuong phap do bién déi thing Phuong phap nay c6 cu tric theo kiéu bién 46i thang , khong c6 khau phan hdi ai lugng cin do X dugc difa qua cée khdu bién déi va chuyén thanh con si Ny , <43ng thdsi don vi cila dai tung do Xp cing duttc chuyén d6i thanh Ny , sau dé cde dai luong nay duge so sénh voi nhau ( thong qua b6 so sdnh SS). Qué tink due thyc hign bang mot Ny Nx phép chia y* x Kétqua do duge thé = S\ x Xe bling biéu thite sp }—| asp L“+{ ss [+ Nx N Xo Xe No N X =f X ° BD botin afi No ‘AID bo chuyén d6i ong ty 56 58 bo soséab Tu so a6 wen . ta thay qué trinh do 1a qué tinh bién déi thang . Thiét bij do sit dung trong cifu tric trén goi 1a thigt bj bin Adi thang Phudng phap so sinh x Nx _ BD /}—» AID cT BD ba bie X« ‘MD bs chuyén di omg cchuydin i 9S - wag UF SS” bi so sanh CT hign thi ket quit do DIA S048 mach c6 edu trie mach vong vi e6 khau phin hdi D/A . Tin higu edn do X duge so sénh v6i mot tin higu Xx ty 16 voi dai lugng mau Xo . Qua b9 so sinh , ta c6 X~ Xq= AX ‘Tay theo céch thie so sénh ma ta ed so sdnh can bing , so sinh khéng cn bing , so smh dng thiii hay so sénh khong déng thoi Phuong phép so sdnh cdn c6 tén goi khéc la phuiong phip wing quan . Khi ding phudng phép nay thiét bj do duc ding dé so snh dai htgng do va dai lugng mau , sau dé sé suy ra dai igng do. Tuy mhién , phudng phép nay dai hégng mau clin phdi e6 tri s6 chinh xae cao. Phuong phdp nay c6 thé dat dén 46 chinh xéc khé cao néu dai lvong mau va thiét bj chi thi e6 46 chinh xc cao tuy nbién qué trinh do thy hi€nkhéng duigc nhanh chéng va thao tée tuidng di phic tap -Fehr nites ob de bang Thi du : Do dign ap va dign wd bling phuong phdp thay thé nhu hinh vé Bang hé chi thj Volt va déng hé chi thi Ampere ding dé chi thi sy tong quan gitfa dai lugng va dai lugng miu, So sénh khong @éng théi La phuong phap do ma céc gid n tri do X duge thay bang dai htgng “ miu Xx . Cée gid tri do va gid ti mu Ss duge dua vao thiét bj do khOng cing thd gian , thong thuOng gid tri miu ‘aah doom dp Macho tn wo Xx duge difa vao Khe d6 true , sau 46 qua céc vach khie 46 dé xdc dinh gid tri dai lugng cn do . Thiét bj do theo phung phap aly 18 cée thiét bi dénh pid tryc tip nhu volt ké’, ampere ké chi thj kim (logi dng hé cd ) So sinh @éng thii La phuting phép so sénh cling mot dai luyng do X va dai lugng mau Xx . Khi hai dai lugng X va X« trong nhau , thong qua X« ta xdc dink duge gi tri dai lung cfin do X Day cling 1a phuong phép so sénh nhung & phutong phép nay dai luing miu va dai lugng cin do dutge thye trong cing m6t thdi gian . Thay vi lan Iugt so sanh nhu trong phuong php thay thé . Trong phuong phép nay khOng ddi héi b phn chi thj diém phai o6 46 nhay cao va chinh xéc cao nhutng ddi héi cdc phan tif trong mach c6 tri sO chinh xéc kh6ng thay i trong qua trinh do ‘Thi du ; Do dign 4p bing phuong phap bién trd ké , hode do dign trd , dién Ap , dign dung bing cdu can bang So sinh cn bling hoge phudng phdp “diém khong” La phép so sinh gita dei lung do X va dai Iuong miu sao cho AX=X-+Xq=0 hay X=Xq=NxXp (vdi Xy la don vido) Nhu vay Xx 18 mot dai lugng thay di sao cho ki gi tr] X thay di thi gid tri Xq cing thay ddi dé dim bdo AX =X -Xq_ lu6n bang khOng ( zero ) va phép do ludn cin bing BO chinh xée ella phép do phy thude vao d® chinh xéc cia Xx va d0 hay cia thigt bj chi thj can bling So sénh kh6ng cfin bing Nu Xq 18 dai lutgng khong d6i_, Ie 46 ta 06 X-Xq =AX — suyra, XEAK 4 Xx Két qua cia phép do due dénh gié qua AX ( vi Xx 18 dai lugng biét truée ) . phung phap nay dude sit dung dé do céc dai Iugng khong dign nhw nhiét 49 ( sit dung mach cdu khong can bing )Chang 1 Ngoai ahimg phuong phép do Iwong ké trén , hign nay ngudi ta sit dung may tinh 4€ xiflf cdc tinh higu digu khién hé thong ty dng , diéu khién ding phudng phap sé digital ) ‘Trong phuong phép s6 , céc tin higu cia cée dai lng do ludng [a nhiing tin hiéu c6 dang xung sé duige ma héa , vi vay trong phung phép nay edn ddi héi e6 46 bign 46i tin higu dign thé ho§c dong dién goi chung Ia tin higu twong ty (analog) sang tin hiéu sé (digital) Tém Iai cde phuong phép do lung néi trén cin phai dat duige nhitag yéu cu chung sau day : + Nhanh chéng + Thuan loi khi strdung, + Chinn xée cao + Thiét bj gon gang + Dat duye higu qué kinb (é cao, Thi set dang thitt b do bing ein pheié gaan tim dé ngugéin G hoot ding oc phuong php do. 1.5 SAISO TRONG BO LUONG Trong qué tink do , ta khéng thé trénh khdi ning sai sO nhur sai s6 xay ra trong ky thuat do lung , sai s6 may do nhiéu nguyén nhin vi thé do luting khong thé do duge tri so xde mOt céch tuyét d6i ma phi c6 sai s6. 1.5.1 Cée dang sai so Ta c6 thé phan loai sai s6 theo nhiéu phyong phép khéc nhau nhwt sau Nhifng sai s6 do nhiéu bude khdée nhau eda céch thife #§n hanh do lydng : + Sai sO do vige chudn hoa + Sai sd'do vige bin a6i dai Iwong do cho phi hop vdi mach do 4 Sai sCcia sitso sénh + Sai s6 cia sy quan sat ‘Nhing sai s6' theo nhiéu nguén khéc nhau + Sai sd phutng phép : do edch thie tign hanh do lung tao ra , hoc do nhiing hai nigm todn hoc vé théng s6 do ling céin gidi quyét , sai sO nay o6 thé hdc phuc dutge bing cach tién hanh nhiéu phuong phép khéc nhau . + Sai sé do thiét bi : do sy khdng chinh xéc cia thiét bi do . Neuyén nhdn gay ra do sy lam vige ciia mach do va su khéng én dinh cla phamtit trong mach do.+ + Tike nit ob do bang Sai sO do digu kign bén ngoai tac dong vao diéu kién do lung, Sai s6 do con ngubi thyc hign , o6 nhiing 16i kém khi do nhuf chon sai phucng phap do, doc két qua sai, ni dung sai. Sal sO theo diéu kién ma céch thifc tién hanh do lv@ng lam vige + Sai sO cin bain la sai so vén 6 cba dung cu do, do qué trinh ché tao dung cu ety ra hay do digu kign chung quanh cia moi trudng nh nhigt 46 49 am, nguén cung ed dién ... Sai sO phy : 1a sai s6 gy ra do phudng phép do khong chinh xéc hode do cé han ngudi sit dung dung cy gay ra . Sai sO nay sé ting lén khi didu kign do Iudng bat ddu tt tr s6 chudn Sai sO theo syf hogt dng cia nhifng dai Ivgng cfin do trong khoiing thdi gian do lung + + + ‘Sai s6'tinh : khi dai lugng do kh6ng thay d6i theo thé gian Sai s6 giao thoi (qué d} ) : nhtng dai lugng dot bign thay 46i theo thdi gian tg0 ra sai s& giao thdi. Sai sO dong : khi dai Ivong do thay déi theo thdi gian , trong sudt qué tinh do Ing , sai s6 dng sé xdy ra phu thuge vio dap ting ea thiét bi do d6i v6i dai lung thay déi . Néu tdn s6 cia dai lugng do vuigt qué tan 56 dp ting cla thiét bi do sé tao nén sai s6 dong cang In . ‘Theo hinh thie ma hé thding xdy ra sai sO C6 hai hinh thie sai s6 xdy ra + Sai sO hé théng : sai sO duge duy ti 6 két. qua do luting , khi sy do lvdng duige 1gp di lap lai trong cing mét diéu kign .lam vige . Sai sé nay c6 thé do dung cu do, do vige dinh cho cdu thang do, do aph hudng cla méi (rung nh nbigt d6, a6 dm, tir trudng hod dign trong nhigu Sai sO ngdu nhién : sai sO nay hodn ton khaéc han sai s6/hé théng , khi sy do luting duge lép di 14p lai thi tr 56 sai sé nay Iai khdc nhau . Mudn tinh toan sai sO ngdu nhién nay thi phdi ding dén If thuyét xdc sud va thong ké . 15.2 Sai sé trong kj thugt do Sau khi due xudt xu8ng ché tao, thiét bi do luting s& duce kiém nghiém chit ugng, duige chun hod theo edlp twung ting va sé duge phong kiém nghiém dinh cho cap chinh xéc sau khi duge xc dinh sai sO cho titag tm do ca thiét bj . Do &6 hi sit dung thiét bi do Iu@ng, ching ta nén quan tim dén edfp chinh xdc cia thiét bi do duge ghi trén thiét bi do Chit lugng thiét bj do duige dénh gid thong qua eéc tiéu chudn nhut d6 nhay , 46 chinh xéc, kha nang qu tdi...hang BO chinh xe Nguyen nhan chinh cia st sai s6 1a do mite 49 chinh xéc ella thi€t bi do . Sv'sa sé nay 201 A sai sO chinh . Ngoai sai s® chinh , cn o6 cfc sai s6 khée do khéch quan nhut nhigt 46, mi truting thay d6i , 46 dim , tir trating M64 dai lugng 66 tj s6 tht IA Neg, . Tri 86 do due 1A Xs thi 6 che sai sO 4 Sai sStuyet adi AX=|Xon- Xeo| 4 Sai sO twang a6 M99 = Moy, x ny BE dénh gid ¢6 chinh xéc cba mOt dung cy do , ngudi te quy dinh ra ci chinh xée Cp chinh xe cila dung cy do IA gid tri sai sO eve dai ma dung ci Nauti ta qui ude edip chinh xée eta dung cu do diing bling sai s6 wong d6i 4 do duge nha nuée qui dinh cu thé do me phai ji d6i cia dung AX (%) = “S™™ 100% Cn chink wie cite dung cx bes tre sé lan nhtt cho phi tink ther phan Coder cite sat sé oo Cdn so 0b6 try sb Cin nhl thang do ‘Theo tiéu chudn do dung cy c6 8 ep chinh xéc : 0,05 ~ 0,1 - 0.2 - 15.3 Céch tinh todn sai s6 Sai sO tuyét ai Teed 36 taget dese: bigu 86 git gid tri dai lugng do X va gid ti thye Xyge( 18 gid tri dai begng do xée dinh thong qua dung cy miu ) Sai s6 wy6t 461 duge dinh nghia bing biéu thie sau dy AX =|Xnge— Xe Xuy [8 tri s6 do duge do thiét bi do Xag tri sO that cia dai lvgng do Nhutng trong thye tf tr sai s6 wyét d6i khong xée dinh duge vi Xqs, khing thé xée dinh . Cho nén trong thc t& ching ta chi xéc din tr s6'gidi han dn nhait cia sai s6 tuyét a6 AX ma thoi -15-25-4 AX = | Xenat — Xao imax Do a6 8x < AX, She viy 8q duo get lie giti han sae sb cha dae liteing de Tidy: — MOt dign trd c6 tri s6 duve viet ahut sau : R= 200 = 20 Ohm °Fes nite ob le ting £20 Ohm c6 ¥ nghia a gidi han sai s6 tuyét d6% ca dign trd do due . Nén biéu dién sgi6i han sai s6 theo phn tram (% ) ‘Theo thi dy wén , ta c6 20_ AX (%)= 599 100 = 10% Sai s6 twong 461 Trong thy tf tri sO sai sO twong 46% tinh theo (%) thuding duye suy tir 9 chfnh xée hoge ep chinh xc eta thi€t bj do thuting dutge cho bai nh’ sin xudt va thuing dude ghi trén thigt bi do. See sé tong dees phi trim cia ty $6 gita sai s6 tayet 86 tung 461 duge x4c dinh theo biéu thie sau fi va gid tri thye . AX 100% x Sai sO tung d6i cia tm do ( hoc thang do ) D6i v4i thiét bi do c6 nhiéu tim do khéc nhau ngudi ta thudng ding sai so twong doi ca tim do . Sai s6 twong déi cia tim do duge xéc dinh nhu sau : AXia L: 1a tri s6 én nit eda tim do ju: MOt volt kE c6 tm do 0 ~ 150V tri so Aa cila Volt ké nay 18 IVS . Nhut vay sai so ‘wong di ella thm do nay 1a hoae 1% Néu trj sO thang do ti da 1a 100V thi sais tong d6i cia thang do nay 1a aa 1S bu L 7100 =0.015 hodc 1,5% Nhu vay néu Aa khéng Aéi trong tim do va tri s6 do thay ddi t thi khi s6 do cing nho thi sai sO twong d6i cang 16n . Cho nén thOng thu@ng Aa duge xac dinh theo tim do va do chinh xée tren thigt bi do. 10Charing f Thidu m@t thiét bi do c6 49 chinh xéc ld 1,5% va thang do la 0 — 150 V . Sai s6 twang dé cia tim do 1 Aa = 81x 150V = 1.5%x 150V = 2.25V ‘Vay gidi han sais eda tm do nay la 2V25 cba thiét bj do. Sai sf tuong d6i cia téng hai dai wong N&u 2 dai lugng 46 06 tinh chat dc 14p v6i nhau mdi dai lung e6 wi $6 sai sO wong A6i rigng bigt 5,, va Sy . Sai sO tuong d6i cia tdng 2 dai lwgng a va b duge xéc dinh Aas Ab Boas) = eb MA ba = a bee w= NR Be 3, ada bob Do a6 rush) = agb Sai sé tuong déi cia tich hai dai ligng NEw hai dgi lung dc lap vai nhau ma mBi dai luung c6 1 tr 36 sai sO wting di ring bigt thi sai sO twong Adi cia tfeh hai dai wong duge xée dink Bria.o) = Sea + Seb Tw biéu thite trén , ta c6 thé suy rong cho nhiéu dai lugng doc lap Bey = E Beat Sai sO quy din Sai s6 quy dn ( quy di) la ty 56 gita sai s6 tyt d6i vi gidi han 16n nhat cba thang do AX = cca D6 nhay Dé nhay cia dung cu do due xdc dinh theo biéu thitc sau ay x 7%) ‘Trong d6 , ¥ 1a dai lvgng ra (ign thi ) va X 18 dai lugng vao Dai lung C= Ia Wing Seba dung eu doHier nite ve bang N6i céch khée , 49 nhay biéu thj quan he géc lech phn dong khi v6 dong dién téc ong len ev edu do . DS chinh 1& dong dign nhd nhdt e6 kha ning lam léch kim chi thi . Bo hay thyc t€, duyc biéu dign theo tf s6Q/ V . Bdng hé cang nhay thi i so eang Ién Sai s'ngdu nhién Day 18 mot sai sO Khdng thé loai bé duge , ma phdi gidm thidu sai s6 nay bing KP thugt do luving tt nhét 1a phai phan tich bang If thayét xéc xudt . Trong ahiéu rudng bgp ning lung ngdu nhién o6 thé dign ta that tt dudi dang phan bS xéc xudt , cing vily do 46 ‘ma khi thyc hign do luting theo sy phan bé gi ma n6 twin theo . Sy phn bé nay thay déi ti thigt bi do nay dn thiét bj do khéc , phan Idn né tuan theo dung phan b6 chudn , edn goi la phan b6 Gauss. ‘Tri sO trung binh cia méi chudi quan sét trong diéu kign gidng nhau cia thiét bj do ZA, Weng Ag= Tri sO may duge xem nhu tri s6'c6 xe xudt l6n nhéit cia dai lugng do Sai s6 cba tri s may duige goi Id sai s@ ngZu nhién nay qui ty thi phan nia sO'luging do sé vugt qua tri sai s6 nay cdn phan nifa thi sé khéng vugt qua nd Sai s6 ngdu nhign nay dutge xdc dinh bai phuong tinh sau: 2 fiver ati M4, =2 3) nwt Trong ds sy khée bigt gift tr sO trung binh va tr sO do duge 4 mdi do la LeA~Ay V6ii= 12.0 Due goi 18 dO 1gch ngéu nhién hod sai sO thang dut( Residual error ) Sai sO ngdu nhién twong déi : AA bar ng 100% va gidi han cia sai s6 ngdu nhién due cho bdi : Lim AA, = 4.5AAy, Naling tri s6 do ndo vugt qué tj s6 gidi han nay , phai duigc loai bé . Do d6 két qui do 6 thé duge viet nhu sau : A=Aot AAy ‘hide : trong mét thi nghiém xéc djnh gid tri dign sted . Trong 8 lin do o6 két qué Id lust ahi sau : 2hang Ry = 116.2 Ry= 117.0 R= 1178 Ro= 1182 Ry=118.2 Re= 1181 R= 118.5 Ro= 1184 Gi tr rung binh ign e ...+R, py = BARE R. 178 Ohm D6 léch ngdu nhién ; Ry =-08 R, = 00 R= 04 Ry= 03 Lh=R;-Ro = 0.7 Ro = 0.6 Do d6 sai sO ngdu nhién eiia két qui do 2 +h? +h ARy = ARo = 0.19 =0.20 Ohm Gi6i han ofa sai s6 ngdu nhién niu sau R = Ro + Ry = 117.8 + 0.200hm Nhit vay két qua dui diéu kién da cho khong dude vugt qué 0.9 Ohm theo két qua do Vn thif ahdt Ry = 116.2 Q c6 I, = -1.6 Ohm khéng thé chp nhfn duge Pham vi thang do bé ddng hd c6 khd ning do duge cae dai htcing khéc nhau , phai cdn e6 nhiéu thang do khéc nhau . Thang do dude xem 1a phi hgp khi gid tr go duc hign thi trén déng ha khodng 2/3 khung do ( thang do ) 3Hike nto ob de lang 1.6 DON VJ BO - CHUAN - MAUDO. 1.6.1 Khai niém chung: Ban vi do la gid tri don vi tiéu chudn vé mot dai Iugng vé mét dai long do nao 46 due quéc t qui dinh ma méi quéc gia déu phi tuan thi). Trén thé gidi , ngudi ta dua ra nhiing don vi tigu chudin dutge goi Ia eée chudn Vidu Chuén Ohm quée t€ cia dign trd 1a dign trd ofa c6t thily ngdn c6 tiét dién Imm’ dai 106,300 cm 6 nhigt 46 0°C va e6 khdi lung 14,452.1 gam Chudn “ Ampere “ [a dong dign c6 thé gidi phOng 0,001.111.800 gam bac khoi dung dich nitrat trong thdi gian 1 gidy CAip chinh xéc cia cde chuéin nay khodng 0,001% ( 1/ 100,000 y 1.6.2 He thong don vi HG th6ng don vj bao gdm hai nhom Don veo ban Bute thé hign bing céc dom vj chudn v6i dO chinh x4c cao nhét ma Khoa hoc kj thud hign dai o6 thé thy hign duge Chudn ep 1 18 chuda dam bio tao ra nhitng dai lung e6 dan vj chinh xéc nhat cba mot qué gia Midu Chun don vi a6 dai mét ( m ) la quing dudng anh sing di due tong chin khong trong khodng th3i gian 1/ 299,792,458 gidy (CGPM lén tht 17 nim 1983 - COPM la tén vigt tit ing Phép cda Dai HGi Can Do Qué Té ) Chuan khdi lugng ( kg ) bing kh6i lvgng ca mau kilogam quéc té dat tai tung tim lu va clin que t& 4 Paris ( mde Php ) Chudin don vj thei gian ( gidy — second ) 1a khoding thi gian cia 9.192.631.770 chu ky phat xa , twong ting v6i thdi gian chuyén gia hai mite gin nhdt 8 trang thai co ban ca nguyén ti xesi 133 Chudn don vj dng dign (ampe ~ A ) 18 dong dign khéng 46i khi chay trong hai diy din thing , song song , dai v6 han , tiét dién tron nhé khOng dang ké , dat céch nhau 1 mét trong chin khéng , sé gay ra trén méi mét dai cla day mgt lye 2.10" Niuton (CGPM ida thi 9— 1948 ) Caudn don vj nhigt 6 ( Kenvin — K ) 6 1a nbigt d6 6 gid ur bing 1/ 273,16 phdn nhigt d6 dong cia diém thi ba cia nude (1a diém can bling cia 3 trang thai rén - lng va hi)thing 7 Chudn do don vi cuding dé anh séng ( Candela — Cd ) A cuding 46 anh sng theo mét phuong xc dinh cila m6t ngudn phat bic xa don s&e c6 tdn sf 540 x 10"? Hz va c6 cudng 46 bic xa theo phudng dé 1a 1/ 683 watt trén steradian (CGPM ladn tht 6 — 1979 ) Ban vj kéo theo La don vi o6 lién quan dén c4c don vi do co ban thé hign qua ede biéu thite yy (Ay Ngay nay , cde nue thifong sit dung hé thong don vj thong nhat d6 1a hé théing don vj quéc té SI 1a hé thdng da duge théng qua 6 h6i nghi quéc té nim 1960 . C6 7 dun vi co ban a “ u Vidy Theo djnh luat Ohm ta 06 biéu thie R =" tong tng voi dn vi (2 TEN DON VI.CO BAN KY HEU Mét ( do chidu dai ) M Kilogam ( do khdii gng ) Kg ‘Thi gian Giay ( second) Cuting a dong dign A Nhigt 6 K doin vi s6 luging vat chat Mol Cuting 49 nh sang ca Ngoai 7 don vj oo ban trén_, edn c6 cfc dan vj kéo theo trong linh vye ed , dign , ‘quang hoc va tir... C&C DALLUONG ‘TEN DON VI Ky nmbu 1, Cae dai lugng eo bin BO dai Met m Khoi lugng Kilogam ka ‘Thi gian Giay s Dong dign Ampere A Nhigt d6 Kelvin K So lusng vat chat Mol mol Cutting 6 anh sing candela ca Is2. Cée dai lugng eo hye Tée db Gia te Nang hing va cong Lye Cong susie Nang lugng 3. Che dai lugng dign Lung dign Dign dp , thé dign dong Cung d6 dign trading ign dung Bign td Dign ted rigng, He si dign m6i tuyet a6 4, ee dai lugng tit Tu thong Cam ting te Cuing d6 ty trvding Dign cim He s6 tt thm 5. Cée dai lugng quang Ludng anh sng Citing dé sang riéng BO chiéu sing Hike nite oe bing Mét trén gidy Mét trén gidy binh phudng Jun Niuton Watt Watt gidy Cublom Volt Volt én mét Fara Ohm Ohm mét Fara én mét Vebe Tesla Ampere trén mét Henri Henri wén mét Lumen Candela trén mét vudng Lux mis mis Vim 2 aM Fim wh Alm Him Im Calm? 6~Oweene CAU HOION TAP . Thé nao Ia tin higu do va dai lugng do ? cho vi dy minh hoa ? Phan bigt sy giding va khdc nhau gid tin hiéu do va dai lugng do ? Dai lugng do duge phdn loai nhu thé nao ? Cho vi dy minh hoa . Thiét bj do 1a gi ? Thiét bj do duge phén logi nhu thé nao ? Don vj do la gi? Thé nao 1a don vi tiéu chudn ? Phuong php do 1a gi ? Trinh bay céc loai phuong phép do? . C6 may loai sai sf? néu ¥ nghia ting logi sai s6 a6 7 Ben 7ueong Kieu Lato Chung 2 CAC CO CAU DO aw 21 CAU TAO CO CAU CHI THI 2.4.1 Khéinigm chung Dé biét tr sO do luting cia dai long do , ta cén c6 mot ed cu chi thj ket qué do hteing Déi véi cde thiét bi do o6 din , dé chi thi két qua , co cau chi thj sé mang kim chi th). kim chi thi sé di chuyén trén mit 6 vach d6 chia va s6 tay thuge vao vj tri ciia kim chi thi ma ching ta sé dude két qué do . Dung cu do tudng ty ( Analog ) 18 loai dung cu do ma sé chi ca dung cu ty Ié vi dai lugng do (18 dai lugng lién tue ) . Trong cdc dung cu do tudng ty, ngudi ta thudng ding céc chi thj cd dién , vi thé’ tin higu vao Ia dong dién hay dién 4p cdn tin higu ra 1 géc quay cla phan déng ( kim chi thi ) hode sy di chuyén cia bit ghi trén may ( dung cu ty ghi) . Nh@ng dung cu nay chinh Ia nhi¢ng dung cu do bin déi thing Céc dai Iugng céin do 1a nhitng dai Ivgng dién nh dong dién , dign 4p , tin sO. . . duge bién déi thanh géc quay cia phan déng nghia la bién 46i nang lugng dign thanh ning lugng co hoe a = f(x) trong dé x 1a dai tung dién , 0.18 g6c quay . Cdn d6i vdi co cfu cht thi cia céc thiét bi hign dai ngay nay ngudi ta ding led d€ chi thi két qua . Do d6 trong chong nay chiing ta s& trinh bay cdc loai ed edu chi thi 6 dién 2.1.2 Nguyén If lam viéc ciia cdc chi thi co di¢n Khi cho dong dign vao mt co edu chi thj eo dién , do tac déng ca tif trading lén phiin Ong ctia c¢ cfu do sé tg0 ra mét moment quay M, . Bd In cla nfotment nay 1 1é vai dé Idn cela dong dign dua vao co cu do: _aWe = da Trong dé W. 18 ning higng ti tuding e g6c quay phan dong ‘Néu ta dit vao tryc cita phén déng mdt 1d xo can , khi phén dng quay 1d xo bj xodn lai sinh ra moment cn Me . Moment nay tf 1é thugn vdi géc Iéch a va duge bidu dign bing biguthite Me =D .a 'Véi D la hé s6 phy thud vao kich thue va vat ligu ché tao 1d x0. Khi moment cdn bing moment quay , phan déng cila co cu do ditng lai 4 vj tri can bling Mg= Mcte on ede do Suy ra Phuong tinh trén 1a phuong tink dic tinh thang do . Ty phuong trinh trén , ta biét dude dac tinh ca thang do va tinh chat cba co cfu chi thi Vj tf can bing a, ¢6 thé xe dinh bing 46 thi nh hinh vé . Ung voi cée dong dign khée nhau ta e6 ede gée Ich khée nhau 2.1.3 Cac b§ phfn chinh va chi tiét chung eda cd céu chi thi co ‘Trye va try La b6 phan dim bio cho phan dong quay trén trye nh Khung day , 1d xo can , kim cht thi... Truc duge lam bang thép citng pha iridi hogc osimi c va c6 tiét dign tron c6 dung, kinh ti 0.8 dén 1.5 mm , dau truc hinh chép véi g6c dinh la y = 45°— 60° va dinh ban edu 06 ban kinh 0.05 — 0.3 mm , Tru 43 lam bing dé cing agat hay carbua rundum La xo phan khang La chi ti&t thuc hign hai nhiém vu: é2o me moment erin odin dong ditn wae Khang dig Ld xo duige ché tao bling dng berili hoac dng phét phat dé o6 dd dan hdi t6t va dé han , 16 xo duige ché tao than hinh xodn 6c . Lo x0 phéin king oy cana ve doy too Day cing va day treo Khi cin gidm moment cin 4€ ting d6 nhdy cla e¢ elu chi thi , ngui ta thay 10 x0 bing day cng hay day treo Dy cing va day treo Ia ede doan day phang , c6 thiét dign hinh chi nhat duige lam bang ding berili hogc déng phét phét . Moment phdn khéng cla day cing va day treo nhé 48 han ché ma sat.Chuvng 2 Kim chi thi Kim chi thi duge ché tao bling nhOm hay hyp kim nhom . V6i dung cy 6 cp chinh xéc cao , kim duge lam bang thiy tinh , hinh dang cla kim chi thi duge ché tao tuy theo ofp chinh xdc cia dyng cy do va vi tri dat dung cy dé quan sat. ‘Thang do Thang do 1a bo phan dé khde 49 c&c gid tri cia dai lung . C6 nhiéu loai thang do khéc nahau , tdy thuge vao effp chinh xéc va bin chat cia cd cfu chi thi . Thang do chung duge ch€ tgo tit nhém Id , trén mat e6 khe vach chia dO . Dé trénh sai s6 trong qué tinh do ten mit thang do ngw®i ta gdm thém " mat guong “ phan chiéu pha dudi va khi doc két qua do bat bude kim va bong cla kim do trénmat gudng phai trong nhau . Dac biét di vdi cdc dung cy lam vige cd ban dém va ban ngay , cdc s6 trén thang do duge ké bing chat phat quan ( da quang ) trong b6ng t61 . C6 nhiéu loai thang do khée mhau , ty theo effp chah xée va ban chét ciia o¢ cifu do . Thong dung nbét 18 loai thang do 6 géc léch kim la + 45° -vé hai phia so vi tryc thang ditng nghia 1A c6 géc léch kim do la a = 90" BO phan can dju La b6 phn lam gidm qué trinh dao dong cila phan dong va xde dinh vi tri can bing. ‘ioe nhanh chéng . Can dju dufge phan thanh 2 loai : Can dju bling khong kh. + Can diu kiéu cdm ting tir. ‘Cn dju khong Khi c6 cfu tao nhu hinh vé , gm mot hop kin trong 06 Id nhém chuyéa Ong duge gn lign v6i truc quay . Khi phén dong cla co cfu chi thj chuyén d6ng , 1é nhom cchuyda dng theo tao nén lye can 1am gidm qué tinh dao dong . 2.1.4 Cong dung cila cde dyng cy do ( déng hé do ) ’ & Ampe ké (A) ding 48 do dong dign o6 cuding 46 1dn (> 1A). Miliampe ~ ké dng dé do dong dign e6 cuting 49 nhé ( < 1000mA ) Von ké (V_ hodc KV ) ding 4€ do dién 4p Milivén ~ ké (mV ) ding 4é do dign 4p milivon . Kilowat hoe watt ~ ké (KW hoe W ) ding dé do cong sudt sign nang ké (Wh hog KWh ) ding dé do dién nang tiéu thy 2.2 COCKUTUDIEN (D" ARSONVAL) 221 Chutgo B6 phén chi thi ding co cfu tit dién gém hai phan co bin : phan tinh va phin dong nha hinh vé treeEiko wo od do Phdn tinh Gém 6 nam chém vinh edu , mgch 1, eye tit va 10i s&t . Cac bO phan may hinh thanh mach ti kin . Gitta cue tit va 15: s&t c6 khe hd déu nhaw goj la khe hé lam viée . trong 46 66 khung quay chuyén déng . Dudng sifc qua khe hé lam viée hung tam tai moi diém , Trong. khe hd nay 06 46 tir cm B déu nhau tai moi diém. Ngodi ra , trong mach tircdn c6 Shunt tif ding dé diéu chinh tir thong qua khe hé lam vige Phan dong Gém 06 mét khung bang chi nhdm hinh chi nhat trén khung 6 quén day déng rat rnhd 8 0,03 - 0.2 mm ( cing ¢6 truting hgp khung quay khOng c6 Ii nh6m bén trong nhit ign nang ke’). Khung quay duge g&n vao tryc quay ( hode day cing hay day treo ) , true quay nay duge dat én hai diém tya trén va dudi ( @ hai dau truc ) Nhu vay khung quay difgc [a nhs truc quay nén chiing ta goi khung nay 1a khung quay Ghai du wén va dudi cla khung quay cdn gén chat vo 2 1d xo xodn cé nhigm vy din dong dign vao khung quay . Khung quay duigc d&t trong t truding tao ra béi hai cute cla nam chim Vinh citu . Bé lam ting anh bufdng cia tt trating 46; voi khung quay ngudi ta dat mot Joi sft non hin try bén trong long cia khung quay di chuyén trong ke hd ca khong khi git Joi sft non va 2 eye cia nam cham , khe hd nay thudng rét hep. Kim chi thi dufgc gin chat vio truc quay cia khung quay , cho nén khi Khung quay di chuyn thi kim chi thi sé di chuyén twong ting . ‘Trong cd cfu do ty dign , chit Igng nam cham vinh citu anh hudng rét Ion dén 46 chinh xéc cia dyng cy do. Do 46 , yéu cdu d6i véi nam chim vinh cifu Ia tao t cém B lin trong khe hd 1am viéc , én dinh theo thdi gian vA nhigt 46 . Tri s6 tir cém B cang Ién thi ‘moment quay tgo ra cang In nén d9 nhay cia od cau do cang cad #8 it bj anh huding ella tir truting ngodi . 2.2.2 Nguyén Iy lam vie Sy lam vige cia khung quay Khi o6 dong dign chay qua khung day , dudi téc dung tir truging cila nam cham vinh eitu hung quay léch mot géc da . Moment quay tao ra duge xe dinh theo biéu thite aw, Ma= "Ga W, ti Ié véi d® 16n ea tiy thong ® trong khe hd lam vige va dong dign I chay trong khung day W. =0.1Charny 2 Mi @ =BSWa Trong d6 B16 tit cém eéa nam chim vinb eitu S— dign tich khung day Ws vong day quifn trén khung day @ — g6c Ich cia khung day so véi vi tri ban dau (Cée gié tri tén 1a hing s6 ( const ) khi khung day quay Ta c6 thé viet Iai biéu thetc trén nhu sau d(@I) __d(BSWIa) My ag = da M, = BSWI Dos M, = Kyl Khi cin bing , moment quay bing voi moment ein M, = Me BSWI= Da BSWI Suy ra a= oy) ‘Ta nhan thy B, S, W, D la nhitng hing sO nén géc quay khung day tf Ié be nhat voi dong diga 1. 4 d oO nhay cia oo edu do duge xée dinh bing biéu thie sau $= “Gr Nghia la d6 nhay dong dign wong tng véi sy bign thién g6c quay khi c6 sy bigh thién ding dign qua khung diy . Trong thye t€ ngudi ta thuGng ding ti s6 dong din t6i da hay edn goi Ia dong dién eve gi RMS ma kim chi thj léch t6i da hay lech hét Khung do (FSD = Full Scale Deviation) dé dye trig 46 mhay cia co cfu DG nhdy cling In khi Iga, cng nhé vi gée quay cia kim chi thi la khéng déi ( vao khodng 105° ) Do 46 muén tang 49 nhdy , ta tang gid tri K, (nghfa la tang cdm dng tir B hay ting dign tich khung day hode ting s6 vong day quia trén khung day ) Theo bin thie x4c din d6 nhay S cia co effu duge xée dinh Kp _ 50. Ke ~ 50Yode oot ota lo Thi DO nhay cila co céfu chi thj 14 50 micro ampe nghia 18 dng dign i da qua eg effu chi Ich t6i da qua eo eu chi thi 18 50 micro ampe nhit vay dong dign 1dn nhit qua co cu 06 tr] sé cang nhé thi co cu cang nhdy . + Cocdu do tir dign con ding 4é lam chi thi trong c4c mach do cée dai luong khéng 4 Dang dé ché tao ede dung cy do dign tit tong ty nhut volt ké dign wt, tdn sO dign tit, pha ké dign wh... 4 Két hop vdi céc b6 bién adi nhu cau chinh uu , cim biEn , cap nhigt dé c6 thé do ce dai Itong xoay chiéu ( ding va 4p xoay chiéu ) 23 COCAUDIEN TU Co cfu do dign ty con dude goi 1a ed edu e6 migng sAt di dong ( Moving Iron ) 2.3.1 Cau tao co edu do dign ti Co edlu do dign tiyc6 hai logi 18 Logi hit va loai dy Co cfu do dign tit logi hit Gém 06 cugn day o8 dinh , migng sét di dong trong ving tir ruding do cugn day tao ra khi o6 dong dién chay qua cudn day . Néu ti trung tgo ra cang Idn thi ming sit cng bj hit manh vao va kim chi thi c&ng bj Iéch nhiéu . Dé cén bling lve hiit, ta gén thém Id xo kiém soét d6i khang lai . Khi khéng 06 dong dién chay qua cugn day , tit tru@ing s& khdng cdn nén kim chi thi sé trd vé vj trf cn bing ban ddu ‘Sy chuyén d6ng cia kim chi thj cing duge gm dé lam dju , b6 phn dém gdm mot lé nh6m gdn chat véi kim chi thj di chuyén trong budng duige che kin Co clu do dign tif loai lye dy Gém 6 hai migng s&t di dong duge gin chat voi truc quay , cdn ming sft o6 dinh duige gén vai vch trong cla ndng cudn day . Khi c6 dong din chay qua sé t héa 2 migng st e6 cing cue tinh cho nén 2 migng sft sé ddy nhau , khi d6 migng st di dong sé di chuyén Nguyén If 1am vie Co cau dign iy 18 Joai lye hut va dy c6 cing nguyén ly 1am vige Khi cho dong dién chay qua cugn day, cugn day td thanh nam cham dién va trong cugn day xudt hién moment quay dude xée dinh theo biéu thc 6Chaong 2 ow, Me=" da Nang lugng tt rung tich iy trong cugn day duge xée dinh theo bigu thie 1 tie Wa= Lt Trong a6 L la dign cdm cia cudn day Ti trudag trong long cudn day s6 tit hod céc If thép. Sy phan eye cdc lé thép tao thank nhitng nam cham cing cue o6 tée dung ddy 14 thép dng. Lye nay lam quay 14 thép di dong quan trye Khi 14 thép bj hut vao cudn day sé tn hao mOt nang ong tf trudng 1 dW, , nding lugng nay duge chuyén thanh cd nang téc dung lén 1d thép M,.da Tacé dW, 1 aL Suy ra Do ds Khi kim 3 vj ut cn bling, moment quay bang véi moment phdn khéng My = Myx K,P=Kya. Kp Ha a r 7 Ko a=K.P Pilg gbe guay UG obi biak phieng dang din. Ln db, thang do eit ce cde ibe Kita dite ti ob ote wach chee khang dia ahaw 2.3.2 Dae diém cita cd cfu do dign tit ‘Tw bidu thifc trén , ta o6 mét sO nhén xét sau + Géc quay & cia kung day ty 1é véi binh phutong dong dign va khéng phy thude vao chiéu dong dign nén cd cu do dign tiv 6 thé do dai Iugng dong dign va dién 4p mét chiéu va xoay chiéu c6 tin sé lén d&n 10.000 Hz ( 10kHz )ete oo ode lo + Do géc quay khung day 1 Ig binh phuoing vai dong dign nén thang do chia vach dL. khong déu va phu thude vao tf sO“ ( day la dai luong phi tay€n ) . Thuc té, aL. ‘gui (a tinh ton sao cho g6c Igch & cia khung dy thay di thoy s6yo> thay ‘Adi theo qui uat ngudc véi binh phuong ddng dign . Nghia la ta phai tinh todn va Iya chon kich thuéc , hinh dang Idi dng ciia mach tif va vj tri dit cugn diy cho pha hgp Dé can diu , co cfu do din ty thutng sit dung khong khi hode cdm tng. 24 CO CAU DO DILN DONG La cd cu do phéi hgp giita od cfu do ti dién ( khung quay mang kim chi thi ) va c¥ cau do dign ti ( cugn day c6 dinh tao ti trung cho khung quay ) 24.1 CAlu tao ed edu do dign dong Phin tinh gém cugn day due chia thank 2 cugn day n6i tip nhau dé tgo ra ti teving Khi 06 dong dién chay qua cudn day . Hai cudn day dutge dat céch nhau mét khong 4é cud day dong nim trong khodng may va chju dnh hung cla tir truging do cugn day day tinh tao ra Phan dong gém mot khung day dat trong Kin Tong cun day tinh . Khung day dude g&n vi trac quay , true quay 6 gn 19 xo cn dju va kim chi Guy, thj Trae quay duge dat xuyén qua khe hd khoing es jah an khdng ella eugn day tinh . RO ee ‘siding Phan dng va phan tinh duige duige boc kin bing mang chdn d@ tanh anh hung cia Ww tring ngodi lam sai léch gid tr do . . ‘Thong thudng cudn day di dong khong ¢6 16% st non ( nhu d co edu tir dign ) ma 1a 16k khong khi cho nén trénh duige hién twong tt tré va dong dién xofy . Khi dutge sit dung dé do ding dign xoay chiéu cudn day phdn tinh va phdn d6ng duige néi voi nha nhut thé nao thi phy thuge vao sy sif dung cla ed edu do . Co cfu do kiéu dién ding duge sit dung 4é lam ampe kE, Volt kE hoe Watt k6. 24.2 Nguyén If lim vide Khi c6 dng dign chay qua cudn day tinh , trong long eudn day tinh xuat hige tir tating » ti trading nay téc dong lén dng dign chay trong khung day ( cudn day dng ) Gita cde cudn day sé 06 lye tée dng tung hd tao nén moment quay lam cho cua dy dong quay di mot gée a. Khi e6 dong dign mt chiéu di vao cudn day finhChang 2 Moment quay duge x4c dinh theo biéu thite dW, dM, Mae “da Toda M=K,.heb N& L=h=I thi M,=k,.P G vj tri can b&ng moment quay bling vdi moment cn . Ta 06 dng thife sau My = Myx oM, dan hh =D.0 1 aM, Sura @ => “gg hh Khi dong dién xoay chiéu di vio cupn diy tinh Moment quay duge xe dinh theo biéu thite aw, _ aM, We My Me="aa = da th ‘Do cé quén tinh nén phén déngkh6ng kip thay 44i theo gid tri tife thdi . Cho nén , trén thy té ngudi ta ly gid tri trung binh trong mt chu kj tuoing ting véi gid tri hiéu dung RMS Ls Tach Mg=7y J Madt aM, Suyra My= “ic hh cosp My= Ky. Lr. I. e089 Voi @ lA géc lech pha gitta hai dong dién , v2 G vitri cin bing moment quay bing vdi moment cin . Ta c6 ding thife sau aM, “Ga” ih cosp=D.a 1 Mn Sure a =) gg Nheosp Nang lugng ti truding trong 2 cugn day phan tinh va phin dong 1a : Le +t L,J2+MI, ly 9Gabe cot oe ho M Ia hé s6 twong hd gia 2 cudn day phdn tinh va phdn dong thay 4éi theo vi tri cla cugn day phan dong déi v6i cudn day phan tinh ufc thay di theo g6c quay « 6 bign thién dW, 1A: dWy=M,. da. 24,3 Dic diém cia co edu do kiéu dign dong Co clu do dién dong c6 wu va nhuge diém cia c¢ cfu do ti dign va cd alu do ign tir Uu diém cua co cfu do kiéu dién dong + Co calu do kidu dign déng c6 thé sit dung dé do dién mot chiéu va xoay chiéu Moment quay M, 1 1¢ voi gid tri higu dung dong dign va cose nén ta 66 thé sit dung eo cau do kiéu dién déng dé 1am watt ké ( do céng suat ) Nhuge diém cia cd cau do kiéu di¢n dong. 4 Co cdu do kigu dign déng tigu thy cong sudt nén chi thich hgp cho vige do cong suit 16n + Moment quay cia eo cfu do khOng Idn vi tir truting cita ban thin cudn day sink ra fh} va ti théng kép kin qua khong khi c6 ti trd I6n vi thé t6n hao ti nhiéu . Do 46.00 cfu do kidu dign dong bj Anh hung nhigu bai tt truding ngodi nén dé han 244 Ung dyng ciia ed cau do kiéu dign dong Co cflu do kidu dign dong dude sit dung dé ché tao cae ampe ké , volt ké , watt kE mot chiéu va xoay chiéu véi tin si cng nghiép . Déng hé do hé sé cong suat cos hay géc lech gitta céc pha. Khi sit dung trong mach xoay chiéu tin s6 cao , ta phai Idp thém mach bit tin 56 va cd cu do nay 06 thé do dutye 8 dai tin len dén 20 KH . Ngodi ra , ta cong c6 thé tao ra ti sOkE dign dong dé lam cos ke Buwg Chita quay cite vet edie de dita ding ( sit dite dong ) titeo vbe ink tnttee Ki fog! og vi dong divn dita 2ouy chita. Nhe vty kha hin whit the ote oo oda tej lick nyu Wlaphti hein dt ogo tink rita cutin dig dt Bins cht thi gag hatin 28 COCAU CAM UNG 25.1 Cau tao cd c&u do kiu cdm ting Gém hai phn chinh la phan dng va phdn tinh Phan tinh gém c6 hai cugn day quin trén mach tit ( Ii thép kj thuat ) dé tao ra nam chim dién . Khi c6 ding dign chay qua cde cudn day sé sinh ra Wt tring mée Copa diy 10Chuvng 2 vvong qua mach ti va qua phén dong . Sé lugng nam cham ft nhdt 1a 2 Phin déng 1a mét dia kim loai thuting lam bing nhOm gn vio truc quay va trén c6 mang kim chi thi 2.5.2 Nguyén If hoat dong Khi c6 dong dign I, va Iz chay qua, ti théng sinh ra sé cdm tng lén dia nhém lam cho trénn dia nhom xuat hign dong dién xody . Khi 2 cudn day ciia nam chém dign e6 ding dién xoay chiéu iy va ip 06 bién dO 1a I; va Idi qua hai cu6n day ca nam cham dign va chting lech pha mOt géc @ . Céc dong dign nay two ra tif thong ©, va ®2 c6 cing pha véi iy va iz . Nhu vay ©; ta0 ra sife dién dng cdm ting Ey’ va ©, ta ra Ey’ . Sifc dign dng cam ting E," lech pha 90° so v6i ©, va sd cam ting E>" lech pha 90° so vi © Trén dia nhOm , sdd c&m ing E,’ tao ra dng dign xody i"; ( ¢6 bien dO 1a 1") va sed cim tng E;’ go ra dong dign xody i’2 (c6 bién dé 1a Ty’ ) €6 ching pha véi site dign dong im ttag phat sinh ra dng dién xody nay . Cac dong dign xody nlim trong ti inting cila cée nam cham dign nén chiing sé téc dung tung hd ln nhaw , lam xuat ign céc luc tiv trén dia nhém va Ia xuat hién moment lam cho dia nhém quay Moment quay dude xdc dinh theo biéu thie My =C.f.0). sing Trong 46. C 1a bling s6 cia e¢ edu do kiéu cém dng Hay M, =K.U.Icosp =K.P ‘Moment phan khang ti 1@ v6i te d6 quay cia dia nhm Myu= K’.n ia nh6m quay déu khi moment quay cfn bing véi monent phan khéng My = My Hay K.P=K’.n K Suyra n= P K BE c6 due tit thong én cn phai c6 tif trd cia mach tir nhé , ngoai ra cdn phai chiv duge qué tai va chong Iai tt truéing nhiu bén ngoai . Hon nifa ching ta con ghi nhén nhi 49 cling anh hudng dén dién trd cia dong dién xody trén dia va cudn day . Do d6 cd edu nay cfing o6 sai sO do nhigt 46 Két nan + T6e 46 quay cia dia nhOm tilé vdi cng suat cia phy tai 4 hi M, >M,x dia _nhom quay nhanh uYate 00 wee 4 Khi My B6 bién déi tin higu |} ——>} B6 hién thi két qua (Cam bign : ding 48 bién déi cdc dai lugng kh6ng dién sang dai lugng dién . BO phan nay chi d cdc thiét bj do c&c dai Iugng trong céng nghiép Bo bign 4di tin higu : ding dé bign déi cdc dai lugng dién nhu dong dién , dién ap ign ted . . . cho phi hgp v6i bd hin thi két qud ( hign thi s6 ). BG nay gdm cé mach phan tim do , mach diéu chinh tng trd , mach khuéch dai tin hiéu do . Ngoai ra cnChung 2 popoeny oO i g v ' —| 2 3 eo i ' 3 i i z | mo 8 i i é Smet — T Ban phim ADC uy |__| —“srao ee wow 8232 May in BO NHS ico Hep cchuong trinh 28232 =| Bibu Khién BO nhé du ligu k lao Hep Higa Ti S232 rw) *|_man ninh )cau Chu 2 cau3 caus cau 5 Cau6 Cau7 caus Cau 9 Cau 10 cau 11 Cau 12 Cau 13 Cau 14 Cau 15 Cau 16 Cau 17 Cau 18 Cau 19 cau 20 Cau 21 Cau 22 te co ete do CAU HOION TAP Co cau hin thj bao gém nhitng bd phan nio? ‘Cong dung cia tng b6 phdn trong ed cau hign th ? Néu cdiu t20 0 cfu do ti dign ? ‘Trinh bay nguyén ly hoat dong cia co eau do tr dién ? Néu wu diém cia od edu do tit dign ? Neu nhuge diém cia eo cfu do ti dign ? Néu edu Wo ed effu do dign tir? ‘Trinh bay nguyen ly hoat dong cia co effu do dign tir? Néu wu diém cia ed edu do dign tit? Néu nhuge diém cia e¢ cifu do dign tit? Néu cu tao ed eau do dign dong ? ‘Trinh bay nguyen ly hoat dong cia cd effu do dign dong ? Néu tu diém cba og edu do dign dong ? Neu nhuyge diém cia ed cau do dign dng ? Néu cu tao ed eu do cdm itng ? ‘Trinh bay nguyén IY hoat dong ciia eo edu do cam ting ? Néu vu diém cia og célu do cém ting ? Néu nhuge diém cia e¢ céfu do cam ting ? So sénh wn va nhuge diém ciia ede ex edu do ? Gili thich cée ky higu ghi trén thigt bj do Néu tinh wu vigt ca o¥ cat do hin thi s6'so véi ed cfu do hién thi ed ? Vé so 8 khGi va gidi thich nguyen ly hoat dong ela he théng do lung dang s6?Chuong 3 DO DONG DIEN VA BIEN AP Ow 3.1. KHALNIEM: ‘Trong cic dai lugng dign , dai lvgng dong dign va dign 4p Ia ede dai Iugng co ban nhét Cho nén trong cOng nghiép cing niu trong cde nghién cffu khoa hoc , ngu8i ta luda quan tim dén céc phutong phép va thiét bj do dong dién Ta 6 thé do dong dign bing phuong php + Dotye tiép + Bo gisn tiép ‘+ Phuong phdp so sdnh (hay cin goi Ia phutong phap ba ) G phuong php do trye tigp , ta sit dung cde dung cu do dong dign nhw ampe ke miliampe ké hay microampe ké tay theo cifting 46 dong dign can do va gié tri do dude doc ley tigp trén dung cy do ‘Trong phuong phép do gidn tiép , ta do dign 4p roi én dién trd mau duc méc trong mach cin do dng dién . Thong qua tinh toin , ta s€ xc dinh duge dong dign cin do (4p dung dink 1ugt Obm ) G phuong phép so sénh , ta so sénh dong dign cdn do véi dong dién mu chinh xéc 6 trang thai cn bing cia dong dign edn do va dong dign miu , két qué dutge doc trén miu . Ta 06 thé sit dung phyvng phap so sénh tre tip va phutong php so sénh gin tigép 3.2, CAC DUNG CY BO DONG BIEN 3.21 Die diém c¢ cfu do Khi do dong dign , ta méc dung cy do n6i tiép véi mach dign cfin do . V1 thé ampe kE sé ldy mot phén nang Iugng ciia mach do , cho nén sé gay ra sai sO trong qué trinh do. Phin ‘ning litgng nay cdn goi la céng sudft tiéu thy cia ampe ké va duge tinh theo biéu thie Paty’. Ra Ti bigu thie én , ta nhdn thay cong sudt tiéu thy cia dung cu do cang nhé thi sai s6 cia phép do cng nhé nghia 1a dign trd cia od eu do cang nhs cing tt DEi voi cdc dung cy do ding dign xoay chia , do tan s6 anh huting d€a co edu do X_=2mfL la thanh phan 19 khéng cla co edu do. Cho nén ngudi ta thidt ké 00 cfu do lam vige 6 dai tan s6 nhiit dinh 4é dim bio céip chinh xéc cho ed cu dohung 3.2.2. Cie yéu cau ciia ed clu do Truée khi do + Kiém tra swan toan cho ngudi va thiét bj + Dim bio do tin cay cia mach edn do dong dign ‘Trong khi do + Chon thang do thich hgp + Digu chinh kim va que do ding vi tri ‘Sau khi do + Dénh gia két qua do duge + Tinh sai so 3.2.3 Céch tinh sai sé Mac ampe ké néi tiép vdi phy tdi nhu hinh vé Ke . EL T 1a dong ign qua phu tdi khi cha m&c ampe ké ( Le hi kos K ding ) r| | Ig 18 dong dign qua phy ti khi me ampe ké ( Khi 4 khoa K hd ) _ Ra Ib dign tr3 ngi ca ampe kE Ra dign trd eda phu tdi U_ 1a dign 4p ngudn cung effp cho mach dign Ta c6 Sai sO tuong 461 Vidy Tinh sai s6 ca phép do khi mic vao mach mot ampe ké c6 nGi ted 1B Ry = 50 2, dign Und tai c6 gi tj J 1kQ2 va didn dp dat vio mach dign [8 12 von Dong dign qua dign tr3 tdi khi khOa K d6ng ( kh6ng e6 ampe ké trong mach ) wa . i R 7 T0090 = 0.012 A= 12ma, nl |Ln dang dita vi dite ip Dong dign qua dign tr ki kh6a K m3 (c6 ampe ké trong mach) __u 2 A= RR ~ 1050 = 0.0114 A=11L4mA L 12-114 12 Sai sStwong di AS = 100% = 100% = 5% I 3.3 DO DONG BIEN MOT CHIRU 3.3.1 Dac diém Dé do dong dign mot chidu , ta o6 thé sit dung eo cfu do kiéu dign rr , tir dign hay dign dong. Thong thuing ta sif dung cd cfu do kiéu ti dign vi c6 a6 nhay cao lai tiéu thu nang long ft khoang 0.2 dén 0.4W va vach chia trén thang do déu nén dé doc Khung day cia ampe ké kiéu ty dién duge quan bang day ding c6 duding kinh ti 0.03 dén 0.2mm , sO vong day khodng 300 vong nén dong dign cho phép qua co cfu do tit 100A dén 20mA va dign tré cila co cu do khodng 209 dén 20002, 3.3.2 Phuong ph4p md rong thang do I in a te + gid tri cin do lén hon gidi han cho phép cita + cd cfu do , khi dé ta phai md rong thang do cho ampe ké , Phung ph4p phé bién 1a ding {Rs | dign td Shunt , dign trd Shunt thu@ng lam bling manganin mc song song véi cd edu do ( thiting dong dign di qua dién tr Shunt 1dn han ding dign i qua e¢ eu do rt nhigu ) Khi c6 dign trd Shunt trong mach do , dong dién phin nhénh vio Khung quay va dign ted shunt t18 nghich voi gia t7 dign tr3 cba ching . Dé thay di gidi han khung do cla ampe ké , ta thay 46i gid trj dign trd shunt . ta c6 thé diéu chinh gid trj dién trd shunt dé phd hgp cho ting gia tri dong dign cin do kL _R R As Rs Rah KTR. MY RS lw = nls Vido Mot ampe ké kidu ti dign c6 ndi tr3 Ry = 99 © va dong dign lam kim Ich t6i da 18 Lous mA . Tinh gid tri dng dign thye té néu gid tri dign trd shunt Ia Rs = 10. GiaCharny MM Dé han ché dong dién chay qua cd cu do , ta m&c song song véi cd eu do mot dign tr9 shunt Ry, Dign dp roi én o0 cfu do 1a Va Iq. Rn = 0.1mA 990 =9.9 mV Dong dign qua dign trd shunt 1& Na _ 9.9mv Iss RE = Ig = 8.9mA Dong dign qua ampe ké 1a Ty=Tq + Is=0.1mA +.9.9mA = 10 mA Céc Logi dign tré shunt 6 hai loai dign tr8 shunt + ign ted shunt gén trong + ign td shunt gn ngodi Lita tot shunt gia trong dige ché tgo dat trong ampe ké do dong dign ahd hon 30a Litem tod shand gain ngods Ve 66 phin dign trd gén ngodi di kem vi ampe ke bO dign trd shunt ngoai duge dat trong mot hép riéng dé dim bao diéu kign ta nhiét . Vai bo «ign 9 shunt gén ngoai ta o6 thé do dong dién c6 cudng dé tt vai ampe dén 10 kA. Shunt gn ngoai 06 4 cyc . 2 eve nbd con goi la cule &p gin vac ampe ké va 2 eye Ion edn goi ld exe dng du voi cue edn do dong dign . Khi sit dung , ta cn luu y ede eye ny trénh nhim in dé khOng Iam hut ed cfu do Dé c6 nhiéu cp do khéc nhau ( nhiéu thang do ) , ta c6 thé mac céc dién tré shunt ddc lip hay ni tigp . Bign tr8 shunt mac dc Idp nhw hinh 1 ( song song ) st dude sit dang hon dang dign trd shunt me néi tiép ( hinh 2) Déi v6i dign td shunt m&c ndi tiép , gid tri dign trd thanh phéin due xéc dinh theo bigu theeLo dong dita va dita ip a mk 7 Ks ‘Tinh todn dign tré shunt 4& md rng thang do Goi n la hé sO diéu chinh dong dign ( 18 ty s6 gitta dong dign tai va dong dign qua ampe ke) 1 R ne ba R, sy Ry Me vty dime ring thang do tn mie ditm ted shat ob gi trp ahi kon dia Oot oda ce ota le 6 nt) bin Vidy MOt 6 cau do 6 gi tri gidi hen do 1€ Ina, = I, = SOMA , dién tr’ nGi ella ed effu do la 30002. Tinh cde gis ti cia dién tr8 shunt dé c6 thang do 100A , ImA va 1OmA. Gidi 1g 6 digu chinh dong dign 3 ting thang do ting dng 18 _ak 100, Thang do 100A ny =p = = 2 1000 ‘Thang do ImA 30 = 20 10000 Thangdo mame = 120 ay Tang tte 06 34 DO DONG BIEN XOay CHIhU Dé do dong dign xoay chidu d tin sf cong nghiép , ta thudug dung cdc ampe ké dign tir, dign dong hay sat dign dongheiing Mh Dé do dong dign xoay chiéu d tin sO Am tin va o6 thé sit dung nhiéu cdp thang do hdc nhau , ta thing sit dung ampe vong t dién chinh Iu. Ampe nhigt dién duge ding dé do dong dién xoay chidu c6 tin s6 cao va siéu cao 34.1 Ampe ké dign tit Ampe kiéu dign ti duige ché tao dua trén co cifu do chi thj dign tir . Mdi co cau do duge ché tao véi s6 ampe vong IW nhét dinh + Oi véi cae c4 cau do 06 cugn day hinh xuyén thudng cé ampe ving la IW = 200 A.vong, + Di véi cugn day dep c6 ampe vong lA IW = 100+ 150 A.vong + Bi voi mach tir khép kin c6 ampe vong 1k IW = 50 + 1000 A.vong Ket lun Main nd rong thang do ota ampe bE dita te chi oda thay de sno oho IW = Wil, = Wal, = Wsls =...= Wal = const Vidy ‘M6t ampe ké dign tiv c6 TW = 300 A.vong ¢6 3 tdm do ( thang do ) la I va, = 10A . Xéc dinh s6 vong day 4 ting phn doan Gidi Taco IW=W, IA h=5A Wah = Wil; 100 A.vong Khi d6 ta xée dinh duge s6 vong 6 timg phan doan cho tig thang do 300 1 Gihang dol =1Alk W)= = 300 vong G thang dol,=SA1k W,=~~ = 60 vong 5 300 Gthangdol=10A 18 Wy= 779” = 30 vong. Ampe ké dign tir o6 nhiéu thang do duge ché'tgo bing céch chia cugn day Gah thanh nhigu phan doan bing nhaw , khi thay a6i cach ni ghép cde phan doan nay song song hay Gi tigp ta sé c6 cée thang do khée nhau Het ladn vbmpe Ké ditn tit cb nhiiu akét lic ba thang do vi khe tang sé lewng Mang do lin vite 0 tri mack chayén thang de sb phito tap Khong the Msc hitn diigoLo cong dita wi tien ip Muda do ote dong dein 0b ob try sé Khe nhan . ta st dung bitin dong de co viu do deve dein géin hen (si dang ampe him / Vidy ‘Mot ampe ké dign ti ¢6 2 thang do , ta chia cudn day Gnh thanh hai phn dogn bing haw & -Néunéi tigp 2 phan dogn nay ta sé duge dng dign la 1, + Néu diiu song song hai phdn doan nay ta s€ duge dng dign Ia 1 = 21, Vige mé rng tim do cho eo edu dign dng : me dign te shunt song song vi cubn dy di dOng (tting tw nu md rOng tém do cho ed ei tit dign) Nhy di trinh bay & trén , co edu din ti va dign dong déu hoat dng duge véi dang xoay chidu, Do 46 o6 thé ding cv cdfu nay uye tiép hoe md rong tam do dong ahut da a8 Gp 3 phan ten, Picag oe one tt elite Kh ang ta phid bikn bee dong NC third DC bag ech dang dae di chink tre dong din . 85 Wtgng, diode 66 thé 181 (niin ban KY ) 2 hose 4 diode (nn toan ky ) Dang dign qua diode noi ti€ véi ca cfu tr didn 1a dng dign xoay chigu da chinh Is thinh dong mét chiéu, ‘Tri trung binh ca dong dién chinh 1vu it fist $ Trax 6 Tok bs o Chin hay aang 1 ode 'Néu dong dign xoay chiéu e6 dang + Khi dé néu dong phuong php chinh imu bin ky ( ding 1 diode ) thi Teey = 0.3182 lug = 0.318 Lay =I, sinatharwg I + Néu ding phwong phap chinh Inu toan ky ( ding cdu diode ) th yyy = 0.636 2 Iha = 0.636 Imax 4 Trung hyp dong dign AC c6 dang batt KY thi Ins 66 tri sO phy thude vio dang va tin s6 cla tin higu BE md rOng t4m do cho cd cu do tir dién ta cding e6 thé sit dung dién tré shunt . Gid tii dign te3 Shunt duge xée dinh neu dong dign xoay chiéu e6 dang sin 1 a L ie Can a 1s(RMS) Ngoai vige sit dung dign tro shunt , ta con 6 thé mé rong tim do bang cach ding bién dong TI ( CT) . TI e6 so vong day cugn so cp W; rat ft ( thuting 18 1 vong ) so vdi 86 vong day cudn thi cip W2. Khi thay ddi sé vong. a day sé thay déi thang do theo ti sé we ‘Ta nh§n thay dong dign tdi ( dong dién so cdip ) 1; 66 gid tri In hon dong dign qua co cfu do ( dong dign thit dp ) rt mhiéu , thuting tt 25 dn hang tram ldnLo dong dita va dita dp Nguyen tée hogt dng eda CT (TT) Dufa trén hign tucng cdm tng dign tit, khi c6 ddng dign i, di qua cupn sot ep , Lam xudt hign tr thong bien thién tong mach , ti thong may moc vong qua cudn day th edp nén hai déu cudn day thet edp c6 site dién dong cdm tng Do cudn day thi cp cia TI kin mach nén 6 dng dign ia, dong dign nay pha hgp voi co eu do ‘Theo nguyen ly hoat dong cba bign dong, ta e6 tw how Do sv effp 6 W, = 1 vong nén a Wr CT thutting c6 cdc thong s@ sau : 50/5A , 100 /5A hay 250/5A. he Lou y hi do dong dita hay gum dling ot oda baa 9 din dong hii ding de rhen Mang ho thick hep (Mye=3 - Tin) 4b Hh se dang anpe kim mubn chuglan thin do pheir edn do. ampe him cht de dive dong voug chia Hh dang CV, taget de khisag det ht ovgoh thet od vt bie he dite ip 2 die mach thi olju cb thé rit ton gitg ngy Kiton che thitt Oj 8 ngurri sit ag. + Ladin bite an ton oho ngrtdive hit be. ba nin nbi ditt bie 6 oho CV tied Binur bh? mnegehe 34.2. Ampe kém a. Chife ning cia ampe kém Bé thudn tign cho vige do cu¥ng 46 dng dign Ién va han ché thao téc khi do, ngudi ta sit dung ampe kém . Day 1A mot dang két hgp dc biét cla co edu do véi bién dong CT Ampe kém l& thiét bj do dong dién rét tign Idi vi khi clin do dong dién chay qua mot diy din nao d6, ta khong cn ngt mach dign 48 m&e dung cy do vao nh cée logi ampe ké hic Mach tiy cla may bién dong trong ampe ké kém c6 thé déng md due nh mét chiée kém. Khi ciin do dong dig chay qua day din ( phy tdi ), ta cho day da vao mgch tt khép kin , day dn 6 dong dién cin do hic nay déng vai trd cudn day so cp cila may bién dong vi s6 Vong W, = Ivong . Trén mach tv ta mfe thém cugn thet ep W. vong , hai déu cudn thitep duige n6i v6i ed cfu doong Chife nang chinh eta ampe kém IA ding dé do dong dién xoay chigu tir 1A. dén 600A ho§e In hin ty theo hang ché tgo . Ngoai ra cdn c6 thém chic nang do dién 4p va dign tro nhu khéng chinh xAc vi hai chife nding nay chi la phy b. Cach sif dyng ampe kém ( dé do dong dign xoay chiéu ) Buéel Voc Iugng dong dign phu tdi va thang do lén nba eka ampe kém Buée2 Chon thang do thich hyp 6A ~ 15A ~ 60A ~ 150A hay 300A ( 600A ) bling ccéch chuyén gallet vé tém do thich hop Buée3 Tach ring day din can do dong dign chay qua ( day din dign an phu tai ) Buéc4 Bat day din vao trong mach ti cba ampe kém BuéeS Cap dign cho phy tdi Ras Cong suai tiéu hao trén volt ké Ry Dé cong suét tiéu hao trén volt ké nhé thi noi 08 ea volt ke phi rt dm ( 14m ho aP= ign trd tdi cang nhiéu cang t6t , t6t nat la 10 Lan ) Vidy e 35.1 MOt von ké e6 tm do SV due mie vo mach nh so d5 a. Tinh gid tr dign 4p wén dign tr Rp khi chita mde von ke vao mach b. Tinh gid ti dign dp tren dign ted Rp khi mde von ké vo iach (von ké 66 Ry = 100 KO ) Bigt hing Ry = 70 kQ va Ry = 50kQ. Khi chula m&e von k€ , ta 06 Ry _,, Soke RitRy ~'> TOKQ+ 5OKR Khi mfe von ké vio mach , ta 66 Ve Ry Ry = 100 KO /1 50 KO = 33.3 kA _p —RRy Nex Vm=E Ra Ryiy 7387 ¥00(2) So snh (1) va (2), ta nhén thay gid tri do nbd hon gid tr thye vi hic nay c6 noi ted ‘cia von ké tham gia vio mach lam cho gié tri ca phép do bj thay di Do di¢n dp mot chiéu Cée e¢ cfu do ty dign, dign tt, dign dong déu hoat dong vdi dong dign mot chiéu nén dutge ding 4€ ché tao volt kE mot chigu .Yhap Trong céc o¢ cifu do tr8n ,c0 eu do kiéu Wf dién duge sit dung nhiéu hdn c8 vi o6 d6 inh xéc cao va tiGu tn ft nding lng ( tn hao thp ) nhuing es clu nay c6 huge diém la n &p dinh mic khosing tt 50 mV dén 75mV . Cho n€n khi do dign 4p 16n hon gid tri din rife , ta phai méc thém din trd shunt ndi tip vai eo edu do Se 48 hinh ben sit dung mot dign trd shunt me n6i tig véi co ede do dé gidm diem 4p dat len es eu do c 1 7 Goi Ky 1a he s6'md rong thang do. Khi 46 ta c6 Katy Suyra U = KyUy hay (V) 1-12} I U _—— ov Bé tang tinh linh hogt cho ed cu do o6 thé do dutge & nhigu thang do , ta st dung b> 4ign tr8 shunt gém nhiéu dign tr8 shunt c6 gid tri Khéc nhau duge mie n6i tiép voi nhau hoe me dc lap véi nhau ne hinh ve 7 Dé han ch& sai sf trong qué tinh do , dign td shunt thudag duge ché tao bing manganin I& v8t iu ft thay d6i gid tr dign wd theo mhigt ¢6 Vidy Mot e6 cdfu do tr dign o6 dong dign eye dai cha khung do 1a 60mA , dign urd cba co cfu do [8 Ry = 100 Tinh gid dign trd shunnt g4n thém vao 48 khung do Iéch hét kim khi do ngudn dién ép 30V Gidi u Tass W= RGR Suy rabo dong ditn va dite ap Thay cde pid tr vo, ta duge Rs = 490.0 Nhe vay dé kim léch hét khung do khi do ngudn dign 30 V thi dign trd shunt cén méc them vao phai o6 gid ula Rs = 490.9 35.2 Bo dign ap xoay chiéu Dé do dign 4p xoay chiéu , ta _c6 thé sit dung co c&u do kidu tit dién , dign tv hay dién dng két hop 145 b6 chin Ie 1, Volt ké dign tit aT @--Eo = oe + vu - u Co efit do dign tit mac di d6 chinh xée khOng cao nhung gid thanh ha nén dude sit dung rag rli trong cOng nghiép . Do yéu cu dign td ndi cla ev edfu do phai Ion nén sO Ihigng ving day qué trén cudn tinh rét Ién tit 1000 dén 6000 ving voi c® day nbd ( do dong dign qua cudn day nay nhé ) é m@ rong thang do cho es efu do , ta sit dung dign tr8 shunt ( giGng abu! do dign 4p mot @-HO EF chiéu) Khi do dign dp xoay chiéu d tan $6 cao sé audi ign sai s6 do tin s6. BE khge phuc hign tong nay , ta gn e4e ty dign song song vei dién ttrede dign td shunt nh hinh ve vu. Ring di voi dign 4p In hon 600 V ta o6 thé sit dyng bien dp do lung TU ( VT ) ket hap vai cd eu do . Ta ding bién 4p do luting dé chuyén déi dign 4p cao thanh dién gp thip Vige st dung bign dp do luting TU c6 itu diém Ia dm bao an toan trong qué trinh do va tao ra dign ép phd hgp voi dign ép co cau do Nguyén If hoat déng cia big 4p do Iung TU ( VT) giting nhu'bign ding TI(CT ) Cty 2) 63, BLM Ku= U, ~ W es Hay U, = Ky.U; Khi biG gié tr Ur , ta s8 ade diah duge gid wi thye ela dign ép cin do ( Ky due ghi teen bign &p do ludng ) 13horny Xée dinh dién &p cba nguén dign ep cho phy tii , biét Ping dign dp hign thi tren eo cu do 1a SOV va ty 86 bién Ap do lvtng la Ky = 100 Tacé U; = Ky.Us = 100.50 = 5000V Nhu vay dign 4p nguén cung ep cho phy ti o6 gid ti 1a 5000V 2. Volt ké tiv dign Do eo ef do tir fet ign chi do duse dign ‘ ip m0t chiéu, vi thé gy 48 do dign ép xoay chigu bling co cfu do ga c ida ir dign ta. phi . chinh Iu dign dp 7 xoay chigu thanh dign mgt chiéu é han ché sai s6 , ngudi ta gn dign trd shunt vita o6 téc dung mé rong thang do vita 6 tée dung ba nhigt nén dign td R, due Im bing déng va R, dugc lam bing manganin con ty dign C ding dé bd sai s6 do tin s6 , ta cling o6 thé thay ty dign C bling cudn khang L shu hinh ve “Mach chinh lau o6 thé sit dung m6t diode , hai diode hay bn diode (cu diode ) yO H-O I4#- 5 Chin Iu ban ky Chinh Iuu toan ky 2diode —Chinh hu cdu diode ‘Trong mach chinh lu ding 2 diode , diode Dy due gin nguge eve dé trinh cho diode Di chiu dude dign 4p ngude 4 ban ky dm cia higu dign thé xoay chiéu (chi o6 ban ky dung cia dign 4p xoay chiéu qua ed edu do ) 3. Volt ké din dong Volt ké dign dong 66 eff tao twong ty nbut ampe ké dién dng , nhung sO vong day 3 cugn tinh nhiéu hon va o8 day nhé hon do volt ké cn dign tr3 ngi 1dn aé han ché sai s6 i“Lom dang ditn 0a dita tp trong qué tinh do. O elt Ae dn ding . rutin dig tink va curtn diy dling Fabn niin née Wp nhan X dy Phusag trinh dic tinh thang do cia e¢ cfu do dign dng cho volt ké duge viet nh sau Nghia [a =h= dMy2 dct ‘Voi Zy [a téng trd toan mach cia volt ké Nati ta o6 thé ché tao volt ké dign dng o6 nhigu thang do bing céch thay a6i cach cita cugn day tinh duge du song song véi nhau twang ting v6i gidi han do 150V 4 Khi khéa 3 vj trf 2, hai phan dogn A, va A; cla cudn day tinh duge dt ndi 1i€p vdi nhaw tung ting véi gidi han do 300V Cée ty dign C tao mach bi tan s6 cho volt ké 25.3 Do dign ap bing phuong phip so sinh 1. Ca's@ eda phuong phip so sinh Cée dung cy do tinh bay 3 trén sit dung es cfudo gy 7 cd din dé biéu din két qua do ( do tryc tiép ) vi vay cp chinh xéc ea dung cu khéng thé vugt qué cp chinh xée cilia chi thi , Mudn do ign 4p 06 a chinh xéc hdnm , ta sit dung phuong phép so sénh véi mu. Tie 1a so sénh dign ép cin do v6i dign 4p rai trén dign tro mu. Phuting. phdp nay con 6 tén goi khdc la phudng phép bd [Nguyen ly cd ban cia phufong phap duve m6 td tren so 48 Tacé Ug = 1.Rx ' Iu Rk ' i i Ug [a dign ap miu chinh xéc cao duige tao bdi ding dign I én dinh chay qua dign wo imu Rx khé chinh xée CT [a thiét bi us dOng phat hign sy chénh léch dign ap AU = Ux— Ux.Yoong Wh hi thu hign phép do , ta so sénh dign 4p cfn xée dinh Ux v6i dign dip miu Ux , nev ‘AU + Othita chinh con trugt D sa0 cho AU =0 , khi 6 ta dye két qui do duge khie trén ign ‘20 mfu theo thi nguyen dign ép 6 cée loxi dung cy ba dign 4p khée nhau , nhving nguyén ly chung van gidng nheu , ching chi Kade nhau d céch eh€ tgo dign 4p mu Ux 2, Dign thé ke mot chiéu dign trd ton Logi dign thé ké nay duye ché tao dya én nguyén tic gitt dng dign dn dink I= const Ki thay d6i dign trd Ry dé thay d6i Ux bd cho dign sp Ux 12 gid tr dién 4p cén do Bé dim bao 9 chinh xéc cao cho dign thé kE, ta phai thda man céc yeu edu sau + Dign wd miu c6 d6 chinh xdc cao (Phu thuge vio vat ligu ché tao , quy tinh cOng nghé ,thigi bi md) 4 Dong dign qua dign tré mau phai chinh xéc cao (Mach hop ly va nguén dign én dink ) + BO chi thi cdn bling di nhay 4é phat hign suf chénh Igch gida tin higu do va miu Mach dign thé k¢ mot chiéu 6 aién gém ‘hai bd phan chinh + 09 paga mde OY pada ao dong cdag bed BO phan 1a mach do BO phn t20 dng dign cdng téc gdm ngubn cung efp Up , dign tr didu chinb Rye ampe KE 4 do dong dign cing téc Ip va dign trd miu Rx o ign 4p edn do Ux, BO phin mach do gdm dign 4p ign thé chi sy oan bang gta Ux v2 Uk» apt phin ign rd miu RyLo dong din vi dita tp ign thé ké hoat dong nhutsau ‘Tniéc tién , ta xdc dinh gid tr) dong dign cng tac Ip nh ngudn dién Uy , diéa we 7] Ey=Unn= Ip. Ry (Rx yy Ex. _ 10186 7 May p= 9h =“ipigg = IMA Veo}, Bs iL CO dinh vi tf con trugt cba dign 13 Ro. 4 Gat khda K sang vj te (2~ 2°) dé do site dign dong Ex 4 Bigu chinh con tuge ca dién trd Ry cho dén khi dign ké G chi zero . Lic dé gid taj Ex duge xdc din la Re E By = Ung =Ucele. Ray By = 2Yoong Tron dign trd Rx , ngudi ta khie dé sin tong dng vdi gid tsi dign 4p . Ta chi viée doc gid tri trén dién trd Ry So dé dién thé ké kiéu nay chi do nhtng dign 4p 6 gid tr cO volt wd lén va chiu anh hit bai dign trd tip xtic 8 cde decac va cdc dign tb Rye , Rk 66 gid tri lin . Dé do dign dp 66 gid trj nbd ta ding dign thé ké dign tr3 nhd . Con mun do dgi Luong dign dp cao , ta sit dung cdu phin 4p dé gidm dign dp cho phd hgp v6i dign thé ké 3, Dign thé ké xoay chiéu Vénguyén tic digm thé ké xoay chidv cOng gidng nh dign ké thé mot chiéu , nghia La ding s0 sénh dign ép clin do véi dign 6p roi trén dign te miu khi c6 dng dign cong téc di qua C6 nhigu loai dign ké thé xoay chidu mbit dign ké thé xoay chi tga dO eve, dign kE thé xoay chigu toa dO vudng g6e . Sau day ta nghign edu sé d6 dign ké thé xoay chiéu toa a oye Trong dign ké thé nay , dign 4p céin do Ux ditge can bing voi dign gp trén dign ted R (xéc dinh bai cdc dign trd D, va D2 ) dong dién cng tic Ip duige xéc dinh nh ampe ké c6 d6 chinh xde cao, va diga td digu chin Rg; . BO digu chinh pha dong dé ‘ia bing vé pha déng thdi cling ding dé 1am nguda ‘ang ep cho mach tgo dong c6ng tée Ip ‘Tuy mhien , nhuge diém cla dign KE thé nay fa ‘ln phi c6 b6 dia chinh pha cung edp cho mach, kh6 x4¢ dinh chinh xéc vj tri én dinh cla phéin quay dng voi ‘g6c pha Khi quay rotor diéu chinh pha , ding Ip thay 46; lm cho vige digu chinh cn bing khé khan 4, Céich sit dung va bio quan cé effu do , ‘Truée khi sit dung thiét bj do , ta cdn Iu § nhing diém sau + Doc kf cde kf higu ghi trén volt ké (thudng 6 pha dudi g6c tai hoe géc phdi cia mat chi th ) : eélp chinh x4c , c&ch d3t co effu do , ndi trd ciia ed efiu do. % Chon volt ké theo muc dich sit dung : ding 48 dign ép xoay chidu , dign dp mot chiéu hay dién 4p dang xung, + Chon volt ké ¢6 dai tn sé tring véi dai tin cba dign Ap cin do + Chon theo dai Iugng trinh do cila volt ké 4 Chon ndi trd cia volt ké Ry Idn hon dign trd R cla mach do ti $0 dén 100 Man (Bé gid thigu sai s6) va Cy nhé ( 61 vai volt ké xoay chiéu ) + Khido dign 4p mot chiéu edn lau ¥ déneye tinh cia ngudn cin doBao quin Do dong dita va dita dp Chon thang do e6 tri $6 Idn hen gid tri can do ( gid tri dign dp edn do khong 2/3 thang do . Néu chia phdng dinh duge gié tri dign ap can do , ta dé chon thang do cao nbit r6i sau 46 gidm din xuéng cho dn khi c6 duc thang do phi. bgp Cie tip xe phai che chin va khéng duge cham tay vao phan tl din dign khi o Khéng dé volt ké' 6 noi o6 nhigt 49 cao , hay & noi e6 tit trudng manh hodc noi dm u6t ‘Trdnh gay chin dong mach trong qué tinh van chuyén hay trong qué do 19Chudng 4 DO DIEN TRG Ow 41 KHAINIEM Bign ted 1a mot trong nhing dai lgng dién quan trong . Neubi ta phin loai dign ted theo gid tri ohm cila ching , dign tre duge phan thinh 3 céip + ign t1¥ 6 gid tri 1dn IA dien tr3 66 gid ti tit O.1MO (IMO = 1,000,002 ) wd en 4 ign 9 06 gi trj rung binh tt 1KO dén 0.1MO + ign 8 o6 gid wi ahd tir 1kO2 ted xudng 42 DO DIBN TRO BANG VON KE VA AMPE KE, u ‘Theo dinh lt Ohm. tae R= Nhu vay dé xc dinh gid trj dign ted ta ste dung ampe ké va volt ké . G phiong phap nay ,ta xc dinh gid tri dign 8 dang hoat dng (do néng ) theo yéu edu C6 hai du mach 1 4 Mie ne da “bay Amp hi mio sate” Nghia li m&c volt kE tude ampe ké mike sau 4 Mbdo ré ngdin "bay oye Ke mite tonite” Nebia \& mic ampe ke teude ~ volt ké m&e sau - Ry u 3 + yp Me 18 nan Me 18 dai 4.2.1 Mic ré ngdn (Ampe ké mic truée ) Do volt ké' mie song song véi dign tr tdi nén ta 06 elt leNéu Tq >> ly thi sai s6do anh hiding cia volt ké khong ding ké Thit vay ,nditrd cla volt ké va dign trd tdi dign tr8 twong dutomg due née dinh Ro = Be Ba Rs SE RyRy Ry * Ry Sai s6 tnsng ddi cia phép do ASE A 1 A= ae 100% =( Ry” eR Esai s6 Ate ahd aban biguthie 14g) > 1 R; Nehia 1a Re hay Ry >> Rx 4.2.2 Macré dai (Ampe ké mic sau) Do ampe ké mic néi tigp v6i dign ted cn do nén téng td dude xdc dinh theo bigu thite Ry’ =Rq+ Rx hay U=Uy + Ure Sai s6 ttcing di ciia phép do _Rx-(RatRy) Ry A% = i = Ry 100% BE giim thidu sai sO tung di AW thi Ry >> Ry (nghia la Ugx >> Ua) 4.3 PHUONG PHAP SO SANE & phusng phép nay . ngud ta thing dong edu do Wheatstone dé xéc dinh gid tej dign td duge chinh xde hdn va thing difgc ding trong phong thi nghiém vinhiing wu diém ciia n6- C6 hai phuting phép do la + Ming phip cin bing + Phuong phip bing cia bing 4.3.1 Do dign tré ding cdu Wheatstone cn bing ‘Cau Wheatsione duge mde nhy hinh vé Trong 46 Ry ,.R:,Rs ede dign ted mauG Wa dign ké chi thi 0 Ry 1a dig 9 can do, Van han Ta chinh cfc gid tri dign tr8 Ry , Rp , Ry cho d&n khi dién ké G chi zero . Khi cdu cin bling , dang dign qua din kéG bang khdng ( zero ) nghia la Uc = Us Hay Up = Up: va Urx = Ups LR R: va WRx= Rs R R; R,.R; Sm gba hay Ryne Voi phuvng phip do nay Ry s€ due so sénh v6i cde dign to miu Ta nhdn thy , két qua do dién tro Rx khéng phy thudc vio nguén cung edfp cho mach ign , day 1 vu diém eda cdu do Wheatstone . Tuy nhién phudng phép thao te phite tp vi phdi diéu chinh cdc dién trd mu nhiéu lan va gid trj dign trd cn do Rx tai phu thudc vao do hay cia dign kE G , 40 nhay cia dién ké G cing cao thi stfxéc dink can bing cing dingva phy thuge vao day ni va dign trd tigp xt 8 c&c moi néi . Ngodi ra sai s6 ola cf dign 3 miu cing anh hung dén sai s6 cha Rx , ching han , né' sai s6 cia ede dign tr Kin Iudt Ia AR, = AR; = * 0.5% , ARs = + 10% thi sai sf cla dign trd khi do fa AR = ER,a5 = AR, + AR, + AR; =0.5% + 1% + 1% = 2.5% V6i dign trd bat ky Rx , 4 cdu Wheatstone cin bang , ta thay ddi t¥ sé gitfa R// R va thay abi gié tr dign 1 Ry , dign te R 6 gid tri thay Adi tig cp , mbi edlp 06 gi6 wi 0.10 hoae ting Ohm mét nh céc cdu Wheatstone trong phéng thi nghiém ‘Ung dung cia phuong phap ding clu Wheatstone 1a xée dinh ch® cham “ mass” cia fy ep dign . Gid st UV la dogn day edn t6t XY [8 dogn day bi cham v5 R, Cée doan diy UV , XY 06 chidu dai 1a L va Vv ign della efe doan day nay 1B R Khi cdu Wheatstone cf bling, ta 06 Ry _2ReRy RI) R= Re Suy ra E 2X= Ri+Ry Do chidu dai day din ty 16 vdi dign tr ota day din , nén ta e6 a Lx=UR GR 43.2 Bo dién tré bing edu Wheatstone khOng cAn bing ‘Trong céng nghigp , ngubi ta thudng ding nguyén If cd Wheatstone khdng cdi bing nghia la 7 cin oft vao dign &p ra hay dong dign ra 6 ng6 ra eta 7 cau Wheatstone d€ do din ti hay sai sO AR cia phan tit do . phuong phap nay céin c6 nguén cung Or cep da dinh vi dign 4p ra phy thuge vao ngudn cung apragkcte cp E , ngoai ra sai s6 cn phu thuge vo céc dién x] Jive Ve tr mu thanh phan cla céu Wheatstone . Con 40 hay cia cau lai phu vao nguén cung cp E va noi ted cia b6 chi thi ign &p ng6a dé nd ea edu Wheatsione Khi théo dign k€G ra khdi mach , ta 06 + Téng tr duge xéc dinh Re=(Ri// Rx) +( Roll Rs) + Bien 4p 6 ng6 ra cia cu Nhv vay mach twéng dudng Thevenin ciia cdu duge x4c dink . Do d6 dong dién I, qua dign ké khi cdu khéng cin bing Us - U, = fr, 1 ndi td cla dién ké G rt, Vidu Xéc dinh su thay nhé nhdt cba gid tri dign td Rx ma dign ké G phat hién due hi d6 nhay cba dign kG 1a 1A /diV (diV 1a mot vgch chia ca thang do ) . Biét ring R, = 3.5 KQ, R= 7 KQ va Ry = 4 KO, Ry = 2 KQ va noi ted ella dign ké G Ia r, = 2.5 KQ, sitdung ngudn dign E = 10VGiai ‘Theo biéu thie mach tuong dudng Thevenin Us-Uc = (r+) F =(Ri// Rx) + (Ral Rs) = (35x2)(3542)4(7x4)/(744) = 3.82KQ Ki I, thay d6i LWA thi ( Ua—Uc ) eding thay di . Sy thayu adi nay duge xée dinh AC Uy —Uc )= Aly (r+ rg) = IHA x (3.82 42.5) = 6.32mA, Ma A(Ug~ Uc )=E (AR, + Rx )/(ARx + Rx + Ri) ~ Ra /(Ro+R3) Nhut vy ARnin 66 date khi ACU, ~ Uc) cing In , 46 ahay cing tng thi nguén cung dp E phai ldn , nhung vige ting nguén cung cp chi 6 thé ting trong pham vi nao dé . Do 6 dé kde phuc hign tung nay ta phai khuéch dai A( Uy ~ Uc ) va tng ud Z, ota mach Ikhuéch dai phi lon . 44 MACH DO DIEN TRO TRONG OHM KE 44.1 Nguyén ly do dign trd Trong déng hé do van nang cdn ed tén goi khéc 18 multimeter VOM , day 1a Jogi déng hd ding dé do dign 4p , dong dign va dign tr3 . Trong truding hop ding Ohm keé dé do dién trd thi trang thdi do la phan ui dién wa do Ry khéng 66 nang Iugng ( do ngudi ) mach do sé sit dung nguén pin riéng Diy 18 mech Ohm ke mfe n6i tgp , ddng dign qua od es chi th In Ey “R+R AR, R, — dign tré chudn cia tim do. Ry — dign trd ni ciia co cfu. Khi Ry 02, I > benax. (ding cyte dai cia co cau w dién ) Khi Rx, In >0 Chong 06 dng qua cd edu) Vidy 45 Cho mach do as s dign wd nhwr hinh ve . Biét Ring dién ap nguén pin la Ey, =1SVvaRi+ ‘Thang do khong tuyén tinh cita Omb keRuy = 15 KQ- Te = LOOHA Xe dinh 46 lech kim ciia co cu do khi a, Rx due néi tdt b. Xée dinh gid tei dign trd Ry khi kim e¢ cfu do léch 4 Dy ‘Tits d6 wn , ta nha thay khi Rx = 0 ( n6i tft) thi dong dig qua ea cau do 06 gi tri Ldn md (Ty, = Inge ) i -p -—He 1svV That vay 1266 Lele = Ry Re = TSE = OHA Jay = Tuan = 100A Khi kim cd cu do Iéch ¥ Dz , thi dong dign qua co cau do c6 gid tri IA 1 T= Tnx =50 HA. TW 6 ta xdc dinh duge gid trj cba dién trd Ry 1 E; Rx= 7] -(Ri+Re) Rx= 15kQ 44.2, Mach do dign tré thy t& Trong thye t& ngudn pin E, c6 thé thay Adi. Khi R, > 0, dng dign Ip, qua ec cfu Ikh6ng bing Inu, do d6 mach do 06 thé mAc thém R; , bin tr3 nay ding dé chinh dim “OO” cho mach do khi Ey thay di . Nhu vay, tru@c khi do ta phii ngfe mach AB ( ndi tdt dign tra Rx = dong téc chap 2 que do ) va diu chinh Rp ( nit Adj cia dé hd VOM ) 4é cho kim chi thi eda Ohm ké chi “0O" , ‘Theo mach én dong I,E, R, +R, +R,/7R, Néu Rp Rey << Ry thi By “RR, Nhu vay, dign 4p Vip duse xée dinh Vq =1,(R2/ Ra) Dang dign Iq qua eo cau chi thi Vy _ 1AR RS) Re R Do dé mdi lan do ta choR, > 0 bing céch diéu chinh Rz dé cho Ey (RMR) _y R Ra Nhu vay , vige chinh gid tr dign trd R, 06 téc dung khi Fy 06 sy thay d6i ( do ngudn pin sit dung luén ngay sé bj yu ) thi st chi thi gid tri dign ud R, sé khong thay di Vidut Cho mach dign do dign tr8 nhu so 43 ben . Bigt Ping Ey = 1.5V -Ry=15kQ- =S0UAVA Ry=Rz = 1kQ Xéc dinh gid tr ola dign tr8 Rx khi dong dign qua ed cfu do 18 ly = Toa Xée dinh gis tri cla dign trd Rx khi dong dign qua eo cfu do Ia 25 yA Gidi 7 ly it n= 50 HA. 1 kO= 50 mV lux = 50 WA th Vin = Inns Va _ 50mVv Dod bag sari 750HA Tax + 1: = 50 HA +50 HA = 100 pA Ret Rie nu (Ry + Ry) >> (RM Ry) >> 500.2 _ Ee _somv T, ~ 100 pA Suyra Ry =00 15 KO. Ry + 15 KQ= 15 kDKhi La = "Inu thi dign dp dit len og fia do do la Vi= In Re =25 mV Dong dign qua dign te Rs 1a Mg _ 25mV BOR ka Dang dign qua dign td Ry 50 HA Ih=In+ hy Dod6 Ry+Ri= ty Suyra Rx = 15kQ 44.3 Nguyén ly do Ohm ké tuyén tinh ‘Thang do cba Ohm ké theo nguyén ly ddng dig nby dé dé cp 3 teén khong tuyén tinh theo dign tr do, Do 46 cdc mach do Ohm ké tuyén tinh trong may do dién tif chi thi kim hoje chi thi sé, ching ta chuyén tri sO do dign trd R, sang dign dp do V, bing eéch cung cfip nguén dong dién [ khong déi (bat chap tri sO R,). V, = R,-L. Sau dé R, dude do bai mach ign 6p, V, tuyén tinh theo R, Nu vay, khi Ry -> 0, Ve > OV Khi Ry, V, gid tj ldn mht ela mach do Nhu vay néu von ké c6 dign tré chinh may trdc khi do, thi phai chinh R, —» 2 cho mach do. Khéng chinh R, + 0 nhu'é mach do ding nguyén ly dong trong phan tude 48 BO DIEN TRO DAT Coe do dign tr’ dit thank din dign bling kim logi (chung bing déng) hode nhigu thank din dign duige dng xuding dit, ving dit cin do dign 23, Khi dé chung ta o6 eve dit, Sau 46 cdc coc Gat nay duc néi vao mach do bing nhiing day dan dién. Dign trd AAt dign tré ciia ving dal cén do tiép xtic VAI coe dat sé dufde xAc dinh bei dign dp roi trén dign trd dit khi c6 dong dign di qua n6. Trong thyc té dién tr3 dat phu thude vio diéu kign m6i truting xung quanh (nhigt 46, 45 &m), think phan cia dit Khoing cach glita clic ege Ait dé cho dign ted dt Khao sét c&e ege dit khéng aah hudng véi nhau (nghia 1a cdc dién trd coc A 1a Ry khong bj Anh hydng boi ving dat ciia coc B c6 din tr3 dt 1a Rp). hai coe dat céch nhau 20m s& e6 dign ted dt khdng dah hung Vin hau, Nguén dign 4p cung cfip cho mach do ngudn tin higu cung c&ip cho mach do 1a ngudn tin higu xoay chiéu dang sin hoc xung vuéng.4 Ching ta trénh ding nguda DC do anh hung cba dign gid sé am ting sai sO do didn the dign cye. + -Néu dang dign tz6i dign lye thi phi dong bien dp each ly trénh nh huiing dong trung tinh va coe Aft eda dy trung tink 45.1 Mach do dign trd dat dung von ke va ampe ké Phuong php trye tip Mach do due méc nbu so 48 Coc A: coe do dign rd dat Ri. Coe B : coe phy do dién ap. Coe C : Coe phu do dong dién, Theo mach tucing dufsng cba dign trd dat coc A, B,C Ta duge : Van =Ral’ +Ro. Tacd:1=P thy milly

Pw = Untgcosp ‘Céng sudt ba pha Py = 3.Pw=3U,I, cos Mach ba pha 3 day »_s 7 “ , c Ry B Rr tbe c Hinhb BE do céng suit dign , a tao trung tinh “gid” bling ch sit dung 2 dién td phy c6 gid tr bling gid tri cla cudn day dp. S046 difu day theo so 46 hina (Cong suat ba pha duge xéc dinh theo biéu thite Py = V3. Pw Neoai ta , ta cling c6 thé si dung 2 watt ké dé xéc dinh cOng suat dién cho ton mach S046 déu day nhu hinb b . Céng suat ba pha dude xéc dinh theo bigu thie Pap = Py + Pwo, Trong qué tinh do , néu mOt wong hai watt ké chi nguide thi ta di exe tinh cupn dy dong dign hay cugn day dign dp . Lite 46 Ket qua nhdn duige tt watt ké dé sé lay gid tri Am Vidy bu watt ké 2 quay ngute , sau Ki déi cue tinh cuon day thi céng sudt todn mach sé Ia Pyp = Py Pwo 6.5.2 Mach dign ba pha khong adi xing ( tai khong cn bing ) Mach ba pha bin dayLo ctay sutted dita ning Dé xac dinh cOng suit dign , ta phai sit dung 3 watt ké. Vige du day cing twong w ‘ahi du day Watt ké mt pha 46% xiing ( Iu $ dén dng dign dinh mite cba Watt ké va dign 4p danh dinh cba cudn dp 3 Watt ké ) Cong suit toan mach dutge xc dinh theo biéu thite sau Psp = Pwr + Pwr + Ps Mach ba pha ba day ‘Thyc hign wong ny nhurd mach ba pha doi xing 653 Sit dung watt ké'ba pha dé do tdi ba pha khong cfin bing Watt ké' ba pha hat phén tot Buige cu tao gdm hai cugn day dign ép (hai cugn dy di déng ) e6 cing trac quay va hai cubn day dong dign 6 dinh . Phuting phap do sit dyng Watt ké nay cling gi6ng nh iphuong phép do ding 2 Watt ké mot pha dé do céng sudt tdi ba pha ba day . Vi thé cach inc cing gidng nhu céch mc 2 Watt ké mot pha dé do céng suit tdi ba pha ba day Watt ké ba pha hai phan ti rudi oo | Watt ké hai phin ti rid Logi Watt ké niy thuding duige sit dung trong cng nghiép . Watt ké hai phan w rudi eo 2eudn day ép c6 cing truc quay va 3 cudn day dong dién gdm cudn day thit 3, mot nita & cupn day 4p (1), mot nia d cudn day day &p (2) Phuong phép do va céch dau day gidng nur Watt ké ba pha , hai phan tir 6 cudn day ap va logi ba phéin tit 8 phén cudn day ding, 654 Do cong sufit ba pha cda tai sif dyng bin dong va bién dphang 6 Cang gidng nbu 3 Watt ké mot pha , khi dong dién ti 1dn hon ding dign danh dinh eda Watt ké , 08 si dung Watt ké nay ta phai két hyp voi bin dong TI. Mach duge au nhu so dé trén Ly lun twong ty nw da trinh bay d wrén (xem 6.4.1 ), ta xde dink duge céng sudt tieu thy ella he ti Posen = Ku. Pw Poo = Kn Pwo Pomc = Kis. Pws Pong edt = Ppna a + Pyrat + Pohac ‘Thuding ta sit dung 3 TI c6 ty s6 bign dong giding nha . Do 46 Pow ai = Ki (Pw + Pwo + Pws) Khi phu tdi c6 dong dign va din 4p Ién hon dong dign va dién 4p danh dinh cia Watt X€, ta phdi sit dung bign dng va bién dién &p So 46 dau mach nhut hinh ve Luu f Dé dim bao an toan cho ngudii va thiét bj , cdc TI va TU phai due néi dat 66 BO CONG SUAT PHAN KHANG 66.1 Do tryc tiép bling watt ké phan khng mét pha ( VAR kf) Theo dinh nghia , cong sudi phn khang cia tdi Q=U. I. sing =U. 1. cos (90"-@)Loving suioa dite ning Watt ké phan khéng c6 edu tao tung ty nhu watt ké dién dng , nhutng dé lam léch pha Scud day dién dp , ngudi ta mic n6i ti€p mot cugn day cm hay mot ty dién nhu hinh ve Tung ty nhur watt KE, g6e quay eba kim oting 15 1g vai dong dign qua cudn day dong va cudn day 4p , dBng thii cing phu thudc sin cia géc lech pha gia dong dign va dién 4p. Do d6 géc quay tf Ie ‘Gi cOng suét phan khing 662 Céich do cOng susit phan khang Vige do eng suat phan khing ting ty nhif do Unis ‘cong suft hit ich 5 dugg trinh bay 0 én Ngoai cach do cong suit bing watt ke, ta cing 06 thé do gin tip bing von ké va ampere ke’ =e va Watt ké. Nhung phutng phap nay cho két qua khng chinh xée va se 48 difu day phic tap nén it dude sit dung 66.3 Do cong suit phiin khdng cia tai ba pha Do céng sutit phin khéng trong hé thong din ba pha bon day Nhu ta d8 bist dign dp day Usc, Uac ¥a Ux te8 pha 90” 50 vdi dign 4p pha Uy , Us va Uc. Vithé ta 06 thé sit dung Watt ké mét pha dé do cbng sudt phan khang Q ‘So 6 nhu hinh ve Cong suit 6 pha A Pa= 14. Use. 605 ( 90" » Pa = VBIa Us sing = BQ P a Qe te Nehia la Qy= Vs Gid tri Py duge doc wén Watt ké Tung ty 481 v6i pha B va pha C , céng suf phan khdng cia phy tdi ba pha sé bing tag cOng suit phén khéng o ede ha a Qiaom = Qe + Qn + Oe Poy + Pya + Py Qos pho = fe BChany 6 Do céng suat phin khéng trong hé thong din ba pha ba day + Mein até ota Cay 00 dita tp agin dei cain Trong tring hop nay , ta o6 thé sit dang 2 Watt ké mot pha hod 1 Watt ké'ba pha hei phd wl Gia sit, ta sit dung 2 Watt ké m6t pha va m&e mach nhwt ‘hinh vé Céng svat do bling 2 Wett ké mot pha cho két qua la Pw=la. Unc £08 (90°-@)+ Ik. Unc. cos (90° @) Do tdi cin bing va dign ép di xtng ,nén Use = Uca vale =I, Vi vay cOng sudt téc dung ta Pw=2Ia Uscsing = 23 I, Ua sing Ma Q = I Uasing Dots Py =2V3Q a Syra Q= > Nees Két ud Menta chaydn itt ki thie NBRNE the het gud doe loin thing to Witt be nhin 00 he 3089 vib dom ob NAR ( fog KVAR ) + Min ditn tp di ning wie phe thi hing rin Bing ‘Trong truding hdp nay , ta phdi sit dung 3 Watt ké va duge dau mach nhut hinh béa (Céng sult phn khéng d méi pha bing kei qud doc wen cOng sus te dung chia cho \3 on oR ace ht Poa + Pas Q= Wr A+ QcGon ning smitten ming Cang wi each mac ten , néo til en bang thi KEL qua eng sua phn khéng sé la ich 36 pitta két qua doc tren Watt ké vai 3 Q =V3Pw Néu sit dung Watt ké hai phdn tif hoac hai Watt ké mét pha , mach dign due mac nh inh ve . Mach sit dyng 3 dign td mAe nGi tip tao ra mach sao cn bing abu vay dign &p pha C duge dp vao mach thif nhift va dién 4p pha A duigc 4p vao mach thi hai Bi voi pha B , ta 06 Pw = Pwi + Pw2=IaUccos( 60° - @ ) + IcU, cost 120" @ ) Py = Iss Usa 10.5 cose + (V3 /2) sing - 0.Scose + (\f3 /2) sino } Pu = V3 Ips Una sino = V3 Qua Suyra -Y3Pw =3 Qha Het loin Ging saat phn Mheing oa thé ba pha bling ein bing tri sé dow dete ote hae Watt be akin obiNp 6.7 CONG TO DIEN MOT PHA - BO NANG LUQNG DIEN 6.7.1 Khai nigm chung ign nang 1a sin phim chish cia ngnh ign vigc do dign nang 6 ¥ nghia rit Ion ve mat kin tf va kj thud. Ning luting dign trong mach dign xoay chieu mot pha duiye xég dinh theo bide thife We ‘pa = ‘Fetcosexn =K.P.t Trong 46 Pf eOng sudt tieu thy tren phy tdi t=t-t Ib khodng thai gian phy tai tiéu chu dign Kane ss 6.7.2 Cutgo cong to ign Céng td dign duige ché tao dya teén oc eau chi thi cdim dng dign tir, gm hai phn chinh 1 phd tah 00 phn dong Phan tinh gdm c6hang 6 + Cuda day dong dign dutge me néi tigp voi phy tdi nén cudn day 6 68 day 10n hung it vong day + Cudn day dign dp mic song song vdi phu tai , nén e6 sé vong day nhiéu nhung co day nko + M6t nam chém vinh cit hinh cha U dit vudng g6c véi dia nhém dé tao ra ‘moment him Phin d0ng gdm 4 Mot dia nhOm D méng ¢6 duting kinh tit 80 dén 100 mm bé day 0.5mm duge gin vdi true . dia nhOm D e6 mép dia nim trong khe hé ciia mach tit cudn dong vi cuga 4p . Dé cho dia nhém quay déu , ngudi ta gdn thém nam cham dém M va b} eo hoc E cé bénh ring an khdp truc quay cia dia nhom D 4 BO hign thi duige noi lién vai bd 56 co khi (hé thong ban rang ) dé hign thi gid ti ign nang tieu thu 6.7.3 Nguyén tic hoat dong cia cong to di¢n Khi 6 dong dign chay qua cuOn dong va qua cudn 4p , sé sinh ra tt thong @, va Céc tiy thong nay xuyén qua dia nhOm va cdm ting trong dia nhém eée site dign dong lm tng E, va Ey , cde ste dién dong tao ra céc dong dign xody trén dia nh6m . Cac dong dign xody nay Iai nim trong tiy tng ciia nam cham dign tao bdi cuén day dong va cudn diy 4p nén né chiu lye tée dung va tgo thanh moment quay Vi cudn day dp 06 nhiéu vong day nén hé sO ty cm L dang ké so v6i cudn dong nén c6 thé xem dign ap lgch pha 90” so voi dong dign . Téc dng ting hé git ti thing ©, va o, v0i céc ding dign xody tgo thanh moment lam quay dia nhom ‘Moment quay M, la tng eéc moment thinh phan M, = Ki ®; In simy + Kz ®2 I siny v Ta géc Itch pha giita ©, va oy Ky.Kz he sé Nu dong dign tao ra ti thong © va ®; [a hinh sin va dia nbOm due edu tgo ddng nha thi dong dién xody Ty va Tx 1} 18 vOi tn 86 f ofa ngudn dign va tir thong sinh ra ching I=Cyf va Iy=Cyf dy Nhu vay , ta 6 M,= Cfo siny Voi CHC HOH HCGo oang satire sin ning a u ® =Kyly= Kuz, Trongd6 =U dign dp dat len cudn dp Zy lat6ng t8 cudn dp Ky. Ky lhe sO 1 Do cugn day 4p o6 dién ti thuan nhd so véi dién khang nén ta c6 thé xem Zy=Xy=2n fly Ly [8 dign cm cia cugn day va fla tdn si nguén NEwta xem O, =) vA @:=Oy th My =CO Oy sin y Do a6 My = CK; Ky’ UTsiny Ngotira.tacé My =Ki UIsiny Néw y = 90°- 0 thi sin = sin( 90°- 9) = cos Do d6 bigu thie moment quay c6 thé viét Iai My= Ky UT cos = Ky P Dui tée dung cia moment quay , dia nhOm s8 quay v6i tBe 46 1a ny ( vong / phit ) Dong dign xody két hyp v6i tir outing do nam chim vinh citu yo thinh moment him da nhom Me = Ks Khi dia nhom quay déu (trang thai cén bang ) , ta 66 LP Suy ra “Trong khoding thd gian t= 1. dfa nhém quay duge N vong . Vi vy ny = t Nhu vay , digm ning tiéu thy duge xée dinh, x c Kk, 7 WeP.t ae mo. N 7 Hay = Ww (ne KWh ) K, : Trongds CoE NBng s6 thye cia c6ng to dién 18 s6 vong quay ella dia nnhdm khi iu thy céng sudt IKW trong 1 gid‘horny 6 N=ng.t l&s6 vong quay thie t€ cla dia nhom + 86 vong quay cia dia nhOm trong khodng thdi gian t ty Ié thudn véi dign nang tigu thy + Tis6 vong quay ciia dia nhém, ta xe dinh duige dign nang tiéu thy b MBi cong to dign duge dit tring bdi céc thong 6 sau BO nhay Seo (vong/KWh) Hang s6 dinh mute cOng ts Cag = Sq VOng / KWh ) 7 w Hing sOthyet@ cla céngis C=" (KWh/vong) ign 4p dinh mifc cia cOng 16 Usa ( din 4p dinh mic cila cudn day ap ) Dong dién dinh mic ciia cong t0 dién Iyn, 6.74 Kiém tra hing s0 cOng to é kim tra hing s6 cOng to C , ngubi ta digu chinh sao cho T= Tan , U=Use va he 96 cofng sudt cose = 1. Khi d6 P= Uar « lam ‘Trong khodng thdi gian t , cong td sé quay duc N vong. —N__ NL Us Lamt Pam « t Hing 56 ny khOng d6i d8i voi mbi loai cOng to va duye ghi trén mat cOng ts dién Ching han nhut mt cOng t dién tn 66 ghi thOng sf IKWh - 1500vong , nghia [a néu dia hom quay 1500 vong thi mat hign uhj sé nhay thém 1 dom vj c6ng sudt Néu hing sO C khOng bling gid tri dinh mc da ghi ten mat cng td dign , ngudi ta sé iéu chioh vi tei nam cham vinh citu dé ting hoac gidm moment cén Me cho dn khi gid tri C dat dude gid tri dinh mite thi ditng lai Sai sila cOng dign Tao ce Lam= C0. Ve CeeLo cing sndion dite ning 68 S66 DAU DAY CONG TO DIEN MOT PHA - BA PHA Khi ldp dat cOng 16 dign , ta phi du cfc du day diing theo so dé hvéng din cia hing sin xudt . Mai logi cng ts dign c6 mot kiéu méc day riéng nhung vin dim bio nguyen tit Cun dong mic n6i tip voi phy tdi , cudn day 4p song song vdi phu tdi “ 68.1 Mic cong t dign mot pha Tay theo each ddu cde du day cudn dong va cugn ép ma ta 06 céch dfu day khée nhau So dé déu day thuting duge ghi trén ndp cong to dign . 68.2 Céch méc cong td din ba pha Cong te dign ba pha c6 edfu tao tueing ty nhu céng ts dign mot pha . Théng thuing céng td dign ba pha ¢6 cdc loai sau , Céng to dign ba pha 2 phén td: loi cOng to dign nay c6 2 cudn day dong dign va 2 cubn day dign ap . c&c dau day cudn dong va cudn dp duge difu Iai véi nhau dé dua ra ngoai 6 diu day . Céch m&c c6ng 6 dign loai nay twong tynhit cach mde watt k€ 3 pha or Cong ts dign ba pha 2 phén tit duge sit I dung dé do dign ning trong hé théng dign ba | | - pha 3 day . Sod du day nhu hinh vé [ej (Céng ts dign ba pha 3 phan tt loai cng -—____—_l i to dién nay 06 3 cudn day ding dign va 3 cugn diy dign dp , ede ddu day cugn dng va cudn dp due difu lai voi naw dé dia ra ngoai 7. 8 [ar 18Yhurag 6 hoge 11 du day (néu e6 sit dung may bign dong ). Céch mée cdng ts din loai nay twee We nh céch m&e watt ké 3 pha 3 phan wl Céng to dign ba pha 3 phn tit duge st dung dé do dign ning trong hé théng dign ba pha 4 day ( e6 day trung tinh } So d8 du dy nhu hinh ve Khi dng dién di qua phy ti c6 tri s6 In hon nhiéu so vai dong dign dinh mic ca bag t dién 3 pha , ta phai Két hop vOi 3 may bien dong . Gid tr thu sé Ia tich s6 ella sé mty bign dong Ky v6i gid trj do dutge trén cdg to dig i pert Khe chen mig btn dong. be “3 ee “3 Whee ota oie no cing stadt ote phe 7 Wei tte ohen dong ditn mig bite po, dong cho pho Lop : Vide f Néu phy ti o6 dng dign dinh mde trong khodng 100A > Ip > 50A th te chon TH eS ts Ky 1a 100/5 hode 15005 'Néu phy tdi o6 dong dién dinh mec trong khodng 150A > Iu > 100A thi ta chon Ti 6 Kj Ia 15015 hode 20/5 cAU HOI ON TAP Cau Neu edu qo eda walt ke tée dyng ? Tai sao wates eye Linh ? Cau2 Neu ede dung eda cdc cugn day trong watt KE tée dung ? Caiu3 Trinh bay cach mac watt ké? Cau4 Trinh bay céch do cong suit te dung d mach dign ba pha e6 ti d6i xitug ? mang dign ba pha 3 day va ba pha 4 day ) CiuS Neu edu tgo watt ké phn khéng ? So sing véi watt ké diga dng ? Ciu6 C6 bao mhigu cach do cing sudt phin khéng ? Trong cée eich 46 , efch nao la thong dang ? Ciu7 ‘Trinh bay cfu tao cia cng to dign mot pha ? Cau 8 — Trinh bay nguyén ly lam vige cla cOng to dién mot pha ? Ciud —_- Ve ede se d6 Adu c6ng t6 dign mot pha ?Cau 10 cau Cau 12 Cau 13 Cau 14 Cau 15 Cau 16 cau 17 Lo choy snktnd thitn nding ‘Trinh bay c&ch xée dinh cong to dign quay nhanh hay quay cham ? néu cach khée phuc? Ve céc so 48 dau day céng to dign ba pha ? Néu diém khéc nhau ela cfc loai ‘Ong to dign nay ? Lam thé nao a do ning lung dign khi dong din phu tdi In hn dong dién dinh ite ea cOng to dign ? Tinh c6ng suit dig tidu thy cla mot phy tdi dutge gin vio cing t6 dign tren 66 ghi 600 vong / kWh . Biét rng phy thi duge sit dung trong thai gian 15 phit va ‘cong to dién quay duige 50 vong ‘MOt bép dign o6 cng suat 1000W - 220V a. Tinh dong dign va gid ti dign 18 cba day may xo ding lam bép dién b. Tinh s6 vong quay ciia cOng to dign né' ta sit dung bép dign tren trong khong. thai gian 18 20 phat . Biét ring trén cong to dign e6 ghi 450 vong/kWh M6 ti cach xéc inh cOng suit dign cia mét dong bj mét aban ? (ta e6 thé si dung von ké ampe ké , watt k€ va cos ké dé x4c dinh ) ‘Trong qui trinh do céng suét téc dung , néu kim ofa 1 trong 3 watt ké bi quay nguige thi ta xit1y nhu thé nao ? Neu y nghia cdc thong s6 ghi trén cOng to dign mét pha va ba pha ? Owng He She Chuong 7 DO HE SO CONG SUAT VA TAN SO 8.1 Dong dign va dign ap la hai tin higu dign khi di qua tai sé léch pha nhau mot géc @ g6c lech nay ty thude vao tinh chat cia tai + Néu tai la thudn trd thi @ = 0 (cos = 1) Néu tdi la thudn cam thi dién 4p sé nhanh pha so voi dong dign mot goc la g = 5 4 Néu tai la thudn dung thi dign dp sé cham pha so véi dong dign mét goc lap = - 7 Dai lugng thé hign sy lect gia hat tin hieu nay 14 cosp , dai lugng nay goi 1a he so cong Bree Dai lugng nay ding lam chi teu 4€ danh gid chat Mong cung cap dien nang . Hé 86 cong sudt cos cang Ion ( cang gan bang 1 } thi hi¢u qua sit dung dign cang cao va qua trinh, truyén tai dién nang cang hieu qua Vige nang cao hé so cong suat sé tan dung tot cong st ngudn Vi dy mgt may phat dign c6 cong sudt dinh mifc Syq, = LOOOOKVA Néu h@ 86 cOng sudt cila phy ‘Ai 1a cose = 0.5 thi cong suat tic dung cia may phat cung cap cho phy tai 1a P = Sim - OS = 10000 x 0.5 = 5000 KW Néu he 56 cong sudt cia phy ti 14 0.9 thi cong suat tée dung ciia may phat cung cap cho phy tai 1a P= Sam + C059 = 10000 x 0.9 = 9000 kW Nhu vay hé s6 cong sudt ld dai lvong co ¥ nghia rat lon vé kinh t€ cing nhu chat ong cung cap dien . Do dé , trong linh vye do lung dign , ta cn phai biét he 86 cong sudt cose . TN dé 6 bien phap nangVang § cao hé $6 cOng suat cosp néu he s6 cong sudt thap hen qui dinh nham cai thien chat higng Iwi dien 8.2 DO HE SO CONG SUAT cosp 8.2.1 Do cosy bing volt ké Dé kiém tra hodc ly chudn cho vos KE hoge do sy lech pha @ giita hal tin hieu C1=E; cost va ep =F cos (at +9) Ta e6 thé sit dung phuong phap sau + Dung volt ké do S Ia téng dién ap cia tin higu eva ex 4 Do Da higw 86 gita hat tin higu D S? = By) + By? + 28) By cosp Dé = By* + Ea? - 2E; By cosp s? Dp 4E,E2 Nhu vay cose = 7 Tung ty ta cing c6 théic dinh hé s6 cong sudt cose ctia tai khang bang céch sit dung 3 volt ké So dé déu mach nhw binh vé Vs?- Vi? =v? 0089 = 2 V Va -@e5 ‘Trong 46 V; la dign 4p tren tai Va la dign ap tren dign td thudn va) ve Va la dign tren dign tré thudn va phy tai Phing phdp nay c6 sal s6 ti 5° dén 10° néu goc lech pha khoang 90? va sy sat $6 nay cling phy thude vao cap chinh xac cia volt ké V, . Va va V5 2 Phuong phép do gidn tiép Do hé 86 cng sudt cosp mach dién m6t pha 8:Lo be sh vty sail nb ten sh Ding von ké , ampere ké va watt ké . Phugng phap nay don gidn nhuing sd dé mac day phifc tap va cé sai s6 1én . Watt ké cho biét cng suat higu dung cia tai. von ké va ampere ké cho biét gid tri dig¢n ap va cudng do dong dien So dé mde mach nh hinh vé He 96 cong suat due xe dinh theo biéu thie P cose = ‘ht biéu thie tren. ta nhan thay , néu bIEt cdc gia tr] cong sudt hitu ich P dign ap U va cudng do dong dign I ta sé tinh duge cose Do hé sd céng sudt cosp mach dién ba pha d6i xing ‘Trong tréng hgp nay géc léch pha duge do gitta dong di¢n cia mot day pha voi di¢n ap gitta cde day pha gijpgtai ba pha P=Us « cosp of cam com Pye 8.2.3 Phuong phép trye tiép Cosp ké dién déng mét pha Co cdi do kiéu ti 36 KE dien dong hoge sit dign dfng , phan tinh va phan dong chia lam hai cuon day mdc néi tiép nhau . Dac biét cuon, day 1 duge mae noi tép vol dien tra R va cudn day 2 duge mac néi tiép v6l cudn Khang L dé sao cho dong dién Ig va I, léch pha nhau mét goc 90° . Do 2 cugn day duge dat vuong géc vdi nhau sé tao ra hai moment quay duige xée dinh theo biéu thie ‘M, = M. cosd M, =M. sino Trong 46 M; 1a he 86 hd cdm giita cugn day di dong 1 vol cugnCharng 3 day ©6 din M; Ia hé s6 hd cdm gitta cugn day di dong 2 véi cugn day 6 dinh M la he sO hd cém Ién nhét khi cdc cuon day di dong 06 tit thong ( do cugn day o6 dinh tao ra Gid sit téng tré ea cudn day rét nhé so voi gid tri dién trd R va X tia cugn day L Tac kay = Uf 2 cos ot la dién ap cia tai ig) - UY 2 cos (ot - @) 1a dong dien cia tai Khi dé dong dign qua cugn day 1 va cugn day 21a u u =p V2cosot va y = V2 cos(ot-e) Do dé moment quay eiia cila cugn day 1 va cuon day 21a UL aM . UL dM Ma = Ro ge 0080 Va Ma = op ag” sine Tal tri 86 6, ciia cugn day di dong Way = Mae . hai cugn day di dong dig yén ( can bang) . lic nay take dinh duge géc lech pha » gitta hai tin hiéu ap va dong PI ol two =" R tees Néu nhw cugn day va mach dign duge ché tao sa cho R = ol thi tai v{ tri eda chi thi cda 2 cudn day ta c6 8, Tren cose ké duge khde do theo tr] s6 cos cia géc lech pha c6 tr} 86.0 8 ghia (tfong ting voi gid tr cose = 1) & Néu kim cosp ké lech vé phia tren ( hay phia phat) thi dien 4p nhanh pha hon dong dien ( Lead ) + Néu kim cose ké lech vé phia dui ( hay phia trai) thi dien 4p nhanh pha hon dong dién ( Lag ) Vige lay chudn cho cose ké phy thude vao tén sé ciia tin higu do. Dé han ché anh hung cia tdn sé ta sit dung cuon day 2 gdm 2 phan ti bang nhau , phan ti 1 néi véi L va phan ti 2 néi ty dién nhy hinh gid tri cia L va C duge chon sao cho LCo* = 1 khi do goc lech pha cila cdc tin hieu (Cong hung 6 tan s6 cia tin hieu do) Cos ké ba phaLo ht sh rng stl 8 thn st Khi do hé 96 cong suat cosp ba pha _nghia 1A ta do gée Iéch pha @ gita dong di¢n mot day pha véi di¢n ap gitta céc day pha cia tai ba pha . Theo hinh vé , ta thay cugn day e6 dinh cia pha ké duge mac n6i tip voi tai 4 mot tren ba pha dign cia ti , con 2 Khung day 1 va 2 duige mac glia cdc pha cla tdi qua trung gian cdc dign trd R co tri 86 Jon va dien cam cia cudn day ¢6 tr} 86 Khong dang ké Moment quay trung binh cia khung quay 1 va 21a Mai = Ki Uny Iq c08 (120° + 9) Maa = Ka Unc Ia cos (120° - 9} ‘Tai vi tri can bang, ta 06 My = Meo Hay BL, S08 L120 + 0) ay a = cos (120°- @) Do dé cose = Gla) Nguge voi mot pha , pha ké 3 pha khong dnh ining bai tan sé néu nhy tan 86 cia tin higu khong cao Ngoai ra ta cing 06 thé do do eG bing dao dong ky ( may hign song hay may Oscillocope chofae'tin hiéu cd bién 4 nhé ) 8.3 bo TAN S6 8.3.1 Khéi nigm ‘Tan 6 va géc pha a cdc dai Ivgng de tring cho qua trinh dao dong co chu ky. Tan 86 duge xe dinh bét s6 chu ky Ip lai cia tin higu trong mot don vj thdi gian . Vot ky thuat tien tién ngay nay , cde phép do chinh xée nhét dite qui vé do tin s6 do tin s6 chuéin c6 thé dat 46 chinh xée cao véi sai s6 tt 10" dén 10"? ma cde dai lugng mau khac kho dat duge . Ngoai ra, vige so sinh tan s6 cé nhitng bién phap dat do phan ly rat cao va 06 thé truyén di dé dang Chu ky 1a khong thai gian nhé nhat ma gid tri cia tin hiéu lap lai qué trinh bién thien va théa man phyong trinh ul t) = u(t +T) Néu got T la chu ky oija tin higu va fla tén s6 ciia tin higu thi 1 f= Ue) Tan 86 géc cia tin higu duge xe dinh theo biéu theeChowng 8 o=2nf ‘Tan 86 , chu ky va goc pha c6 moi quan hé chat ch voi nhau theo béu thite 9 =2ap @ 1a goc lech gita hal tin hieu + 1a khodng thot glan Ich nhau gia hai tin higu Do dé viée do tin sé géc va géc lech pha chige qui vé do tan sé va Khoang thai gian t . That vay . gid sit ta c6 hai tin higu x;(1) = Xim cost out + 0; ) va tin hiew thet hat 1a x(t) = Xam cost oat + v2 ) Géc léch pha giita hai tin higu duge tinh nhu sau P= Or - O2 Khi @) = @ ° OF o-Gr — néu = Me (nA 96 nguyen) fe Hoae oe Thong thugng . goc lech pha axgitinn bang gradian hoac do khodng thd glan duge tinh bing gigft’s - second } Dé do tin s6 , ta c6 thé thyggilén theo 2 phuong phép 1a : phuiong phap bién déi thing va phusé@) 1p so sinh . Cac dung cu ding dé do tn 86 duige goi la tan 56 ke Dé do goc lech pha , ta c6 thé thyc hién theo 2 phwdng phap la : phuong phap bién déi thang va phuong phap ba 8.3.2 Tin sé ké Hign nay trén thi trudng c6 nbiéu logi dung cy dé do tin sé tin higu , ta o6 thé do tan s6 nguén bang tan s6 ké ban rung ( tn 86 ke cong hung ed hoc) , tan s6 ké dien dong ( hay s4t dien dong) . tan so K€ ti dign ¢6 chinh liu hay tin 96 ké dign titLo Mi eh ein sail 0 hin 3h Tin s6 ké dign dong Sau day ta khdo sat cau tao tan s6 ké dién dong ( hay sét din dong ) nhw sc 46 tren ‘Tan 86 ké dign dong gbm c6 cé cau ti sO KE din dong dia tren od cfu logommet dign dong va sit dien d 0 Phan dong cia cd cau gbm 2 Be, B, , By gén chic vot nhau va lech mot géc 7 va duge n6i vai fin C; . Phan tinh ld cugn day cS dinh A dugc tach lam hai phn ppt voi din cdm L va ty dien Cy. DE diéu chinh dong di¢n qua cug)Gay B, cho thich hgp ngudt ta cin mac them cudn day Rea song song ¥01 voi cugn day By Nguyén ly host dong cia tin 36 ké dién dong Dieu chinh L va Cy dé dat tan 96 cong hung . Lic nay moment quay M, sé lam quay cupn By bang 0. Moment quay My ta0 bai dong dién | trong cugn day A va B, lam di chuyén cugn day sao cho tr thong tao nén bai cun day A va B, tring nhau . Nhif vay dong dien I sé thay déi bat kj sy Iéch tin s6 cia tin higu do so vél tan s6 cong hung . sif lech pha giita dong [, va dign 4p theo chiéu duong khi f tang va theo chiéu am Kht f gidm . Vél cdc tén s6 ofng hung thi M, khac 0 sé tgo nén ngéu lye phy thuge vao si lech pha ga dong I, va dong lb - Hai moment nay quay nguge chiéu nhau va phy thugc vao tin so cla tin hie dMyp M; =1. lh cos (1, ) cos @ aq aMaga Mz = 1. lp cos (1 Iz) cos (y- a) “geeCharny 6 vj ti can bang M, = M, ( lic nay kim sé ding yen) aM, _ My ;, eos} _ cos ty =) da > da heos(T,) 7 cosa Dods a= Rr (Bestih) cos (T, b) Ta nhan thay géc léch a tf 1é véi ti sO ila hai dong dién ly . bh va cos(I.1), cos (I, b) Nhuge diém cia logommet dién dong 1a do nhay thap . Dé tang do nhay cia ed edu. ta gin them Id! thép vao va duge goi I ed eau do chi th{ st dign dong . Moment quay ciia od cau sét dien dong khi 06 dong dign {, chay vao cugn day tinh va dong dign ip chay vao cugn day dong duge xac dinh theo biéu thite M, = B S: Wa ty Voi Bla 49 ti cdm cia khe hd khong khi duye tgo bdi dong dién Sy. We la dién tich va s6 vougiee cuon day dong Moment trang duge xée dinh gift Ls My = fae pela cost B 1) Néu ta sif dung doan tuyén tinh cia dung cong tit hod thi B=K 1 va (B.L)=(h.b) Do dé My = Ki S,Walil cos (1). Ia) Tan sé ké dign tt Ds oe Us, ™% Hien nay ten thi tring . ngoai tan s6 ké od con cé tn sé ké dién td. Tan s6 ké dign tit co wu diém 1a c6 thé do tén sO am tan va cao tn ma cdc tan 86 kE co khong thé do duge . Tan sO ké dién tit la dung cy do tan s6 phoi hgp gida cd cau do tif dién véi cac bo bién déi dé 8Lo he se cigs saat re ln se thyc hign bién déi tén sO thanh dong dién mot chiéu. So dé nguyen ly ca tn s6 ké di¢n tit nh hinh ve Khi khéa K 8 vf tri 1, ty di¢n C duge tich dign dén dien ap U cia nguén dign . Bign tich nap 1 Q = C. U . Khi khéa K chuyén sang vj tri 2. tu dien phéng dien qua cd cfu do tit dien Néu khéa K thay déi voi tin 86 do f thi gid tr dong dign trung binh qua ed cfu dol ly=Q.&=C.U.& Néu C va U la dal Iugng khong déi thi dong dién trung binh ti Ie véi tan 6 f ly = Kf voi K la hang 36 Do dang dign ti 1g voi tan sf cdn do , nén ta cd thé khde vach trye tiep tren tan 85 ke. Ta cé thé thay khéa K bang khéa dién tif transistor . Lic nay di¢n Ap c6 tdn 96 clin do Us duge difa qua b6 tao xung TX Khi chua ¢@ tin hieu dat vao cye nén B cia transistor, transistor 6 trang thal “khéa" va ty dién duge én dién dp U véi dien tich @=C.U dan lam cho ty di¢n C phony qua transistor T , diode Dy va od edu do tit dign CT va lam cho kiWehi thi lech . Thang do cia ed eau duge khdc do gia tri tan s6 do . Vot loal co cau do nay ©6 thé do tdn s6 tt 10Hz dén 500 kHz va sai 36 14 + 2% . Néu tin higu & dang xung thi c6 thé do véi tan s6 10Hz dén 20 KHz sai s6 la + 2% ‘Tan 56 ké digital ( tin 96 ke ké 56) Ngay nay do cong nghé digital phat trién nén cdc thiét bi so ngay cang duge sit dung rong rai vi co nhiing tinh nang vugt troi nhu thiét bj do gon nh , dai tan rong tt vat hert ( Hz) dén vai mé ga hert (MHz). hien thi bang s6 nén dé doc vi thé han ché duigc sai $6, tiéu tén nang lugng rat it nén khong lm Anh hung dén mach do va nhat 1A 06 thé ty dong hoa mot cach dé dang Nguyén ly hoat dong Nguyen tde chung lé tin higu mang tan s6 cdn do {; duge chuyén thanh dang xung vudng c6 tan 96 bang vol tan s6 f, . Cae xung wuong nay duige dia vao bo dém trong khoang thal gian nhdt dink ( thing la Khi c6 dign Ap dat vao cyc ne 'B cia transistor , lic dé transistorChatong 3 1 glay ) vi thé $6 xung dém duge qua bo hién thi ty 1¢ v6i tan 36 f, can do Khdo sat s4 dé kh6l tan $6 ké digital nh sau Ny le vin Miz tt may me ° (\ - Hee] Kuch dat ‘suy gam ol ‘rigor Schmit ‘Tiger ‘Tin hieu tu Schmit ‘Tin higu Q te Trige Schmit Dé do tan s6 thép ta sit dungafyet bi co sd 46 kh6t tren . Tin higu 6 tan 86 can do { duge dita vao,B) Khuéch dai suy gidm r6i dua vao mach Trigor Schmit dé chuyé thanh dang xung vudng c6 cing tan 86 vot tin higu can do tin sO? Cac xung ra cla mach Schmit duge dita yao mach Trigor va tin hiéu ngé ra Q cla mach Trigor duge dua vao céng AND déng théi tin 6 fp chudn (1 MHz } ttt may phat xung cling duge dua vao ng6 con lat eda eéng AND Cae xung tit may phat tn s6 chudn duge dém trong’théi gian 46 «Luk f Nop # hay vidy Dé do tin s6 66 f, = 100Hz , céng AND sé mé trong khodng thal gian 10ms Cac sung tit may phat yng chudn 06 chu ky Tp = Ips va sO xung dém duge trong Khoang thdi gian 10ms la N = 10ms/1ps = 10.000 va con 86 nay duge hién thj trén tdn s6 ké digital 1 100HzChuong 8 DAO DONG KY - OSCILOSSCOPE Dao dng ky dién wt cdn goi 1a may bign sng dién ti. May g6m e6 mot dng phong dign wl va he thong mach dign ti digu khign Dao dong ky ding 6€ quan sét hinh dang c¥a tin higu déng thoi do dude mot s6 théng s6 nhs dong din ,dign dp , e6e Iéch pha gita 2 tin higu hode tn 36 Ong phéng ign titi mét dén chin khdng , trong c6 cdc din tit dude phat ra tif Katot bi nung rng va hinh than mt chim tia hep , chim tia nay duige gia tc vé pha man hinh . ahi dign dp dat lén cée phign Iéch doc va léch ngang sé Him cho chim tia dién tit dugc lai theo chiéu thing ding va chigu nim gang . Théng thuting chim tia dge quét ngang man hinh bing mot dign ép rang cute Auge 190 ra ti mach tgo g6e this gian va mot dign p vao e6 thé thay déi duge 4é lai chim tia theo chigu thing ding Dao dong ky dign ty ¢6 logi mot ia, hai tia , ba tia va bn tia A e6 kha nang hign hinh déng thi cde dang s6ng tin higu 6.180 D6 KHOI DAO BONG KY THONG DUNG. Keon $06 kh6i cia mot dao dong kyTin higu ¥ duge dua vio théng qua b6 khuéch dai Y vao 2 bin eye Y . Mat khdc tin higu tir bo awéch dai Y duge dua qua mech déng b9 dé Kich thich may ph xung ring cufa (may ph quet ) sau 46 due dia qua b9 Knéch dai X va da vio bin cue X ta cbng c6 thé dua tn higu X te ig ‘vo bO khéch dai X va n6i v6i ban cye X théng qua cng thc By [N6u ta sit dung mach déng bp ngodi qua céng te By tht 9 a8 kichthich cho may phét que lam vige Khi do dign dp , cong the By s€ chuydn sang khiu chudin bién 46 va quan st 40 Iéch o¥a ta Gi dung “0” ng v0i bien 49 chudn . Sau dS chuyén edng Ue B; sang vi ut a higy Y vin bién 66 cye dai ella tin higu can do gap bao nhieu lin bién 4} chudn va 46 lon ciia tin higu Y duce ‘in theo chun higu s@ duiye dita vao mach dng Ki do chu ky , dn phii dinh chudn thoi gian , diéu nay duce tye hign bing edch sit dung bo chuda thoi gian bing eéch dann du wng khodng thei gian ung v6i gié ti chudn én todn b8 tin higa 62 ONG PHONG TIA BIEN TU ‘Ong phong tia din ti 06 edu tao nhurhinh ve Lui c6 dang hinh ci ly bing niken 6 15 3 dy va bao My catot Katot 6 deng binh try eting due lam bing niken vil mat déy phdng dude phi mgt ldp oxit dé phét ra cde dim ut va mot soi dot lam nhigm vu nung néng katot. Katot due duy th 8 din thé 2kV vi dign thé hud cong duye didu chinh dign ép tw 2kV + 2.05KV dé diéu khign dng dign t katt ‘hu6ng 164 mn hinh He tho'ng anotNgoai katot cdm e6 cfc anot Ay, Az va Aa... Cfc anot nay ding dé tgo ra tru@ng gia t6e kim cho ede dign ti sau khi qua cdc dign cute anot s& dat dude te 46 1dn ngoai ra anot edn c6 nhigm vy digu tit cae dign tl dé tao thanh cée tia nhd hudng t6i man binh Anot thd nhii A; e6 dang hinh try e6 dign thé’ dung cao hon so voi katot . Cae ign ti dae ia te tirkatot qua Iwi va anot the nh ign thé d anot Aj va Ap dugc gidf o thé dt ( duong hon so véi katot ) cOn dién thé cita Ap ute git dign thE 2kV do €6 tyo duge dung dng thé nén te 45 chuyén dng cia eée dign gua ee anote6 t6¢ 65 Gn dint ‘Tamm lam Ich ( phién lam I¢ch ) ‘Trong dng phéng tia dién th dude gin thém ede cip bin cyt dé lam léch céc tia dién tt ve hudng ‘nim ngang theo truc X va phia thdng ditng theo truc Y Cac cap bin eye nay duve goi la * tim Lam Tech ding * va * tm lam Iéch ngang “ Gitta céc tim Iéch doc va 1éch ngang c6 ‘edn cé¢ tim chén cach dién ngin khong cho dign trutng eda cdc dm Ich ady anh huding Win nhau . Dign thé dg ken cdc tim lam Iéch 1a & E /2 do dé dign thé gitta hai tim lim Igch la E va céc dign tim st ‘bj hut ve tim dudng vi bid ra xa tim ém n€n ducing di ca chim tia dién ts6 bi I€ch di, Do dé néu ta de ‘ng én e6e tdm lim Igch mot dign &p xoay chiéu thi chm ta dign tt 1uOn bj dé hudng tao thanh -mOt dung thing 6380 KHUECH DAI LAM LECH Mot dign dp bat ky Iam léch tia ‘ign td ctng duge bién 48i thinh 2 din fp bing nhau va ngue chiéu nhau +E/2 : va — B/2. Mut vay edn phil 06 9 : Khuéch dai dé kni c6 tin higu mot chiéw : “i | hay xoay chiéu dua vao s& due bign di * thamh tin higu ra e6 dang vi sai Mach khuéch dai e6 s6 48 nh hinh ‘TI va T2 t othanh b6 khuéeh dai i 8 eve E chung . TI va T4 ede mach ‘s40h E dé to dign trd ngo vao 16n . NEu ign &p vio bing 0 thi t& eye B oda T] Ding thé dit, cho nén néu cue B cila TA ucge chinh sao cho bing thé dt thi the ‘ai cue B oda T2 va T3 s& c6 cng din thé am so véi a® Una = fp roi wén din t9 Rs va Re d mite dit Usps cho nén Te = va dign Ta ahbn thay ede eye C ba cde transistor fa du ra cia khuéch dai va ching duge me trae {ip voi cdc thm Idi tha Ucs va Ucs . Con chay ea bigh ted thuting nim 3 v tr gita va C6 ahigm vu digu chinh eae dau ra c6 diga ap cin bing Khi dign ap vao khde khong , hic d6 Tn; #0 va dong dign Ie: qua clu phin ép RI va R2 tg0 thanh dign dp trén cye B transistor T2 hin cho dong dién Ie ting va 1; gidim lam cho diGn dp ra Uca idm va Uca ting . Nu &9 bign thién cba Ul AUce = =1 V thi AUc)= 41 V 3Khi tin higu vao edu phan ép tng theo chiéu am thi ddng din len gidm , Icy ting , AUcs > 0 0a AUcs <0. Thong thutiag dign ap qua cd phan &p e6 Gign dp nhd nha la 2mV wong tng voi vvach chia 46 léch trén man Ninh cdn ign 4p vio Idn nt la 1OV tuesng tg vai | vach chia 45 léch Bin t Ryo c6 nhiém vy diéu chioh dign 6p 631 Len cye B oa TS dé lam Igch chim tia dia tt Jen hoc xuéng so véi tim man fin 64 TIN HIEU QUET Khi tin higu e&n do dat vao 2 ban cue Y , tia dign wt n€u khOng c6 tac dong kéo ngang thi ren ‘iin hinh xudthign mot vach thdng ding duy nhdt . dé kéo tin higu nim ngang , ngudi ta ding mét tin higu tgo g6e thai gian dat vao hai ban eve X , tin higu nay goi a tin higu quet ngang . Tin higu quét ngang thing 1a dang s6ng rng exa ho8e séng dé I§p di lap lai Néa tn 56 cia tin higu cén quan st 16a hos tin sxuit hign n chu ky tin higu quan sat Néu ti s6 gita tin igu cdn quan sét va tn higu quét 18 mbt s6 no dé eBa hai 96 nguyen thd ‘u6n man hinh suit hign dang dung cong ding yén . Nu nguge Iai tht dutng cong sé chuyén dong nién khOng thé quan sat duge . Vi v8y edn phdi o6 sy déing dng gifa hai tin higu vao va tin hieu quét, dé thye hign duge diéu nay , ta chi viée chinh tdn sf cia tin higu quét cho phi hop ( chinh nat bign td tren dao dng ky) quét n lén thi teén man hinh s& nin thay y6 BO TAO SONG QUET NGANG Ta thug ding méy phit rang cua dé lam tfn hieu quét . C6 hai BO phn chinh 18 66 tg0 song. ring cua va mach trigg schmitt khong do . Do op ~ amp c6 d9 khuéch dai dién gp rit Ign khoiing, 200.000 do do chi eiin mt sy sai Ich nhé gitta ce ngé vao ela op ~ amp cing dis fim cho igo schmitt bo hoa nghia 18 dign dp ng6 ra rdt gn voi dién 4p nguon dusng hoae nguén am , Thing ign dp bao hda 1B Uy = ( Use 1) Von hode Un = (~ Use +1) von Yee ‘OL OUNN/VAOH CAA Bin ap ring oun 0 bin xung AU a d9 igh thi€n dign dp dt en wy dign tong thoi gian T “TR chu kj eda xung ring ova (Cy dign dung oda ty dign (MF) Nau vay cha kj T ota xung rng eva phu thude vao aid tr dong dign I va dign dung C) . Dong ign I, €6 thé thay d&i bling cach chinh dign trd Rs va C; qua nit diéu chinh K May phat quét 6 thé lam vigc lam vige & ché 6 lién tue hode ché a9 ches 4 Ché d6 lign te Ia ché 46 quet binh thudng nh winh bay étrén+ Ché d6 ché 1a ché 49 ding 4 quan sat cde xung ri rac céch nhau khd xa. May quét ‘due kich hoat bdi cdc xung cn quan sat .Viéc déng bo tin higu do va tin higu quét dutie thge ign mBt ech wrong - 66 DAO DONG KY BIEN TU HAITIA Probe (CHA) Probe (CHB) fia go cia dao d6ng ky hai ta cling ging nur dao dng ky mOt tia. DE tgo ra hal tia, te thé thy hign theo hai phusing phép 4 Dang hai dng phong tia dign tiriéng biét , mbi chum tia cho mot dang sng khée nhsu 4 Dang mot dog phong tia dign tr nhumg chim tia duge téch thinh hai phin riéng bigt truce Khi di qua ede tm 1am IechNhu vay , v6i phuomg php trén , ta chi sit dung mot ‘dm laa Kech ngeag . Dang song rng cut t0 b6 tao g6e thd sian dupe du v0 bo tin lam lech ngeng va ed hai chom tia bj Iam lgch @ quét ngang man hinh mot céch déng thdi Céc tin higu dua vao kénh A va kénh B (chanel A va chanel B ) duge khuéch dai 8 2 } khdc nhau vA duge cchuyén mach lun phién gitta kénh A va kénh B ahd hé thing chuyén mgch dién ti. Tén s6 chuyén mach dude iu khién b&i mach tao g6c thai gian . sor hep ; Sine” 2S ee ‘oe67 MOT SO ONG DUNG CUA DAO DONG KY Dao dong ky duye ding dé do gid ti dign dp , dong dién , tin s6 va géc Kéch pha 6.1. Bo dign ap va tan s6 céa tin higu cha: btn a » 40 3 on in 0 » 2 (hws) Tei = sn i “True tién ta dua dign 4p chun vao dé quan sit 46 Igch eb ta digm slung vdi dign ap chun va xée din d6 nhay Sy = 56 vach / d6 I6n ea di€n 4p chudn . Sau 46 ta dua dign ép edn do vao kenh Y (Quan sét bién d6 cia tin hiéu do ta tinh duge 49 én cla dign ap cin do Ly=2Sv Une Suyra Upax = Ly2 Sy ‘D6 nhay Sy dutge xée dinh qua nut digu chinh 46 nhay trén mat dao dng ky (von /vach chia ) te vac Bign dp cé thé the hign bang thiét bi chudn bién dO bén trong dao dong ky hose dign ap chudn dita tifngoai vao qua cOng tke ByYidu Dang tin higu kenh A c6 bien dp 1a 5 vach chia thing dung . Tin higu kénh B 6 bién 9 1 3 vvach chia ‘Nu nit digu chinh * von / vach chia * 3 vi ui 200mV th dién ‘gi tj twong ting 1a + ign 4p dkenhA: Ug =5-vach, 200mV = 1000mV =1V 4 Dign dp dkenhB: Us = 3 vach. 200mV-=600mV = 0.6V Chu ky cia mBi tin higu s6ng sin Ia tch s6 gita thi gian mbi chu ky 8 ede vach ngang voi gid taj wen nét diu chiah * time / vach chia * ‘T=(s6 vach ngang / chu ky ). TIME/ VCH inh ~ dinh eta mdi kénh e6 Vide ‘Xée dinh chu ky cia tin higu 8 kénb A va kénh B ten man hinh dao dng kj nuttin ve ‘Tin higu sng kéah A o6 chu ky 1a Tr =( 88 vach x0.5 ms )/2 chu ky = 2.2 ms Suy ra fy=1/Tq21/2.2ms = 455 He ‘Tin higu s6ng kénh B e6 chu ky 1a To =( 88 vach x 0.5 ms )/6 chu ky = 0.73ms Ma =1 (0.73 ms = 1.36 ki, 6.72 Do tn s6 bing phuong phip so sinh Ngoai phuomg php trén , ta cdn 6 thé thy hién b&ng cfch so sinh tin higu cin do fx vei tin bigu chudn ¢6 tin s6 1 fy. Tin higu cén do tn s6 duge duta vao bin eye Y (ty theo bién 46 cba tin hhigu vao ma ta khuéch dai hoe khOng khuéch dai ) tén man hinh sé xusit hién dug cong phe ap Lissajuo abu hiah bén . Név tdn sO cia tin higu can do 1a b6i s6 hode use s6 chin cba tin sO huiin tt hinh Lissajuo trén man hinh s@ ding yén . Néu hinh Lissajuo trén man hinh kh6ng ding yén thi ta chinh tn sO chudn sao cho hinh Lissajuo trén mn hinh ding yén . Sau 46 ta xe dinh tin s6 cia tin higu cin do Suy ra fi Gia sirhinh Lissajuo én man finh e6 n mii ngang vam mi doc , thi ta e6 tym fn Hay hey fePhuong phép tren duge ding a8 do tin $6 c6 gid ti ti 10H dén vai MHz tuy theo losi dao) ong ky OS et Mot tin higu cin do tén s6 duge do bing phuving php so sinh duge dua vao dao dong ky igh Lissajuo tzén man hinh dao dng kY 6 6 mii nim ngang , 3 mii doe va thn s6 chudin li fy Ia Ikdlz. Tha s6 edn do ia tin bigu 3 F lOktte f= 5H 6.73 Do g6c Kech pha wi) 9a Ngodi chis ning do bién 49 , tin s6 cia tin higu , {dao dng ky con ¢6 thé do g6e 1éch pha gita hai tin hieu ‘Taco thé sl dung hinh Lissajuo hoge sit dung dao dong ky a, hai ia ‘Sit dyng dao dng kf hai tia i+ i ‘Xéthai tn gu digm &p Ldn aot 1k fase Ui(1)=Vigsin ot 8 AC re dwt nba Ohad ae UX 1) =Urq sin (at-@) ‘Voi g 18 g6c lech gida 2 tin higu “Ta dua tin higu U; vio kénh A va tin higu Uz duge dus vao kénb B ‘igo chinh hai tin hi€u sao cho ching trang nhau theo tryc that gian t va tren cong mot rue tog 6 nhurhinh ve Tin higu Us(0 di qua zero i didi A va C , cdn tin higu Ux) qua zero tgi diém B . Cac doan thing AB va AC tuong tng véi cdc khoding thdi gian At va. Tir dé ta xée dinh duge g6e Iéch gia hai tin higu Ui(O va 0At gy. AB = 00" = AE 360° ‘Sit dyng hinh Lissajuo 4€ do géc pha ‘Ta dua tin higu Uy(® vio bain cye Y va tin higu Ux) vao bin cue X . Trén man hinh sé xudt hign mOt tinh elip , ta digu chinh sao tam hiah elip tring vi g6c tao 43 ‘4c dinh ¢iém ct cia hinh elip voi trye hoanh va hoanh d@ dn nh cla elip khi t= 0 hode 12, tai thoi dim d6 dign dp dat len bin eve Y Ia U, = Ova ign &p dat len bin eve X 18 Us = Uagsing hoe Ua = - Unnsing ‘Bogn thing ab cia hinh elip i 1€ véi 2 Unesing va a’b’ tI¢ voi 2Uzm tng véi d6 Kech In nha cia ta dign tt theo chiéu nm ngang Géc Iéch pha dutyc xéc dinh theo biu thite 9 = aresin (ab/a’b’ ) Hay = arctg(A/B) ‘Ta nbd thy ahuge diém eda phuténg phép la khOng xic dinh duge fu cla g6e pha va sai sé cela phép 40185 + 10% "68 CAC LOATDAO BONG KY BIEN TU 68.1 Duo dong kf thong dung La losi dao dng ky phd bign ding 4€ quan sét céc dang tin higu xung e5 tin s6 thilp dud 1OOMHz va dai dign dp tr vai milivon dé hang tram von Loai dao dong kj nay e6 gid thin iting 46) ha nén duce si dung réng ri 6.82 Dao ang ky van ning La loi dao dng ky e6 khd nang sit dung dé thye hign nbigu elute ang bang ech thay thé e&e mang linh kign (block ) Khe nhau tuj theo yéu edu si dung . Loai nay duge ding dé khio sat ede tin higu da hai nie tin higu xung Dai vin lamvige e6 thé len dén hang trim MHz va do duge dign ép wr vai milivon dén hang trim von 683 Dao dng kj te 49 nhanh Dy 18 loa dao dong ky ding 4é quan sét va ghi ai ede in higu xung ngén ed tin hiGu qua 8 hode ede tin higu xung tudn hoa tén s6'ca0 . Loai dao dag ky t6e dQ caoed thé dp ung tin sé dn hang cha GHz ( Ghi ga hert ) 684 Dao dgng ky Isy miu La loai dang dé khdo sét va ghi lai c&e tin higu tudn hodn va 6 Asp ding tén sO len dn hang ahi ga hert GHz Céc dao dong ky thong dung thutng chi dp ung di tin $6 vr 20MHz dn 50 MHz , nén khi tin higu e6 tn s6 cao hen tdai tdn dap ting fam cho chim tia dién wi chuyén ding én man hinh nhanh toi mic chi tao ra céc vet sdng m& . Dao Ong ky lay ilu khfe phyc duge di8u nay bling céch tao ra cée chéim eS | “yaaeetem tn s6 thp . MGi chm biéu thi mét mau bién d cia tin higu ff) vA ANAL ( VV VA VA ‘a0 va cde chim duge li tir ede chu ky kh nhaw . Nhu vay v ce mach lly miu 66 kha nang hoat dong 8 tin s6 rt cao hung Sng phong tia dién t va ede mach lién quan chi edt fam vige 4 tn s6 tucing di tip Cée miu bien dbcila tin higu efn do duge léy & nhong thai dim ké tig nhau va chém hon @ mi chu ky’. ChuSi cae imi ny s@ hinh than nén dang s6ng ban du nhung @ tn s6 thap hon rit nhiéu so v6i tin sB ella tin higu e&n do View Mot tin higu e&n do e6 chu ky T} =0.01ps hay tuomg img v6i tin s6 1a 1 OOIns Hin duge thé hign trén min bin bi ede chil mau 66 chu ky Te= 10x001us f= = 100 MHz 2Hay fi Ns vay tin higu e6 tn $6 1 1OOMEz duce bign Ai thin dang séng o6 tn 58 1OMH2 So d3 Khoi cla dao ng kf Idy miu nh sau 19 to mung eng eva re use thay thé Bling b9 t90 Es a sung béc thang dé lam lech gan | OLS TT [sta ngang chim tia dién tit ~ Dang sing tn higura ca B6 feo xung bac thang 18 mgt chudi ede ble diga dp ting a din ta am d&n dung . Tai owe ate | idm cud cia chu ky quét , sdng bac thang tré I9i mite dign dp ban div. Voi dign hee fp tang theo dae thang nay s8 am cho chim tia dign | dich chuyén tit phia nay rows sang phia kia cia min binh cling theo mot chubi bge Ngoai ra dign 4p ra ca bd two xung bac thang dufve duta vao mét dau ciia b6 so sinh. G day ‘ign dp bée thang duge so sénh voi da rang eva BO too xung ring cifa duge khdi dng bdi bd tao din dp bic thang khi dign ép rng cua bang ‘di dign ap bac thang , hic niy bé so sinh xual ra mot xung tée dng lam cho cla Idy mau thong va cota lay miu bat diu Ixy mu bien 49 te thei eva dang song tin higu cao tin edn do. Sau thong trong thoi gian ngin , ca ly mu gitt mde dign &p ra khéng di cho tei lin ldy mu ke tip . Tin higu xung ra ti bd so sinh eting dave dua vio nhu mot xung Khéng x6a t6i IuBi cla Gag phéng tia ‘ign tt xung 46 d6ng chim tia dign tt trong moi thoi gian ng&n d@ tao mgt chim den ten man hinh dao dong ky . Qué tinh due thy hign lién te dé tao ra dang song ban dw Nhute diém dao dong ky ldy mu chi thue hién due sng ban du khi dang song tin higu vo Jap loi thon . Név dang song tin higu vao thay déi sau mOt s8 hu ky thi hinh dang sng thé hién tng céc chim miu sé bj sai lech 68.5 Dao dong kj c6 nh Duge ding 48 khdo sit céc tin higu tie thei hoe tun hotn chim tin higu qué dd tin hieu ngdn . . . Dai tin e6 thé dat dén 150MHz va t6e 4) ghi 4000 km/s voi dai tin higu dién &p vai milivén dé hang trim von G dao ding ky dién wi nhé s6 , cdc dang séng dutie ghi nhé nh Sng phong tia dign tit e6 cfu to dge bigt. Voi ce dao dong ky dign ti ho s6, cc dang sng dite sO hod va lu gitvao mét bo he 3Tin higu edin do due ldy mBu du6i dang tin higu tung ty , qua bO bign O6i Twtdng Te - S65 ( ADC ) 4 chuyén tin higv analog sang tin hiéu dang 86 digital . Cae mdu tin higu duce “6 héa" hoe nate trong bd nhd va s& duge bign Adi nguge lai tr in higu dang digital think dang analog thong qua b6 bign déi S6— Tuong Ty ( DAC ) Cée miu tin higu tdi tao Iai dge sit dung cing v6i thoi gan 06 dang bgc thang dé 1g0 ra tp hgp cde dau chim nhs d dao dong ky ldy mu. BO 140 66 thoi gian (go ra eéc xung ¢6 tan sO Idty mau can thiét , ci mBi xung te dong lam cho eve lay mu thong rong khodng thai gian ngn do a6 s€ tgo ra mot chubi ede miu bien 49 va mbi mu nit vay due da vio b6 ADC dé chuyén tanh mét chuBi xung ngdn . SS xung nay «Ie thud v6i bién 49 duge ify mu . Sau 46 ede nhém xung duce dita vio b6 nhd 48 ht tn. Céc mu tin higu xung ui dang s6 ly t'b6 hd qua bo DAC duge bien d6i thinh dang tuong ty va tgo thanh dang song ‘ic thang . Béng thoi d bo tao g6e thoi gian ctng tg0 ra dign dp bac thang dé digu Kién bO DAC 20 cho mbi mu tin higu xung dang tuong ty duge ti tg0 8 mgt digm tung tng trong g6e thd gian (C&e miu tn bigu xung dang tung tf due dts Wi bo khuéh dai va tn higu ngO ra be khuéeh ‘ai se duge dua vao phién lam Igeh doc . Mat khéc tin higu dign 4p dang béc thang Idy tb6 190 ‘hd gian ge due Khuéch dai va dua vao phigh lm léch ngang Hoi tin higu wén cdng v6i cde xung khong thé xéa s8 tao ra dang sng lA chubi cdchéin wwén ‘man hin , day 18 dang song cia tin higu ban du cn do Un didm cia dao ding ky 6 e6 nhé Id Iu duge dang séng trong khoding thi gian dai . Théng lin nho kbOng bi mat theo thoi gian , e6 khd nang nhé va hign dang sOng tte thd cOinh nh ede dang song ip ai Tuy nhin dao ddng kf a6 c6 nho kidng sit dung due & td s6 cao va giéthanh cbn cao nén st ‘hac sif dung hon cdc ogi dao dng ks Khe 686 Dao dng kf cdi ABt yp (micro processor ) iy 8 loai dao dong ky thong minh ,c&e chie ning thiéi bi du do up diéu Khiéa nhu ty d6ng chon thang do (tim do ), tinh gi tj Khong thai gian va dign ép . Ty ding tray xual thing tin doi dang 65. Dao dong ky cai dat up 06 thé ghép n6i voi méy tinh , lu tt di liGu va in a e&e dang song va 46 thj cia tin higu do 6 thiét bj nay dutge sit dung va ngay cing sif dung rng rai vi tinh tign Igi cid hide bi x See ao ee} et 1 en, —— ne £ ~~ oe “4cout cau caus cau caus can cau CAU HOLON TAP VE so1 48 khdi cila dao dong ky dién wi. Néu chute nang ca eg Knot 46 ? Trinh bay edu tgo eda Ong phéng tia dign tt? Néu chife ning cba cée bé phn (rong Sng hong tia dign tr? BG lam Ich va b6 tao ge thai gian o6 nhiém vy 8)? ‘Trinh bay edch do bién 46 dign 4p cla mot tin higu ? Co may cach do géc Ich pha gifts hai tin higu ? Neu céch do géc lech pha theo timg phuong phép ? Néu cfc logi dao Ong ky bign e6 7 Uu va khuyét digm ela tOng 109i ? Trinh bay each do tin 96 bng dao dng ky thong thudng ? 16Gio Tink Bo Latirng Khong Dn Chung 9 : BO KHONG BIEN 11.8696 CAU TREC CUA MOT DUNG CY BO KHONG IBN My do da. gid hay phite tap déu e6 fia tg0 g6m 3 kh (Hoh 1.1) + Chuyéni seep Mach do, + Coefu chi thi x Y fachh Chuyén adi ‘Mach do (Co eau chi thi so clip Bai long ai lugng dign Khong ign Hinh 1.1 Ca tgo cia mot dung cu do khOng dign CChuyén d3i tab phn thu nh va bien €6i su thay di ci dai lung Kang dién de mg cho d6itugng cén nghien ea thin st thay i cis di hog. dia du xa theo quan bg him dri ‘Trong dung cu do khOng dién chuyén 46a Khu quan trong nt cia méy do né quy dink 46 nhay ¥Ad6 chink xéc eda méy 40, hu chuyén 46 so cap big dai hvgng Khong dign thigh dai wong ign ‘Mach do: gia céng tn hia tt Khu chuyén di so ep cho phd hp vies ev eh th gm Keach dai, dich mi, loc, phi dp td Kha ‘Coen chi th: chi thi KE’ qud do (56, die wi, kim.) 1.2. DINH.NGHIA. CChuyén d5i ta b6 phim thu nbn va bin dis thay di cia dai luting King dig de ining cho d6i tuo dtc tng cin aghien edu thanh st thay d6i cia dai hing din ddu ra theo quan he ham don 1.3. CAC THONG 86 DAC TRUNG CUA CHUYEN B61 1.3.1, Phuong trinh chuyén d¢i 7 Chuyén asi |X _, ai hang ai lng dign khongdien Hinh 1.2 ng6 vao va ra cia chuyén d6i qi lung dign (¥) 8 ng6 ra cia chuyén d6i lus 6 thé bid dif theo ngd vio khong €X) qua mot ham £, Tie WY = 10) ay Bigs thie (1.1) duge goi I phutng tinh chuyén d6i ola edm bigh. Nhu vy, phyong tanh ‘chuya dé: a bigu the tosn ge bieu thi mi quan he di vio va du ra cia chuyén 46), The tf ngodi dai lung cn do téc dOng vao chuyén 46 thi vin e6 nbide yéut6 he dng vio cchuyéa d3i nia, Vi vay, o6 thé bigu din ng6 vao va ngd ra cla chuyén di nhurhiah 1.2Gide Think Bo Dating Khing Bn c Dai lung Xz khong dign Hinh 1.2 bidu di&n ngo vo va ra ella chuyén d6i theo thy 1 ‘Theo hin 1.2 quan hé vio ra cia chuyén d8i 6 thd big din Y= Xi, Xen) ay ‘rong a6 X Wi dai lung khong dign cfn do (dai Iugag chi ao ). 2% Xr. I dai ugg phu (akigu). Do véy luo mong muGin Anh hung cha X; 0 bling O we 1 dat 096 (1.1), 132. D9 nhay 1321, Dinh nga: ‘BO nhay Lat s6 ign thién du ra ten big thign da va0 1322. D6 hay chil dgo : Sy ‘Seng 1dn cng do due efe dai Ivong c6 49 bign thién ahd, tds 1 chuyéin adi cane ti aay 2.3.6 nhay pu ay _ ay tim AY. oF Sue Dene” axa ai XGA big pi th Sq, cdg bE cng (6 (1 wing Si =0 ) Vi du! Bé do hich hue tht nén chon cm big nto wong eéccém bia sau aay Cimbige Sx Sui cB 100% rar cz 105mm oosafc ‘Theo dint nga vé dO nhay e6 thE thy Khi chon cdm bign nén chon cim biga c6 66 nhay chal dao Ida va d6 shay piu ahi, Nhu vay cdm bign 2 8 dge chon V1: Sxeso> Sxcas V8 Sxies:< Seen Bp ahay c6 thé pip ich rat nhigu trong vige chon lua cém bign nhung c6 nhigu tvting hep ru chi dua vio 66 nhay th6i thi Ehéng dit co 68 48 chon Iya nén mat thdng 6 madi de dt ra, BS 12 49 chon ua, 133.) chonlya inh nghia : 49 chon iva It 96 git €9 nhay hd dao v8.40 ahay ply as)Gide Trink Bo Cuong Khing isn Ki chon Iya cdim bign thi im big no e6 Kiedng Idn cng th ‘Vidu 2: nén chon cm bién nao trong 2 cdm bin sau d€ phye vu vige do kh6i lung Ci big Sx Sui BL 8.10°mVikg, 4.10mvrc ce 9.10°mV/kg. B.10%mvPC ‘Theo dinh nghia 49 chon Iya nén chon cdm big e6 K,ldn, ti (1.5) tinh use Son, S, Sven Sree 134. Ngudng d@ nhay 13.41. Naudng d6 nhey inh nghin: ngwng 40 nhay 18 tj sSbign thign lon nbd eda cba ngd vac ma ngé ee ca thay i Y= X40) Ay cng bé cng tt 13.42. Gidt han do ‘inh nghiagi¢i ha do Ik pham vi biti thien cla ng6 vio ma phutong tah chuyén a6 con nghitm ding Khi chon Iya chuyén di cin chon chuyén &6io6 gid han do Ian hon hose bling khang ub do. ‘Vid 3: Hay chon chuyén di t6¢ nh dé do kic thud vi khodng cdch ed dot 080mm Do vay aén chon cim bigi 1. sidi han do Cimbies s Se Khoingdo M2980 cai saoavinm —_alotavhe ison t8Sxcas Sens > Sees Sus Sin Bow oe Kon oe ‘C6 thé nhiin thay 46 chon Iya cia CB3 va CB4 bing nhau, CB3 ¢6 46 nhay chi dao Idn hon ‘CBA, song dé) nhay phy ca né cing Idn hon CB4 do 46 khdng dya yao d6 nhay va 6 chon lua dé chon cém bin. Tuy nhién can cif theo diéu kign gidi han do cla 2 cdm bién c6 thé chon CB3 vi: Keodng doce B30 000mm Khoing do ala CB8 701500mm ‘Trong khi khodng cén do ti 0 +800mm = khoing 2/3 khoang do CB3 Kich thutde cdn do chi sfc ban 135 Do pi én Dac tinh chuyén déi 1a 44 thi quan hé d4u vao va déu ra Dinh nghia : 46 phi tuyén [a U sé gilta higu cla gid tri ra li wing vai gid ti ra do duge trén sid tg Gt of nga gre ge Uno en ete tng,Gido Tink Do Datong Khing DEn 9 phi tuyén = (Yur Yen / Yer ‘DG phi tuyén cang bé cang tot 1.36, Sai 6 cia chuyén a6i Khi thuc hign phép do thi két qud do lu6n c6 sai s6. Can ctf vao nguyén nhn gay ra sai s6, 6 thé thily c6 3 loai sai $6 tac dng vao két qua do céia chuyén adi la: * Sai s6 phi muyén + Saisé phy + Sai sSnguong 13364. Sai s6 phi tuyén Sai s6 phi tuyén a sai s6 xudit hin trong két qua do do dic tinh chuyén déi la phi tuyén. ci é gidm thiéu sai s6 phi tuyén thi phai tuyén tinh hos dc tuyén chuyén déi. Diéu nay 6 thé thyc ign bing phin cing hose phén mém. 13.6.2, Sai s6 phy ‘Sai s6 phy [2 sai s xudt hign trong két qui do do sv anh hudng cia ede dai hidng phy (nhiéu). Chink vi vay 4 gidm sai s_phy cn gidm anh hudng ciia céc dai Ivong phu. leh Ride ohuc ‘+ Bat chuy€a d6i trong moi trang lam vige nhy yéu cu cia nha sin xudt + Loc nhiéu + Bonhiéu + Phot hop tng td 1363.Sai 36 ngutog Sai sO nguOng [a sai so do ngudng 6 nhay cda cdm bign. Sai sf nay chi y€u phy thudc vaio ‘cng nghé ché'tao nén khong c6 céch khie phue. 1.4, PHAN LOAI CHUYEN DOT CChuyén 46 6 thé dite phn ogi theo I trong ect chuda sau 1 Nhing yéu cd v8 ngudn cu ep ~ Tich eve va thu dng + Trang thi tn higura = Teme ev va 6 + Trang tht do mg — Trang thi lech vA trang thi cn bing 1.41. Chuyén a6itch ewe va chuyén 46i thy dng 1.4.1.1. Chuyén i tich eve Cac chuyén d6i may adi hdi cd suf cung cfp ning luting tr bén ngoai hay tin higu kich thich a8 hoa dbng ‘Nguéh tin gu a ed dave nh nang lung cung fp Vidu : Thermistors, Chemo-resstors ‘VE mat nguyén If chuyén di tich cye thuting dia tren higu ting vat ly big 461 dudi dang nang luigng ndo d6 (nhigt, cc hodc bic xa) thinh nang Iuing dién, Dudi day m6 td mot cdch tdng, quit cée dang tag dung cia céc higu ting may: 14.1.1. Higu ting nhigt dign = Gita cdc dau ra cita hai day din 6 bin chat héa hoc khdc nhau due han lai voi nhaw bing ‘mOt mach dign c6 mhigt 4 & hai mdi han la T, va T> s& xudt hign m6t xuat dign dng e ( T),T>) Higu ing nay duge tng dung a€ do abigt 46 T, khi biét trude nhiét 46 T2, thi dy cho T2 = 0" CGido Tink Bo Lating King Din Mt) Minh 1.3-Higu tng abige ign 14.1.1. Higu dng ha dign ¢ Mot s8 tinh thé, goi a tint thé ha din (thd tinh thé sulfate trighjcine )e6 tinh phn ce ‘phat ph thude vao nhigt d6. Trén ede mit d6i dign cia ching tn tai nhng dige ich tdi du ©6 65 lon tj 16 thudn voi 46 phn eve dién Higu dog his dién duce img dung dé do thing lugng eda bie xa én sing. Khi tinh thé nba ign hfp thu &oh sing, nhigt€6 cia n6 ting Ién fam thay d6i phin eve ign. Su thay ddi phin ewe ny 06 thé xe dinh duge bling ech do sy bien thign eda dign dp teen hai eye ela ty dig Se ‘in 1.4-Higu ung hod dign hee 1.41.13. Higu dng 4p aign : hi tac dung lve ¢o hoe 1én mt vt lam bang vat ligu ép dign, thi dy thech anh, sé géy nén big dang cba vit 6 va Tim xust hign bung din tich bing nhau nhut tréi dis trén ce mat dd ign eda v4t d6. BS 1A igu tg 4p dign Higu dng may cuge ing duag dé xéc dink ye hodc cée dai Iugng gay nea lye vac dung vio vit liu dp dign (nh dp sud, gia te. thong qua vige do dign dp teen hai bain cue cia wu dién F Jror Hinh 1.5- Higu Ung ap dig 144.14, Higu dng cm itog dig te: ‘Trong mék day din chuyén dng trong tring khOng d6i sé xu hign mot xudidign dong 116 v6 thing oft ngang day trong mg don vi thoi gian, nghie 1a 18 voi tGe dd dich chuyén eta ay din Cong wong ty shu vay, trong met khung day din chiu téc ddng eda tithing bigh thign sé xudt ign sui dig dng bing va nguye dau v6i su big chin cia te thong Higu dg cam tng didn tr duce tng dung a xe dinh Se 49 dich chuyéa cla v9t thing qua Vige do suit dign dong cdm sng ASE naonGido Tink Bo Lang Khong Bn Hinh 1.6- Higu ong cam dng dign tt 14.1.8. Higu dng quang dign Higu dog quang dign o6 nhieu su bi hign Kise nhau nhumg d€u cong chung moc bin chai 461 hign wgng gidi phong ra ede hat ev do trong vGt ligu duditée dung ia bfe xa duh sing (hod bite xa dign tr n6i chung )6 bifoe sing abd hon gif ti ngwOng dc trumg cho vit liga. Higu dng my age tng dung d& ché tao e&e chuyén Adiquang (thi du ede céng ie ur dng déng ngdt den chigu séng cng cong). 14.11.6. Higu dng quang phat xo din tit: Higu Ung quang phét xa Ia hign tung c&c digm tit duve gidi phéng thost ra kh vat liu tao think dang due thy lei dui téc dung ela dign rng + Higu tng quang dign trong chat bin dln: hi mgt chuyén tip P-N due chigu sing s& phat siah a ede cAp éign tit— 18 uSig, ching chuyn dong dvi tic dung eda dign trang cia chuy8n tgp Lim thay di higu dign thé gita hai ddu chuye ep. + Higu tng quang ~ dign- tir: ‘hi fe dung mot td ting B vudng g6c vi be xe An sng, wong vat Ligu bin din due hig séng #5 xadt hién mt higu dign thé theo hung vusng géc vi rudng B va vi hudng bue 1a fah sing, Higu tng quang dign tr cho phép ahin duge dome hoge thé ph thude vio dO chit sing Du trén nguyén the nay 6 thé do cde dai Iueng quang hote big Adi e&c thong tn chia dymg trong ‘ah sing thinh in higu dia > aq tys0 inh 1.7-Higu tg quang dig tt 7. Migu ing Hall: ‘Trong mot vit ligu (thutIng Ia bén dn) dang um méng c6 dong dign thay qua dat trong ‘ning B o6 phudng tg0 thinh g6e 0 v0i dng din I, sé xust hign mot hign mOt higw diea the Vj theo hudag vudng géc vdi B Va I Bidu thc eda higu dign thé Vycs dang, Va=Ka IB, sin® ‘Trong 46 Ky ld he s6 phu thude vio vit ligu va kich thud Kink hoc oa miu B ~ Vue X ‘Hanh 1.8-Higu ing Hall Hiigu ing Hall duge ing dung d€ xée dinh vi wf cba m6t vat chuyén dag, Vat nay due ghép 1n6i es hoe vi mot thanh nam cham. G moi that digm, v tr cia thank nam chim xée Ginh gi ti -6-Gio Tink Do curry Khiing Dn cds tr ung B va g6e 6 tng tng V4i tim bn din méng dng lam vat rung gian, Vi vay, hig ign thé Viedo Cue gia hai canh cia tf bin dn rong ting hop ndy( md eéch gdm gp) ham phy thuge vio vi tri ea vft trong king gian (1.8) Cée chuyén ddi diva én higu og cla Hal a chuyén d6i ich eye Dai Wi thOng tn 6 Len «quan én sufi din dong. Day khong phi a b6 chuyén di ning lugag boi v trong rg hop may ngucn cia dong ditn I (ch khOng phi a da gna cin do) cung cp ning tig Lien quan d&n tin hide do. 14.12. Chuyén di thy dng Lap te ph in higu dp td Iai ste dag bén ngodi ma khong edn ning lugng cung pc ben ngoai. ‘NeuBa tin higu output c6 ure nhs ee Ute nbn ich thi ‘Vi du :e&p ahigt dign thermocouple CChuyén dip dign (Piezoelectric sensors) ‘Chuyéa 663 thy dong thing dude che to tr hing td khsing 66 mo trong cfc thé 86 ch ‘ya shay vOi dai lng edn do. Mét mat gis tr cba ted King phy thude vo kich thie hinh hye ela mf, ahing mit Khe né cbn phy thuge vio tinh cht dign cb v8tligu mhurdign td stp thin ‘eh sign mote. Vi vay gi treba td khang thay 461 dud tae dang cba da ugg doin hung riéng bigs dé Kich thude hinh hoe va tinh chit dign cda vt liga, ‘Thong s0'hinh hos hose Kich thute cla tré khéng e6 thé thay 441 nu chuyén di phi chayn dng hay phin tibia dang. Trong tring hop thi abst, chuyén déies chia phn w dong, mmbi vj trea phn chuyéa dong cing ing vei mot gi ri ba t8 Khdag cho nén do gist eda {10 khéng sé xéedinh duge v tricia d6iragng. Bay Ia nguyen lf eba nhiby losi chuyén divi tc hote dich chuyéa (chuyéin 46 digo thé, chayén Ai cém hg 616i dba, ty dién dng bin cve di 460g.) Trong teng hop th hai, chuyn di es phn trbiga dang. Sw bién dang due gay non bdi lige ho¥e ede dai luting din dé Ive ( ip sud, ga We) ide dung rv tig bode gisn tip lén chuyén Asin du bn exe di dng eva ty dién cu tc dung cha dp sust vi sai, chuyn dSico dng ie lién «quan chit che dn edu tne chu te dung cia tg sui Sv thay 46 cated Whng (do bign dang ) lign quan dé Ive te dng 1én eu tre, nghta Ia téc ding cba dai lugng en do doe bin 451 thanh tin higu ia (hiGu tg dp ce. Phu thude vao ban cht cla cdc vat ligu khac nhau, tinh cht dign cla ching. c6 thé nhay vOi ahigu dy gg v8t ly nhu abet 6, 40 chitu séng, ép suft.d6 dm .NEu ches m6t wong che dh Ign nu trén 6 th thay 46 vat cede da gag khée due pit knOng di, cing ta sé hit ip ure ng tng don tga gi ttc dai ng ny va i Khdng cba edm Bin. Bud cong cea st ch hign sy og Ung do va cho phép xe din git cba da lung edn do te pgp do te ching. Bing 11. B¥e trumg fc dpi ling ei do. al iugng cin go Dac trig nhay cim Losi vat ligu sv dung Nhigt 6 Kim loai Pt, Ni, Cu, Ban dn Bite xa én sng P Ban din Biga dang P gp kim Ni, Si, pha tap ‘Teeny Hop kim sft ar Vici (nam chim) > Vit liga tir din tr3 = Bi InSb Beam be TCI, Al:Os,polyme Mie e ‘Chit un ech digmGido Tink o Lurong Khong Din ‘Trd khdng cda chuy€a d6ithy dong va si thay 46 ciate king dui téc dung cba dai Luong cin do ch 6 thé xée djnh dgeKhi chayén 468 mt thioh phd trong mgt mach dign. Tren thye £6, tong tong hgp cy thé ma ngudi ta chon mach do cho thich hgp voi chuyéa 46 1.4.2. Chuyén d6i tang ty vi chuyén a6is6 1442.1. Chuyén adi twig ‘Cung cp tin higa ign te trong cf thd gan va khdng gian Hau het ce git do tang vatly ewan Vid :nhiti d, swdich chuyéa, LY sing 1.42.2. Chuy6n 46i 6° ‘Tin higu output cda ching git 8 trang thi c&c bude hay ri rae ‘Tin nigu s6 66 ding lop lai, ding tin cy va d€ tuyén di xa hon Vidu : Shaft encoder, contact switch exting 46, 24 mang bin exting 46 ro, we toh. ye 1.43. Trang théi hogt ing 1.43.1. Che a9 1gch CChuyén 06 hay dung cu do lam vige & ch a9 bch 8 ph in ‘gu pdnhdi Lai sy thay 46% (ge) so vi cid kign ban du cia ding eu do Sa thay 48 (ign dang) ady wom ng vi git Co. 1432. Che ap can bling Chuyéa dé hay dung ev do dua sy dah hidng cia 6 len be thing do ubng 4 ching Iai dog cba dy gg do. Sulnh hudng vA dai lige do due cia Bag (hd tip ase trang) cho da khi ching cin bg nhau ahung ti nguee has v8 sid Dung cu doling 8 ch€ a cin Bing 66 thé oS KE qua dori chinhxde nhimg dp tng thung chim hon ché d6 lech, 18. CAC BON VI DO LUONC (Cae don vi do lng 8 ca h thing dvi gue ST Bang 12: Cée don vido Dailagng | Téngoi | Kyhigu | Duge djnh nghia(tnam) ‘Chidu da: met m___|Chiéu di dvtmag chuyén Goh snGido Trinh Bo Lung King Dn ‘wong chin khong wong Khodng ‘hai gan 1/299792458s 1983)_ RST gag Silogara eg __| Mu quit can pratin-indi (1889) “Tai gin aidy s | Khoing thoi gian 9192613770 chu KY bic xa tg vdi chuyén ai ita 2 mde siéu min trang thai eo bin cla nguyén ti Cesium 13341967) Dong didn ampe ‘A [Lye bing 2107 Nein | mer dit eda 2 day dn mang dien trong ‘hin khong dat cach naw | met (1946) Nhiged5 nhigt_| kelvin K__| 1273.16 cla ahiée a6 nhigt cong dong cia Gigm gi ba cia nude (1967) Long vat chit mol ‘mol | Laténg vit chit chita tong 0.012 ‘kg Cachon 12 (1971) ‘Cating &8 sing | candela Ca | Cudng 9 séng theo 1 phudng dt cho cia 1 nguén bute x4 dun sée 0 thn $6 54010" He va euting 60 nang litng theo phucag nay la 11683 _w/sireradian 1.6. CAC CHUAN CHUYEN BOL: 16.1. Chudin den gid: Chin dem glin 18 phép do trong 46 chi e6 mgt dai lume vét ly day shit sd dag Ion me ai Iuoag do xée dinh va sir dung mgt chuyén d6ikhdng nhay vdi c&e dai Ing dnb hung ve cng ‘hong chin svt d6ng eda cc dui wong ndy. Day 1a tring hap dae bie cba ce dai lugag.do tinh, ‘ghia 1 ede dui luong o6 gid ui KhOng a6, thi dv do khodng eéch e6 djnh bAng mot chuyén dima chi thy eda no khong phi thude vao nbigt dO va céc dai lng dah hudag, do mbt nhigt 40 khing ds bing mt c&p nhigt ‘Trong nbing digu kién nhu vay, chun chuyén ddichinh [a két hop efcAié tri hot toan xe inh ela dai wong do vai cde gif tr utng dng cba dai lung dién 3 ddu ra. Vide chuin due tin han bing mot trong nhing eéch sau day ‘Chun tre tgp: Cée gi tri kine nhan eda dai lugng do ify ti ede mu chun hose cc phn {i'50 sinh 6 gi tri big ide v8i dd chinh x8e ca. ‘Chudn gidn tgp: Si dung ket op chuyén ddicdn chudn v6i mot chuyén déiso sénh di o6 sin 10Tin va R < VSONA, <19-