33(2)[C], 109-118

Tp ch CC KHOA HC V TRI T

6-2011

MT S C IM A CHT PLIOCEN - T,
A CHT CNG TRNH KHU VC MIN TRUNG
V NG NAM THM LC A VIT NAM
MAI THANH TN1, PHM VN T1, NG VN BT1,
L DUY BCH2, NGUYN BIU2, TRN NGHI3, L VN DUNG4
E-mail: mttan@fpt.vn
1
Trng i hc M - a cht
2
Tng hi a cht Vit Nam
3
Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin - HQGHN
4
Vin Du kh - Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam
Ngy nhn bi: 20-4-2011
1. M u
Vit Nam c vng thm lc a rng ln vi
c im a cht phc tp. Nghin cu trm tch
Pliocen t thm lc a Vit Nam rt quan
trng trong vic xc nh cc c im a cht
bin nng, nh gi tim nng khong sn, nh
gi iu kin xy dng cng trnh bin. Bng t
hp cc phng php a chn (a chn 2D, 3D v
a chn nng phn gii cao), phn tch a chn a tng theo quan im a tng phn tp v cc
phng php a cht khc, cc kt qu t c
cho php nghin cu t m c im a cht cc
thnh to Pliocen - t vng bin min Trung v
ng Nam thm lc a Vit Nam.
Trong bi bo ny cc tc gi trnh by cc kt
qu nghin cu xc nh cc tp v h thng trm
tch, mi quan h gia chu k trm tch, s thng
ging mc nc bin v chuyn ng kin to, c
im tng c a l, lch s pht trin a cht
v c im a cht cng trnh trm tch Pliocen t. y l mt s kt qu t c t cc ti
KC09.09 v KC09.01/06-10 do cc tc gi tin
hnh trong cc nm 2001-2010 [6, 9].
2. c im cu trc a cht
2.1. Phn chia a tng trm tch Pliocen - t
Vic phn chia a tng trm tch Pliocen -
t c tin hnh trn t lin c bit l cc
ng bng ven bin trong nhiu nm qua. Tuy

nhin thm lc a, cc nghin cu ny cn hn

ch, ct a tng tng hp ca cc b trm tch u
gp chung trm tch Pliocen - t l h tng
Bin ng.
Trn c s kho st a chn phn nng gii
cao vi mng li tuyn n su 200m nc,
kt hp vi ti liu a chn 2D v 3D trong thm
d du kh, vic tin hnh phn tch a chn - a
tng theo nguyn tc a tng phn tp v lin kt
vi ti liu a cht trn t lin cho php xc
lp cc n v a tng c lp tui Pliocen v
t thm lc a Vit Nam. Trm tch Pliocen -
t c xc nh bi y l cc mt bt chnh hp
khu vc. Cc phn v a tng chi tit c phn
chia trn c s xc nh cc h thng trm tch c
lin quan n s thay i mc nc bin v hot
1

ng kin to l Pliocen di N 2 ; Pliocen trn

N22; Pleistocen di (Q11), phn di Pleistocen gia
(Q12a), phn trn Pleistocen gia (Q12b), phn di
Pleistocen trn (Q13a), phn trn Pleistocen trn Holocen di - gia (Q13b - Q21-2) v Holocen
trn (Q23) [2, 4, 6, 9].
Trn hnh 1 l kt qu so snh ng cong thng
ging mc nc bin vng nghin cu vi ng
cong thng ging mc nc bin khu vc [3, 7]
nhm xc nh cc chu k trm tch. Trn hnh 2 l
th d kt qu phn tch a chn - a tng trm tch
t trn c s a tng phn tp ca lt ct a
chn phn gii cao tuyn MC 57-58 vng bin Ph
109

 Hnh 1. So snh ng cong thng ging

mc nc bin vng nghin cu vi ng cong
ca Haq [3]

Yn (thm lc a min Trung). Hnh 2a l lt ct

a chn sau khi phn tch cc h thng trm tch;

hnh 2b l lt ct a cht tng ng vi cc tp

trm tch trong Pleistocen v Holocen.

gc
Pliocen

Thi gian o [h]

23.48

23.58

0.08

0.18

0.28

0.38

0.48

0.58

1.08

1.18

2.27

2.37

2.47

2.57

3.05

3.15

3.25

3.35

3.4 5

4.05

Q 23

50

3.55

100

150

200

2b

Q1

250

300

MC 57 - 58

Q13 a

Q13 b - Q 2 1-2

2a
1

Q1

350

400

450

Hnh 2. Lt ct a chn (a) v lt ct a cht tng ng (b) tuyn MC 57-58

2.2. Hnh thi cu trc

Hnh thi cu trc Pliocen - t min Trung
v ng Nam thm lc a Vit Nam k tha cc
trm tch c hn song c nhiu nt khc bit mang
110

sc thi ring. Chiu su y Pliocen, y t v

b dy ca chng thay i rt phc tp cc vng
khc nhau trn thm lc a [5, 7]. Kt qu nghin
cu trn c s ti liu a chn phn gii cao, kt
hp vi ti liu a chn du kh v ti liu ging

khoan cho php xc nh nh lng chiu su y

Pliocen v t, b dy trm tch ca chng. Trn
c s xy dng s ng su, ng dy
trm tch Pliocen - t thm lc a Vit Nam t
l 1:1.000.000, t l 250.000 v 200.000 cho vng
bin ng Nam v min Trung. Cn c vo mc
lng ng v b dy trm tch, c th phn chia
trm tch Pliocen - t thm lc a Vit Nam

thnh cc min st ln tng ng vi b dy

Pliocen khc nhau (500m, 500-1000m, 10002000m v >2000m).
Trn hnh 3 l th d v ranh gii y Pliocen
v y t trn lt ct a chn 2D. Trn hnh 4
v hnh 5 l cc bn ng su trm tch t v
Pliocen khu vc bin min Trung v bin ng
Nam (thu nh t t l 1:500.000).

0.5

Pliocen
1.0

Hnh 3. Ranh gii y Pliocen v y t trn lt ct a chn

5400m
3900m

50m

50m

b
Hnh 4. Bn ng su y t (a) v y Pliocen (b) thm lc a min Trung

111

b ng su y Pliocen
Bn

Hnh 5. Bn ng su y t (a)v Bn ng su y Pliocen (b) ng Nam thm lc a Vit Nam

2.3. c im tng - c a l

nguyn cn c tro bi ni la v pht trin cc

cn ct.

Thnh phn thch hc, khong vt trm tch,

cp ht ca trm tch t thm lc a c c
im khc nhau. Nhn chung trm tch lc nguyn
chim u th, cc lp vi gn kt yu, trm tch
ni la phn b khng u. i thm trong giu
aluvi, pht trin v phong ho, chiu dy nh. i
thm gia nhiu bn st v vt liu ni la, chiu
dy ln. i thm ngoi nhiu lp ct, sn, cc lp
vi v cc nm tng trng vo thi k bin li.
vnh Bc B, loi ht c bt - st l ch yu,
cui Pleistocen c tng trm tch phun tro, mi
trng trm tch chu th pht trin t Pliocen n
Pleistocen mun; thnh phn thch hc ch yu
loi t khong. Thm lc a Trung B c trng
bi trm tch ct ht th v cc lp bn sinh vt,
xut hin tng ct ven b, cc vng vnh pht
trin st, thnh phn thch hc phn nh cc loi
gc ven b. Thm lc a vng ng Nam c
trm tch ht mn chim u th; ngoi vt liu lc

Cc kt qu nghin cu v tng - c a l
xc nh 8 ng b c v phn b cc h thng
lng sng c tng ng vi cc thi k bng h v
gian bng, 24 tng v nhm tng trm tch khc
nhau, t cho php xy dng cc s tng
c a l Pliocen - t thm lc a Vit Nam [4,
8]. Trn hnh 6 l bn tng c a l khu
vc bin min Trung v vng bin ng Nam (thu
nh t t l 1:500.000). Cc i ng b c thm
lc a bao gm:

112

- i ng b c bin li trong Pliocen

su -3000 n -3500m ng vi bng h Dunai;
- i ng b c ca giai on bin li trong
Pleistocen sm su -2000m n -2500m ng
vi bng h Gunzi;
- i ng b c bin li trong Pleistocen
gia (Q12) su -1000m n -1500m ng vi
bng h Mindel;

- i ng b c bin li cui Pleistocen gia

(Q1 ) su t -400m n -500m ng vi bng
h Riss;
2b

- i ng b c bin li u Pleistocen
mun (Q13a) su -200m n -300m ng vi
bng h Wurm1;
- i ng b c bin li cui Pleistocen
mun (Q13b) su -100m n -120m ng vi
bng h cui cng Wurm2;
- i ng b c bin tin Flandrian
Pleistocen mun - Holocen sm (Q13 - Q21)
su t -50 n -60m;

Hnh 6. Tng c a l vng min Trung (a) v

vng ng Nam thm lc a Vit Nam (b)

- i ng b bin tin Flandrian Holocen

sm - gia (Q21 - Q22) su t -25 n -30m.
Giai on Holocen mun t 4000 nm (Q23) c
pha bin li v pha bin tin hin i t 1000 nm
tr li y, b bin Vit Nam lin tc b bin ng
theo c hai hng bi t v xi l. y l bc tranh
v lch s hnh thnh v tin ho trm tch, kh hu,
cnh quan a l t nhin trong mi quan h gia
s thay i mc nc bin v chuyn ng kin
to, l c s la chn cc phng n chi tit khi
xy dng cc cng trnh ngoi khi v ven b.
Trm tch Pliocen - t phn t lin v bin
c mi quan h ngc chiu do s dao ng mc
113

nc bin i dng. Trong cng mt tui, mc

nc cn nht (bng h) to nn i b su v xa
b hin i nht, ng thi mc nc cao nht
(gian bng) to nn ng b (thm bin) cao v
cng xa ng b hin i nht. i b hin nay l
s hi t cc chu k chuyn ng ca bin li bin tin theo quy lut gim dn u v tr li
trng thi n nh tng i. Cng ra su b dy
trm tch t cng mng do s st ln kin to
v s dch chuyn dn ng b c vo pha t
lin ng thi vi hin tng khuyt dn cc chu
k trm tch tr.

phn chia cc kin trc kin to ch yu, ni bt l

i t gy phng kinh tuyn 109 v i t gy
Sng Hng.
S cu trc Pliocen - t thm lc a
min Trung c th hin trn hnh 7.

3 . c im kin to a ng lc
3.1. c im kin to hin i
Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy ch kin
to trong giai on Pliocen - t thm lc a
Vit Nam c nhng c im sau:
- Qu trnh st ln phn d chim u th; tt c
cc kin trc Kainozoi sm (cc b trm tch
tam v cc i nng u tham gia vo qu trnh ny
vi mc khc nhau ty thuc s chuyn ng
phn d cc khi t gy ca mng thm lc a.
Bnh st ln thay i theo thi gian v to nn
cc bt chnh hp kin trc trong cc b trm tch
Pliocen - t.
- Cc b trm tch Pliocen - t vnh Bc
B, Sng Hng, Ph Khnh, Cu Long, Nam Cn
Sn v Malay - Th Chu c bn sc pht trin
ring ca mnh. c im ny th hin tc st
ln, mi trng trm tch, tnh k tha bnh kin
trc c v t hp cc thnh to trm tch, trm tch
- phun tro khc nhau. c bit l s xut hin
tng trm tch dng chy ri (turbidit) cng vi
s hnh thnh cc nm ln t u Pliocen v tip
tc pht trin trong sut Pliocen - t ra pha
ng cc b Ph Khnh v Nam Cn Sn.
- H thng t gy kin to tip tc hot ng
v ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to dng bnh
kin trc thm lc a Vit Nam. Trong din
phn b cc thnh to Pliocen - t c xut hin
cc h thng t gy hot ng trong Pliocen -
t. Chng c phng ch yu l kinh tuyn, i
ni c phng v tuyn v B-TN.
- Hot tnh kin to Kainozoi mun khng c
du hiu suy gim, ghi nhn c xu th tng
cng hot tnh kin to - a ng lc tp trung
dc theo cc h thng t gy su, l ranh gii
114

CH GII
CC YU T CU TRC KIN TO

Thm Nng
Nam b Sng Hng
Khi nng C Lao R
Kin trc Ty b Ph Khnh
Thm Phan Rang- Vng Tu
Khi nng Phan Rang
B Nam Hi Nam

Hnh 7. S cu trc Pliocen - t thm lc a

min Trung

3.2. c im a ng lc
Cc hot ng ni ng lc hin i thm lc
a Vit Nam biu hin rt a dng. Trng dng
nhit khu vc phn nh cc bt ng nht theo
chiu su ca kin trc thm lc a v kin trc
trng nc su i dng Bin ng k cn v cc
trc st ln trong ni b thm lc a. Cc hot
ng ni la hin i phn nh mc su ca cc
qu trnh magma hin i v cng vi cc biu
hin ca hot ng ng t khc ha thm cc i
tp trung hot tnh kin to - a ng lc hin i
l: i Sng Hng, i kinh tuyn Hi Nam - eo
bin Sunda, i ra trong Thun Hi - Minh Hi v
i Hn Hi - Cnh Dng [1, 8].
Cc ch a ng lc hin i (ni ng lc
v ngoi ng lc) lm ny sinh cc tai bin
tim tng him ha l ng t, xi l b bin [1,
10]. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy i ven bin v
i b l ni biu hin tp trung cc tai bin ng
t, xi l b bin v nguy c tn ph ca sng
thn do cc trn ng t mnh ca khu vc gy

ra; i ng lc ca h t gy kinh tuyn Hi

Nam - eo bin Sunda l ni tp trung cc biu hin
hot ng ng t v ni la nguy him nht.
Trn hnh 8, 9 l bn kin to, a ng lc
Pliocen - t thm lc a min Trung v vng
ng Nam (thu nh t t l 1:500.000).

Ch gii
Thm Nng
Nam bn trng Sng Hng
Khi nng C lao R
Ty bn trng Ph khnh
Thm Phan Rang Vng Tu
Khi nng Phan Rang
Bn Trng Nam Hi Nam
t gy Khu vc

- Xc lp v lm sng t quy lut bin i

khng gian iu kin a cht cng trnh thm lc
a Vit Nam l va bin i theo cc i su
nc, va theo cc vng trn bnh thm lc a
l Vnh Bc B, Trung B, ng Nam B v Ty
Nam B.
- Cc kt qu nghin cu xc nh s c mt
ca nc l su ti vng m Bch H, cng c
cho nhn nh nc di t nht phn b su ti
ng bng Cu Long l nc c ngun gc chn
vi. iu ny cho thy tr lng ngun nc nht
ny l c hn v lng nc c th khai thc b
hn ch.
Bng 1. Cc th a cht biu th trn bn a cht
cng trnh
Lp

Nhm

Ph
nhm

Phc h a tng
ngun gc
3

(am, bm)Q2

t gy a phng
Kin trc nng a phng
Kin trc st a phng
Kin trc dng Lineament

Ct si,
ct ht trung

1-2

Trm tch mm dnh, mm ri

Trm tch

St, st pha do
mm, do cng n
na cng, ct pha,
ct ht nh, ht trung
cht va

amQ13b

Ct cc loi, ct pha,
st pha

mQ13a

St, st pha do
cng,
na cng, ct pha
do

3a

Ct, ct si, ct pha

2b

(m, am)Q1

2a

(m, am)Q1
1

Phun tro

mQ1

Magma

- Nghin cu tnh cht c l ca trm tch theo

phc h a tng ngun gc cho php lm sng t
mi lin h v ngun gc, tui a cht v mc
to trong s hnh thnh tnh cht ca chng. Qu
trnh phong ha laterit trong cc giai on bin li
lm phc tp ha qu trnh pht trin bn ca cc
trm tch theo mc nn cht trng lc.

3b
1-2
m(Q1 -Q2 )

amQ1

Lin kt kin
trc cng

c im a cht cng trnh c nghin cu

trn quy m ton thm lc ia Vit Nam, a ra
mt quy trnh nghin cu ton in v c h thng
phc v nh gi iu kin xy dng cng trnh
bin [6, 9, 11]. Phn tch tng trm tch t ti liu
a chn phn gii cao c minh ha trn hnh 10.
Bn a cht cng trnh v phn vng a cht
cng trnh vng ng Nam thm lc a Vit Nam
c th hin trn hnh 11. Cc th a cht biu
th trn bn c nu trn bng 1. T cc kt
qu t c c th nu mt s tm tt nh sau:

Khng lin kt kin trc cng

msQ2

4. c im a cht cng trnh

St, st pha, ct pha

mm yu, ct, bn
st, bn st pha, bn
ct pha
St, st pha do
mm,
do chy, ct pha
do, ct

mQ2

Hnh 8. Bn kin to a ng lc Pliocen - t

thm lc a min Trung

(N2-Q)

St, st pha do
cng n cng, ct
cht n rt cht
St, st pha cha
nhiu cacbonat
St, st pha na
cng n cng

bazan

115

Thm Kz Vng Tu-Phan Rang

st ln yu trong Pliocen - Q
B Kz Cu Long st ln phn
d trong Pliocen - Q
Kin trc TN Cu Long st ln
phn d trong Pliocen - Q
Kin trc trung tm Cu Long
st ln phn d trong Pliocen-Q
Kin trc ng Bc Cu Long
st ln phn d trong Pliocen-Q
G nng Mz mun-Kz Cn Sn
st ln phn d trong Pliocen-Q
Kin trc TN Cn Sn st ln
phn d yutrong Pliocen-Q
Kin trc trung tm Cn Sn
st ln phn d trong Pliocen - Q
Kin trc B Cn Sn st ln
phn d yu trong Pliocen-Q
a ly Kz Hn Hi st ln
phn d trong Pliocen-Q
B Kz Nam Cn Sn st ln
phn d mnh trong Pliocen-Q
Kin trc ra Ty Nam Cn Sn
st ln phn d trong Pliocen-Q
Kin trc trung tm Nam Cn
Sn st ln phn d trong
Pliocen - Q
Kin trc trung tm Nam Cn
Sn st ln mnh trong
Pliocen-Q
Ra N Nam Cn Sn st ln
mnh trong Pliocen-Q
B Kx T Chnh Vng My st
ln phn d mnh trong Pliocen-Q

Ra b Kz Malay Th chu st
ln trung bnh trong Pliocen-Q
Vm nng Mz mun-Kz st ln
trong Pliocen-Q
Nam vm nng Natura st ln
yu trong Pliocen-Q
Bc vm nng Natura st ln
phn d trong Pliocen-Q

Hnh 9. Bn kin to, a ng lc Pliocen - t thm lc a ng Nam

y bin
Tp A

Ct mm, ct st
St bt cng

Tp B

Mt phn x

Tp C

St bt, st cng
St bt trung bnh
St cng
Ct si, ct t mn
n trung bnh

Mt phn x

b
Hnh 10. Phn tch tng trm tch t ti liu a chn phn gii cao

116

b
Hnh 11. Bn a cht cng trnh (a) v phn vng a cht cng trnh (b)
vng ng Nam thm lc a Vit Nam (thu nh t t l 1:500.000)

5. Kt lun
- Phn tch a chn - a tng trn c s a
tng phn tp v lin kt vi ti liu a cht cho
php xc nh hnh thi cu trc, chiu su v b
dy trm tch Pliocen v t. Cc phn v a
1

tng c phn chia gm N 2 ; N22; Q11, Q12a ,Q12b,

Q13a, Q13b - Q21-2v Q23.
- Cc kt qu nghin cu xc nh h thng
cc ng b c tng ng vi cc thi k bng h
v gian bng, phn chia cc tng v nhm tng
trm tch, t xy dng cc s tng c a
l Pliocen - t thm lc a Vit Nam.
- Cc b trm tch Pliocen - t c tc st
ln, mi trng trm tch, tnh k tha bnh kin
trc c v t hp cc thnh to trm tch khc
nhau. Cc h thng t gy trong c phng ch
yu l kinh tuyn. Hot tnh kin to - a ng
lc tp trung dc theo cc h thng t gy su.
Ch a ng lc hin i lm ny sinh cc tai
bin tim tng, i ven bin v i b tp trung cc
tai bin ng t, xi l b bin.

- Ln u tin c im a cht cng trnh

c nghin cu trn thm lc a Vit Nam.
Nghin cu tnh cht c l ca trm tch cho php
lm sng t mi lin h v ngun gc, tui a cht
v mc thnh . Xc lp v lm sng t quy
lut bin i khng gian iu kin a cht cng
trnh thm lc a theo cc i su nc v theo
cc vng.
TI LIU DN
[1] L Duy Bch, Ng Gia Thng, 2008: Cc
kiu bn trng Kainozoi khu vc bin ra ng
Vit Nam. Tuyn tp Hi ngh khoa hc a cht
bin ton quc ln th nht, tr. 114-124.
[2] Nguyn Biu, Mai Thanh Tn, Trn Nghi,
Nguyn Th Hng Liu, Nguyn Quc Hng, 2008:
a tng phn tp phn gii cao trm tch Pliocen t bin Nam Trung B, Tuyn tp Hi ngh
khoa hc a cht Bin ton quc ln th nht,
tr.199-209.
[3] Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J., Vail, P.R., 1987:
Chronology of fluctuating sea - levels since the
Triassic. Science, v. 235, p. 1156-1167.
117

[4] Trn Nghi, 2001: c im tng - c a

l trong Pliocen t thm lc a Vit Nam, Tp
ch cc Khoa hc v Tri t, T. 23(2), H Ni, tr.
105-116.
[5] Mai Thanh Tn, 2004: Application of
Geophysical methods to study the Pliocene Quaternary sediments in the Continental Shelf of
Vietnam, Advances in Natural Sciences, vol.5,
N0.2, pp. 201-208.
[6] Mai Thanh Tn (ch bin), 2005: Nghin cu
c im a cht - a cht cng trnh vng ng
Nam thm lc a Vit Nam phc v chin lc
pht trin kinh t v xy dng cng trnh bin.
ti nghin cu khoa hc cp Nh nc KC09.09.
[7] Mai Thanh Tn, L Vn Dung, L nh
Thng, 2008: Hnh thi cu trc a cht Pliocen T thm lc a Vit Nam. Tuyn tp Hi ngh
khoa hc a cht bin ton quc ln th nht,
tr. 188-198.

[8] Mai Thanh Tn (ch bin), 2009: Bin

ng, tp III, a cht v a vt l Bin. Nh
xut bn Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh. 517 tr.
[9] Mai Thanh Tn (ch bin), 2010: Nghin cu
c im a cht - a cht cng trnh vng thm
lc a min Trung Vit Nam phc v cho vic xy
dng cng trnh bin v nh hng pht trin kinh
t bin. ti nghin cu khoa hc cp Nh nc
KC09.09.01/06-10.
[10] Cao nh Triu, 2010: Tai bin ng t
Vit Nam. Nxb. Khoa hc v K thut. 303 tr.
[11] Pham Van Ty, Mai Thanh Tan, Nguyen Viet
Tinh, Pham Thi Viet Nga, 2005: The geological
Engineering zoning in South - Eastern Continental
Shelf of Vietnam, Proceedings of the international
Workshop Integrated Geoengineering for a
Sustainnable Infrastrucure Development, Hanoi
National University Publishing House, pp. 162-166.

SUMMARY
Characteristics of Pliocene - Quaternary geology and Geoengineering in the
Center and Southeast parts of Continental Shelf of Vietnam
Vietnam has a large continental shelf with complicated geological characteristics. The study of the PlioceneQuaternary sediments is very important for understanding the shallow geological characteristics, potential of mineral
resources, as well as the evaluation of offshore construction sites conditions. By the combination of HRS, 2-D, 3-D
seismic and other geological methods, the detailed investigating results of the Pliocene - Quaternary formations in the
Center and Southeast parts of continental shelf of Vietnam have been obtained.
In this paper, the authors present the research results of establishing the structural maps, determining the
sedimentary system tracts and sequences, the relationship between sedimentary cycles, sea level change and tectonic
movement, facial-paleogeographic characteristics, geological development history and characteristics of engineering geology
Pliocene - Quaternary.

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