10

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.

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. : ,


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1

: )' (25-22 )' ( . ' , ,32' ,25-22'

.4-2
- ) ,1978' :(87
These spy stories are also usually followed by an attack against the territory or
town reconnoitered and the Israelites victory[...] The tradition of Jos. 2 ought
therefore to be followed by an account of an armed attack against Jericho and its
capture. The memory of this attack and capture is preserved in Jos. 24:11.

," : '
] [... ] [... ' " )' ,(29-27

11

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3

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) ,1999' (212 ,
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12

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.' ) (69-66 2001
.

: ) ,1986' ;(109-102 ,60-51 ),2001' .(60

)" (231-195 , : .
; . ; .

13

, 8. ''
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.

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1989' , (161 ) 1987' (98 97 ,
, .

12

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,
. '' ,
, ''' .
) ,(1971 ) (1992 ) (1995 ''
There is not one scrap of documentary evidence from the Late Bronze
]Age, or from the Bible to support the `revolting peasant theory`. [Rainey, ibid,
''' . , ''
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14

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) ;(84-21 ,1984 ) ,1990' ;(284 ;(1983) , ) ,1995' ; (120-119
) ,1997' .(178
16

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' ' ,63 ,19-12 ,10 ,18-16 ,13-11 .47

15

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,

. .
,1868-- ,1911-1907
.1936-1930
, ) : ][1997
] ,1962' .([220 - -,
.
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_______________________________

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- . )"(
.
.
; 13-
. '':
"The Israelites were part of the shosu/shasu pastoral elements in Canaan during
) , 1995' the 13-12 centuries." .(496
, .
17

,
.

18

: )"(; )2001 ,' ;120 -97"(.

16

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) (1931 .
D 1400-1580) I"( ,
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20

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.
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21

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19

) 1957' ,1992 ;265 -256' (732-731

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20

, ' )700-
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.34

21

) (1957 ),(2300-3100
.
)"( ) ,1997' .(90 ) ,(2200-2300
]) ,(2000-2200 1950-2300" , ' [2000-2300
, ,
. , )-2100
(1950 ) ] ([1982 ) (.
) ,(1550-1950 I
) (1750-1950 ,(1550-1750) II
. ) 1997' (223
)"( , . , ) ,1997'
,(135 .
. ) (.
, ,
.

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. ):
1992' 1997 ;736' . (223

23

) ) (1400-1550 ,(1997

17

1200-1275" , .
) 1207"(
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) 7-"( 25.
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.

26

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, .

28

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_______________________________

.(1300-1400) A - ) 1986' (136

1425 .1275
24

1207" , ''" : " .:

) ,1990' ,(312-310 ). (2001

25

' ' ) (1976

).(1200-1000

26

: ) ;(1971 ) ,1984' ;(84-21 ) ,1990' ;(284 )120- ,1995

;(119 ,1977) ,' ;(178 ) 1977' ;(87 ) ;(1982
)2001 ' ;81" ' .(103

27

: ) ,1969' 1975/6 ;61-58' ;(182 -166 "" ,

, ,1965 ,' ;235 ) ,1964' ;(73-70' ).(194-195 ,1967

28

: )(; )(; ) ;(1965- )1978' .(612-610

.

18

.
. ) (1986
.
)"( , ) ,1983' ,(116-115
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' ) 1990' ;331

1990 ,' (42

;

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19

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20

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21

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23

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24

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2 .

37

,13 ,63 ,19-12 ,10 ,17-16 ,13-11 .47

38

: ) ,1912' ; (280 ) ,1923' ,(8 ) ,1948' .(301 -296

25

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39 :
- " 2 ,
" . . ,
" , 23-22 , .

.3 ' ' ' ' )(Gattungsgeschichte

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. ,

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26

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;
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,
.44

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42

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. ( , 30 , ,,
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, ,.

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44

: ,1953 ,' .192-176

) (1987
.

27

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45

)( .

.4 ) (
) (19-16 ,XV-VI ,1938
' ' 46. ) (1966 ;1953
- ,
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;
. , .

47

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, ,
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.

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,1953) ,' ,1981 ;73 -43 ,13 -9'

(84 ,77 ,37 -

45

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.
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.(1

46

).(1994
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47

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28

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,9 .

29

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. - 8, 6 :15 ,13-12 ,9 ,,
23.
,
.

30

, ,
) ( .
' ' ) : ' (25 , ,
' ) ,(1963 .
,
) ,(1968
. , ,
, ,
. ' ' ) (25 , ,
.
- ) ,(1990 .
,
.

51

, ) ,1997' (12 -9
, . ' '
, ,
. ,
, , ) ' 32
(.

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51

52

: . ; . ; .
; .
; . "" ; .
.

31

' ) ,1972' 53(86 -82 ,39 -37

,
; ;14-13 .11
, , .
' ,
.'
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' . " 16-
.13
) ,1968' ,(70 -54 -
.
, .

, ) ,(1975
)' ,(10 . ,
)' ,(194 ,
, .
, , ,
. ) A "(
:

54

55

' 5615-13 .
) ,(B- , ,
_______________________________

52

) ,1893' ,1901 ;18 -13' (XV -IX

,
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53

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.25

54

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23 ' .

56

' ' ' ) 5 " "(

" . " " ' 23, 31 " .

32

.
.
, )
( ,
) ,1984' (102 -100 ,91 -90 ,88 ,87
. ,
. - ,
. ,
, , , 11-9 ) ,' 99-
(98 .
- , .
) -(
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57. ,
,
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)' 27,2 .(13
-) . (.
) (1999
. .

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) ,1973' (289 -274 ) (1973
- .
) (Dtr1 , 550" ).(Dtr2

57

) ,' ( 90-91
) ( .
. .

33

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.(21 ,9
.

58

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,Dtr2 , .
- , ) ,(1983 .
-
) DtrG Geschichtwerk ,(DtrH -
) (DtrP 580 560" ,

58

-
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; ) (
.

59

, .

34

) (DtrN 560" 60.

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,- ;
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.

61

) (1995 -
. .
.C2 ,C1 ,B ,A ) (
- .
.DtrN, DtrP, DtrR, DtrH :
, ,
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- ) ,(1970
)"; .(1999 , -
62, ,
63.
60

DtrN ,9-7 6-2

.16-1 ' 21-1 .
,9 ,2-1 .23 ,21-20 ,17

61

,9-7 )' ,(6

)' .(13-12 ,7 ' ' ,
. ' 1' ;5

.
) ,1986' (111 -85 )
(.

There never was a Deuteronomistic History as a unified literary entity; instead, " 62
we have a series of books Deuteronomy Kings, each composed or edited in
way.

)different ,1970' (195

,

)' ,14-8 ,13 ,18-17 ,11' ,29-28' .(JF 23 ,14

63

,
'

35

- , ) :
( .

.6 ) - (
,
- . ) (1981

64

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, -
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) : ,
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) ( .
, ,
_______________________________

, )" ,' 1999 ;251' (35-3

, - .
"Procedure and perspective are so different that the book cannot be derived from a
) 1970' (194
64

"single author or redactor.

15-10 ' 35 " ,

' ' 15-13 ' ,35-22' .(JE) 5-1' " 5' " ,
' ,20-16 ,10' .25-11 ' ,19 ' ,35 .20
.

36

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. : . P

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, ,' .(325 ,4-3

.7

65

: ) ,1990' . (11 ,9'

.23-20 ,12-10

37

, ,
.
66
. ' '
, ,
67.
, ,
, .68
" :
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, )' 18-11( .
, , .
66

69

: ) ;(1972 ) ,(1973 )"(; ) ;(1973 )"( ,

)"(; ) ,1979" ' ;(23' ) ;(1975 ) ;(1989 ) ;(1989
) ,1990' .(496 -222

67

) ,2002' (45 ) 2500

"( , , Stela of the Vultures : .
Lagash ,Ningirsu
.
: ) (1999
)
( , ) (.

68

: ,
, ' ' . ,
) : "; ,1990' ;499-497,
" ;2 , ,1997' .(137 -135

) : ,1989 ,' .(24 ' ' ' ' .
: [...] , .
) : .(1983 ,
)' ,26" ,11' .(11

69

) ,1997' CAT 1.4 Colmn VII (137-126

38

:
; 70
.

71

_______________________________

.37-27

Baal opens a break in clouds

Baal gives vent to his holy voice

Baal recites the is[sue of?] his [li]ps,
His ho[ly?] voice, the earth [sha?]kes
The high places of the Ear[th] shake
The enemies of baal take to woods.....
);ANET, 157 :
,His ho[ly?] voice, the earth [sha?]kes, the high (CAT 1.4 Col. VII; : ,
places of the Ear[th] shake, The enemies of Baal take to the woods
: , :
'

" :5-4' ] [... " ," ,14' ,6

,6' ,16-14 ,9 .19

' ) ' ,
, " ,' :(162 -160
. .]
. ].
.][
.]
. . ]
] [. . ]
'' '' , , '' )
( . , ,
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70

: ) ,1990' (501 ) ,1973' . (24

) "; ,2002' ,(59 ''
) : "; .(1973 ,
.
. .
, , ) :.(1973 ,
71

- " : - ,
-)?(- , " . ) 1763"(
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") . : " ,' ,24 .(29
) ,1977' (183 ):(ARM X,4

39

72

,
.

73
74

. ,

,
,

_______________________________

His (Ime-Dagans) auxiliary troops will be scattered, furthermore, they will cut
off the head of Ime-Dagan and put (it) under the foot of my lord. Thus (my lord
may say): "Ime-Dagan is large and if I (arrive) will his auxiliary troops be
scatterd from him?)

It is Dagan, Adad.. who march at my lord side..".

: (121 1990 , : )

When Assur, the lord who called me by name (and) made my kingship great,
entrusted his merciless weapon in my lordly arms, I felled with the sword in the
midst of battle [...]
,(5 ,5-1 )" ,(1 ' ,12 )' :

72

, : ,5-4 )' ,(23 ,21 )'

, : )12 ,13 14-13 ,11 ,14-13 ' ,10-9 ,1 )'
.(356 ' ,2000 ; 516 -515 ' 1990 ; 4-2 , ",";
.12 ,2 ' ,28 ,17 " ,16 ' ,31 '

73

.(26 ' ,12 11 ,6 )' ,(20 " ,14 )'

13- ' ,22-20 )' ,(24-22 ' ,6-5 )'
,(16-12 ( )' 21 ' , ,28-21 )' ,(12
.(5 ,51-44 ' ,- )'
.7 ' 2000 ;356 ' 2000 : .18 "' " '
It is Yahweh against the gods of Israel's enemies and ultimately it is Yahweh
overcoming the enemies themselves".
.(72 ' ,1977 )
While the cosmic rule of Yahweh was always affirmed, the victory of Yahweh to
bring about this divine rule took place primarily over the human forces of chaos,
although mythopoetic categories were some times explicitly the vehicle for
describing the battle and the victory, and the defeat of the deity who led the
opposing forces might be assumed.
.(10 ' 2000 )

74

40

, . ;
, ' .

75

76

,
.
77, , ,
, 78 79.
,
, 80,
, , ' )' ,11 ,4" (.

75

' ,2' ,31 ,2' ,2' ,6 ,14" .3-2

76

' )" ,12 ,11 ,4 ,2" ,(23 ,18 )"

,37 ,19-18 (10 )" ,7" ) .(10 : . ." ,",
, ," , ,(1064 -1057
)' ,40-36" ,(12-6 , )' ) ,(26 :.
" , , " , ,", .(421-416

77

,
"
" )" .(27
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) :
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' " ,
" .
- ) ,1969' ,(175 .
.

78

' ) ' ,(9-7 )' ,6' ,(23 )'

,(26 )' ,(9 ) ,1994' (22 -21
: . ; . ) : ,(
; . ; .
. ,
.

79

)" , " , ," , '

,(419 " : " ,19-14
".

80

: ).(1972

41

- ) ([1958] 1991 ' '

, : ' , ,
' . '
; ) ' .(51
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, '" ) (.

81

_______________________________

Tukulti- Ninurta )1210-1300 :

"(
, ) . .( 1976
.:
1076-1114) I-"( With the exalted strength of :
Assur, my lord, against the land Haria [] Assur, the lord, commanded me to
march
) ,1990' .(87
- II-"With the assistance of Assur my lord, :
With the exalted strength of Assur my lord (and) with a [] I departed from
"fierce battle I fought with them

) ,1990'

.(98
Hattusilis . ,
.
81

) ,(1989 ' '' .

: ' ." ,5
,13-10 ,5-4 ,2 ,8" ,2-1 .25-22 ,20-18

42

- ) ,1990 ;1983' (323 -322

,
" ,
. , , ) (DtrH
82.
) ,1996' (92 -

83

' ' -
. ' ' ,
, ,
.
) ( ,
.

84

, - ) ,(1990
- . ,
,
- 85. ' '
82

.
, .

. ) 1990 ;1983'
.(11 -9

83

,I- ,III - ).(ANET 275, 277, 300 :

84

) : .(17
) (1989
. ,
.
- , - ' '
.

85

There are no controls on determining the terminus ad quo and the terminus ad
quem for the use of such motifs in one culture let alone establishing their use in
another culture. Moreover, most of these 'motifs' occur in earlier texts or can
easily

be explained as West Semitic influence in the Assyrian royal

inscriptions.

43

, - , ' '
) , ,( 86,
, . ,
87

88

89

) (1994 - ,
- ;
)
_______________________________

) ,1990 ,' (262

86

' ' '

' )' ,11 ,9' ,16 (27 ) ,1990'
.(258

87

. ) ,1990' It is more likely :(241

that the section is a narrative unity exhibiting a typical ancient Near Eastern
transmission code commonly employed in the history writing of conquest
accounts. This, of course, does not exclude possible textual corrections or glosses
by the hand of (a) so-called Deuteronomistic editor(s). But it seriously questions
the prevailing opinion that the section is a composite of many different
independent traditions.
,
Obviously, the writer utilized source material war reports, diaries' the :.
(Book of Yashar, etc.) so that in one sense separate accounts were collected.
) (1994 ,
-
.

88

: : . ; .
; . , . .
) , ( ,
) (.
,
.

89

" " .

,
.

44

" ( .
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.
"
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) ( .

, . -
III- ) 1468"(,

90

, .
) (2002 91,
,
, . ,
.
.
90

92

.1 : , )' ;(647 ,649-1 ,1 Urk. IV ,28-1

.2 )' . .3 ;( Urk.IV. 649 ,652-3 ,11 )' 1 .(18
) .4 ;(Urk.IV 652 ,13-655 ,9 )' 19 .5
) .5 ;(Urk.IV. 655 12656, 16 )' .14-6
.6 ;(Urk.657 ,2661, 13- )' .(Urk.IV 662, 8 663 ,2- .25-15

91

" , ,
, ,
, ".
) ,2002 ,' (35

92

"
.
-
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;
, ) (

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45

) ,2002' (328-318 -
,
.

93

93

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46

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94

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96 , .
) (
):(4QTest

97

><
.

98

] [ []
[ [

94

) ,(1994 ) ,(1994 ) ,(1998 ) (1998

.:

If we have three

different positions for it, it is in fact not original at all, but a latecomer looking for
suitable home.

) ,1998' (110

95

: ) ,1958' ;(145 120 ).(1975

96

: ) ,1986' ;(389 -338 ) ,1985' ; 81 ). (1995

97 ,1994' .99 -10

98

'' . )"(
' " :26 ".

47

[
.

99

26 :

)(4QTest

' '
'

100

___ ..

101

'

99

.4QPss Josh : ) (1968 ) .(1992

) ,(1994 ;1988 ' 26
) .( 4Q 175 11 , 23-27 )" ( 1992 ,

.
.
10-5 .4QJosha : ) 1994' 99
(.

100

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48

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10-5 ) 4QJosha ,1994' -10

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49

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.108

)( " -"

) (1886 ) (1931
, , .
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. )( , ) ,(1953 ,1938' ) (1972
) (1982
. ,
, ,
, , ,
, 109 .

110

107 ,1992' .206

108

) .(1981 ) ,1998 ,1976' : (129

The importance of the Septuagint

(LXX) of Joshua as evidence for the history of the Hebrew text of Joshua before it
was standardized in Masoretic tradition has long been appreciated, and at least
"since Hollenberg.
,1999' :17
The recent studies on Joshua and Judges is not translation technical, but text
critical or text historical. For Joshua this has been the most important question for
at least a century. The complex relationship between the Greek and Hebrew texts
"still awaits a minute thoroughgoing study.
109 "" "" 127.128 -
110

,
.
.

50

) 111(1914
, ,

,
, , .

112

) ,1986' (22 -15 .

,
. .

113

, .
,
.
.

114

) (1968
,
.
. ) (1998
.
,

111

) , (1893 ) (1912 ).(1918

112

: 3 4-
, . 26
, , 26
.

113

- ) (1995 ,
.

114

It appears we should disqualify our familiar Hebrew text from serving :

as sure base for a close examination of the literary structure and relationships of
the book of Joshua. It is from the more-or-less 'original' common text that better
answers may come to our literary questions about the completed book of Joshua.
) ,1998' (11

51

) ,(Urtext 115.
.
,
.
,
.

116

, , ,
.
.

.-
.
, .
)"(:
"
, , ,
" )' .(226
115

Yet study of some of divergences between Hebrew and Greek texts which :
recur throughout the book of Joshua has convinced me that the generally shorter
Greek is a better witness than the Hebrew to the common original from which
both have diverged; that the LXX is not an improved text, but a basically better
text.
) ,1998' (19

116

The LXX of Joshua is important not only for the textual criticism of the :
Hebrew book, but also for its literary criticism.
"The omissions and additions of the Vorlage of the LXX make the MT and the
) ,1999' (385

"LXX into two parallel editions

. : " 1
" " , " 17 " 25
)( , 10 " " .
" ' ,7 .13- '
'.

52

)" (1995 , .

117

.
, ,

118

,
. :
.
) ,(1995
,
.
. ,
.

119

) (2001
,
,
.
,120
,

117

) ' .(9-8:
" 9 13- .
20 '' "
" " .
.

118

) (1991 .

119

. , . :
,20 ' ' .
20 .
.

120

) ,2001' Of the textual witnesses, the version attested by MT is :(443

closest to the final stage of the literary formation of Joshua...4QJosha and LXX
do not attest to such an intermediary redaction stage, but either reflect expansion
"or reformation of the version attest by MT.

53

.
,
- ,

121

. , ,-
,
, .
) DtrH (DtrN- ) (RedP ,
,
, .
- ,
;122
,
.

121

The variants in LXX and 4QJosha vis-a-vis MT, however, are not of the same
size, nature and importance as the extensive reworking of the older text by the
Deuteronomistic, nomistic and Priestly author-redactors. Therefore, the ancient
textual witnesses of Joshua do not attest to the redaction process.

) (2001
122

the conclusion of :
this research must be, that these ancient witnesses do not attest to the process of
formation preceding the edition of the book of Joshua as preserved in MT, but to
"the process of interpretation, harmonisation and reformulation of the version.
) ,2001' .(447

The harmonisations, however, are not the product of single, comprehensive

enterprise, but rather a collection of similar literary initiatives. It is therefore well
possible that the Greek translator of Joshua continued this scribal tradition.
)' .(443

54

)(

,
.
) ,(B .

123

, ,
)( .
, : 5
"
" : " ,
" . ,
.

124, , ,

125

, .

,
. : 11 B
123

B .
, . :'
) ,1972' ;(19 ) ,1965' ; (121 ) ,1979' ,(12 ) ,2001' ,(18
AFMN :
) , (.

124

) (1999 ,
. Joshua is freer than :
the most literal books of the Pentateuch, but Genesis and Exodus are clearly freer
Deuteronomy as

than Joshua. Joshua resembles Leviticus, Numbers and

translation. Joshua has often been described as translation standing somewhere

between literalism and freedom. This description is justified if one bears in mind
the fact that hardly any translation of the LXX is not literal. The continuum
literalism versus freedom has to be understood within the framework set by the
) LXX books themselves.' .(211
125

) ,1999' ,(53
-.

55

'' 126.
,B
.
,
, . , ,
)'' ,(127
,
,
.
''

128

, ,
.
, ,
, .

129

The omissions and additions of the Vorlage of the LXX

make the MT and the LXX into two parallel editions differing
) ] [1999 81' with regard to their content. (395

126

AM .

127

) ,1998' (242 '' A `minus` of the Septuagint " :

vis-`a-vis the MT is defined as an element of the biblical text present in the MT
but not reflected by the Septuagint (if and only if it is not rejected at the outset as
matter of translation technique).

128

)( '' An element of the biblical text that is :

extant in the Greek text (and thus might reflect an element of the Hebrew source
text), but is not present in the MT.

129

: ) ,1992' .(291 -267

56

)(
,
; ) (.
)( , , ,
.

130

.1
.
, ,131
. ,
, .
, .
,
, .
, ' ) ,1979' ,(247 -244
. ,
, .
) .(1991
,
. ) (1984

130

) ,1993' It is not a historical discipline, but strictly literary one, : (11

foregrounding the textuality of the biblical literature. Even when it occupies itself
with historical dimensions of the text-their origin or their reception-its primary
concern is the text as an object, a product, not as a window upon historical
actuality.

131

: ) ,1993' ; (134 -121' ) ,1979' .(68 -27

57

. 23 " ' ".
) 2000 ;1991' (105 -87
' , ;

' ) '' ''
-( . ' ,
) ,( .
' , , ) ( .
) ( ) ,(
132.
, -
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.
133.
- :- ,- ,- ,-,
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132

) ,1991' ..(XIII) :XXVIII -XXIII ,XIII -

)' :(91
.A )' (
.B ) 1 .(1
.C ' ) .(12 2
.C ' ) .(15 13
.B ).(21 1
.A ) .(25 22

133

' 32 .
.

58

134

'

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) ,1994' (84 -81 .
,
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) ,25 ,29 .(27

135

: ;1987 ,1962 ) ,1987' ; 6 (26 -23 ) ;(1979 )"

' ;(35 ) ,1993' .(10 -9

136

: ;1962 ;1993 , ;1987 ,1994 ,' .420-389 ,8

59

, .
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138

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138

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) ' ,(14-13 )' .(20-17
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60

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141

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140

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141

: ) ,1975 ;(1970- ) ,1983 ' ( XXIV -XX

).(21 -15 ,1986

142

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61

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145

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).(1986

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62

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63

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)' (1985 ' ' ' ,:

'' )' (73' ' ,24 ,18 ,17 ,15 ' )' -(213-209 ' 15' '' )' (352
' 8'(.

64

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65

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66

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' 49.
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" , 4QJosha
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67

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68

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