Appendix

Conversion Factors

LENGTH
To Convert from
Inches

Feet

Millimeters

To

Multiply by

feet

0.083333

millimeters

10

2.54 x 108

meters

1 x 10-2

micrometers

25400

inches

39.370079
3.2808399

Meters

millimeters

25.4

feet

centimeters

2.54

angstrom units

1 x 1010

meters

0.0254

micrometers

1 x 106

inches

12.0

millimeters

1 x 103

angstrom units

3.048 x 109

centimeters

1 x 102

feet

Yard

micrometers

304800

millimeters

304.80

centimeter

91.44

centimeters

30.48

meter

0.9144

meters

0.3048

inches

3.9370079 x 10-9

inches

3.9370079 x 10-2

feet

3.28084 x 10-10

Angstrom units

micrometers

0.0001

angstrom units

1 x 10

millimeters

1 x 10-7

micrometers

1 x 103

centimeters

1 x 10-8

centimeters

1 x 10-1

meters

1 x 10-10

inches

3.9370079 x 10-5

3.2808399 x 10

-3

-3

Micrometers

meters

1 x 10

inches

0.39370079

feet

3.2808399 x 10-6

feet

0.032808399

angstrom units

1 x 104

angstrom units

1 x 108

millimeters

1 x 10-3

centimeters

1 x 10-4

meters

1 x 10-6

micrometers

To

angstrom units

feet

Centimeters

To Convert from

Multiply by

1 x 10

For additional information, see American Society for Testing and Materials, Metric Practice Guide, ASTM E 380-72, 34
pp., 1973; International Organization of Standardization International Stardt, SI Units, and Recommendations for the
Use of their Multiples and Certain Other Units, Ref. No. ISO 1000-1973(E), 21 pp., 1973; National Bureau of
Standards, Engineering Standards, U.S. Metric Study, NBS SP 345-11, 250 pp., 1971.

815

816

Appendix

AREA

FORCE

To Convert from

To

Multiply by

To Convert from

To

Multiply by

Square meters

square feet

10.76387

Pounds

dynes

4.44822 x 105

square centimeters

1 x 104

grams

453.59243

square inches

1550.0031

kilograms

0.45359243

square meters

9.290304 x 10-2

tons (long)

4.464286 x 10-4

square centimeters

929.0304

tons (short)

5 x 10-4

square inches

144

kips

1 x 10-3

tons (metric)

4.5359243 x 10-4

Square feet

Square centimeters square meters

Square inches

Square yard

Acres

1 x 10

-4
-3

square feet

1.076387 x 10

pounds

1000

square inches

0.155

tons (short)

0.500

square meters

6.4516 x 10-4

kilograms

453.59243

square feet

6.9444 x 10-3

tons (metric)

0.45359243

square centimeters

6.4516

dynes

980665

acres

2.066 x 10-4

grams

1000

square feet

pounds

2.2046223

square centimeters

8361.273

tons (long)

9.8420653 x 10-4

square miles

3.228 x 10-7

tons (short)

11.023113 x 10-4

square meters

4046.849

kips

2.2046223 x 10-3

square feet

43560

yards

4840

Kips

Kilograms

Tons (short)

VOLUME
Tons (metric)
To Convert from
Cubic centimeters

Cubic meters

Cubic inches

Cubic feet

U.S. gallons (gal)

To

Multiply by
-6

tons (metric)

0.001

kilograms

907.18474

pounds

2000

kips

tons (metric)

0.907185

grams

1 x 106

kilograms

1000

pounds

2204.6223

cubic meters

1 x 10

cubic feet

3.5314667 x 10-5

kips

2.2046223

cubic inches

0.061023744

tons (short)

1.1023112

cubic feet

35.314667
6

cubic centimeters

1x 10

cubic inches

61023.74

cubic meters

1.6387064 x 10-5

cubic feet

5.7870370 x 10-4

Pound force (lbf)

newtons

4.45

Kilogram force

newtons

9.81

To

Multiply by

(kgf)

VELOCITY

cubic centimeters

16.387064

cubic meters

0.028316847

cubic centimeters

28316.847

To Convert from
Centimeters/sec

cubic inches

1728

microns/second

10,000

cubic centimeters

3785

meters/minute

0.600

cubic meters

3.785 x 10-3

feet/minute

1.9685

cubic feet

0.133680

miles/hour

0.022369

cubic inches

231

cubic yards

4951 x 10-3

British Imperial

0.833

gallons
liters

3.785

Microns/second

feet/year

1034643.6

centimeters/second

0.0001

meters/minute

0.000060

feet/minute

0.00019685

miles/hour

0.0000022369

feet/year

103.46436

. Conversion Factors

817

To Convert from

To

Multiply by

To

Multiply by

Feet/minute

centimeters/second

0.508001

minutes

1440

microns/second

5080.01

hours

24

meters/minute

0.3048

months

3.28767 x 10-2

miles/hour

9,91136363

feet/year

5256000

microns/second

0.009665164

centimeters/second

0.0000009665164

Feet/year

Miles/hour

To Convert from

Months

-7

meters/minute

5.79882 x 10

feet/minute

1.9025 x 10-6

miles/hour

2.16203 x 10-8

centimeters/second

44.7041

meters/minute

Seconds

Minutes

Hours

Days

seconds

2.6283 x 106

minutes

43800
730

days

30.416666

years

0.08333333

milliseconds

3.1536 x 1010

26.82

seconds

3.1536 x 10 7

feet/hour

52.80

minutes

525600

feet/minute

88

hours (mean solar)

8760

feet/second

1.467

days (mean solar)

365

months

12

To Convert from

To

Multiply by

Pounds/square

pound/square foot

144

feet of water

2.3066

2.778 x 10

Years

-4

TIME
Milliseconds

0.0027397260
2.6283 x 109

hours

miles/second

To Convert from

years
milliseconds

STRESS
To

Multiply by
-3

seconds

10

minutes

1.66666 x 10-5

hours

2.777777 x 10-7

inch
-8

days

1.1574074 x 10

kips/square foot

0.144

months

3.8057 x 10-10

kilograms/square

0.070307

years

3.171416 x 10-11

centimeter

milliseconds

1000

tons/square meter
-2

0.70307

atmospheres

0.068046

kilopascals

6.9

pounds/square inch

0.0069445

3.171416 x 10-8

feet of water

0.016018

60000

kips/square foot

1 x 10-3

seconds

60

kilograms/square

0.000488243

hours

0.0166666

centimeter

days

6.944444 x 10-4

tons/square meter

0.004882

months

2.283104 x 10-5

atmospheres

4.72541 x 10-4

years

1/902586 x 10-6

pascals

47.9

milliseconds

3600000

Feet of water (at

pounds/square inch

0.43352

seconds

3600

39.2 F)

minutes

60

pounds/square foot

62.427

days

0.0416666

0.0304791

months

1.369860 x 10-3

kilograms/square
centimeter

years

1.14155 x 10-4

tons/square meter

0.304791

milliseconds

86400000

atmospheres

0.029499

seconds

86400

inches of Hg

0.88265

minutes

1.66666 x 10

hours

2.777777 x 10-4

days

1.1574074 x 10-5

Pounds/square

months

3.8057 x 10-7

foot

years
milliseconds

818
To Convert from

Kips/square foot

Appendix
To

Multiply by

To

Multiply by

pounds/square inch

6.94445

pounds/square inch

14.696

pounds/square foot

1000

tons(short)/square

1.0581

tons(short)/square

0.5000

foot

foot
kilograms/square

To Convert from

Newtons/square
0.488244

pascals

1.00

meter

centimeter
tons(metric)/square

4.88244

UNIT WEIGHT

meter
Kilograms/square

pounds/square inch

14.223
To Convert from

To

Multiply by

pounds/square foot

2048.1614

Grams/cubic

tons(metric)/cubic

1.00

feet of water

32.8093

centimeter

meter

centimeter

(39.2 F)

Tons (short)/

kilograms/cubic
2.0481614

meter

tons/square meter

10

pounds/cubic inch

0.036127292

atmospheres

0.96784

pounds/cubic foot

62.427961

atmospheres

0.945082

kilograms/cubic

grams/cubic

0.001

meter

centimeter

square foot
kilograms/square

9764.86

tons(metric)/cubic

centimeter
tons(metric)/square

9.76487

pounds/cubic inch

3.6127292 x 10-5

pounds/cubic foot

0.062427961

grams/cubic

27.679905

pounds/square inch

13.8888

pounds/square foot

2000

centimeter

Pounds/cubic inch

kips/square foot

2.0

tons (metric)/cubic

Tons (metric)/

kilograms/square

0.10

meter

square meter

centimeter

kilograms /cubic

pounds/square foot

204.81614

kips/square foot

0.20481614

tons (short)/square

0.102408

Pounds/cubic foot

pounds/cubic foot

1728
0.016018463

centimeter
1.0133

tons(metric)/cubic

centimeters of
mercury at 0 C
millimeters of
mercury at 0 C

76

meter

feet of water at

33.899

kilograms/cubic
760

39.2 F
1.03323

centimeter
1033.23

centimeter
kilograms/square

10332.3

meter
tons (metric) /square

10.3323

meter
pounds/square foot

27679.905

grams/cubic

bars

grams/square

27.679905

meter

foot

kilograms/square

0.001

meter

meter

Atmospheres

1000.00

kips/square foot

2116.22

0.016018463
16.018463

meter
pounds/cubic inch

5.78703704 x 10-4

Tons(metric)/

grams/cubic

1.00

cubic meter

centimeter
kilograms/cubic

1000.00

meter
pounds/cubic inch

0.03612772

pounds/cubic foot

62.427961

. Conversion Factors

819

COEFFICIENT OF
CONSOLIDATION, CV
To Convert from

To

Multiply by

Square

square centimeters/

3.1536 x 107

centimeters/

year

second
square meters/year

3.1536 x 103

square inches/

0.155

second

Square inches/

square inches/year

4.8881 x 106

square feet/ year

3.39447 x 104

square inches/year

3.15368 x 107

square feet/year

2.1900 x 105

square centimeters/

6.4516

second

second
square centimeters/

2.0346 x 108

year
square meters/year

2.0346 x 104

COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY, k
To Convert from
2

Btu/hr-ft -(F/ft)
2

To

Multiply by
2

cal/sec-cm -(C/cm)
2

4.134 x 10-3

W/cm -(C/cm)

Btu/hr-ft -(F/ft)

57.780

W/cm2-(C/cm)

cal/sec-cm2-(C/cm)

0.239

TEMPERATURE
5
[T ( F ) 32]
9
9
T ( F ) = T (C ) + 32
5
T (K ) = T (C ) + 273.18

T (C ) =

820

Appendix