1

kmCa
nig

shB&nNcin
kMrgGtbT

GtbTedmCaPasaVrSgeday can tara cuHk~gBwtib&t

shKmn_ExrenAkaNada elx 2-3-7 nig 8.
EbsMrYleday Ebn narv nig Giut fug gYn.

BiniteLIgv^j Ek nig bgbeday can dara

1976 - 1983

eVHBumenAmugerGal kaNada
emsa 1983

dklTuktamcab bNal&yCati n ekbik

elx D8300817

2
tSgBIeyIgVnTTYlGarFmBINamk rhUtdlputsm&ysilacarik (stvtr_TI14) Pasa

ExrCaPasaTI2 (). PasaEdlG~kecHdgebI () KWPasasMswt (). eyIgxMtubEtgEfTSTUk

sMswteFsbEhs minVnerobcMp^tpgkMBgExrpg.

luHmkdlstvtr_TI 20 () cMeNHf KMnitf () VncUlmkkanbeTseyIgEdr EtcUl

edayGas&yPasaVrSg Cayanpkykmk. () PasaVrSg eKk*kanEtebIVsk~gbeTsExr

ecIneLIg (). k~gevlaCamYyenH PasaExrmanebIkarkanEtticeTA (). cMnYnG~kecHPasaVrSg

lmebIkarVnEmnBitenaH ebITukCabegt[ecIneLIgyagNak*eday kalebIykeTAebobnwgcMnYn

bCaCnExrTSgmUlehIy k*minxusBIcMnYnKabGgrmYykab EdlebobeTAnwgcMnYnGgrmYyetAenaH

eT. ebInwgbmamYyyageTot KWdUcCaeKesacTwkdakC[lUtlasEtedmeQI 3-4 edm k~gTan

mYyd*FMTUlay, eQIdTeTotk~gTanenaH k*enAetOdEdl dUck~gstvtr_TI 19 EfmTSgk~gTan

enaH manesAbnaduHvarJseBjeTotpg.

kalNaPasaeyIgmanebIkarecIneLIg k*nwgtveronsUtPasaeyIgecIneLIgEdr. kalebI

eronecIneLIg k*nwgmanmnusecHPasaeyIgkanEtecInK~aeLIg kanEtCaleCAeTA. G~kEdlEsg

rkcMeNHVnmkBIPasaekA manPasaVrSgCaedm kalebIecHPasaExrCaleCAehIy k*nwgGacnS

ykv^CaEdlxnEsgVnmkenaH

mkeroberogsresrCaPasaExr

TSgLay [VnecHdgedaysarpg.

EckcaypaydlbgbnrYmCati

eGov ekIs, enAq~S 1947

(k~g PasaExr, karlgBinitedayrkehtupl| eVHBumpayenAq~S 1967 edaybNal&y mitesrI, P~MeBj, kmCa)

matikaerOg
TMB&r
PaKTImYy

edmkMeNItExr

BI karb"HelIkdbUgnwgbswmbeTs eTA GaNaniKm

12

BI GaNaniKm eTA shPaBNcin

19

BI shPaBNcin eTA shB&nNcin

29

PaKTIBIr
PaKTIbI

PaKTIbYn

PaKTIVM

shB&nNcin edmGI?

71

karTak'Tg Exr-cin

126

TMB&rPab'1

TMB&rPab'2

v^PaKcugekay

133

EpnTI

142

lMdab'eBlnkarBgkTwkdyYn

156

TMB&rPab'3
TMB&rPab'4

esckIepm
edImkMeNItrbs'esovePAenH KWGtbTmYycMnYnEdlVntveVHpayk~gcenaHExv^cika 1976

nigExtula 1977. PaKTI5 eQaH \shB&nNcinedmIGI?| Kan'EtCakarsika nig karv^PaKelI

BwtikarN_TSgLayEdlVnekIteLIgk~gbeTskmCak~gry:eBlenaH EdleKdgCasaFarN: BI
GgkarpayBtman nigtamskIPaBrbs'G~kePosxn.

karBit karN_BitEmnETnelIpneyaVy GacecjEtBImat' BIsabV"karbs'samICneT

KWGtIt:BYkdknSrdkmCabCaFiety. G~keroberogdkl'TukesIrEtTSgsugnUvGtbTedm ehIyEk

EtkEngxHEdlBwtikarN_ekaymkVnbMPWy"agcas'.

elIpBgsavta G~kGannwgGaceXIjfa sm&ymhanKr sm&yBYkvr&nd*bvr BuMsUvVnr"ay

r"ab'ecIneT. pyeTAv^j eKnwgeXIjehtukarN_xHEdleFI[Pak' [eGon ehIy[riHKit. ry:evla

xHeTot KWsm&ysgmrasniym nigsm&ysaFarNrd k*BuMVntvbriyayCavKBiess [Vn

ekaHkayEvgqaycb'sBKb'enaHk*eTEdr ehIytvmaneKsresrcarTukCaesovePA sMrab'saFar-

NCnExreyIg. dUceQaHxnVnbgajsab' esovePAenH kMrgGtbTenH lgsikarkmUlehtu

xH@ EdlVneFI[sukExreyIgFak'xnmkk~gsanPaBsBf KWsanPaBCabeTsekamkarGaNa

BaVlrbs'evtNam k~grgg'Ncin. cabepmBIenaHeTA \shB&nNcin| enH VnCamaneQaH

Cak'cas'dUec~H eJHmankMeNItrYcmgeTAehIy enAk~gsm&yGaNaniKmVrSg. dUec~H KWCakarFmta

EdlesovePAenHmanbIPaK EdlGFibayGMBIyuKGaNaniKm.

v^ruT.

elIpGkrsas G~kGannwgcab'kMhusCaecIn xagvaks&B xagevyakrN_ nigxagGkra

enHmkBIrbrnG~keroberogpg

EdlKanTMnak'TMngGIesaHnwgGkrasas

nigmkBIkarxHxat

pal'rbs'PasaeyIgpg. CaBiess eKtvGany"agyWtnUvkarsUtXa (sIutasg) rbs'G~kniBn

breTs. eyIgeCelIkareyaKyl'rbs'G~kGan.
Cabegy

kumG~keroberog

bu"EnKan'EtCUnTid^PaBmYynkmCa

tGHGageFIesovePAbvtisas

k~gkal:eTs:TUeTAnNcin

bvtisasneyaVyeT

Tid^PaBEdlxnyl'famanb-

eyaCn_ dl'kartiHriHBicarNa rkmeFaVysMralvasnabeTseyIg nigbCaCneyIg.

mu"ger"Gal Exemsa 1983 .

PaKTI1

edmkMeNItnExr

kayminsMxanCagBlwgeT

6
eBlEdlVrSgmkdlkmCak~gq~S

1863

sukExrbgajTidPaBmYyEdleFI[exacpar.

kmCasBf, beTsmYyEdlesIrEtGsmnusrlIg, ehobnwgeTACaextmYyrbsG~kC^txagTis

liceTAehIy KWbeTsf (sm&yenaHesom), k~geBlEdlG~kC^txagTisekIt KWbeTsevotNam

(sm&yenaHGNam) VnykeFICarbsxntSgEtBIdNacstvtr_TI 18 nUvextExrTSgGsxagTis

GeK~uy_ KW kmCaekam.
sgamkMLg

(condominium)

500

rbsesom

q~S,

nigyYn

dbUgTlnwgkartttarbsesom

rYcmkTlnwgkartttarYm

(kartttarYmEdlVneFI[ExrEbkVkK~ayagxSg),

VneFI[

bNaCnExrTuDeTam rhUtdlVtcMNgTSgGsCamYybvtisasxn ehIybgjcMnYnbCaCn

Exr[enAslEt 800 000 nak. kareFI[TIdanGgrmanCv^teLIgv^j(1) edayG~kVCVrSgn
salaVrSgenAcugbUBabeTs(2)

VneFI[mnusCatieXIjeLIgv^jnUvGcriyvt

EdlCasMNl

nigCaPstagnGariyFmmYy k~gcMeNamBBYkPWsagCageKTSgGsnBiPBelak GariyFmExr .

karsikasilacarik, karrukrkdlbPBcin, Garab, B&rTuyeh nigVrSg ebIk[eroberog

eLIgv^jVnnUvbvtinbCaCatiExr, bvtimYyEdleFI[Pwkpg, eJreBjeTAedayTuk P&ypg, eFI[

exaccitpg. k~geBlenaH kickarCYsCulVsaTGgrtveFImunGITSgGs. edayehtuenH karBinit

rk buBbvtisas(R) nbeTsTSgbInNcin BuMsUvVntveFIecIneLIy ebIfaeKBuMsUvykcit

TukdakelIk*esIrEtVn. TalEtdldNacq~S 1931 eTIbeKcabeXIjTIsavCavbuBbvtisas

Cag 60 enAk~gNcinVrSg. karsikaxagmnussas (anthropologie) bgaj[eXIjfa kmCa

k~gyuKf CaGggrbsCatisasn_mYycMnYn EdlG~ktBUC(3) enAmanrhUtsBfk~gekaHsIlga,
enAmaeLsIu, hIlIBIn, NeNsIu(4) nig enAGUsalI.

PaKGeK~y_nTIbGasIu CaTIrsenAnsasn_FMBIr KWsasn_mugehalxagtg nig sasn_

NeNsIuEyn(5). CatiyYn

CalTplnkarbgatsasn_TSgBIr. Catif nigCatiPUma k*dUec~aH

Edr. buEncMeJHCatiExrv^j, eTaHbIsavtaxneJreBjeTAedaycMVMgrSgClminecHcb minecHehIy

CamYyG~kC^txag

cMVMgEdleFI[mankarbgatK~acuHeLIgCaecIndg

elOg minelceLIg[CakEsg dUckrNIbCaCatieTot enAGasuIGeK~y_

k*lkN:nsasn_Esk

(6)

EskkemACag, EP~k

-----------------------------------------------------------------(R)

buBbvtisas

(prhistoire)

edaysikasMNlqwg

KWkarsikabvtimnuselak

nigsMNlbkrN_epg@

muneBlmanksarsresr.

EdleKVnKaskayeXIj.

eKGactamdanVn

eKEbgEckbuBbvtisasCabI

yuK EdlmandUcteTA
1- yuKfcas (palolithique) PaKecInnCv^tTI 4 nFrNI (quaternaire) mkdlq~S 8000 munKs. Cv^tTI 4
nFrNI KWsm&yEdlFatuGakascabtCakxSg ehIyTwkkkrwgTSgGs (cabepmBI 2 eTA 3 lanq~Smun). mnus
elakekIteLIgk~gCv^tTI 4 nFrNIenaH. k~gyuKfcas, mnuskanEtecHeFIbkrN_epg@ (vaybMEbkf ehIy
cSg[sc), ebIqwgnwgPk, mansil:xH (KMnUrk~grUgP~MLas, VrSg) .
2- yuKfkNal (msolithique) BIq~S 8000 mun Ks dl 3000 mun Ks . hYsBIkarrkciJwmCv^t
edaybrVj eKeXIjelcecjnUvesdkicCadNSdSduH. karecHebIVsEdk k*cabepmeLIgehIy.
3- yuKff (nolithique) BI 3000 mun Ks dl 1500 mun Ks . mnusecHkatsMelogf, eFIfU nig bMBg
epg@ BIGid, ecHtaj. ksikmkanEtcMerIn, rIxagelahFatu mnusecHebImas, san nigsMriT.

7
epgeC eKBuMsUvmaneXIjeT, skrYjGgad mYykjajEtmg. mYycMENkeTot lkN:mnus

sasnCatiExr enAEtCaTITMnasnTwsITSgBYg. G~kmnussasxH PabExreTAnwgBYk \eNKItU|

(ngrito, mnusexAtUcenA maeLsIu)(7), G~kxHeTot PabeTACBUk NeNsuIEyn.

qwgkal EdleKKasecjBIsTabd casCageK enAreNAsavCav enAsMeragEsn k~g

beTskmCa enAlagP~M pUb^jya nig elOgkwg k~gevtNamxageCg, enAlagP~M mijkS k~g

evtNamxagtg, nigenAGNgEr fShag k~gbeTslav sutEtenAk~gcMBUk \eNKItU- emLaeN

sIuyag| EdlbEhlK~anwgqwgkalnmnusexAenA GUsalI nignBYk VBU enAemLaeNsuI. eK

GacrkcemIyxHVn ebIeKdakkmCak~gkal:eTs:TUeTAnGasIuGeK~y_. dUec~HEmn, k~gPUmiPaKenH d

NakFM@ nkarv^vtn_nsNanstbMekUnEdleCnelOnCageK (primates) VntveKbgajyag

cas edaysarkarrkeXIjqwgn \GUmInIyag| (hominien), sNanstsaesIrmnus)(8). sMNlBI

yuKfcas

VntveKrkeXIjenAekaHCa

eKrkeXIjk~gPUmiPaK

nigenAelITIb.

sMNlTSgenH

EdlenAcenaHbeTscinxageCg

nigGasuIkNal.

dUcK~anwgsMNlEdl

TIsavCavenAekaHCa

VntveKsikayaghtctCagTIeTotTSgGs(9). enAq~S 1891 qwgkalmYyPaK nmnus-sa

(pithcanthrope) VntveKKaseXIjenAkNalekaHCa.

mnus-sa enH CasteCOnelOnNas

ehIy k~gsNanstbMekUneCOnelOn (primates). ekaymkeTot enAkNalekaHCadEdl, eKrk

eXIjqwgn |GUmInag| EdlVnrsenAk~gyuKfcas. qwgxHnCBUkmnusfCagenH (12000 q~S mun

Ks) VntveKrkeXIjenA vadak elIeq~rxagtgnekaHCa. k~gq~S 1942 enAGUsalIeKrk

eXIjqwgkalmYy

EdlbEhlK~anwgkalenA

vadak

Edr.

enAbeTslav

G~kv^Tasas

xagFrNI h hmaeh rkeXIjk~gGNgEr fShag, fSbug nig fSVLy nUv qwg \GUmInag| Edl

bEhlK~anwgqwg \mnuscin| (sinanthrope) EdleKkayeXIjenAebkSg ehIynigqwgEdleKKas

eXIjenA muCeCaEKtU k~gekaHCa ehIyEdlslmkBIyuKfcas. buBkarInmnuselakTSgenH,

EdlVnrsenAk~gCv^tTI4 nFrNI, minTanecHeFIbdabbdarebIenAeLIyeT.

enAk~gyuKfkNal eKeXIjkarmkdlCaelIkTImYy nbNaCnEdlenAk~gCBUk \GUsaL

GIudeveDaGIud| (australode-veddode)(10)

EdllkN:kaymanCaGaTi_ KW EskkemA nigskrYj

Ggad. dNagyagbrisuT (tkat) nbNaCnsm&yedmTSgenH manenAeLIyrhUtsBfk~g

GUsalI, maeLsIu (knajP~M), ekaHsUmata nigekaHsIlga (knaj). bNaCnyuKfkNalenH

rsenAedayetccrrhUt ehIycabeFI[EtVn@ BIqwg BIf nigBIeQI nUvbkrN_ebIVs. bNa

CnEdlmkdlCaelIkTI2

k~gyuKfkNal

enAk~gCBUk

\eNKItU|

mnusxnTab

(k~gkum

bNaCnEdlmkdl

CaelIkTI

\Bicem| pygme), EskkemA, skkjaj, eramxnBMusUvman KanEtmg. bNaCnTSgenH enA

manyagbrisuTenAeLIy

k~gmaeLsIu,

GUsalI

nighIlIBIn.

begIyk~gyuKdEdl enAk~gCBUk \emLaeNsUGIud| (mlansode, dUcmnusenAemLaeNsIu) (sm&y

xagekayenH eKecInEt[eQaHfa \sm&yhab^j| edayehtufa eKVnrkeXIjenA hab^j,

evotNamxageCg, nUvqwgkalEdldUcrbsmnusenAemLaeNsIu). dNagyagbrisuTnbNaCn

elIkekayenH

VnVtGsBIGasIuPaKGeK~y_eTAehIy,

buEnenAslecInenAeLIy

k~gekaH

8
emLaeNsIu nigenAGUsalI. BYkenHbriePaKmnus, enAEtebIbkrN_eFIBIf buEnecHeFIfUGMBIGid

ehIyebIVsTUkedmIensaT.

TalEtmkdlyuKff eTIbmnussasn_ NeNsIuEyn cuHBITisxageCg ehIy cUlmk

rsenAbnbnabK~arhUteBj GasIuPaKGeK~y_. bkrN_ \qat| CagmunVntveKeXIjmaneLIg.

bNaCnTSgenH sgpH, eFITUk ehIynScUlmkNcinnUvkardSsv. eCfavtepg@ manBlwg

enAxagk~g, BYkenHeKarBGark G~kta rUbbd^makrCaecIn ehIyeKarBbUCadldUnta buBkarI. buEneKBuM

dgfa mankartTlK~arvagBYksasn_ NeNsuIEyn nigBYkbNaCnedm dUec~H Kankarlay

bgatK~a

mYypyeTAv^j

mankarbgatlayK~arvagshKmn_TSgBIr(11).

yuKsMriT

(ge de

Bronzes) maneLIgrvagq~S 300 mun Ks . kEngTImYyEdlmansahkmeFIsMriT VntveK

rkeXIjenAdugsWg, beTsevotNam. sm&yenaH Casm&yggtsgnbvtisasExr eyIgfa

nbuBbvtisasExr eTAcuH EdltmannrNadgerOgehtuGIeLIy ehIyEdleyIgsgwmfa

nwgVntvbMPWk~gfNamYy.

CnCaticinnigCnCatiNa

eTIbnwgcUlmkdledayCaklakk~gNcin

enAedmKissk

raC. BYkNa, edaynSmknUvGriyFmxn (sasna, Gkr, karyleXIjneyaVy .l.), Vn

bJlbCaCatiExreTAk~gbvtisas. ExreyIgcUlmkelIqakbvtisas CabCaCncMNuHGaNa

ck h-Nn (nKrP~M k~gPasacin) EdlCaGaNackTImYyenAGasIuGeK~y_ ehIyEdlescelIk

dbUg, tameKsan, suTEtCaCnCatiNa. KWrvag Ks 545 EdlnKrcin-La, eQaHcinnnKr
BYkkmCa(12),

pacxnecjBIGaNackh-Nn

ehIycSgdeNImrhUtdlsbVnGaNack

TSgmUl (cin-La enHlatsnwgtamdgTenemKg cabBIkecHenATisxagtg eTAdl Vkes (lav)

enATisxageCg ehIyvateTATisxaglic elIPaKecInndgTenesmUn k~gbeTsfsBf(R). etI

cMVMgenHCakardeNImraCK~arvagescnGaNack dUcEdlG~kbvtisasVnGHGag, mYyCakar

bHeVrnCatisasn_mYyEdleKC^HCan

TlnwgG~ktttaxn?

cMNucenHtvEteKrkbMPW[cas.

buEn eyIgGacktsMKalkarrayrabrbscinm~akeQaH kSg-t, smaC^knKN:ebskkmcinmYy

EdlVnsitenAk~g h-Nn (Ks 245 Ks 250), EdlVnEcgdUcteTA GMBICvPaBenA

k~gbeTs (kuMcLM kSg-t CamYy ecv ta kan EdlVnmkdlk~gsm&yGgr enA Ks 1296)

raCFanImanv^mand*FMeqItqayenAB&TCuv^j. BHraCanignamuWnsBmuxmnI rsenAk~gPaBfefgrugerOg

ehIyeFIdeNIrepg@edayebIdrICayan. buEnrasbCaenAxnTeT, rUbGakk, exA ehIyskkjaj. bCarasrsenAk~gpHeFIBIsI sgelIbegalssr.

CaeyablbJb, bEhlCamankarbevsn_nbNaCnenAkmCak~gyuKf eqaHeTAkanekaH

emLaeNsuI,

KasanI

nigGUsalI(13).

TwsICaecInKaMTfa

karbevsn_enHGaceFIeTAVn

k~g

sm&ytCakd*yUrlgGEggnCv^tTI4 nFrNI, sm&yEdlekaHTSgGs dUcCaCabnwgTIbEdr eday

sarkarrIgTwksmuT (skcuHBI 200 eTA 300 Emt)(14) mYycMENkeTot CnCatiExrsBfGac

CalTplnkarlaybgatrvagsasn_BIr mYysasn_CnanedImenAk~gsuk (eNKItU emLaeN

sIuyag), mYyeTot sasn_ NeNsIuEyn(15) .

(R) emIlEpnTI TMB&r 147 nig 157

GFibay
(1)-

(2)-

(3)

(4)
(5)
(6)

G~kv^TasasFmCatiVrSgeQaH mUGU VnbTHeXIjVsaTGgrenAq~S 1859. Ggrvt,

ksagedayBHVTsUriyavr&nTI2 (1113-1150), VntvExreyIgeVHbgecal tSgBIq~S

1432 (escBjayat).

salaVrSgenAcugbUJbeTs (Ecole Franaise dExtrme-Orient) Vntvbegteday bUl DEmr

k~gq~S

1898

enAhaNUy.

kUnsMGbnGaNaniKmkmVrSg,

BIkarbricaKnVrSg cMeJHvDnPaBvbFmnNcin.

kmCaVnTTYlticNas

G~ktBUCn \ExryuKf| TSgGsenH rsenACaGaNikCn ehIynwgputtMNenAk~gGnaKt.

emLaeNsIu (Mlansie, ekaHmnusexA): ekaHmYykumenAmhasmuTVsIuhikxagtg ehIy

EdlmanCaGaTi_: nUEvl hIeN, saLmug (kadalkaNal) nUEvl kaeLdUnI .l.

KuNnam \NeNsIuEyn| enH VntvebIedayG~kmnussas edaymkBIlkN:dUcK~a

CamYyBYk dayak enAekaH beNGU nigBYk Vttak nig GaetH enA sUmata.

Jk \GasuIPaKGeK~y_| enH manedmkMeNItCaGgeKs (GanTMB&r 39). beTsnGasuI

GeK~y_man : PUma f lav kmCa evotNamTSg2 shB&nmaeLsuI swgburI NeNsIu nig

hIlIBIn. GasuIPaKGeK~y_EdleFI[PitP&y, [sLaj, [GaNit. KWCaEpndnPaBepg

K~apg nkPaBpg. epgK~aedayCati edayrbbneyaVy edayPasa nigedaysasna.

(7)

kPaBedaymkGMBIsasn_EskelOgrbsxn cMNIGaharrbsxn TIlMenArbsxn.

eKeXIjlkN: \eNKItU| enH enArsecIntick~gbCaksikreyIg. bNaCnenAtamkug

enAk~gCBUkmYyepgeTot EdldUcCakateTAv^j PaKecInKWCBUkExrkatcin. dUec~HEmn Cn

CaticinVncakecjBIsukkMeNItxn mkrsenAk~gbeTsdTenATisxagtg edaymkGMBI

sgamd*ecIn karmanbCaCnecInhYsbmaN nigkarrehmrham. ecjBICBUkkatenH KW

vN:G~kkugnsgmExr. bCaksikrExrrsenAk~gGtesdkic (autarcie) mYyd*eBjelj

ehIy, ebIebobpmeTAsgmG~kkugnigG~kman, sgmksikr KWCasgmmYydT. cMeJHkar

EbkCaBIrenH etIeKtvdakkMhuselIkarBegIykenIynrdaPiVlTSgLay elI \karbkanBNsmr| nBYkG~kkug? karN_mYyEdlBitKW cabtSgBIGaNackExrcuHeGanfymk

bCaCnExrsuT edrtYbMeBjqakeT k~gnadksalneyaVynigsgm.

ftitEtbNaCnExr (7lannakenAq~S1970) manlkN:mUlEtmYyEdr(R) k~gPaB

TUeTA, beTsExrCaTIrsenAnkumGaNikCnk~gsuk (ExrelI 50 000 nak) nignGaNik

CnGenabevsn_bIkum: cin (450 000 nak), yYn (220 000 nak, 200 000 nak'
VntLbeTAevotNamvij ekayExmIna 1970), cam (80 000 nak).

(8)

(R mindUcbCaCnlav bCaCnswgburI Caedm.)

k~gvaks&Bmnussas,

\GUmInag|

(hominiens)

CakummnusnigbuBkarIxn

k~gsNan

stbMekUneCnelOnCageK. stEdlCabuBkarIcMnmnus ecInEteK[eQaHfa \GUmUsa

10
Bag| (homosapiens, mnussBf). GUmInagTI1 VnekIteLIg kalBI 3 lanq~Smun. cMENk
(9)

FrNI manCv^t 4 500 lanq~SmkehIy.

TIsavCavenAekaHCa VntveKsikaeCACHNas BIeJHkarrkeXIjmnus-sa EdlCa

stekItmun \GuUmUsaBag|. cMENkkarsavCavxagmnussas nigxagburaNv^TaenA

Ncin VntveKbJbsineJHsgam.

(10)

Jk \GUsaLGIud-eveDaGIud| VntvebI edaymkBIBYkexAk~gsukenAGUsalI manlkN:

(11)

tamTwsIxH CatiExrGac[eKsMKalCasasn_ NeNsIuEyn EdltvKbdNbedayBYk

kaydUcBYkevD: enAekaHsIlga.

mn-Exr . BYk mn-Exr VncakecjBIP~M hIumaLayaxagtg eqaHmkTisekIt ehIyTuk

ecaltampvnUvkumCaecIn EdlG~ktBUCenAmanrhUtsBf; BYkxHsIu enAsukGsS (cenaH

bwglaeTs nig PUma), BYkVLg nigBYkva enAbeTsPUmaxageCg, BYkla nigBYkva enA

beTscinxagnirtI nigenAbeTsfxageCg, BYkmnenAbeTsPUmaxagtg nigenAbeTs

fkNal, nigBYkxaenAbeTslav. mageTot PasaExrVntvrabbJlk~gGMbUrPasa

mn-Exr rYcmkehIy.

TwsI mn-Exr xagelIenH VntvCTasedaymnussasTMenIb ehacNask*xagmtiCv-

sasEdr. beckeTsmYyeQaH v^CarkCBUkQam (hmotypologie) sikaktaQamTSg Lay

EdlxusK~atamFatuEdlpMxneLIg BICnm~akeTACnm~akeTot BIbCaCnmYyeTAbCaCn mYy

BIsasn_mYyeTAsasn_mYy (emIlk~gTsnavtI \v^Tasas nigCv^t (Science et Vie) | elx
685 Extula 74).

karsikaVnbgajfa kmCaenAk~gpmnussasmYyyagBiess. dUec~HEmn esIr

EtmanEtExreT

EdlmanyagecInhUrehornUvlki_Qam

(hmoglobine)

magEdlEbbl

(mutante) ehIyEdlenAk~gCBUk |GW|. edaysarkarsikaelIktaQam nbNaCnenAGasuI

11
PaKGeK~y_ G~ksavCavVnKUseLIgv^jnUvBMEdn (mYyPaK) nGaNackExrBIedm. eKBuM
tvqleLIy BIkarN_EdlkMritlki_Qam \GW| enAkmCaekamman 3% k~geBlEdlenA
(12)

kmCa KW 28%. eJHfabNaCn enAkmCaekamKW yYnxagtg.

\BYkkmCa| BYkkUnsIkm : escbeTscinLa tSgxnCaG~ktvgsI km-BHnagemra.

eQaHvgescenHVnkayeTACaeQaHbCaCn

rYcmkeTACaeQaHbeTs.

rIJhN_

ekaNJ nigBHnagesama, escTImYynhNn, VncUlk~gerOgeBgCaBHefagnagnaK

(13)

(14)

nnKreKakFk.

karbevsn_n \ExryuKf| :

k~glkN:v^TasasFrNI
smuTmYy.

kmCaCaEdndeTIbnigduHfI.

bwgTensabkalBIedmCaQUg

bwgmYyEdlmantIecInCagbwgeTotTSgGsk~gBiPBelak,

TensabVn

ciJwmbNaCnExrTSgmUl ehIyEfmTSgdktIecjeTAekAeTotpg. vtCaTIcgVnnG~kC^t

xag, eKenAEtBMudgfabwgTensabenAEtciJwmbNaCnExrdUckalmun mYyeTACayagdUcemc

(15)

eLIy.

G~ktBUCyagbrisuTnsasn_NeNsuIEyn enAkmCa lav nigyYn enAmanrhUtsBf

ehIyrsenACakumGaNikCn.

knajTSgenHxMrkaCv^txnteTAeTot

enAtamPUmiPaKEdl

\caj| CageKTSgGsnTIb. enAkmCamanBUCesg KYy P~g. enAlav BYkxa. enA

evtNam BYkyaray raed. knajTSgGsenH rsenAk~gtMbn \BMEdnbI| (tMbnTYlxs)

ehIymancMnYn 50 000 nak k~gkmCa nig 700 000 nak k~gevt-Nam (tamTsnavtI

\PUmisasCati|
nCv^tsgm

(National

Geographic)

Exmkra

1965).

ftitEteKdakecalk~gpTI2

GaNikCnTSgenHVntveKebIVsk~gsgamTSgLaynNcin

dbUg

edayBYkVrSg ekaymkBYkGaemrikSg (knwbbtg), edayyYnxageCg nigedayExreyIg

(rNsirrYmtyuTnCatisasn_eKC^HCan, |hlrU|). vasnansasn_NeNsuIEynTSg

enH mindgCayagNaEdrk~gGnaKt.

#####################

12

PaKTI 2
BI

karbHelIkdMbUg
nwgbsimbeTs
eTA

GaNaniKm

kUneGIyekri_emV cUrrkaEtekri_l .

13
rhUtmkdldNacstvtr_TI12,

salbeTscin

kardgsalnbswmbeTselITIbGasIu

tamkarniTanrayrabnG~kedreTs

enAtwmEtkar

EdlVneTAdlTIenaHedaykattamGasuI

kNal. bnabBIkarBgkGMNacyagmhimanBYkmugehal enAstvtr_TI13 mk karBgkEdl

man ehg h^H xan nigbnabmk ecArbsxn, XUbLxan CaG~kdknS(1) ehIyEdlVnsab

eBaHmhnrayJseBjTIb cenaHGWrub-GasuI rhUtdldvalbeTshugKI beTscinVneTACa

TITakTajmYycMeJHbswmbeTs.

deNIrEsgrkBinitCaecInVntveFIeLIg dUcdeNIrBIrdgd*rnWn markU bUL enAsukcinCa

edm(2). rvagdNacstvtr_TI13, bnabBIkarrkeXIjpvsmuTmYymkbUJbeTs, BYkB&rTuyeh

semaFyuKEmnETnndeNIrEsgrkBinit. vas d hama mkdl kalIKut (kalkta) enAq~S

1498. GalbUEKk ykVnkMBg'Ep eha (Na) enAq~S 1510 rYcehIykMBg'Ep maLakka

(NeNsIu) enAq~S 1511, ehIymkdl kgtug enAq~S 1517. PUQYym~akrbs GalbUEKk,

GgtUnIj d harIya cUlmkk~gqksmuT TYran (evotNamxagtg) ehIyktsMKalTIPUmi hh

EdlekaymkVneTACakMBg'EpEtmYynNcin(3)

EdlebIkcMhreTAbreTs.

karniTanrayrab

nG~kEsgrkelIkdbUgTSgenH TakTajBYkQj nigG~kpaysasnaKis[mkGasuI.

enAq~S 1555 G~kbYs \dYmInIkSg| CatiB&rTuyeh eQaH hasa d Kuyh_ mkdl

raCvSgnescGgcanTI1 . kalenaHkmCakMBugEteGanfyeBjTMhwg edayhinehacnwgkarcUl

vaynBYkesom(4). tamdaneCgn hasa dW Kuyh_, G~kbYs \dUmInIkSg| nig \hg suIsSg|

B&rTuyeh eTotmkdlkmCa(5). CnCatiB&rTuyehsmYykab k*VncUlrYmCamYyescExr k~gkar

tyuTTlnwgBYkesom(6), karCYytyuTEdlnwgcbenAq~S 1623 eJHfa kumB&rTuyehTSgLay

enAGasIu k*cuHsabsUnxngEdr. BI Ks 1623 dl 1682 KWdlevnBYk hUlged mg Edl

xitxMdakhagCnYjmYyenAsukExr buEnminVnsMerceLIy. k~gcenaHeBlenaH, BYkG~kbYs \ey

st|, bnabBIbraC&ynBYk \dUmInIkSg| k~gkarpaysasnaenAkmCa VnsgTIpaysasnamYy

enAkMBg'Ep hh k~gq~S 1615 ehIysMercsgmYyeTotk~gq~S 1625 enAsuktugkwg(7). k~g

eKaledAenH BYk \eyst| tSgG~kbYsVrSgm~ak, GaeLcsgd_ d rUd, CaemKN:ebskkm. d rUd
xitxMbMVkPaBpacmuxnkicttta

(pvsg)

katUlikenAbUJbeTs

EdlkalenaHenAk~gdBYk

B&rTuyeh. eBltLbmksukVrSgv^j, Katrujcanmhasn~iVtsgVrSg[eFIkicbg^tbgkug

rUm edmIEtgtSgemKN (eGEvt) VrSgenANcin(8). enAq~S 1663, edayman kulEbr nig esc
lITI14 KSTpg GgkarmYyeQaH \ Socit des Missions Etrangres | (smaKmkumecjpay

sasnaenAbreTs) VntvbegteLIg ehIyEdlmanPar:erIsrkG~kpaysasnaCatiVrSgedmI

Ncin.

enAstvtr_TI18 QjVrSgelIkdbUgmkdlNcin. karbunbgTImYyrbsBYkenH edmI

rsenAk~gGNam

nigk~gtugkwgtmaneCaKC&yeT

edayehtufa

karTatecal,

karminTTYlBI

sMNakCnCatiyYn VnmaneLIgyageBjTMhwg. mkdlq~S 1773 k*manbgbnbInak Edlmanedm

kMeNItenA tsWg nSyYnbHeVrTlnwgescxageCgnigescxagtg. BYkenHdeNImykbl&gVn,

ehIyescGNameQaH eh evg EdlePosxneTAkmCaekam VntveKsmabenAq~S 1777. ky

14
esceQaH egg Gan, G~kbnraC, EknT&BedmIcSgbgbn \tsWg|. eqt{kasBIkartyuT

xagk~genH, emKNenAkmCaekam, BIjdWebEGn, rujmas egg Gan EdlxnVneFICamityagsi~T

[suMCnYyVrSg. bnabBIVncSgqk 5 q~SedayteCaKC&ymk egg Gan Bmtameyabl

emKN(9). dWebEGn, edaymankUncg egg Gan Gayu 5 q~S mkCamYypg, k*cuHsMeBAmkdl

LrIyg (sukVrSg) enAq~S 1787. enAeBlenaH VrSgkMBugEteVHbgecalGaNaniKmrbsxnenA

Gaemrik, kaNada EdlBuMsUvCaTIeBjcitnesclITI16. mugmUrSg, rdmnIkarbreTs, EdleXIjfa

{kasedmIsgbMeBjkarbgxatenAbeTsNamkdlehIy, k*cuHsnisJasmnPaBTI1 CamYy

GNam enA evs k~gf 28 v^cika 1787(10). CnYyswkmYyVnpl[ egg Gan. tbeTAv^j

masyYnenHtv[ekaHtLac (BULkugDr) nigkMBgEp TYran eTAbeTsVrSg EdltvmankmsiT

pacmuxxagCnYjeTot. buEneBlemKNkatUliktLbmkdlkmCaekamv^j, egg Gan ykVn

BnKrrYceTAehIy BmTSgEdndTisxagtgTSgGs. enAq~S 1802, egg Gan vayQ~H \tsWg|

ekaybgsenAhaNUy ehIybkasxnCaGFiraCekameQaHfa yaLg(11).

cMeNaTepg@ nkarbd^vtn_ (1789) VneFI[VrSgxlxay. karTakTgCamYybeTs

yYn k*VntveKBuMsUvykcitTukdakelImYyry:eTA. CnCatiVrSgmYykum, PaKecInCaG~kpay

sasna, VnrsenAedaysniPaBedaysarkarKSJrnyaLg. G~ktraCnescenH, mijmag rYc

mk TIDwk cabbTUsra"ynwgVrSgeLIgv^j. karBaVTeFITukbukem~jelIBYkG~kpaysasna k*ekIt
eLIgmgeTot. ykelsfadakTNkmelIGFiraCyYn TIDwk GMBIkarsmabrgalG~kpaysasna

Kis, NabUeLGugTI 3 bJa[elIkT&BVrSgmYykgmkvayyYn(12). f 31 sIha 1858,

sMeBAmYykgEdldknSebsk:eyaFBlVrSg-eGsajl

3000

nak

ekambJantmnav

rIeha dWhWnUyI, eVHyufaenAqksmuT TYran. BI TYran emT&BVrSgKitKUrvayraCFanI eh. buEnsMeBA

VjkSePIgFMrbsxn BuMGaccUltamswgehVneLIy. ekayBIkgsMeBAVrSgVnenAnwgflyag

yUr, dWhInUyIsMercbrTIedA mYytugkwg mYykmCaekam. xlrdUvrganSsMeBAmkkmCaekam

qabCag. kgsMeBAk*cuHmkxagtg ehIyeLIgtamswgBnKr, kugEdlVntvvaysMrukenAf 17

kum: 1859. VrSgVnes~IsuMbrkugsulK~aCamYyyYn buEn cMeJHmuxcMnYnscesIgnT&BVrSg, TI Dwk

TatecalsMeNIenH. yagNamij kgTahanVrSgnigeGsajl EdlpK~ak~gbnaymYy TbTl

VnnwgkarvaybeJjTSgbunanrbsT&ByYn. enAExkum: 1860 navacMVMgVrSg 70 eKOg cuHBI

sukcinmk,

ehIymintwmEtvaybMEbkVnnUvkareLamB&TeT

EfmTSgkankabextbIenAxageCgB

nKreTot. f 5 kkda 1862 TI Dwk, edayrvlnwgkarbHeVrenAtugkwg, cuHsnisJamYyCamYy

tmnav eVNa EdlenAk~genaH GFiraCyYnGnuJatesrIPaBkansasnakatUlik ehIy[extbI

(ebogha, yaDij nigv^jLWg) nigekaHtLaceTAVrSg(13).

yk kUsSgsuIn (kmCaekam, Ganelxeyag2 cMeJHedmkMeNItneQaHenH) VnminTan

GsJkkNalpg VrSgecalEP~kmkkmCa EdlVnGsdmYyduMeTAehIy. ExkJa 1862 tm

nav eVNa mkeFITsnkicdlBHVTneratmenAdug EdlkalenaHCaraCFanI, TsnkicEdlCa

karsabsgemIl EkgGacTajkmCadakekamkarKSJrVrSgVn. dUec~aHEmnk~gsm&yenaH VrSg

rkpvmYycUlmkk~gbeTscinxagtgedmIeFICnYj. ebItttakmCaVn, VrSgminKanEtttta

15
VnnUvTenemKgeT EdlGacCapvmYycUleTAdlbeTscinxagtg(14) KWEfmTSgPUmiPaKbgaTukxag

muxmYyeTotsMrabeBlNamankaryayIBIsukesom EdlVntvBYkGgeKsKSTrYceTAehIy.

f 10 sIha 1863 tmnav dLakgEDr, \KUEvn&r| (ecAhay) TI1 nkUsSgsuIn Edl

emKNkatUlik, mIs, mkCamYypg Vnmkdlkugdug ehIy \[| BHVTneratm cuHhtelxa

elIsnisJaTTYlkarKSJr (btiktUra) BIVrSg(15), snisJaEdlnwgTTYlhtelxan NabUeL

GugTI3 enAeBlxagekay. karN_enH VntveFIeLIgedaysmat ehIyk~geBlEdlBjaraCa

namWunesomEdlkugeTB (Vgkk) cat[XSemIlescExr minenA. f 4 v^cika 1864 sasW

lULV, rdmnIksYgnavacr dakesckIraykarN_mYyeTANabUeLGugTI3, EdlenAk~genaH rdmnI

bgajkarcSVctvrkaTukNcin. enAq~S 1867 dLakgEDr ykextbIeTotenA kUsSgsIun

v^jLg, suktag (XSg) nigcUduk (matCk). KWk~geBlEdlxneFIGnraKmn_suM[GFiraCyYnedaH

ElgG~krtBnGavuFVrSgm~akeQaH hg DuyBI EdlBYkVrSgcUlk~gkarcSgyktugkwg. karvay

dbUgVntvdknSeday hgsIus haren enAfTI 20 v^cika 1873. beTscink*KMramfanwgeFI

GnraKmn_tampvswk. naykrdmnI hl EhrI [sPaeVHeq~atebIkNTan edmIbJnebsk:
eyaFamYykg, EdlnwgvaypnK~aelIGNampg elItugkwgpg.

karvaybeTsGNameFIeTAedaytcMeNaTeLIy edayesc TI-Dwk Vnsabk~gExkkda

1883. rdaPiVlyYnminTbTleT ehIycuHk~gf 25 sIha nUvsnisJaTTYlkarKSJr(btiktUra)

VrSg

elIbeTsGNam.

buEnkarvaybeTstugkwg

VnnS[cineFIGnraKmn_.

TalEtVrSg

(tmnav KY eb) vaybMP&n (Bman) elIekaHh&rmUs nigekaH ebsaD&r (Pescadoros) eTIbcin

bJbkarbTUsray ehIycuHsnisJaenA etonTin (9 mifuna 1885) TTYlsalkarKSJrn

beTsVrSgelIGNam nigelItugkwg.

16

GFibay
(1)

(2)

enA Ks 1282 XUbL bJnT&BmYykg[mkkankabbeTscMV nigbeTskmCa (C&y

vr&nTI8 [sYysaGakreTABYkmugehalenAq~S 1285). buEnT&BenHVntvyYnvaykMcat min

[qgtamdgP~MGNamVneLIy.

rvag K s 1280 markU bUL QbsMctenAtugkwg ehIyebIJk \ekACh| (caugigu) edmI

cglvaltIekaN

EdlTenkhmhUrkatcUlk~gsmuT.

BYkedrsMeBACaticam-Ca

ebI

kayCa \KutC| rYcmkBYkCbunfaCa \kUQI|. ekaymk VrSgebICa \kUsSg| edaybEnm

\sIun| enAxagcugedmIbJakfa kUsSgenAxagcin (minEmnkMBgEpkUsSgenANa). VrSg

cLMmYyCaneTot
(3)

(4)
(5)

Kg .

edaycglvaltIekaNekambgseTAv^j

KWvaltIekaNrbsTenem

Jk \Ncin| VntvbegteLIgCaelIkdbUg edayG~kPUmisasCati daNWmak eQaH

maltW-bg (Malte-Brun) enAq~S 1852. JkenHykmUldanelIehtuEdldgP~MGNamx&N

beTslavnigkmCa EdlmanvbFmrebobNa BIbeTsyYnEdlmanvbFmrebobcin.

esomvayykVnGgrkalBIq~S 1351 (esclMBg, kumjatitatskEpm).

karN_EdlKYrktsMKal KWbraC&yeBjTI n \KissasnUbnIykm| elIkmCa. edayman

sTayageCAelIBuTsasna ExreyIgTatecalkarbJnxnnKissasna minEmntamkar
BaVTeFIVbeT buEntamkarminBmTTYlCenOf. k~geBlEdlenAbeTsevotNam ekay
eBlGskarBaVTmk

(6)

8% nbNaCn.

BYkG~kpaysasnaKisVnTTYlbris&TyagecIn

rhUtdlk~g

ry:eBlbYnstvtr_ BIKs 1474 (karbECgtIPaKI ramaFibtI-FemaraCa-sUrieyaT&y)

eTAKs 1859 Cary:eBlexAKeKcnbvtisasExr. KWCasm&ynkardeNImraCK~a

rvagkumjatiesc, nkareFIXadneyaVy, nkarsmabrgal, k~geBlEdlTwkdkmCa

ecHEtrebHreVceTA ekamkarrujcannesomnigyYn. BYkG~kcgVnestq&t xHehAesom

mkCYy xHehAyYnmkBYtd k~gsgamPatrXadedmGMNac (GanTMB&r32 Edr, elxeyag

3, beyaKTI 2).

k~graCnGgnnTI2 (1775-1779) kmCadkxnBIkartttarbsesom edmIcUl

ekamkarKSJrrbsyYn. buEnbeTsyYn edaycuHexayeJHkarbHeVrnBYktsWg k*bnr

dv^jekaybnicmk ehtuEdlebIk[esomtLbmkv^j. k~graCnGgcanTI2 (1806-

1834) kmCaeTACarNbyYn (ekamya-Lg). mij-mag, traCBI ya-Lg, Cens

ktIyanIGgmIu (kUnsIGgcan) nignamuWnvSgTSgGsmkBnKr ehIydUreQaH kmCa Ca

\Twkd mI-LS|. masDYg, bgbnbegtm~akrbsGgcanTI2, tLbmkBIbeTsesomv^j

EdlxnVnrteTACk

esomnigyYnk*pHeLIg

ehIybMbHbMeVrExreLIgCamYyCnYyrbsesom.

sgammYyrvag

ehIyVncbedaykarBmeBogK~adakmasDYgekamestq&t

ekamkartttarYm yYn-esom.

nig

17
BHVTGgDYg,

edayeCCakfa

beTskmCamuxCanwgtvyYnnigesomEhkEckK~a

edayykTenemKgCaBMEdnrYm, k*sMercGMBavnavdlGFiraCNabUeLGugTI3 tamry: \mug

sIuj&r|

mIs

emKNkatUlik.

buEn,

edaymkBIkarbiTmatminC^tnrdmnITTYlbMeBj

ebskkmenAbeTscinnigbeTsesom EdlNabUeLGugTI3 cat[cuHsnisJasmnPaB

CamYyBHVTGgDYg,

namWunesomEdlmanPar:XSemIlescExr

k*VndgerOgGs

ehIy

beJjkMhwgrbsxn edayvaykalBHecAGgDYgnwgEskeCg. VkmuxxSgNas buEnBuM

haneFIGIeK, GgDYgk*suxcitQbehArkVrSg. bYnq~Sekaymk BHVTGgDYgxMrkTakTg

mgeTotCamYyVrSgEdlmkkUsSgsIuneTAehIy. buEnescsuKtenAdNacq~S 1859. kUn

buseQaH Ggvd eLIgesayraCbn ekameQaHfa neratm, eQaHEdlesom[k~geBl

GPiesk. ekaymk BHVTneratmcuHsnisJa \btiktUra| CamYybeTsVrSg, kar

(7)

GaNaBaVlEdlrMedaHkmCaecjputBI \karemIlxustv| esom rhUtmkdlsBfenH.

tugkwg ekaymkevotNamxageCg CaGggnCatisasn_yYn. BIstvtr_TI10 eTATI17

yYncabeFIkarBgkTwkdcuHmkxagtg. enAdNacstvtr_TI17 beTscMV, raCaNack

nBYkcam (GanTMB&r116 Edr, elxeyag8), VntvyYnelbGsTSgmUl ehIy[eQaHf

fa GNam. bnabBIkarykVnenH yYnVnmkenACabnwgExr. buEnkarrIkGMNac nigrIkTwk

denH

VnbMEbkkPaByYn.

xageCg)

nigkumegg

dlsBf.

karbkYtbECgK~aekItmaneLIgrvagkumTij

(esctajxagtg)

(esctaj

karVkEbkEdlenAEtCaTIktsMKal

rhUt

enAq~S 1623 escC&yeCdaEdlVnerobkarCamYymassIyYnm~ak edmITbTlnwg

karrujcanrbsesom suMCnYyBIescyYnnTisxagtg ehon-evg. Caf~r escExrtv

ebIk[CnCatiyYnmkebIkhagCnYjenAextBnKr. karkekrdkmCaekam k*cabepmeLIg

ehIyebHdUgnnKr h-Nn k*ricrilGsenAq~S 1775 k~gdNacraCescT&yTI2 (elIk

ElgEtsukXSg ekaymkextsuktag EdlyYncUlkankabk~gq~S 1840).

(8)

\eGEvk| VrSgelIkdbUgenANcin minEmnCaeGEvkeBjsmtPaBrbskugvaTIkgeT buEn

(9)

dMbUgeLIg egg-Gan lMeGogeTAkanCnYyesommun. tambJarbsescesom ebsk:eyaF

(10)

VntveKehA[manEteQaHbueNaH (in partibus).

BlExrmYykg VntvbJneTAkugeh enAq~S 1800 edImICYycSgtTlnwgBYkt-sWg.

edayminsUvluHlg'Edr mugmuruSg [mktamsarsMgatmYy nUvlTPaBeBjelj

(carte

blanch) dl kugvu embJakarkgTahanVrSgenANa EdltSgTIk~gkugbugDI esrI edmI

sMercbJn minbJnT&BmYykgeTANcin. kugvuminBm. emKNkatUlik d ebEGn

k*erobcMxngnUvkarelIkTahanenH CamYyVkkasnKsarxn nignBYkGaNaniKm enA

(11)

bugDIesrI.

ya-Lg TTYlcuHcUlbeTscin ehIyVntvGPieskenAhaNUy k~gq~S 1804. GFiraC

cin Ka Kwg dakeQaH[beTsyYnfa \evt-Nam| EdlbmUlptugkwg (VkKI) GNam
(TugKI) nig kUsSgsIun (NamKI).

18
(12)

enHKanEtCaelseT. tamBit edaysahkmxnsalvDnPaByagxSg BYkGWrubeVHxn

k~gkardeNImK~aykparenAGasIu nigk~gkarrkFnFanedmf. VrSgnigGgeKs ykcitTuk

dakCaBiesselIbeTscin.

BYkGgeKsVnebIkyuKnGaNaniKmkmelIGasIu

CamYy

\sgamGaePon| enAq~S 1841 (edmGaePonduHenAbeTsNa EBrs_GIurg nigenATYrKI.

BYkGWrubVnnScUlmkdSk~gbeTscin).

VrSgnigGgeKsdeNImK~aykkmsiTpacmuxxag

CnYj. edaycajBYkGgeKsesIrEtKbTIkEng VrSgelatmksgbelINcin. mag

eTot sbK~anwgkarelIkTahanmkkUsSgsIun TahanmYykgVntvbJneTAebkSg edmI

(13)

vay \CaTNkm| nigbJbkarsMLab'rgalBYkkansasnaKis.

k~gsm&yenaH kmCaekamVntvescExreVHbgecaleTAehIy bNaCnExrerobcMedayxn

g nUvkarbHeVrTSgLayTlnwgyYn. bnabBIkarPabkUsSgsuIneTAevot-Nam Edlb-

eTsVrSgVnsMercenAfTI 21 sPa 1949 CnCatiExreyIgenAkmCaekam VnkayeTA

Ca \BlrdevotNam edmkMeNItExr| (evot hk emon, k~gPasayYn). teTAenH KWTI

bCuCnExreyIgxH EdleKenAcSeQaHenAeLIy :

(14)

KN:ebskkmVrSgmYy dknSeday DUda dLaeh eLIgtamTenemKg edmIEsgrkBinit

(15)

edaylakmin[ BHVTneratm dg VrSgnigesomeFIsnisJamYyeTotenAVrIs k~gq~S

enAExmifuna 1866.

1867.

k~genaH

esomElgTamTarsYysaGakrBIExr

buEnVnCaf~rv^jnUvextVtdbg

esomrab sIusUpun TenreBA nigmB. bnabBIkartvarbshg neratm, dLa kgEDr ccar

VnBIesomv^jEtmatabEnmmYy : ExrGaceFIensaTk~gbwgTensab dUcesomVn.

####################

19

PaKTI 3
BI

GaNaniKm
eTA

shPaBNcin

xnTab[xMetag dxI[xMeQag eTIbeyIglUtlas .

20
BIq~S 1863 EdlBHVTneratm(1) cuHsnisJaTTYlkarKSJrBIVrSg dlq~S 1885 Edl

cinTTYlsaltamsnisJa eton-Tin dlkarKSJrVrSgelIGNamnigtugkwg, BHraCaNack

kugkmCa (eQaHCapvkarrhUtdlrCkalBHmhaktIyanI sIusuvti-kusm:) VnregedaykarbH

eVrCaecIn. k~gBIrq~SdbUg (1865- 1867) neratmtvbQmmuxTlnwgkarbHeVrBIr mYydk

nSeday Gacarsa mYyeToteday eJkMeVr(2). karbHTI1 Vntvbgabyagrh&s. Gacarsa

VntveKsMLabenAq~S 1866. buEnedmITbTlnwgeJkMeVr EdlbkasfaxnCakUnrbs Ggcan
TI2,

neratmtvehAkgTahanGaNaniKm(3)

bNaCnedaycabepmBIextkecH.

mkCYy.

edaymanExrelICYypg

Etk~gry:BIrq~SbueNaH

eJkMeVr

bMbH

clnaeJkMeVrVnmkdlkugdug.

enAq~S 1867 eJkMeVrVntveKnScUlGnakmYy ehIyeKkatkenAextkMBgFM. karbHeVrmYyeTot

EdleFIeLIgesIrEteBjrCkaln neratm VntvdknSedaybnescbegt KWmas sIuvta(4).

ekayBIkarsabneJkMeVr VrSgKiteFIkarEkTMrgdlrcnasmnrdVlExr EdlVntveK

v^nic&yfabEhlK~anwgrebobB(5). enAq~S 1884 beTsVrSgehAbeTskmCa[cUlk~g <par

rYm> magedaybMVtkarykBnKyrvagkmCa kUsSgsuIn nigGNam. bnabBIkarminBmnBHVT

neratm <KUEvn&r eheNral> (ecAhayTYeTA) nkUsSgsIun eQaH sal fumsun, CamYykaryl

BmnnaykrdmnIVrSg hl EhrI, eLIgeKakenAdug CamYyTahaneCgTwkVrSg 4-5 nak, cUl
mkyagKMhukk~gBHbrmraCvSg ehIy cMBuHTugPgnwgbMBgk KMramBHneratmfanwgbMbrbg(6).
edayyagenH

VrSgVnEhkTajBIdescExrnUvsnisJamYy

EdleFI[kmCakayeTACaGaNa

niKm <tampvehtu> nbeTsVrSg. k~gsnisJaenH neratm ylBmTTYlykTSgGsnUvkar

EkTMrgrdVl hirJvt nigJNiCkm EdlVrSgyleXIjfamanbeyaCn_dlkmCa. CaBiess

snisJaenHtMrgeTAkarlubbMVtTasPaB(7).

k~gq~S 1885, q~SnsnisJa eton-Tin, Vncbsm&ymYynbvtiGaNaniKm EdleK[

eQaHfa BYktmnav. dUcenHEmn sm&yenaHKWCary:eBlnkarcUlkankabsukExr nigsuk

yYn tamskmkiceyaFasuTsaF EdldknSedayemT&BeCgTwk. ecjBIkarvayykeKgeFIGaNa

niKmenH (TSgenAGahik TSgenAGasIu), nayTahanBIrnak, elatI nig ha elnI, VntveK

sMKalCaemT&ByagcMNan. enAq~S 1886 VrSgdakGMNacsIuv^lCnYsGMNacTahan edayEtg

tSg bUl Ebr Ca ersIudg eheNral (rebobCaG~kemIlxustvTYeTA) enAGNamnigenAtugkwg

CnYselaktmesnIy dKYsuI (kUsSgsuIn man KUEvn&r sIuv^lehIy). ekay kareFI[man

sniPaB nBYktmnav, sm&ynkarEsgrk ehIyTajykkMrBIFnFanEr nigFnFanksikmn

beTsekamGMNac

niKm

k*cabepmeLIg.

(denres coloniales).

FnFanEdleKVnehAk~gsm&yenaHfa

edmIGMeBIenH

VrSgVndakrcnasmnEdltvkar

rbsrbrGaNa

ehIybmUlpGM

NacTSgGs. GaCaFryYnCYykMNkickarTSgenH edaydgxnfanwgGacCnYsVrSgk~gfNamYy.

kwtmYycuHf 11 v^cika 1887 begIt shPaBNcin (Union Indochinoise) eday

bMVtecalnUvBMEdnrvagsukExrnigsukyYn (sm&yenaH tugkwg, GNamnigkUsSgsIun). beTs

TSgBIrVntveKbJlK~aCardEtmYyf NcinVrSg (kalenaHbeTslav minTanVrSgykVn

enAeLIyeT). enAelIrdenH man KUEvn&r eheNral m~ak EdlkanGMNacTSgGs ehIyEdl

21
enAekamrdmnIksYgGaNaniKmsukVrSg. mnIenHcatkarrdNcin CamYyemk~gsukbYnnak

(CatiVrSgCakarFmta) KUEvn&rnkUsSgsuIn, nigersIudg sUebrIy&r (G~kemIlxustvCanxs)

enAtugkwg, enAGNam nigenAkmCa(8).

karcUlkan'kab'nVrSgVnCYy esIrEtminTan' kmCa[BIkarVt'bg'. bu"EnenATisxag

eCg, beTslavkMBugEtsal'vasna EdlbeTskmCaeTIbnwgeKcecjrYcenAq~S 1863 karkekr

elbTwkdBIsMNak'esomnwgyYn.

tSgEtBIedmstvtr_TI19,

beTsesomVnykraCaNack

evgcnn_ k~geBlEdlyYnkan'kab' nKr esogxag nig nKr xSmYn. enA q~S 1864 BYk hU,

kumecarcincuHBIyunNn, cUlmklukluytugkwg niglavxageCg. karlukluyenH eFI[manGnraKmn_neyaFabeTsesomEdl,

edayeqt{kasBgkTiBlrbs'xnpg,

bJnT&BmYykgmk

suk sIum-sugecA-f (Lay-ecA, evtNamxageCg) (1883-1885). BYkVrSg, EdlVnmk

tSgTIenAsukExrnigsukyYnehIy, sg&yfabeTsGg'eKscUldCamYyesom(9) edmIemIlxus
tvelITenkhm

EdlCapvecjcUlsMrab'CYjCamYybeTscinxagtg(10).

rdkarGaNaniKm

VrSgEdlcg'ykTenemKgeFICaBMbTl'FmCatinNcinrbs'xn k*sMerccUlbLkk~gerOglav

Edr

ekamelsfaCYyyYn

[dak'GFibetyPaBxnelIbeTslavxageCgv^j.

VrSgrujcan

GFiraC dug xaj' [Vb'erOgenHeTAesom, ehIyk~geBlsbK~a es~IeTAesomsuMdak'TIkugsulrg

mYyenAhgBHbg.

kugeTB

(Vgkk)

yl'Bm.

GUhs

V"v,

P~ak'garCan'Tabm~ak'nksYg

bsNIyenAkMBt VntvEtgtSgk~gmuxtMENgenH. edaytcSesckIGnuJat[bMeBjmuxgar

(exequatur) BIesom, V"vecjdeNIrmkbeTslav CamYyVrSgbmaN 40 nak' nigExr 2-3 nak'

EdlCaG~kbkEbPasa.

eBlmkdl'hgBHbg

enAExkum:

1887,

kugenHVntvkgTahan

esomkan'kab'eTAehIy. esclav GunxS, edayman s~gkar esomenA Gm pg, Elgman

GMNacGIehIy.

ExsPa kgTahanesomeVHbg'hgBHbgv^j. f 10 mina, BYkhU bI-bYnry nak' cUl

lukluyraCFanIlav edaybn'nigsmab'rgalbNaCn. esc GunxS, edayeFIGIBuMekItehIyepxn

[kmpl,

rg'cSesckIsab'elIraCbl&g(R),

esckIsab'EdlbEhlCaCYbbTHEmn

ebIKanExr

EdlCaG~kbkEbPasarbs' V"v bGUsbTajykeTAcuHTUkCamYyeT. k~geBleKcxnCamYyK~a,

BHecAniyayeTAkugsulrg V"v suMkarKSJr (bUtiktUr"a) BIVrSg. TMnas'TImYyrvagVrSgnigesom

k*cab'epmeLIg. kgTahanesomtttaTenemKg, kan'kab'kugGteBA (lavxagtg) ehIycUlmk

k~gextswgEtg. V"v (EdlVntveKEtgtSgCakugsulbeTsVrSgbcSbeTsesom) dak'kM

hit[BIrdg

(Ultimatum)

dl'escesom.

k~geBlCamYyK~a

kgsMeBAVrSgmYyeLIgtamTen

Em"NamrhUtdl'kugeTB. karbeJjGanuPaBnavamYyenAmuxraCFanIesom u ehIybnab'mk karB&T

xb'eq~rsmuT VneFI[esomcuHcaj' ehIycuHhtelxaelIsnisJaVrSg-esom nf 3 tula

1893, fnkarcUlmkk~gshPaBNcin nbeTslav. tamsnisJaenH, lkx&NdUcteTA

Vntvbg[esomTTYl

----------------------------------------------------------------------(R)

ekaymk, k~gq~S 1953 eBlEdlkgevtmijB&TCab'kughgBHbg BHecAsIusava"gvg k*kajenAk~graCvSgEdr.

22
-

beTsesomtvQb'cg'VnTwkdenAetIyxageqgnTenemKg (Twkdlav) ehIyTTYl

sal'Ca PUmiPaKtkgT&B EdndmYybnHTTwgbEvg 25 Km enAetIy xagsSnTen

emKg (Edndesom).

beTsVrSgkan'kab'cnburI

(can'tabun)

Ca

karkk'bJS

esomdkxnecjGs'BIetIyxageqgnTenemKg.

beTsesommintvmankgT&BenAVt'dbgnigesomrab

rhUtdl'eBlkgTahan

(exteTACaGBakwt)

sMeBA epg@ elIbwgTensab (GanTMB&r 18, elxeyag 15)

nigTUk

bu"Enkarv^vaTTSgenH Tal'Et 14 q~SekaymkVncb'CamYysnisJa nigkicsnaVrSg

esommYycMnYn
-

kicsnanq~S 1902 VrSglb'bMVt'PUmiPaKtkgT&BTTwg 25 Km enAetIyxagsS

nTenemKg. tbmkv^j, esom[mkkmCav^jnUvextmB nig TenreBA (mB + Ten

reBA = kMBg'FMnigBHv^har). rIbeTslavVnTTYlext Vsak'.

kicsnanq~S 1904 kMBg'tat ehIynigTwkdenATisxagtg, BmTSgekaHTSgLay

snisJanq~S 1907 brCamYydans, tatnigekaHTSgLayEdlenAxagtgeCay

EdlenAC^teq~r cab'BIELmsuwgeTA Vntv[mkNcin EdlTTYlsukdanseTot.

ELmsuwg,

beTsesom

(Edlnwgpas'eQaHCabeTsfenAq~S

kmCav^jnUvextesomrab, Vt'dbg nigsiIusupun(12).

1939)(11)

[mk

enAf 24 emsa 1904, BHVTneratmcUlTIvgt'. edaybMJnelIbBNIcMNas'Jn'q~S

kumbwkaraCsmti, bCuuekamGFibtIPaBn er"sIudg' sUeb"rIeyIr& VrSg, cglbnesc, mas'

sIusuvti [esayraCbn(13)

23

GFibay
(1)

(2)

BHVTneratm TTYlmdenAfTI 3 mifuna 1864 CamYyvtmanntMNagVrSg DUda dW Laeh

nigtMNagesom BjaraCa. neratm VnbegtTg'CatiExr (munTg'saFarNrd) nigePgCati,

nKrraC, EdlTMnukbTVntvEtgedayvresnIytI-eBTVrSg m~ak'.

eKBiVknwgfaEdr etIkarbHeVrTSgenH bu"nb"gedjVrSg mYyrMlMesc. tamVrSgGaNa

niKmniym

karbHenHKWTl'nwgesc,

CakarN_Fmta.

k~gemeronenAsalabfmsikaeTot

esat k*KbegonKan'Et[kt' \bHGacarsa|, \bHeJkMeV| edaytman (han) Evk

(3)

(4)

EjkeTAqayeLIy.

k~gsm&yenaH KWBYk \Tar"y&r| yYn (tirailieurs annamites) ekambJanayTahanVrSgm~ak'.

BHVTGgDYg mankUnbusbInak' : neratm, sIuvta nig sIusuvti. eBlescsuKtenAq~S

1859 kUncg, neratm, tveLIgesayraCbn. bu"En k~geBlrg'cSBiFIGPiesk suIvta cg'
esayraCEdr. edayP&ynwgkareLIgbCabiyPaBnsIuvta, neratmrt'eTAsukesom eday

ykmdnigBHxan'raCeTACamYy. bnab'BIGnraKmn_EnemKNkatUlik mIs, tamry:TIkug

sulVrSgenAkugeTB (Vgkk), neratmVntvbJnmkmatubeTsv^jenAq~S 1862. kar

bkYtrbs'suIvta VnkayeTACasgamqk' Tl'nwgkarkan'kab'nVrSg cab'tSgBIq~S 1885

eTA.

enAq~S

1887

suIvta

\rMedaH|

Vntbn'mYy

ehIybegtCaraCaNack

(PUmiPaK

kMBg'say). edayVrmnwgkarEbkVk'nkmCaenH ehIyedayxacEkgesomeFIGnraKmn_

CYysuIvta VrSgeCserIsykkarccar ehIyKit \BlIkm| neratm edmIsuIvtav^j. eQaH

bU"l kulLa Vntvcat'[bMeBjebskkmenH. bu"EnsuIvtaVnsuKteTA k~geBlEdlkar

(5)

ccarehobnwgtvbJb'Edr.

BYkVrSgGaNaniKmniymelIkdbUg VnbeJj, cMeJHbCaCneyIg, nUvkaremIlgayy"ag

xSgrhUtdl'dl'GariyFm. eyIgGacv^nic&yelIkarsresrxHnBYkenH :

G bUnYr k~gesovePAxneQaH \Ncin| ecjenAq~S 1900 : \bCaCnenAkmCa

bEhlCaxSgtampvkay CagbCaCnenAGNamEmn bu"EnxHfamBl xHskmPaB. kar

erobcMelIpsgmenArak'kMEPl ehIysedognwgrebobB. KankarbNHbNalKMnitVCa

eLIy (k~geBlEdlenAGNam yYnky"agNak*eday ehIyKsarxntUctacy"agNak*

eday k*enAEtmankarGb'rMswgEtKb'K~a. PUmiyYnTSgGs' mansalabegontykf ebImin
cg'fa eKtMrUv[kUnekgeTAeronKb'K~a), KansamKIFmtampvciteLIy ehIyedayehtuenH

tmanmenaseJtnaCatibnicbnc

tyl'famatuPUmiCaGIeLIy.

CnExrGn'CagCnyYn

y"agqayk~gKb'Ep~kTSgGs'. bu"EnebIExrKanKuNsmtiyYn ExrmanKuNv^btiyYn rhUt

dl'eTAVk'cMNUlEmnETnnescExr

VnmkEtBIkaryktugelIbnElgsuIsgEdlcin

kan' ehIyEdleFI[beTshinehac. JNiCkmTSgmUlenAk~gdbreTs : yYn cin

cam-Ca.|

24
niyayBIkarv^vtn_nExreyIg, esovePA \TMlab' nig TMenomnExr| ecjenAq~S 1938,

eday hI b"Uer" nig eGvulIn m"aes"r"U : \ExrTSgLayEdlfalUtlas' ecInEtminsUvVCa

minsUvecHdgGIeT

ehIytykcitTukdak'elIGITSgGs'.

tamJkniyayrbs'sisekg

m~ak'nv^Tal&ysuIsuvti mYyBYkCa kbIGt'Xan EdlsIubeTsg mYyBYkeTotCa BEB

lIelI EdlecHEtEskEtBIsEtJs tdgxustv.

BYkTI1 ebIxnmanbgbn G~kKSJrFM@ Vnmuxgar xaj' CaG~kraCkar ehIyTaj

ykkm[Gs'BId, yWtswk VCaTal bu"EnsanEtxnvqat. BYkenHemIlgay CYnkal

CnCatiGWr"ub k~gnamnbBNIGafkMVMgGIma"g EdleyIgeTAmindl'eLIy ehIyEdlenA

ekayenaH eKlak'VMgkarlg'exArbs'eK CYnkal bgbnrYmCatig EdlK~akIkehIymin

lUtlas'. karsMxan'cMeJHGs'elakTSgenH KWminVc'eFIGI manzannrskimYy (bNTUt

k~grdkar swgEtCagarGPiCnmYyehIy) vayk BUCGgrvt enAmuxBYkGWru"b eFItab'tam

BYkCnCatiGWru"b

edmI[G~kenAekambgab'xnekat

ehIynigsabGEglsnwkVk'enAKb'

eBlNaebIk{kas[. tg'kEngenH BYkenHeFItambBNImYyy"agcas'mkehIy ehIyxM

yl'fa kickarnCdUnCtaBYkenHk~gsm&yGgr enAtwmtg'Par:y"agFn'nG~kTarluy.

kumTI2 BYk BEB EdlmancMnYnFMCageK manecInEtG~krgeKaH. BitehIy BYk

enHcg'VneCaKC&ydUcBYkTI1 Edr bu"EnK~adgxnfaGs'kmSgeBk edmIeTAdl'enaHrYc. tam

sMdBYkenH karxitxMnCdUnCtaxnEdlCaCag (ksagGgr) nigCaG~kcSg VneFI[xnehv

rhwtrh. xnminGaceTACaevCbNitekIteT sasacark*minekIt Kilanubdakk*minekIt G~k

CnYjk*minekIt

bNTUt.|

nieyaC^tk*minekIt

kmkrk*minVn

GIk*minVnEdr

ekABInahWn

mYy

bU"l DUEmr KUEvn&r ehenr"al' nNcin BIq~S 1897 eTA 1902 VneTArhUtdl'

kareCretH. cUreyIgv^nic&ysMdva k~gesovePAeQaH NcinVrSg ecjenAq~S 1905 :

\etIsasn_ (Exr) enHmanenAsl'eT? sasn_enHVneXIjkarcuHGab'{nnxneT? CnanuCn

kmCasBf etIesomCakUnrbs'xnGI? minEmneT. BYkG~kQ~H minenAtwmEtykTB

smtieT eKVnkMeTcsasn_enHlb'ecjBIbJImnusrs'. Pstag KWenAk~gCnanuCnkmCa

KanenAsl'bBNIGImYy GnusavrIy_GIbnic nPasaExr. eyIgVneXIjBYkenHQremIl

CaTsnikCnBegykenIy nigtyl'GI enAmuxGcriyPaBnsabtkmburaN tdgyl'

GITSgGs'

GMBIGkrcarikelIf

nsMNl'VsaTd*eq~ImTSgenH

cMeJHmuxmnusEdlVnrs'enAk~gTIenHmunxn

KWCabreTsdUceyIgEdr

k~gCv^tmYyEdlxs'Cag.

KanbCaCnNa

mYyeLIy ehIyswgEtKanbuKlNam~ak'pg EdlGacGYtxnfamanBUCGMbUrCaExr. krNI

CatiExrenAGasIu KWdUcCakrNICatikiknigr"UmuSgenAGWr"ubEdr.|

\esckIsab'Vnpac'Cv^tmnusTSgLayEdr k~geBlCamYyK~a EdlxnVnpac'Cv^t

bCaCatiTSgBYg. k*bu"EnmanPUmi2 k*qaydac'syalk~gkmCa kb'Vt'k~gBesagFMcUl

mincuH EdlmanbNaCnk~gsasn_mYyxusBIsasn_kmCa ehIyEdlniyayPasaVsaT

buraNElgBIeraHGs'eTAehIy

ryIkryakGs'ehIy

bu"EnEdleKGacsal'VnPam.

etI

25
mnusmYykumtUcenH manExrd*tmCabuBkarI? KsarmYy BIr bI k*mindg bEhlCaVn

putxnBIkarbMp^cbMpaj EdlVntveFIeLIg kalBI 5 6 stvtr_mun ehIyenArs'ranman

Cv^t bnab'BIVnePosxneTAenATItMbn'BP~M ehIybnBUCerogrhUtmk k~gPaBetaky"ak nig

k~gPaBGab'{nnkarP&yxacCanicnirnr_. etImnusrehmrhamTSgenH CakUnG~kcMVMgd*hM Ca

kUnnsilkrd*tm nraCaNackEdlrlayVt'enaH? karN_enHGacBitEdr. bu"EnebI

dUec~aHEmn mindgCaBukxn EdlemIleXIjkUnBIelIzansYKBHBuTenaH QWcitcukcab'k~gxn

y"agNaeT! cas'CaKat'cg'[karsMLab'rgal (EdlVnykCv^tKat'enaH) kuMTukkUnKat'[

enAsl'm~ak' CaCagTuk[sl'elIdnUvGnusavrIy_rbs'Kat'rebobenH [sl'dbUnanrebob

enH dl'bCaCnTSgLayNaEdleVHbg'xnecal.|
plEdlecjBIkaremIlgayenH

KWGaNaniKmVrSg

mUlFnniymVrSgv^jtv

Cag Vnv^nic&yfa kmCaCakEngmYy minsUv[cMeNj ehIyk*bmUlpkarxitxMrbs'xn

edmICerOnvDnPaBesdkicnigvbFm eTAelIevotNamEtmYy. beTsenHk*VnTTYlv^Ca

sannigmnIrsavCavCaecIn rhUteTAdl'saklv^Tal&yeTot (1904). k~geBlEdlenA

kmCa eKVnrab'eXIj, enAq~S 1939, siscMnYn 4 nak'(!) k~gmFmsikaPaKTI2, 4 nak'

elIcMnYnbNaCn 3 lan! VrSgVneTArhUtdl'minBmebInieyaC^tExr ehIynScUlnUvCn

CatiyYn edmIebIk~grdkarxnenAsukExr. PaKecInnCnGenabevsn_yYnenH Vnrs'enA

bnBUCrhUtk~gbeTseyIg. manCnedmkMeNItyYnCaecInnak' Edlkan'kab'muxkarsMxan'@

k~grdkarExr rhUtdl'ExmIna 1970 (eBlEdl ln'-nl' nig sirimt: sMerceFIkareVs

sMGatmYy. ebskkmVntvbKl'[ ln'-Nun bnrbs' ln'-nl' ehIykickarenHk*

kayeTACakarkab'sMLab'. ekaymk k~geBlEdlTahanyYnxageCg eFI[kmCakayeTA

CaregkePIg kgTahanyYnxagtgVnykkarsgswkCaebskkmrbs'xn k~gry:eBlEt

2-3 fbu"eNaH PUmiPaK cMBuHTa, sayerog VnEbeTACaePIgGvcIcMeJHbgbneyIgenA

(6)
(7)

TIenaH.

enHminEmnCakarKMramecaleT.

GMNacGaNaniKmebIVs'karbMbrbg'

CaGavuFcitsas

sMrab'bMVk'karbu"nb"gbHeVrTSgBYg dUcEdleyIgnwgeXIjk~geBlxagmux.

xMeK sm&yenaH (rhUtmkdl'eBlf@ enHeTot) Casmtidac'frbs'mas'. KYr[exIm

CagTasPaBGaemrikSg EdlykmnusexAeBjv&ymk[dSkbas, TasPaBExrebIVs'

tSgBIkUnekg EdlsgmmanGariyFmtvkarJr eday[eronsUt. KYr[hYsciteTAeTot

TasPaBExr

(8)

EdlVrSgbu"nb"glb'bMVt'tSgBIk~graCescneratm

VneLIgdl'kMrwtmha

Gsar k~geBlEdl G~kes~haCati mYykab'VnykbCaCngeFICa xMrd.

karbegtenHmanEteQaHeT eJHfaTal'Et 10 q~Sekaymk eTIbGgkarepg@ nshPaB

cab'edrEmnETnk~grdkarn b"Ul DUEmr. rdFanI VntvtSgenAhaNUy. kUsSgsuIn Edl

eKsMKal'CaGaNaniKmeBjTI

(kULnI)

manlknik:Biess

ehIyenAekamkartttan

KUEvn&r m~ak'. kmCa GNam nig tugkwg enAekamkarcat'Ecgn er"suIdg' sUeb"rIy&r

(escTSgLay manGMNacEdlmanEteQaH) EdlPar:FMKWeFIbnicmg@ nUvkarEkTMrg'rcna

26
smnrdVlnbeTsekamGMNac. kmcab'epg@ VntvcmgtamKMrUVrSg. karEbg

EckrdVl : ext suk x&N XuM VntvebIVs'rhUtdl'sBf (ekaymk bMENg x&N

(9)

Vntvlb'ecalv^j, x&N eJFicintug).

enAstvtr_TI17

lITI14

escBHGaTitVrSg

minTak'citnwgNcineT

bu"EnnwgbeTs

esom. tSgBIq~S 1685 esomcuHsnisJaTI1 xagJNiCkmCamYyVrSg. 3 q~Sekaymk

CnCatikikm~ak'eQaH kugsg'TIn hlkun EdleFIkarCakmkr (m"atWL) elIsMeBAVrSgmYy

eLIgbuNskiCaTIbwkarbs'escesom.

edaymanG~kpaysasnaCatiVrSgbInak'CYy

pg hlkuneFIkarrkG~kXubXwt edmIykbeTsesomcUlekamGMNacVrSg. bu"Enekay

bnicmk (1688) kar bd^vtn_vSg mYyrMlMescesom smab'kikhlkun ehIyedj
VrSgecj. rdbharenH VnbJb'TiBlrbs'VrSgelIbeTsesom.

mYystvtr_knHekaymk enAq~S 1826 escesomramaTI3 cuHsnisJaJNiCkm

TI1 CamYybeTsGg'eKs. k~gq~SdEdl kgTahanGg'eKscab'epmcUlkan'kab'beTs

m"aeLsuI nigPUma. f 15 mkra 1896 snisJaVrSg-Gg'eKsmYy (kicsnakugLgd_)

EbgEckbeTsesomCabIPUmiPaK : xagekIt enAekamTiBlVrSg xaglic (CamYyeCay

m"aeLsuI) eTACasmtiGg'eKs cMENkPUmiPaKkNal KWvaltamdgTenEm"NamecApay"a

eTACamNlGBakwt (dUec~H beTsesomminEmnminEdlVntvbreTstttaeT Kan'Et

mineBjelIbeTsTSgmUlbu"eNaH) kartEmtmvK~asaeLIgv^j rvagGg'eKsnigVrSg elI

(10)

karEckTwkdenH ecjCasnisJaq~S 1902 1904 nig 1907.

ecjBIdugenAExmifuna 1866 ebskkm DUdadWLaeh EdleTAEsgrkBinitTenemKg Vn

[Pstagfa pvTwkEtmYyEdlnSBIsmuTeTAk~gbeTscinxagtg KWTenkhm. dUec~HEmn

cab'BIkugkecHeTA cracrN_tamTenemKgElgGaceFIVn BIeJHmanTWkeCaH nigTwkFak'Ca

(11)

ecIn (CaBiess TwkFak'd*lv^salenAxUn elIBMEdnExr-lav).

rdmnITImYyf
niym.

Pibulsgam

dUreQaHbeTsesomCabeTsf

sasn_fmanenAk~gbeTsesom

lav

eJHmanbMNgckBti

(LavCasac'QamfEdr)

evtNam

(knaj) nigcin (yunNn) cMENkvbFmfmanenAk~g sukExr. eBlEdlCbu"nkMBug

lukluycin nigKMramVrSgenANcin k~gq~S 1939 enaH PibulmanKMnitbu"nb"gbmUl d

fTSgenaH. ekaymk saritfaNara"t' VntvG~kBtmanbswmbeTsm~ak'sYrfa etIcg'

pas'eQaHbeTsfCabeTsesomv^jeT? cemIysarit : xMmindgfaelakcg'niyayGMBI

(12)

GIeT.

VrSgVnyl'dl'karP&ncLMrbs'xn

EdlVn[eTAesomnUvextExrd*smNsvTSg3

enH (70 000 KmkLa k~gkalenaH). k~gkickarrkbmUlTwkdmkv^j nayTahan 2 nak'

xagPaKIVrSg-Exr dknSKNkmkareVHbegalBMEdn : VrSgm~ak' vresnIytI EbNa (Vn

sresresovePAmYyGMBIerOgenH esovePAEdlBiVkrkGanNas' eJHeKlak') nigExrm~ak'

GnuesnIyk Gum. BMbTl'xaglicnkmCasBf k*VnmanrUbrageLIgedayy"agenHg

(1907).

27
q~S 1907 Gac[eKcat'TukCaq~SbegIyeCaKC&y nGaNaniKmkmrbs'VrSgelIN

(13)

cin EdleyIgGacsrubdMNak'kar dUcenAtaragk~gTMB&rbnab'.

ExkJa1908 BHVTsIusuvtieTAGtItmharaCFanIGgr edImITTYlykextTSgbImkv^j Edl

VnenAekamesom 40 q~S. edmIrMlwkBwtikarN_enH TIzanGnusavrIy_mYyVntvelIkeLIg

k~gTIkugP~MeBj raCFanIf. G~kpgEtgeXIj, Kg'elIcegHP~MdUneBj ehIysmwgeTAv^man

kraC, rUbsMNakBIsMrwTnigtamTMhMFmCatinescsuIsuvti enAcenaHpSgsilaBIrEdlEcg

BIkarVnmkv^jnUvextbIenH. pSgsilamYycMehog VntvKas'ykmk[eKvayfenAhug

kug edaytmesnIym~ak'nsaFarNrdExr (1970-1975).

28

q~S

Twkd

snisJa, samIuCn

1862-64

Jk'kNal kUsSgsIun xageCg

TIDwk- eVNa

Jk'kNal kUsSgsuIn begIy

TIDwk, dW Lakg'Edr

1863

kmCa

1867

(VrSg[extVt'dbg suIsupun esomrab

1867

1883-85
1893
1902

1907

45 q~S

TenreBA nig mB eTAbeTsesom)

neratm, dW Lakg'EDr

VrSg-esom, (neratm)

GNam rYcmk tugkwg

rdaPiVlyYn ekayTIDwk rYc

lav

GunxS, VrSg-esom

mk etonTin (VrSg-cin)

extTenreBA nig mB

kmCa begIy

(Vt'dMbg suIsupun nig

esomrab)

VrSgesom, (neratm)

VrSg-esom, (sIusuvti)

Ncin

tarag : dNak'kar n GaNaniKmkm

29

PaKTI 4
BI

shPaBNcin
eTA

shB&nNcin

bvtisasCap~rkb'karP&ncLMnmnus.

(b"Ulva"eLrI, Tsnv^TU)

dUec~HcUreyIgkuMexImnwgKas'kayemIl.

30
BHVTsuIsuvti (1904-1927) eLIgesayraCdNalK~anwgBwtikarN_mYyy"agsMxan' KW

C&yCnHnCbu"nk~gsgamCbu"n-rusI (1904-1905). BwtikarN_sMxan'mYyeTot EdlekIteLIgk~g

rCkalsuIsuvtienHEdr KWkarbd^vtn_cinnq~S 1911 (saFarNrdn sun-y"at esn).

C&yCnHnCb"unVneFI[Vt'nUvCenOfa CatiEsksBUEkelIslubBuMecHcaj'eK. C&yCnHenH

VneFI[G~kecHdgyYnmanbtikmPam G~kGkrsaseQaH pan' bYycUv, edaymanmas' KYg ed

EdlCajatinGFiraC y"a Lg nigG~kGkrsas 3-4 nak'eTotCUneTApg, VneTAdl'beTsCbu"n

ehIyk*cab'bMbHbMeVryYnBITIenaH. cab'tSgBIq~S 1912 EdlKNbk KY min tag (cinCatiniym)

ekIteLIg, beTscink*eTACaTICrkmYynG~kCatiniymyYnEdr. k~geBlsgamelakq~S 1914-

1918 BlTahan 130 000 nak' EdlCaCnCatirbs'beTsTSg3 nNcin VntveKbJn

eTAGWrub (k~genaHmanExreyIgecInkgvresnatUc EdleKdak'eTAsmrPUmimux, ExTI1(1). Tajecj

BIBiPBskiPUmirbs'xn dak'cUleTAk~gBiPBelakmYyeTot, G~kTSgenaHVnCYbbTHnwgKMnitf@eTot

bCaFibety, shCB, sgmniym, kumynis, mUlFnniym nigkarbkan'BNsmr. kar b"H

Bal' nwgbswmbeTsenH VneFI[ekIteLIgnUvKNbkneyaVyk~gsukyYn ehIyKNbkTSg

enH Cas~lnKMnitbqSgnwgkarkan'kab'tttan VrSg.

bu"Enk~gbeTskmCa sankarN_KWma"geTAv^j. eBlEdlmkdl'sukExr VrSgVneXIj

beTsmYyEdlhinehac, nigsMNl'nbCaCatimYyEdlTuDeTam eJHEtsgam nigkarC^HCan'

BIbreTsCab'rab'stvtr_.

sl'BIescEdlmanGMNacdUcBHGaTieTB(2)

nigsl'BIbCaCnEdl

rs'enACuv^jPiksgnigGacar, cenaHsgmenAbehagTeT tmanExrbiTbMeBj rbrensaT, rbr

ciJwmst, karrksuIeFICag enAk~gkNab'dyYn, cMENkkareFICnYj enAk~grgg'kckcin. karxM

saklgbJlxnk~gsgmExr BIsMNak'G~kGenabevsn_TSgenaH(3) VneFI[manGaJh_BiJh_

cin-Exr CaecIn. BYkkUnkat'EdlekIteLIgCabnbnab'mkenaH VntvG~kniBnVrSgeQaH hIlIB

dWvEl kt'sMKal'faCaCn BUEk nigsahab'. edayyl'eXIjdUec~HEdr eTIbrdkarGaNaniKm,

EdlBImunVnnScUlmksukExrnUvG~keFIkarCatiyYn, cab'erIsykkUnkat'cin-Exr (ticecIntMN)

mkeFICakbx&Nrdkar.

k~graCBHVTsuIsuvtinigmunIvg

(1927-1941)(4)

ecIn(5) EdleFIeLIgedmIbMVt'bnicmg@ nUvsab&ncas'nrd.

beTskmCaVnTTYlkarEkTMrg'Ca

-enAq~S 1910 edmICrujkarGb'rMeLIgv^j BHecAsIusuvtibJa[begonPasaExr dl'ekg

Gayu 8 q~SeLIgeTA k~gKb'TIvtGaramTSgGs'. eyIgyl'Nas'nUvkayv^kar BHsIusuvti Edl

bgajnUvbMNgtwmtvnbCaCatiTSgGs' Edlcg'ecHdgnigcMrugcMerInk~gPasarbs'xn. bu"Ensb

K~anwgkayv^karenH rdkarGaNaniKmk*VnCYyCaecInEdr dl'karrIkcMerInnsala EdleKVnehAfa

salaraCkar EdleKbegonPasaVrSg nigmuxv^CaecIneTot EdltbegonenAsala vt.

sala raCkar TSgenaH manenAEtk~graCFanI nigTIbCuCnFM@ ehIykUnsisesIrEtCakUnG~kman-

G~kFMTSgGs' KWfaecjmkBIvN:FUrsl. lTplnkarmansalaBIry"agenH eyIgVneXIjKb'

K~amkehIy beTseTACamansgm2 EdlxusBIK~aTSgsug(6). sgmmYyCasgmnG~k lUt

las' EdlkarGb'rMnigcMeNHv^CaxnGnuJat[b"HJl'nwgBiPBelakxagekA ehIyedreTAmuxtamBi

31
PBekAenaH. G~kTSgenHxMebIKb'meFaVy edmIeFICv^txn[Tan'sm&y. sgmmYyeTot Casgm

G~klg'exA EdleCaKCSy"ageCAnwgBuTsasna ehIycUlcitrs'enAk~gBiPBelakmYyeJreBj

eTAedayCenOelIehtumhaGsar ehIyEdlkareKarBTMenomTMlab' VnkayeTACakarenAesmmin

kMerIk.

- k~gq~S 1912, KUEvn&r eheNr"al' Gal'Ebr sar"U begt sPa[eyabl'Gay

(Assemble consultative indigne) EdlmansmaC^keCstSg (1PaK8) nigsmaC^kCab'eq~at (G~kEdleK

[manGMNaceVHeq~aterIssPaenH mancMnYnticNas'). sPa[eyabl'enaH Kan'EtCakarsak

lgemIleT eJHmYyq~SeFIkarEt 10 f.

-enAq~S 1915 muxgarCaecAhayextVntveKbegt[maneLIgsMrab'Exr. BImun exttt

edayVrSgEdlmangarCa er"suIdg'.

-k~gq~S 1920 salaVlICan'xs'VnekIteLIgenAP~MeBj(7).

-enAq~S 1922 TIbwkacab'VrSgm~ak'CYyENnSkickarbegtsalakid (enAP~MeBj) sMrab'

CnMuCrHbTkidk~gbeTsTSgmUl.

-k~gq~S 1930 (raCBHVTmunIvg) BuTsasnbNit VnekIteLIgenAP~MeBj edmIbgat'K

begonsalaVlI (GacarsalaVlI).

-enAq~S 1937, beTseyIgmansalacMnYn 952 (k~genaH 813 Casalavt), sala

Gnuvtn_sahkmmYy, salasil:ExrmYy nigsalacab'nigrdVlmYy(8).

cMENkvDnPaBxagesdkicv^j eKeXIjmankarrIkcMerInnksikm(9) sv, edmekAsU(10),

eJt, emc .l. karekIneLIgenH KWTSgxagTMhMpdS TSgxagcMnYnplitpltampdS. bu"En eKtv

EtTTYlsal'karmYyenH

ebIkarEkTMrg'nsikaFikareFI[mankarEckvN:k~gsgm,

vDnPaB

esdkiceFI[cMerInEmnETn EtCnbreTsmYykab' CatiVrSg, cin nigyYn EdlepluyxnenAV"rIs,

hugkug, sigburI nigBnKr.

sas)

KWenAk~gkal:eTs: (sgmsas) enaHehIy EdlbeTskmCaQaneCgcUlmkk~g (bvti

BiPBelaksBf.

ebIsgamelakelIkTI1

BuMVneFI[GaNackGaNaniKmVrSgEb

bleT sgamelakelIkTI2 CasJankarcab'epmrlMnGaNackenaH. eqt{kasEdlVrSg

cuHGn'exay edaykarlukluyGalWm"g', beTsTSgbInNcinyl'eXIjfa eBlevlamkdl'

ehIy edmIrkkraCerogxn.

teTAenH eyIgtvEckBwtikarN_EdlekItmaneLIgCaBIrcMBUk KW

k) erOgekAbeTs, KWBwtikarN_TSgLayEdlVnekIteLIg edaymkBIneyaVybreTs, bu"En

EdlmanTiBly"agpal' mkelIbeTskmCa (ehIyEdlnwgEcgenATMB&r 36)

x) erOgk~gbeTs, KWkarv^vtn_neyaVyk~gbeTskmCa EdlmanCaGaT TMnak'TMngCamYyVrSg

nwgkarsaklgrbbbCaFibetymYy tamry:KNbkneyaVy (EcgenATMB&r 51)
--------------------------

32

GFibay
(1)

edImIrMlwk

nig

Cakitiysdl'BlTahanExrEdlVnsab'edmIbeTsVrSg

k~gsgam

elak 1914-18 enaH TIzanmrNsJamYy VntvelIkeLIgk~gkugP~MeBj EkrkILazan

sadLMEb ehIyEdlmhaCnehAfa rUbBIr (rUbsMNakVrSgm~ak' nigExrm~ak'). G~kpg

(2)

Etgfa ExrenaHKW taEm"n EdlCanayTahanbJakgBlTSgenaH.

cMeJHCnFmtak~gbeTskmCaeyIg Jk esc nig Cati mann&ydUcK~a. kt'esc KW

kt'CatiehIy. eKdUcCacSfa G~kneyaVynsgmrasniym VnbMeV"gkaryl'eXIjenH
[kan'EtxSgeLIg edmIBggGMNacxn. tamTMenomTMlab'EdlCaekrmrtknBhJsa-

sna ExrKb'rUb elIkElgEtPik tvlutCgg'kabenAmuxesc. bu"Enk~gsm&yenH karyl'

eXIjGMBIesc lMeGogeTAtamBuTsasna. VneLIgesayraCCaesc KWCargan'putelx

cMeJHmnuselak EdlkalBICatimunVnksagEtGMeBIl ehIykan'y"agxab'xnnUvsIln

BHBuT. escswgEtdUcGaTieTB EdleKBuMGacv^nic&ykat'eTas kayv^karnigGMeBIVneLIy.

eJHEtkaryl'eXIjenH bCaCnExrBImun CabCaCnEdlcSEtTTYlsux TTYlTuk TTYl

(3)

bJa.

G~kbvtisas

EdlmkBiniterOgehtuenAGasIuPaKGeK~y_

Catisasn_nmnusk~gsgm

ehIyEdlePcKiteTAdl'kta

cas'Caminyl'edaytwmtveLIy

faetIbeTsEdlxn

BinitenHenAk~gkal:eTs:GI. ehtuEdleFI[manCnCaticincakecjBIsukxn mkenAsuk

eTotnGasuIPaKGeK~y_ man2 FM@KW cMVMgrvagK~agk~gsuk nigkarN_EdlmanbNaCn
ecInhYs. PaKecInnG~kGenabevsn_TSgenaH mkBIext3 nbeTscinxagtg KWkagsIu

kagTug nig hKan. bu"EncinTSgenaHniyayeTsPasaCaecIn EdleKEckCa 5 kumFM KW

eTsPasahukKan hak'ka hNan' knSg nigetvCv. k~gq~S 1970 cinenAsukExrmancMnYn

435 Jn'nak' KWfa 6,4 % nbNaCnsukExr EdlmancMnYn 6 701 000 nak' (tamesov

ePArbs' sUemIs hayDUs). 30 % ncinsukExr rs'enAP~MeBj. EdlehAfacinsukExr

KWcinGenabevsn_f

nigCnEdlekItBIBukmaycin

ehIyniyaynigkan'TMenomTMlab'cin.

enAq~S 1970 BYkPaKecInKWBYketvCv cuHmkKWBYkknSg.

BiVknwgfaEdr etIcincab'cUlmkenAbeTskmCatSgBIsm&yNa. bu"EneKdgfa cin

cab'cUlmkk~gqakneyaVyExr tSgBIstvtr_TI 17. escbrmraCaTI4 (1660-1672)

VntvescyYnbg[cuHsnisJamYy BmTTYl[CnCatiyYn nigCnCaticin 3 000 nak'

cUlmkenAsukExr. CnePosxncinenaH CabkBYkraCvgmig EdlVntvraCvgtan'rMlM.

KWk~gBBYkcinTSgenaHehIy

EdlGgnn'VneCserIsTahansuIQ~l

edmIdeNImbl&gBI

bgbnCdUnmYyxn escC&yeCdaTI4 (GgsUr). enAq~S 1689 CamYynwgTahancinsuIQ~l

xn nigT&ByYnEdlmkCYyGgnn'deNImVnkugP~MeBj. C&yeCdaTI4 Edlrt'eTAenAkMBg'

33
hg k*cuHsnisJamYyeTotCamYyyYn TTYlsal'yYnCaecAhay. enAq~S 1710 KWcinm~ak'

eTot eQaHm"ak'KW EdlExr[TTYlbnkkarJrPUmiPaKJm (sBfhaeTog) kmYns (r"ac

sa) nigekaHtl'. G~kBwgKWGgEGm (kUnbsaescC&yeCdaTI4) EdleQaHK~anwgFemaraCa

(kUnbegtC&yeCdaTI4) EdlmanesomCaG~kKST. edayehtuenH PUmiPaKeq~rsmuTTSgenaH

VnenAekamGMNacm"ak'KW nigepAsnanrbs'xn rhUtdl'q~S 1867 (157q~S!) ehIycinenaH

eFIkar[yYn.

cinsukExr

EtgEtVnTTYlGP&yksiTiBiess.

ehIykan'ykTMenomTMlab'beTs
sgmExr

KWeTACaBlrdExrEtmg.

enAekamGMNaccinm~ak'EdlmangarCa

ecATa

G~kEdlekItenAbeTskmCa

G~kEdlminBmbJlxnk~g

ehIyEdlEtgtSgeLIgeday

escExr ehIycinTSgenaH raCkarminGacEknykeTAebIVneT (ekamrbbGaNaniKm). kar

GaNaBaVlVrSgVnebIkyuKnGaJh_BiJh_cin-Exr.

ktaFMCaedmehtunGaJh_Bi-

Jh_ (Gnrsasn_) enH man2 : karsahab'nsasn_cin EdleFI[cinman nigkarxHsIcin.

enAq~S 1921 G~kniBn dav^d EsgEbk [cMnYnkUnkat'cin-Exr fabEhl 68 000 nak'.

ekayBI beTskmCaVnkraC cMnYnGaJh_BiJh_buscin-sIExr VnfyecInNas'.

bu"En

k~geKalbMNgnwgBgkGMNacesdkicxn

cinsukExrebIcMNgKsaredmIbMBuk

rMlYyrdkarExr edaykmaGaJh_BiJh_sIcin-busExr. cMeJHG~ksegtkarN_breTsCa

ecIn karGenabevsn_cin VnnSmk[sgmExrnUvcrnsahab' ehIyeTaHbIbeTskmCamin

EmnCasmtirbs'cinsuT k*kmCaCasmtidac'muxrbs'Exrkat'cinEdr (hU-yn', huy-nim,

exov-sMpn CaExrkat'cin).

cMENkExrkat'yYnv^j mancMnYnticeTenAbeTskmCa mkBIehtuEdleKdgKb'K~a.

karGenabevsn_yYn Edlmany"agxSgCaelIkdbUgmkbeTskmCa (k~gBMEdnsBf) KW

k~gsm&yGaNaniKmVrSg. yYnsukExrPaKecIn rs'enAtamBMEdnExr-yYn. enHCasJa

fayYnTSgenaHenAEtVrm. k~gq~S 1952 kalsmaCCatiGnum&t karbJtihamCnbreTsmin

[bkbrbrxH

bJtiTSgenaHtMrg'eTACaBiessdl'BYkyYn.

karminTukcitrbs'ExrelIyYn

manenAKb'kEng Kb'eBlevla. erOgxImYy KYrelIkykmkniyay : kalBwtkarN_ExmIna

1970pHeLIg tmesnIy ln'-nl', CamYyK~anwgkarsuM[yYnxagtg CYyTb'karvaysM

rukrbs'yYnxageCg, VnbMrugbJb'BItMENg nayTahanTSgGs'EdlmanbBnyYn. luH

dl'dgfa nayTahanCaTITukcitKat'CaecInnak' enAk~gsanPaBenH Kat'k*tvbJb'karbug

(4)

by&t~enHv^jeTA.

eBlC^tcb'rCkalBHsuIsuvti VrSgcg'dak'raCvg neratm elIbl&gv^j. eKeBjcitnwg

kUnBHneratmm~ak' EdlCaG~kniBny"agcMNan mas' neratm-suFars. bu"EnedayVntva"

enAkugV"rIs GMBIkarrMelaPxHnGaCaFrGaNaniKm mas'suFars k*tveKdkv^jeTA. CerIs

k*tMrg'eTAkUnm~ak'eTotrbs'escneratm Tg'PaNuvg Etmindac'esc. sMerceTA bl&gVn

mkkUnescsuIsuvti mas'munIvg EdlVneFITahank~gkgT&BVrSgenAq~S 1908.

34
(5)

GMNacGaNaniKmVrSg minKan'Etbg[EkTMrg'eT EfmTSgxMeFI[karyl'eXIjGMBI \esc|

EkEbeTot. ekayq~S 1897 edmIEbgEckrMElkGMNacEdlrhUtmkdl'eBlenaHenAEtk~g

descm~ak'

VrSgVnbgesc[TTYlsab&nfmYy

EdleKBuMEdlsal'esaHk~gbeTs

kmCa : rdaPiVl. kwtmYybJak'muxkarrdaPiVlenaH : beTstvdknSedayrdaPiVl

EdlmanKN:rdmnImYy (kugI esnabtI) manrdmnIVMmYynak' (esnabtI, Exr) KN:rd

mnItvdknSeday er"suIdg'sUeb"rIy&rVrSg. GMNacGaNaniKmbgesc[TuknaTICaGKmha

esna (rdmnITI1) [mnusEdlVneFICaG~kbkEbPasa k~grdkarxn. garBYkesnabtI

manCaGaTi : kLaeham (navacr) ymraC (yutiFm) ckI (karJrbeTs) vSg nigGKmha

esna.

GKmhaesnamuneKbgs' KWelakGum bnab'mkelakbu"k TSg2nak'CakUnnamuWn. enA

q~S 1902 VrSgQb'tamTMlab'enH (EdlTuknaTIesnabtI[kUnnamuWn) edayEtgtSgelak

CYn (G~kbkEbPasa) CaesnabtIksYgvSg. elak vSg CYn enAkEngenaHCag 30 q~S

rhUtdl'raCBHVTmunIvg.

sm&yfacarburs,

elakCYnenH

VneTACamnusTMnukcitrbs'VrSg

ehIyVn[VrSgdgBIkarbMrugkt'TMlak'escsuIsuvti

Pasa

BIsMNak'mas'

myUr"a (kUnneratm). enAq~S 1917 (myUr"aVntveKbMbrbg'eTAesogxag, beTslav).

elak Eb"n-nut Vncab'epmCv^tneyaVyd*Evgrbs'Kat' CaPUQYyesnabtIksYgvSg enA
q~S 1940.

(6) ehtuePTenH eKsegteXIjCaTUeTA enAk~gbeTsTSgLaynelakTI3 (beTsk ekABI

elakesrI

nigelakkumynis).

Cv^trehmrham

enAkkwtK~anwgCv^teqItqay.

raCFanI

P~MeBj CatMNag kmCaTMenIb. enAC^tbegyesaH BiPBksikr enAEtrs'enAtamrebob

buraN. enHehIyCacMNucexaynbeTs PaBpuyCaynbeTs. ekaykicBmeBog

hWENvq~S 1954 sgamrvagevtNamTSg2 Vnpl'sniPaBrvag 15 q~S[kmCa. k~gkM-

Lg 15 q~SenaH G~kdknSExrtmansmtPaBeFI[BiPBksikr manGKIsnInigTwk ma"suIn

ebIeLIy : minKitpl'[beTsnUvsmar:karJrxnKb'Kan' sMrab'eBlNamanGasn~ G~k

dknSTSgenaHEbrCaerIsyk GBakwt, bJsIla eTAv^j. GBakwtExrVneTACa

(7)

Gsartkar sIl5 k*BuMVneFI[Exrsux eJHExr \sMu| Etm~ak'g.

munq~S 1920 BHsgExrtveTAVgkk edmIeron[eCAeTAeTotnUvPasaVlI. enAkugenaH

BHsgEtgCYbnwgmas'yuKnr EdlCakUnm~ak'eTotrbs'escneratm. yuKnrVntvesc

bJneTAsukVrSg edmIbwgtva"dl'rdaPiVlVrSg GMBIkarrMelaPnGaCaFrGaNaniKm mk

dl'sukVrSgenAExsIha 1900 mas'yuKnrbKl'[rdaPiVlVrSg nUvkMNt'ehtuy"ag

EvgmYy

eBjeTAedaybNwgrbs'hgneratm.

edaymanG~ksarBtmanVrSgm~ak'eQaH

hg' ehs CYypg Tg'yuKnrxMlUk[dl'mtimhaCnVrSg rhUtdl'VncuHGtbTmYyk~g

kTin \LW hhar"U|. mintwmEtTieTonGaCaFrGaNaniKm yuKnrEhkbgaj \karXubXwt

rbs'VrSgBukrlYy| CamYyelakGum (GKmhaesna) nigelakCYn (bnab'mkesnabtI

ksYgvSg) edmICJk'QambeTs (exploiter le pays, sic) nigbMEbkbMVk'G~kraCkarExrst

35
tg'. (erOg GaLicsius Qun). rdmnIVrSgksUgGaNaniKm tbv^jy"agxSgedaybJa
[ er"suIdg'sUeb"rIy&r bgescneratm[dak'eTasdl'mas'yuKnr : kalNamkdl'v^j

ehIy yuKnrtvsUmeTasCasaFarN: dl'esnabtI \EdltveKmYlbgac'|. BuMenaHesat

mas'enHnwgGactveKbMbrbg' ehIyrwbGUsykTBsmti. ecjBIsukVrSgenAdNac'q~S

1900 yuKnr, edayEkgtvTNkmxSg, k*suxcitrs'enAVgkk rhUtdl'eBlsuKtenA

q~S 1934. ecjBIkugVgkk BHsgEtgEtnSeTAP~MeBjv^j nUvKMnitbHeVrEdlpBImas'

yuKnr.
(8)

edmIxaXSgBHsgBIKMnitd*maneKaHf~ak'enH

enAraCFanIExreTA.

eKk*begtsalaVlICan'xs'mYy

sgamelakelIkTI1 Vnbnyy"agecInnUvcMnYnCnCatiVrSg Edlmkrs'enAk~gNcin.

EbrmkrkG~kecHeFIkar k~gcMeNamCnCatiedmv^j rdkarVrSgbegtsala \rdVl| edmI

bgat'G~kraCkarExr (muxgarCaTIcg'Vnsm&yenaH KW \fer"suIdg'| EdlsMrab'G~kNaVnCab'

\DIbm|. dUec~HehIyVnCa enAq~S 1939 eKeXIjmansisEt 4 nak' Edleronbnyk \V

sU|. KWk~gsalardVlenaHehIy EdlduHdalvrCnneyaVyelIkTI1 nbeTskmCa.

PaKecInnGtItG~kdknSExr ecjBIsalaenaH. ekayeBlVnkraC salardVlVn

brmuxkarBIrdg : elIkTI1 KWKan'EtCakEngpl'kmsika bEnm[G~kraCkarcas' ( G~k

kbx&NrdVl EdlbLgecjCab'elx1 nwgVntvEtgtSgCaGPiVlext) elIkbegIy

smnwgeQaHf \salaPUminrdVl| KWsMrab'nisitEdlmansJab&txagcab'ehIyEdl

eKnwgbgat'[eTAbMeBjmuxgark~gksYgnana. edaycENnnwg \ekg@| Edl \eLIgbuN

ski| elOneBk G~krdkarcas'@ TamTar[biTsalaenaH. salaCatirdVltvbiTTarenA

dNac'q~Ssika 1975 TarEdlVntvbiTqab'CagdUcbMrugTuk edaysarkarcUlmknExr

(9)

(10)

khm.

manEtkUsSgsuIn
ksikm.

(kmCaekam)

enAkmCaeyIg

eT

EdlVnTTYlBIVrSgecInCageK

karekIneLIgnplitplksikm

ekaycMVMgrSgCl'rab'stvtr_.

nUvbeckeTsxag

mkBIsniPaBEdlmaneLIgv^j

CaelIkTI1 edmekAsUVntvykecjBIbeTsm"aeLsuI mkdl'BnKrenAq~S 1897 eday

{sfkarIVrSgm~ak'eQaH r"aGUl. cMeJHkmCanigevotNam ekAsUVneTACaFnFanFM1 Edl

nSmknUvrUbIybNbreTs.

bu"EnbeTskmCaVnTTYlticNas'nUvplBIFnFanenH

eJH

VrSgmas'cMkarekAsU VneFIdcMkarrbs'xn[eTACa \sukVrSg| mYyk~gsukExrehIy.

CnCatiExreyIg cUlmincuHeTk~gshKasenaH EdlebIEtCnCatiyYn TSgCaG~kbeckeTs

TSgCakmkr. sanPaBenHmanCagknHstvtr_ enAekamEP~ksuKlM nG~kdknSExr.

36
BI shPaBNcin eTA shB&nNcin

erOgekAbeTs
k~gkMLg 10 q~S munkarpHnsgamelakelIkTI2, mhaGMNacfmYyVnpuseLIgbnicmg@

BITIbGasuI. karlatsnwgTiBlnmhaGMNacfenaH mkelIGasIuPaKGeK~y_ ekayq~S 1940, Vn

eFI[rlayGaNack GaNaniKmVrSgnigGg'eKs. mhaGMNacfenaHKWbeTsCbu"n.

sgamrvagrusInigCbu"n EdleqHeLIgk~gq~S 1904 Vncb'edayC&yCnH Cbu"n EdldeNIm

ykVnkug B&r-GarFYr enAf 2 mkra 1905. ekamkarsMruHsMrYl nbFanaFibtIGaemrikSg etGUDr

rUsWEvl, snisJacuHenA Brs_mUf [eTACbu"n nUvbeTskUer" nig ma"n'CUrIxagtg. f 19kJa

1931 (26q~Sekaymk) Cbu"nVnykm"an'CUrITSgmUl, ehIyq~Sekaymk k*kan'kab'Vnsuk ey

hUl eTot (extcinBIedm, CaTarecjcUleTAsuk mu"gehal). k~geBlEdlcin kYmigtag (Cati

niym) nigcinkumynis kMBugcSgK~ag, Cbu"ncUllukluybeTscin enAq~S 1937 ehIyykVn

kugeb"kSgenAExkkda, kugkg'tug enAExtula 1938, nigekaHhNan' k~gExkum: 1939. dUec~H enA

eBlEdlsgamelakelIkTI2 pHeLIgenAq~S 1939 enaH, Ncinrbs'VrSgenAcMekamkarKMram

rbs'Cbu"n. enATIbGWru"bv^j, Exmifuna 1940 VneXIjsaFarNrdTI3 rbs'VrSg remolekameCg

edrsgak'kannBYkNahI. f 16 mifuna esnabmux eb"tSg cuHhtelxasuMcuHcaj'.

eqteBlEdlGMNacVrSgenANcinkMBugeLHeLaH, Cbu"ncat'v^FankarN_bJb'karrt'Bn

GavuF Edlykmk[T&Brbs' CagkayCak tamkMBg'EpyYn, h-pug (kMBg'EpcinTSgLaytvCb"un

B&TCab'). f 19 mifuna (1940) Cbu"ndak'kMNt' (ultimatum) [, CaelIkTI1, dl' KUEvn&r eheN

r"al' n Ncin, tmesnIy kaT EdleTIbnwgtvEtgtSgf@. kaT xMsuMCnYyBIGg'eKs nig

GaemrikSg EttVneLIy(1). f 29 mifuna tmesnIyCb"un, nIsIuhar"a, mkdl'haNUy ehIy

TamTar[ bJb'cracrelIpvreTHePIg EdlcUleTAextcin yunNn, nig[biTBMbTl' cin-yYn

TSgmUl (edaydak'KN:kmkarttBinitmYy). karTamTar Edl kaT yl'Bm[TSgGs'. f

20 kkda VrSgEtgtSgtmnav dtU CnYstmesnIy kaT. f 2 sIha Cbu"ndak'kMNt'mgeTot

edayTamTar[T&BxnecjcUltamsuk tugkwg edayesrI BmTSg[VrSgdak'valGakasyan

CaecInenA tugkwg [Cbu"nebI. kicBmeBogVrSg-Cbu"nmYy VntveFIeLIg enAf 30 sIha tam

ry:rdTUtVrSg dsSgkintSg, EdlenAk~genaH VrSgBmeFItamkarTamTarrbs'Cbu"nTSgGs' k~g

erOgeyaFa ehIyTTYlsal'fa nwgGacmanlTPaBbresdkicK~a. tbmkv^j Cbu"nyl'Bm \eKarB

GFibtIPaBnVrSgelINcin nigbUrNPaBTwkdxn|. bu"EnenANcin tmnav dKU EdlmineBj

citnwgKMnit[karsMrYlTSgenaHeTACbu"n k*sMercfatverobcMT&BedmITb'Tl'. enAyb'f 5 kJa kg

vresnatUcCbu"nmYy qgkat'BMEdncin-yYn enA dugdag C^tkug Lag-sWg. f 19 kJa nIsIuhar"a

dak'kMNt'[ dKU mgeTot CaelIkTI3 CamYyK~anwgkarsMLt edaybeJjGanuPaBkgT&Bk~gQUg

smuT tugkwg, enAf 20 kJa. rdaPiVlenA vsuI (rdaPiVlEdlBmenAekamGMNacGalWm"g')

37
k*bJa[ dKU cuHhtelxaelIkicBmeBogVrSg-Cbu"nmYyeTot, f 22 kJa enAhaypug, Edl

Kan'EteFI[cas'eLIgnUvkicBmeBogmun(2) T&BCbu"nGacqgkat'suk tugkwg Vn, TukeyaFa 6 Jn'

nak' enAxageCgTenkhm ehIyGacebIVs'valGakasyan 3 enAtugkwg.
karcab'epmeLIgGMNacnCbu"nelINcin

VnbJHkitanuPaBVrSgxSgNas'

cMeJHmux

bNaCnnbeTsTSgbI. bu"EnKWbeTsfeT EdlVneqtykcMeNjmuneK BIkarFak'kitanuPaBn

GaNaniKmniymVrSgenH.

TMnak'TMngBiessrvagesomnigCbu"n(3)

VneFI[Vrmdl'rdaPiVl

VrSg EdlVncuHkicBmeBogminQanJnK~amYy CamYyrdaPiVlfenAf 12 mifuna 1940. k~g

ExkJa, eBlEdlVrSgkMBugv^vaTCamYyCb"unk~gerOg tugkwg, rdaPiVl vsuI suM[rdaPiVlVgkk

eFI[kicBmeBogminQanJnK~a manbsiTPaBeLIg edayminVc'brhtelxaK~a (eJHkicBm

eBogenHVneFIeLIgCamYyrdaPiVlCb"un, minTan'caj'GalWm"g'. niyaytamJksamJfa suMf

kuMmkQanJn). Pibulsgam, rdmnITI1 f, minyl'Tas' bu"Endl'fTI 13 kJa VnTamTaryk

BIrdaPiVl vsuI v^jnUvTwkdEdlVn[eTANcn

i VrSg tamsnisJaq~S 1907 nigTwkdmYyPaK

eTot EdlVrSgsnatamsnisJaq~S 1904 nig 1907 fanwg[eTAesomeBlNaxnQb'ttta

Ncin. ehIy fenAEtrkasiTitttabeTslav nig kmCa! (emIlPaKTI3, TMB&r 22). karmin

BmnrdaPiVl vsIu ruj[esomebIkmSg. enAdNac'ExkJa Pibul bJaT&B[eFITukbukem~j tam

BMEdnlavnigExr. VrSgtbtv^jedayTmak'Kab'EbkenAeBlyb' eTAelITIbCuCnesomxagPaK

san. cab'tSgBIf 19 v^cika kgeyaFBlcMruHVrSg-Exr eFIbtibtikareCgeKak karJrBMEdn, bu"En

tvTTYlbraC&yCaecIndg(4). f 5 mkra 1941 kgeyaFaesomcab'epmkan'kab'PUmiExrCaecIn

EdlenAtamBMEdn. braC&yenAelIpeKak bJa[ \KUEvn&r eheNr"al'| dKU EdlCanayTahan

eCgTwk eFIbtibtikarmYytamsmuT. kgkPaBnavaVrSgmYyEdlmannavalat \Lamu"t-BIek|

nigkV"l'tUc 4 eTot (LWDuymu"gDYkvl, LamIr"al'-sak'En, LWtaGYr nigLWma"n) ekambJakarn

vrnavk

ebr"g'eh

VneTAvaykgT&BeCgTwkfmYyPaK

EdleVHyufaenAekaHcg',

eBlBlwm

sag@ f 17 mkra. kV"l'VrSgVnbMpajnavaekaHrkaeq~resom funburI nignavasMrab'bMpaj

kV"l'Vj'Kab'EbkTwkCaecIneTot EdlbItvlicVt' (C^t 40% nT&BeCgTwkftvebIkarElg

ekIt).

f 21 mkra Cbu"nbgf nigVrSg[TTYlkarsMruHsMrYlrbs'xn. G~ktMNagVrSg, Cb"un

nigf bCuK~aekamGFibtIPaBntmesnIy sUmit, f 31 mkra enABnKr, ehIycuHhtelxaBm

Qb'Vj'K~aenAelInavalatCb"un \NatUrI|. karccaredmIsniPaB cab'eFIeLIgenAf 7 kum: kug

tUk ekamGFibtIPaB G~ktMNagrdaPiVlCbu"n, ma"t'sUka. xagVrSgmanrdTUtVrSgenAtUk, Gak

Esn Gg'rI nigxagesommanmas' va"nv"fakn, TIbwkanrdmnIksYgkarbreTs. karccarenHcb'

nigkareFIkicsnasniPaBVrSg-f enAf 9 sPa 1941 EdltamkicenaH VrSg[eTAesom nUv

extsuIsupun, Vt'dbg, PaKextswgEtg, kMBg'FM nigesomrab EdlenAxageCgEx \had| elx

15 (kuMcLMExsbEdlCa \deh| ehIyxs'Cag) elIkElgEtbrievNGgr(5). karVt'bg'Ca

elIkTI2 nUvextsmNsvTSgenH eFI[dundabesdkicExr CaehtueFI[bCaCneyIgevTnay"ag

xSg k~gry:sgamelakelIkTI2 TSgmUl.

38
ekaymkeTot,

enAsukVrSg,

Cbu"neFIkicBmeBogmYyeTotCamYyVrSg

(ehAkicBm

eBog darLg'-katU nf 29 kkda 1941) EdlGnuJat[T&BCbu"n s~ak'enA elITwkdNcin

TSgmUl. Kan'EtswkeQIsukVrSgTMuehIyCuHPam, kgGakascrCbu"nk*cab'epmebIvalcuHyn

ehaHenAkmCanigenAkUsSgsIun, kicEdl[sJankarerobvaybeTsfnigbeTsPUma. f 8 F~

1941 KWmYyfbnab'BIkarTmak'Kab'EbkelI ePIlEhbbYr, kgeyaFaCbu"ncUleTAsukesomtam

sukExr(6).

eTaHbICaCbu"nVneKarBGFibtIPaBVrSgelINcink*eday (rhUtdl'ExmIna 1945), vtman

nkgT&BCbu"n Vn[snHmYydl'BYkG~kCatiniymenANcinTSgGs' [hanecjBIPaB esIrBYn-

esIrecjmuxrbs'xn. bu"Ens~lnclnaCatiniymExr VnekIteLIgyUrmkehIy mun |Cbu"ncUl| eTA

eTot(7), ebIbJak'[cas'EmnETn KWk~gq~S 1939, eBlEdlGacarVlIm~ak' eQaH V"c-QWn

nigmnIm~ak'enAbNal&yBuTsasnbNit eQaH sWg gu"kfan' VnbegtsarBtmanTI1 CaPasa

Exr kaEst (eBlenaHminTan'manJksarBtmanenAeLIyeT) nKrvt. namTSg2 enH, CamYy

nignammYyeTot Ehm ecov, Vndk'Cab'k~gdYgcitnigk~gstinexmrCnCaecIn EdlsMKal'G~kTSg

3 faCaG~kes~haCatiedayskm. eKaledAdMbUgnkaEstnKrvt KW jHjg'bNaCn[TamTars&y

PaB[Vnkan'EtecIn BIGaNaniKmniymVrSg, KWfa[tLb'mkrbbmun EdlminsUvtwgEtg ehIy

EdlVnEcgk~gsnisJaq~S 1863 (munkar |Pg'nwgcMBuHTug| nq~S 1884). k~gkartyuTenH elak

sWg gu"kfan'(8) nwgeTABwgEpkelIBHsg, EdlminEmnKan'EtCakmSgnBHBuTsasnaEdlbCa

CnExrVnrMlaycUlCaBummYy CamYybeTsnigCatisasn_xneT(9), BHsgCakmSgneyaVy1

edaysarskmPaBk~gkarGb'rMbCaras.

CamYynwgPik Ehm ecov, sasacarVlI nigGacarneyaFPUmiTahan \eCIgkhm| TSg

Gs'(10), elak sWg gu"kfan' begtsmaKmmYyeQaH smaKmBuTimamikCn (mitnBuTsasna)

EdlebIk[Kat'Tak'Tgy"agsl CamYyVsknigBHsgnKN:TSg2, Fmyuti nigmhanikay.

f 15 kkda 1942 elakGacar Ehm ecov tveKcab' ekamkarecaTfa Ecktak'bqSgnwgVrSg

ehIynig \Tak'TgnwgCb"un|. enAk~gsalCnuMnKN:rdmnI, cMeJHmuxelak Ta san, rdmnIksYg

Fmkar, VrSgeQaH VrU" EdlCaGFikarkickarneyaVy Vndksg'cIBrecjBIelakGacar ecov

EdlrYcmk tveKykeTAXMuXSg. f 19 kkda, Pik 1 500 GgEdlmkBIKb'tMbn'nbeTs, bCu

K~akkkujenAmuxpH \er"suIdg'sUeb"rIy&r| eQaH dELm edayelIkbda \edaHElgGacar ecov!|. kar

vaytb'K~aVnekItmaneLIg

rvagPiknigTahanVrSg

(tamesovePAVrSg)

EdleKehAmkbEnm

(eJHTahanExrBuMhanbmafPik). VrSgVncg'[karbgabVtukmTI1 EdlbqSgnwgxnenH eTACa

KMrU. eKk*tVneXIjmanbtikmeqIynwgkarbgabPikenH ehIycab'tSgBIfenaHmk beTsk*sb'

sat'v^j rhUtdl'q~S 1945. \G~knSGaT| VntveKcab'XMuXSg. elak sWg gu"k fan' EdleKrk

mux, tveTACknwgTahanCbu"n EdlbJnKat'mkdl'tUk tamry:sanTUtCb"unenAVgkk. tulakar

swkenABnKr, k~gf 19 F~, kat'eTasbharCv^telak V"c QWn nig elakGacar Ehm ecov.
bu"EnenAf 15 mifuna 1943, eTasenaHVntvbnymktwmdak'Kuk1Cv^tv^j ehIyG~kTSg2 k*tveK

39
ykeTAXuMXSgekaHtLac(11) EdlenATIenaH, ekaymk elakGacar Ehm-ecov VnsuKt (ebI

tamv^n&ysg Pik Ehm-ecov tVntveKpwkeT). enHKWk~graCBHVT neratm sIhnu.

kareqHqYlnKMnitCatiniymTSgenH

VntvkmaedaykareXasnaCbu"nGMBIkarbegteLIg,

k~gGnaKtkal, nUv BiPBsmNsbayCamYyK~aenAmhaGasuIbUJ(12). VrmnigkarN_enH, dKU

bwgEbgeFI[maneLIgnUvKMnit shB&nniym fmYyGMBINcin(13). edmIkicenH, v^FankarN_
xHVntvcat'eLIgedayGaCaFrVrSg BiniteLIgv^jnUvTMnak'TMngpvmnus rvagVrSg nig CnCati

k~gsuk, tMekIgkitanuPaBnescenANcin(14), begtclnayuvCnnigkILa(15), cMerInGkrsas

es~haCatifmYyedmIyuvCn, begtsPashB&nnNcinmYyEdlmansmaC^k30nak' CaCnCati

Ncin Tl'nwg 23 xagVrSg.l. enAbeTskmCa, ersuIdg' sUeb"rIy&r ehaeC enAEtbg[man

karEkTMrg'd*twgEtg, CaehtuEdlxusnwgKMnit shB&nniym n dKU. raCbJtimYy cuH f 13

sIha 1943 bgab'[ebIGkrrU"mSug edmIsresrCaPasaExr (rebobdUcGkryYnsBf. ExreyIg

CaecInenAmanbJICati bJIcuHGaJh_BiJh_EdlsresrrebobenaH). raCbJtimYyeTot f 17

kkda 1945 bgab'[ebICapvkarnUvbktiTin VrSg (ehaeC bg[Qb'ebIbktiTintamcnKti
eJHcg'bMVt'buNcUlq~SExr).

eBlEdltmnav dKU, BIQUgsmuTesom eTAQUgsmuTtugkwg, kMBug'kac'cgtTb'nava

NcinkuM[XIgeXag navaNcinEdlelIkTg'C&yVrSgenAeLIy- tmesnIy dehal, Edl

enACamYyGar"ab'Ekrvalxac'sahar"a, kMBugedaHsaycMeNaTepgeTot. 3-4 GaTitekaykar

ekItman kgkmSgVrSgesrI mk, dehal begt sPakarBarGaNack cMeJH dehal, kar

rMedaHsukVrSgtveFICamYyK~anwgkarbugebobksageLIgv^j nUvGaNackGaNaniKmVrSg, Edl

Gacrlayxat'xay eJHEtkarrlMnsaFarNrdTI3. ksagGaNackeLIgv^j KWeFI[sukVrSg

eTACamhaGMNacv^j. f 22 kum: 1941 sPakarJrGaNack ecjesckIbkasTI1 faxnnwg

minTTYlsal'kareVHbg'ecal (TwkdGaNaniKm) NamYyeLIy BIsMNak'rdaPiVl vsuI, CaBi

essNcin. dUec~H dehal enAEtsmwgmkNcinCanic. Exmifuna 1943 enAkugGal'eh,

\KN:kmkarVrSgrMedaHCati| VntvbkaseLIg. dehal minVnePceTnUvkarN_Edlsmnmit

Gg'eKs nigGaemrikSgrbs'Kat' -QYkQil nig rUsWEvl- VnEbreTAccarCamYy darLg' nig
tmesnIy hrU" v^j (tMNagrdaPiVl v^suI) k~gkrNIEdltvdak'TM&BelI TwkdVrSg (m"ada

hasa, Gal'eh). karenHVnmaneLIgekayeBlEdlkgTahanVrSgesrITTYlbraC&y k~gkar

eLIgeKakelIbeTs suIrI. mYycMENkeTot dehal dgcas'fa hg'Kin rUsWEvl teBjcitTal'
EtesaH nwgGaNaniKmniymrbs'VrSg. ehtuenHehIyVnCa dehal minTukcitsmnmitrbs'Kat'

ehIyyl'fa tvEtCnCatiVrSgtyuTxng edmIrkaGFibetyPaBelINcin.

enAExsIha 1943, sni~sITnkugekbik sMercebIkqakbyuTmYyeTot dak'ekambJakar

tmnavGg'eKs em"an bTwn. mNlcMVMgrbs' em"an bTwn EdlTTYleQaHfa bJakarGasIu

GeK~y_ (KWk~geBlenaHehIy EdlJkfa "South East Asia" , GasuIPaKGeK~y_, VntvebICaelIk

dbUg). ebskkmrbs' em"an bTwn KWeFI \v^Tgna| pvswkenAKb'kEngEdlCbu"nkan'kab', Ncin k*

Edr. KN:kmkarenA Gal'eh rbs' dehal k*xMbwgEbgeFI[eKbJlkgkPaBVrSgeTAk~g

40
bJakarGasuIGeK~y_enaH. vresnIytI dLg'kat (ekaymkeLIgCatmesnIy_ttT&BeCgeKakenA

sukExrmunVnkraC) EdlCaG~kTak'TgrvagkgTahanVrSgenAsukcin nigkgTahanGg'eKsenA

sukNa Bnl' em"an bTwn GMBIbeyaCn_neyaFBlVrSg Edlsal'cas'nUvTwkdNcin.

em"an bTwn EdltSgTIbJakarenAk~gekaHsIlga, k*BmTTYl[VrSgcUlrYmCamYy. minyUrbu"nan

nayTahanVrSgmYykummkenAkugkal'kta

ehIyerobcMeFIkarTak'Tgtamv^TCamYyNcin.

Lg'kat TTYlkaryl'BmBI dehal [begt kumskm mYy EdlnwgeTAerobcMbg BYkP~ak'

garsmat'tsUnwgCbu"n enANcin(16).

bu"Enkickarsmat'enHminEmnsleT, BIeJHNcinrbs' dKU minEdllak'faxnmincUlcit

nwg \BYk| dehal eLIy. dKU yl'fatvEtTuksankarN_enANcin[enAdEdl (Statu Quo), kuMeFI

kicGIEdlGaceFI[ Cbu"n manbtikmxSg, btikmEdlGacbJb'GFibetyPaBVrSgelINcin.

bu"EnemT&BVrSgenAtugkwg, tmesnIy_ m&rdg', VntveKxwbVb'GMBIskmPaBsmat'elITwkdxn.

qab'dgfaxl'bk'mkBIxagNa, m&rdg' v^nic&yfa eBlevlamkdl'ehIy EdltvcuHcUlnwgtm

esnIy_ dehal. m&rdg' k*cab'brsarsmat'CamYy \kal'kta| ehIysuMbJaBI dehal. f 6

kkda

1944,

KWmYyExKt'

ekaykareLIgeKakenA

n&rm"g'DI

rbs'kgT&Bsmnmit,

dLg'kat

elatq&telItugkwg ehIyCYbCamYy m&rdg' nigPUQYy, tmesnIy_ EGem", haNUy. karenH dKU

tdgeT. bnab'BIVneXIjKMeragkarN_epg@ n \kartsU| Tl'nwgCbu"nmk, m&rdg' nig EGem" k*

suxcit \cUld| CamYyTSg2 nak'. f 25 sIha, dehal, naykrdaPiVlbeNaHGasn~, edrcUl

kugV"rIs deNIrcUlEdlVnCab'k~gbvtisasVrSg. f 12 kJa, tmesnIy_ m&rdg', Edl

VncUl \ruWEtt| tSgEtBIExkkda ehIyEdltmesnIy_ EGem" CnYs, VntvrdaPiVlbeNaHGa

sn~ dehal EtgtSgedaysmat'CaGKbtiPUnrdaPiVlVrSgenANcin. naTIf ehIyminTan'

ecjmuxenH enAekambgab'pal'rbs' KN:kmkarskmedmIkarrMedaHNcin EdleKbegteLIg

sbK~aenAsukVrSg, ehIyEdlrdmnIksYgGaNaniKm rWueN eb"Ev"n dknS. dl'f 24 tula

eTIbrdaPiVlbeNaHGasn~ VntvTTYlsal'BIbeTsGg'eKs, GaemrikSg, rusI nigkaNada

(BYksmnmit). 4 fekaymk EGem" [ dKU dgGMBIerOg m&rdg'. tUccitlmEdr, dKU minBmenA

ekambgab' m&rdg', ehIyk*vayTUrelxsuMlaQb' eTArdaPiVlbeNaHGasn~. bu"En bnab'BIVnCYb

K~a 2dg CamYy dLg'kat, dKU k*suxcit \elgCamYy| edmIkuM[Cbu"nsg&y, dKU enAEteFI |KUEv
n&r eheNr"al'| dEdl bu"EnGMNacEmnETn TSgxagsuIv^lTSgxagTahan tvkan'kab'eday m&rdg'.

tSgBIExtula mk (1944), GakasyannT&BeCgGakasGg'eKsVnTmak'tamq&teyag

nUvmnusnigGavuF elIsuklav sukyYn nigsukExr(17). bu"EnkarN_Edlsah_eXIjynehaH

Gg'eKsk~gGakasNcin EdlCarbs'VrSg, EfmnigkarerIsVnq&teyagnigsmar: Edlvaeya

VnTaj[xusBITIedA, VnbMpuskarsg&yrbs' \kSeb"t|, ksYgsmat'Cbu"n. \kSeb"t| enH Vn

TTYlkarEkgrGay"agxSg

BIsMNak'VrSg

(enANcin),

Gg'eKs

(enAPUmanigm"aeLsuI)

nig

GaemrikSg (enAhIlIBIn), edaysarrebobeFIkarrbs'xn EdlG~kxHfa minsUvxusK~aBI Ginkaev"

ed rusI, tamG~kxHeTotfasedgnwg ehsabU" GalWm"g'. minyUrbu"nan, Cbu"nk*dgGs'GMBI

karedrExelI rbs'VrSgenH. f 20 kJa BlTahanrbs'tmesnIy_ m"ak'GarFYr eLIgeKakenA

41
hIlIBIn ehIyf 25 kum: 1945 deNImVnkugm"anIl. Ncink*VnelcecjmkdUcCaTIedAmYy

nkareLIgeKakelIkekayrbs'BYkGg'eKs-GaemrikSg. f 7 kum:, kgGakascrGaemrikSg ecjBI

mUldanenANa ehIyTmak'Kab'EbkelITItSgCbu"nenANcin(18) nigenAbeTsf. Cbu"nk*sMerc

faeTAmuneCgkarN_ ehIybg dKU [ |Tmak'ebo| rbs'xn.

f 9 mina 1945, k~gv^man neratm (TIsIkar KUEvn&r eheNr"al') BnKr, rdTUtCbu"n m"at'

sUmU"tU dak'kMNt'[ dKU edayTamTar[kgT&BTSgGs'enANcin mkenAekambJakarCbu"un. dKU

minyl'Bm, Cbu"nk*vayPam. k~gkMLgmYyyb'bu"eNaH kgT&BVrSgTSgmUlenANcin Vnrlay

Vt', ehIyCamYykarN_enH KwHsanGaNaniKmk*VnrlM. elIkElgEteyaFa 3-4 Jn'nak', ekam

bJakartmesnIy_ GaeLHsg'DI nigsaVed, EdlVnecjrYceTAdl'sukcin. dKU nigemTahan

TSgGs'VntveKykeTAdak'Kuk. enAbeTskmCa, kgTahan \eCgkhm| bmaN 10 eyaFPUmi

enaH VntvCbu"nmkcab'edaytTSgdgxnVnbniceLIy. EskeLIg, tamesckIsuMrbs'Cbu"n BH
VTneratm sIhnu enAP~MeBj, BHVTsuIsava"gvg enAevgcnn_, bkaskraC rbs'beTserogxn

nigkarbMVt'ecalnUvGaNaniKm (btiktUr"a) VrSg. cMENkGFiraC Vv-day enAkugev" k*VneFI

dUec~aHEdr 1 fekaymk, f 11 mina.

bNaCnTSgLayenANcin VnPak'Kb'K~anwgdNwgfaVnkraCenH. bu"EnenAsukVrSg,

tmesnIy_ dehal yl'fa eBlevlamkdl'ehIy Edltvbgaj[Cak'lak' nUvneyaVyelI

Ncin. Ef 15 mIna, dehal niyayeTAkan'bCaCnVrSg edaybenasneyaVyeVHbg'rbs'

(rdaPiVl) vsuI, ehIyGHGagkarsgmnigcMNg'rbs'beTsVrSg Edlcg'eXIjNcin \rMedaH|

f 24 mIna rdmnIksYgGaNaniKm sakubb bkasfa kalNaNcin\rMedaH| ehIy eKnwg

begt shB&nNcin EdlnwgenAk~g shPaBVrSg(19), ehIyEdlVrSgnwgkarJrplb-

eyaCn_elIpGnrCatiCnYs. bu"En rcnasmnnshB&nenaH minTan'VnerobcMenAeLIyeT manEt

JksnaxH dUcteTAenH CnCatienAshB&nnwgeTACaBlrdNcin nig BlrdnshPaB

VrSg. G~kenaHnwgGacbMeBjmuxgar (k~grd) shB&nenANcin nigenAk~gshPaB. shB&nnwg

manrdaPiVl (kNal) mYy dknSeday KUEvn&r eheNr"al' m~ak'. beTsTSg 5 EdlxusK~a

edayGariyFm,

Catisasn_,

nwgrkaTuknUvlkN:pal'rbs'xn

enAk~gshB&n

.l.

kar

sanPaBenANcinkMBugv^vtn_eTAtamTismYyepgeTot.

kar

bkasnf 25 sIhaenH VneTACamUldannExneyaVyVrSgk~gq~Sekay@ eTot.

eyIgVneXIjmkehIyfa

rlayVt'PamnGMNacVrSg VnbMpuseLIgPamEdr nUvbJaTwkd, CaBiessbJakmCaekam, kU

sSgsuIn. eBlEdlVrSgeLIgeKakenANcinCaelIkdbUg, yYnnigesomkMBugEhkEckK~a nUvsuk

Exr nigsuklav. karbg^tbgelIesomBmK~a, BIsMNak'VrSgnigGg'eKs, VneFI[esomdkd

ecjmYyEPtsin BIkmCak~gBMEdnsBf EdlehobnwgeTACaextesommYyeTAehIy. bu"En kmCa

ekam, EdlyYnVncUlmkenAENnNan'tan'tab'eTAehIy, VnkayeTACaGaNaniKmeBjTI (kUL

nI) rbs'VrSg ekameQaHfa kUsSgsuIn, dUcEdlG~kedrsMeBACatiGWru"bVnFab'ehAmk.
dl'CatiExrnigCatiyYnVn

kraC,

bJabJak'BMEdnrvagbeTsTSg2

k*tvEtman

eLIg. f 17 emsa (1945) enAbeTsevot-Nam (eQaHCapvkarsresrdUec~H, kalenaH)

42
rdaPiVl twgtugKim VntvEtgtSgeLIg, ehIyk*cab'KitKUr bgbbgmbeTs Pam KWPab'

kUsSgsuIneTAevot-Nam. f 18 mifuna GFiraC Vv-day eFIesckIEfgkarN_ bJak'bMNgxnfa

nwgbegIykPaBnevot-Nam, edaybmUlmkdak'ekamkarKb'KgnrdaPiVlkugev", mintwmEt

Tug-KW (GNam) nig Vk'-KI (tugkwg) eT KWEfmTSgTwkdeTotnGaNack. BHecA sIhnu yl'

cas'faeKniyayBIkUsSgsIun, k*tbeTAv^jenAf 25 mifuna beTskmCaminGacenABegIy

kenIyeLIy cMeJHkarpas'brlknik:nEdndmYy EdlxnenAEtmansiTielIdrab, ehIyk*suM[man

KN:kmkarmYysMrab'bJak'BMEdnnbeTsTSg2.

C^tdac'Exkkda,

twgtugKim

VneFI[Cbu"n

yl'BmrMlaykarGPiVlkNalelINcin (rbs' KUEvn&r eheNr"al'), ehIydak' tugkwg

ekam{vaTrdaPiVlkugev" edayEtgtSgbtiPUGFiraCm~ak'enAhaNUy (garyYnfa \xS-s|). bu"En

Cbu"nTukkUsSgsuInekam{vaTxnpal' edayEtgtSgGPiVlCbu"nm~ak'eQaH mINUda. BHVTsIhnu

bJnelak sWg gu"k fan', EdleBlenaHCardmnIkarbreTs eTABnKr edmIniyayCamYyCbu"n kuM

[eK \[| kUsSgsuIneTAyYn (kicVs&yCamYyvresnIyk hay"asuI nksYgneyaVyCbu"n).

mYyrMeBcenaH kartTl'K~arvagExrekamnigyYn k*pHeLIgv^j, kartTl'K~aEdlVntvbJb'eday

dLakg'EDr BIq~S 1883. ExrekameyIgTSgkum@, bdab'edaydavnigpak', nSK~aedrCaCYr ehIyb

haryYnTSgGs'EdlxnbTHtampv. enAtamPUmixHk~gkUsSgsuIn, eKeXIjsaksBCaecIn GENt

tambwg, swg,Ten(20).

k~gcenaHeBlenaH sgamenAEteqHxSgk~gmhasmuT V"suIhik. f 1 emsa 1945 karb

yuTd*xSgsahavedmIekaH GUKINava" Vncab'epmeLIg. f 12 rUsWEvl sab', harI Tm"an' GnubFa

naFibtI eLIgCnYs. f 17 kkda sn~isITenA bu"tsS edmIEbgBiPBelakEckK~a cab'eFIeLIgeday

Tm"an', salIn nig QYkQil (EdlmkCamYy Gat'TI, bniceTotrdmnITImYy). erOgNcinEdl

minVnniyayenAy"al'ta Vntvykmkniyay b"utsS. Tm"an' bnExneyaVynbuBkarIxn (rU

sWEvl) Edlmincg'[VrSgtLb'mkNcinv^jeT(21). karN_enHVntvbJak'eLIgedayesckI

sMercrbs'sn~isIT bu"tsS kalNaCbu"ncaj'ehIy, NcinnwgtvEbgEckCa 2 mNl eday

Exsbelx16 edmITTYlkardak'GavuFcuHcaj'BICbu"n. kardkGavuFBIkgkPaBCbu"nenAsuklav

nigenAsukyYn xagelIExsb BmTSgkartttabeNaHGasn~nmNlenaH nwgtvbKl'eTA[

cin (CagkayCak), cMENkenAsukExr nigenAPaKsukyYn ekamExsb, kickardUcK~anwgtv

bKl'eTA[Gg'eKs. BIkugbu"tsS, Tm"an' KMramCbu"n[cuHcaj' ehIydak'f 3 sIha Cafbegy.

f 6 sIha (1945) ynehaH eb-29 GaemrikSgmYy Tmak'Kab'EbkbrmaNUelI hIurU"sIum"a. f 8

sIha Cbu"neprkartttakUsSgsuIn eTA[ \xS-s|, KWfa[sukkUsSgsuIn eTAevot-Nam(22). f
16 sIha Cbu"nsuMcuHcaj'.

RRRRRRRRRRRRRR

k~gsn~isITenAy"al'ta k*eKminehAeTA, enAbu"tsS k*eKminehAeTA, dehal TTYlkar ePc

PSg rbs'smnmitKat'enH dUcCatvkMePg 2-3 d. mYyfbnab'BIkarTMlak'GavuFn \GaNack

nBHGaTitrH| mk dehal EfgsarmYyeTAkan'shPaBVrSg saFarNrdVrSg \Vf~adak'GFi

etyPaBxnenANcineLIgv^j|. karVf~a (voeu) Edlmann&yy"agmuttMrg'eTAbk Gg'eKs-Gaemri

43
kSg(23). eBlEdlkgkmSgGg'eKsnigcin Vncab'epmkarerobcMxneTAehIy (KMeragkarN_ \bu"t
sS|), dehal eTIbEtEtgtSgemekIyrbs'Kat' CaembJakarn \ebsk:eyaFBlVrSgenAcug

bUJbeTs|, tmesnIy_ LWEK Edlfdk~gcMVMgVneTACaerOgeBgeTAehIy. CaGKs~gkarn

beTsVrSgenANcin (naTIdUc \KUEvn&r eheNra"l'\ EdlVntveVHecal) nig GKembJakar

kgkmSgeCgeKak, eCgTwk nigeCgGakas, dehaldak'emT&BsMNb'rbs'Kat'm~ak', tmnavpay5

dahg'elI. LWEK tveLIgeKakNcintamdaneCgBYkGg'eKs. dahg'elI manebskkmBIr

pnK~a karKbKgshB&nNcin ekayeBlGs'sPaBClcbl' nigkarduslagNcin[

Gs' kMEGlvsuI.

fan'

enANcin BwtikarN_puseLIgbnbnab'K~ay"agelOn. f 14 sIha 1945 elak sWg gu"k

VntvEtgtSgCardmnITI1

ehIyGMJvnavdl'beTs[bugebobtyuTedmIkraC.

enA

evot-Nam, BYkevotmij EdlVnCYyCbu"nedjVrSgkalBIExmIna, cUlkan'kab'Kb'kugTSgGs',

ehIyenAf 29 sIha hUCmij bkaseLIghaNUy nUv \saFarNrdbCaFiety evot-Nam|,

bnab'BIVnTTYlkardak'raCnescVv-day. enAevogcnn_ rdmnITI1 ecA ept sar"at (emclna

\Lav sra| bkasenAf 1 kJa, fakarbkaskraCrbs'esc suIsava"gvg enAEttMkl'Tuk

dEdl. dUec~H eXIjfabMNgnrdaPiVlnbeTsTSgbInNcin mansPaBcas'las'Nas',

ekayeBlEdlCbu"nTTYlbraC&y t[nwmVrSgcUlmkv^jeT. edmIsMercbMNgenH, rdaPiVl

TSgbIk*xMbwgEbgerog@xn [BYksmnmitTTYlsal'tampvehtu (de facto). f 6 kJa, kgTahan

Gg'eKs bJaedaytmesnIy ehsuI cab'mkdl'CahUrEhBnKr. f 7, TahanGg'eKsmYy

kummkdl'P~MeBj. enAsukyYnPaKxageCg, kgTahancin bJaedaytmesnIy lUhan' mkdl'

haNUy enAf 9 kJa. k~gry:eBlenaH sanPaBNcinTSgmUlmansPaBcLMbl' mindgG~k

NaCaG~kNa. ebIsinCak~gsukExr nigsuklav eKteXIjmanbtikm \sb'breTs| BIsMNak'

bNaCneT, enAsukyYn pyeTAv^j, karb"HTg^cK~arvagyYnnwgCatiVrSg EdlVnmkrs'enAyUr

ehIy eFI[mankarsMLab'rgalenAhaNUy k*dUcCaenABnKr.

f 5 tula LWEK mkdl'BnKrCamYyTahan 35 000 nak' (dahg'elImkdl'f 31).

enATIenaH \karN_l| mYyenAcaMKat'sab'. \karN_l| enaH KWelak Xwm-Tit, nrdaPiVlExr,

Edlykmk[ BHraCaNackkugkmCanBHVT neratm sIhnu ykxnmk[VrSg edayt

manTamTarykGIeTAv^jeLIy (Gan erOgk~gbeTs). enAq~S 1863 esc neratm BwgVrSg[mk

TajkmCaecjBIkjSesom. 82 q~Sekaymk, ecATYtBwgmgeTot, bu"EnelIkenH edmICYyrbbraCa

niymkuM[Vt'bg'. f 16 tula LWEK eQogcUlP~MeBj 45 naTI, eBlevlaKb'Kan'edmIcab' sWg

gu"kfan' ykeTA. beTskmCaVntvykVnmkv^j edayminVc'byuT. eTAdl'BnKrv^j,

LWEK cab'epmkar \eFI[mansniPaB| enAkUsSgsuIn. enAeBlenaH KNbkneyaVy nigkumG~k

kan'sasnaepg@

enAkUsSgsIun

mancMnYnecInmIredrdas

CaehtueFI[evotmijminTan'xSgenA

eLIy. edayVnTTYlCnYyBIGg'eKsmkpg, LWEKvaybMEbky"agFUrnUvkareLamB&Trbs'evotmij

Edlmanmnusnigsmar:ticCag. f 28 mkra 1946 kgTahanGg'eKsecjBIBnKr, TukVrSg

EtgenAkan'GMNac. f 5 kum: LWEK GacEfgenAmuxG~ksarBtmanfa kareFI[mansniPaBenAkU

44
sSgsuIn

nigenAGNamxagtg

Vncb'sBKb'ehIy.

bu"En

cMeJHbursEdlVndeNImyk

VnkugKUha, V"rIs, sasr nig EbqwHhaDwn, sgammYyEbbeTotVnbeJjxneLIg sgam

qk'. LWEK yl'eXIjfa sanPaBesdkicnbeTsVrSgenAeBlenaH BuMGac[xnQmmuxtTl'nwg

sgamfenaHeLIy.

sgamEdlnwgeFI[VrSgtehbthby"agrh&s

ehIyrh&sxSgeTAeTot

eJHxntveFI[esdkicedreLIgv^j edmIeLIgeTAkan'GtIt: zan:xnk~gGWru"b.

kUsSgsuInVnsniPaBehIy, kmCak*Vnmkv^jyUrehIy LWEK edaHsaybJa lav nig

tugkwg. eBlenaH, manenABImuxKat' minKan'EtGgkarkNalrbs'evotmijeT, KWmanTSgkgT&Bcin

4 kgeTot (Catiniym, 180 000 nak') Edlkan'kab'TwkdtamkarsMercenAbu"tsS. kareTAyktug

kwgv^j minGaceFItamrebob \ekA| rbs' haelnI elaKI VneLIy. LWEK ebIyuTsasmYy

eTot karccar. karccartveFIelIp2 pTUtCamYycin, nigpneyaVyCamYy hUCmij (LWEK

Vb'G~kccarVrSgfakuMjejItnwgebIJk \kraC| ! ). f 28 kum: 1946, Cug-Kwg, VrSgnig

cincuHsnisJamYy eFIkarbrdUcteTA T&BcinTSgGs'nwgecjBItugkwg nigBIlav, VrSgbKl'siTi

xneTAcinv^j EdlxnFab'manenAesogh, CanTin, han'ekv nigkg'tug, VrSg[dQ~l kagecvva"n'

eTAcinv^j, kMBg'Ep hpug tykBnGakr elIplitplcin, CnCaticinenANcin nwgbg'Bndar

minelIsBIG~keTot ehIynwgmanksiTdUcCnCatiVrSgk~gpvcab'nigpvtulakar. f 6 mIna enA

haNUy, sSgtWnI(24) nig hUCmij cuHhtelxaelIkicsnaepmesckIVrSg-yYn EdlEcgfa

\rdaPiVlVrSgTTYlsal'saFarNrdevot-Nam CardesrI| EdlmanrdaPiVl, rdsPa, kgT&B

nig hirJvtxn ehIyEdlenAk~gshB&nNcin nigshPaBVrSg. cMeJHkarbgbbgm KI

TSgbI, VrSgTTYltamkarsMercrbs'bNaCn (bCamti). BlTahanVrSg 15 000 nak' nwgGac

cUleTAtugkwgedmICnYsTahancin, bu"En 5 q~Sekaymktvecj[Gs' .l.

bu"En dahg'elI yl'eXIjpyTSgsugBI LWEK karykNcinmkdak'ekamGMNac

VrSgv^j tveFIEttamkmSg, ehIyrbbKb'Kg KWrbbGaNaniKmCnan'mun. edayT&BVrSgman

kal2, dahg'elI dgyWthYseTAehIy GMBIkarcuHkicsnaCamYyevotmijenaH, ehIyk*GacEt

beJjJkbvtisasnigGkrsasxHbu"eNaH.

karbECgrvagKMnitTSg2

Vnkayy"agrh&s

eTACakarbECgrvagmnusTSg2. bu"Enekaybnicmk LWEKVnsab'eTAk~geKaHf~ak'ynehaHmYy.

edImIpaj' hUCmij EdltyuTya"gsitsajrkPab'kUsSgsuIneTAevot-Nam, dahg'elI elg

snwkebo kUsSgsuInepg- evotNamepg. snwkeboenH VnrujbeTsVrSg[beJHP~k'ePIg

mYy EdlbvtisasBiPBelakVndak'eQaHfa sgamTI1nNcin.

RRRRRRRRRRRR

sgamenH Tal'Etq~S 1954 eTIbVncb' ehIyVneFI[sab'nigrbYsCag 77 000 nak'

Kan'EtxagVrSgnigsmaKtrd(25).

enAelIdmYyEdlFHFayeTAehIy

GaemrikSgmkCnYsVrSg.

tBmcb' sgambneTAmuxeTotnUvkarkMeTcnigbharrbs'xn. saksBExrrab'lan nigsMErk

degayeJHkarQWcab'd*mhimanbCaCneyIg EdleyIgxav@ k~geBlenH KWCaehtupltg'@

nsgamenH.

45

GFibay
(1)

rUsWEvl manbMNgxSgnwgbMpajGaNaniKmniymVrSg. k~geBlEdlkickarccar Gaemri

kSg-Cbu"n elIerOgcinkMBugEteFI (tSgBIedmq~S 1941), T&BCbu"ncUleTAbeTsyYnPaKxag

tg nigbeTskmCa (Exkkda 1941). GaemrikSgsYrnSCbu"nGMBIerOgenHbeNIr es~IeTA

Cbu"nGMBIkareFI[NcineTACa \GBakwt| beNIr. f 26 kkda rUsWEvl bJa[pbTB

smtiCbu"nTSgGs' Tukk~gshrd. kicenHVntveFItam edayGg'eKsnigbeTsTSgGs'

ekam{vaTxn. bu"EnkickarccarenAEtbneTAeTot. Cbu"nsuM[shrdGaemrikbJb'karbug

eboberobcMkarJrekaHhIlIBIn, Qb'[CnYyeTAGg'eKsnighULg' (EdlykeTABggkar

karJrTwkdxn k~gsmuTV"suIhik) ehIy, elIsGITSgGs', Qb'CYycin. srGa eqIyeTA

v^jfa nwgKankarBmeBogGITSgGs' ebICbu"nminBmbJb'karBgkGMNacxn.

f17tula rdaPiVlmas' kUNUey eprtMENg[rdaPiVlTahanrbs'tmesnIy_

tUeya. tUeya xMbgajsuqn: edaybJneTAva"suIgetannUvrdTUtEdlekgCageK, sabUrU KUrU

sU. f 20 v^cika sabUrU [eTArdelxaFikar K&rEdl hul nUvkar[fcugekayrbs'Cbu"n :

\ ebI srGa Qb'pbTuksmtiCbu"n, ebIk[mankarlk'sSg[beTsCbu"nv^j ehIy,

elIsGITSgGs', Qb'CYycin, Cbu"nnwgdkxnBIkmCanigBIevtNamxagekam ehIytLb'

mkTItSgxntugkwgv^j|. f 26 hul eqIyfa beTsxncg'niyayBIcMeNaTTUeTAenAGasuI

ehIysuM[Cbu"ndkT&BecjBIsukcin. KWfadUcmnusfg'CECkK~a! 11 fekaymk, f 7 F~,

(2)

(3)

Cbu"nvayePIlEhbbYr.

dKU VntveKbJneTAmuxtulakarCan'xs' dUcEdl dehal VneKagTukk~gv^FankarN_

\eVklag| rbs'Kat'. tulakarVnkat'[rYcxn edaytcab'ecaT (non-lieu). cMENk

kaT VntveKedjecalPamenAeBlenaH ehIybnab'mkVneTAcUlCamYy dehal eTA.

kalBIq~S 1933 k~gsn~isITn \smaKmbCaCati| (buBkarIrbs'GgkarshbCaCatisB

f) manEtKN:btiPUfeT EdleVHeq~atGnubvaT elIkarpnabeTsCbu"nEdlVnQan

Jnma"n'CUrI. enAq~S 1938 beTsfcuHsnisJamYyCamYybeTsCbu"n GnuJati[CnCati

(4)

Cbu"nk~gbeTsf mansiTidUcCnCatif k~gpvcab'rdbevNI nigpvcab'JNiCkm.

tamesovePAVrSgxH GnaKtesnabmux ln' nl' VncUlrYmk~gkicbtibtikarTSgenaH k~g

kgvresnatUcelx1

\Tar"y&r|

(kgTahaneCgkhm).

bu"En

tamsMdsrCneyIgxH

elak ln' nl' tVneFITahaneCgkhmeT ehIyGs'elakEdlVnbJak~gkgTar"y&r

enaH man : s sUkSxUy, s dYg sMGul, s qay Lay, elak Gu kg, elak huwm
ess nigelak swun EdlVntLb'cUlmkCv^tsuIv^lv^j. kgTahanVrSgmYyEp~keTot

EdlG~kpgVnehAfa TahaneCgexAenaH KWkgrkaNcin (Garde Indochinoise). VneFITahan

46
eCgexA : dab QYn nig s xt but. KuNnam \khm| nig \exA| enaH KWmkBIBNbnH

(5)

(6)

kMNat' EdlruMkMPYneCgBlTahanTSgenaH.

CafmgeTot esomkan'kab'extTSgenH (kMLg 5 q~S, GanTMB&r 65, elxeyag 13) ehIyVn

xitxMpBpayvbFmxn (CaBiess Pasa) edaybJnmkCaecIn nUvKbegonTSgbus
TSgsI.

f 25 mkra 1942 rdaPiVlfnPibulsgam bkassgamTl'nwgGg'eKs nigGaemri

kSg (tamG~kxHfa Pibulcg'Tb'Tl'nwgCbu"nEdr bu"EnsuMCnYyBIGg'eKsminVn eJHsukenH

k*kMBugBiVkEdr). BiDI P~Myg' Edl \bqSg| nwgneyaVy Pibul tveKykecjehIydak'

[eFICaraCanusiT. bu"EnraCTUtfenAva"suIgetan, esnIVemaC, (raCTUtenAGg'eKsk*eFIdUec~H

Edr) minBmbJnesckIbkassgameTArdaPiVl srGa ehIybegtkummYyeQaH

\fesrI| edaymannisitfenAshrdCYypg. KWCamYyBYk \fesrI| enaHehIy Edlk~gq~S

1945 PibulTak'Tgy"agsMgat'tamry: BiDI. edayVk'citnwgkayv^karenH GaemrikSgVn

(7)

[beTsfrYcxn (edayminsMKal'Cabcamit) enAeBlEdlCbu"ncaj'.

tSgBIq~S 1935 elak sWg gu"kfan' nigelak bYr hg (EdlCasac'jatiBHmhaktI

kusm:) EtgCnMuK~aCamYybJavnekg@ mYykum Edlcg'[vg neratm esayraCCYsvg
suIsuvti v^j (eKfavg neratm sLaj'CatiCagvg suIsvu ti). BYk \rkkt'| enaH k*xMcuH-

eLIg mas'suFars nig suramwt. eBlescmunIvgsuKt dKU k*dUcCaVnsMercbMNgG~k

TSgenaHEdr edaydak'mas' neratm sIhnu elIbl&g. k~gesovePA \NcineXIjBIeb"kSg|

semcsIhnu r"ayr"ab' : \ mundbUg BYkfan'niymsbayrIkrayNas'. eXIjfabl&gVn

mkescekgmYyGgnvg neratm ehIy escEdlxnnwgGacdknSeTAkan'kartsU. BYkenH

nwgVt'jjwmy"agrh&s ehIyxMk*dUcK~aEdr. eBl ehaeC (er"sIudg' sUeb"rIy&rVrSg) mkdl'

eyIgk*Vndgfa GICarbbrbs' eb"tSg. ral'fGaTitenATIlankILa G~kemIlExrtvecog

bT \ esnabmux, eyIgmkdl'ehIy| muneBlbkYtVl'Tat'. k~gnaTICaesc eKk*BiVk[

(8)

xMecogEdr bu"EnxMtvEtekakeLIgQrpmeCg !|.

ekItenABHtJMg (sBftayij) kumar sWg gu"kfan' eFImFmsikaenABnKr. rYcmk

cUleFI \eVy| enAelIkV"l'VrSgmYy edmImksukenH. enAsukVrSg sWg g"ukfan' Vn

eFItmsikaxH (tamG~kxHfa). mkdl'kUsSgsuInv^j Kat'rkkareFIBuMVnesaH k~grdkarGa

NaniKm. eBlenaHehIy EdleKVnehAKat'mkP~MeBj EdlenATIenaHmitVrSgxHnwgCYy

Kat'[VnkareFI. dbUg eFICasuPaenAksYgyutiFm rYcmk pas'eTABuTsasnbNiteFICa

G~kkan'kab'bNal&y. enATIenaH elak sWg gu"kfan' CYbsal'elakGacar Ehm ecov

elak V"c QWn elak buN cnmu"l .l. ebIsinCaKat'tVnekItenAkmCaekameT ebI

sinCaeQaHKat'minEmn \eQaHyYn| eT bursenHbEhlGacVneTACa \hUCmijExr|.Jk

ehAExrekam (minehA \Exr| EtmYym"at') EdleKebIedmIniyayBIG~kEdlekItenAnigrs'

enAkmCaekam

bgaj[eXIj

\karminTTYl|

mYyehIyBIsMNak'G~kehA.

Exrekam

EdleKVneVHbg'ecal[rs'tamyfakmxnenAstvtr_TI19, Exrekam EdlyYnTSglan

47
nak'mkKbdNb'dUcrlkpb'cSg rs'enAy"agcegtk~gshKmn_xn ehIyxMkarJrrkaTuk

y"agsitsaj nUvekrmrtkxn TSgvbFm TSgsasna.

kartyuTy"agyUrCab'rab'tMNenH VnbJlkarsahab'eTAk~gCnan'mnusEdlekIt

bnbnab'mk karsahab'EdlTTYlkarcENnBIsMNak'ExrkNal. ftitEtminbeJj[

eKdgkarcENnenH, bUkcUlnwgKMnitkan'bkBYk, VnbegItesaknadkmnwgkarCUrct'CaecIn

k~gBgsavtaExrekamenAkmCa. TahrN_Cak'EsgmYy KWXadkmelIkgeyaFaExrkmCa

ekam k~gsgamnbeTskmCa (1970-1975) : edaycENnnwgkarGg'GacmuHmt'nkg

eyaFaExrekam

EdlCaCnrYmQamxnesaH

TIGKembJakarnkgkmSgCatiExrVn

bJneTA[sab'TeT@ ExrkmCaekambmaN 10 000 nak' nkgm"k_hk (Mike Force)

EdlecjBIevotNamxagtg mkCYy \bgbn| kmCa.

elak sWg gu"kfan' VnmanCv^tneyaVyy"agyUr BIk~graCaNackeTAk~gsaFar-

Nrd ehIyVntTl' cUld minrvrvl' CamYybmuxrd 6 nak' : BHVTsuIsuvti munIvg,

BHVTneratm sIhnu, BHVTneratm suramwt, semcneratm sIhnu, elak ecg ehg,

nig esnabmux ln' nl'. Cv^tneyaVyd*Evg (1935-1972) nigEdlkmmancMeJHExr

kmCaekam (enAkmCa) enH manxs'manTabCaecIn ehIyVncb'enATIkugP~MeBjCamYy

(9)

Kab'EbkVsikmYy !

G~kniBnExreyIgm~ak'Vnsresrfa ebIeKbMVt'BuTsasnaenAkmCa eKbMVt'BmK~anUvBlwg

Exr. k~gExemsa 1975 esckIsnt'enH VnbgajPaBtwmtvrbs'xn. LvenH etIeK
GacGHGagfa \ebIBlwgExrpuseLIgv^jenAkmCa nwgpuseLIgCamYyK~anUvBuTsasna| Vn

eT? qSnGariyFmExr BHsgVnEckCamYyesc nUvGMNacKb'KgbeTs k~gkMLgkal

(10)

(11)

d*yUrrab'stvtr_.

k~gT&BVrSg (nigT&BbeTskan'sasnaKis CaTUeTA) manG~kbYs eFICaGacarsMrab'eyaF

PUmiTSgGs' EdleTACamYyTahank~geBlcSg ehIyEdlVrSgehAfa \GUmU"nIej|. (Gan

elxeyag 4 GMBITahaneCgkhm).
VrSgVnykekaHtLac

(BULkugD&r)

eFICaKuksMrab'dak'mnuseTaskidFM@

nigmnus

eTasneyaVy. elak V"c QWn (EdlekaymkVntveKedaHElgmkv^j) Etgbgaj

dl'eKg nUvs~amkgEdkelI keCg Kat' kgEdkEdlsMrab'cgPab'mnuseTasCaGlC.

enAP~MeBj elak V"c QWn VncUlrYmecIndg k~grdaPiVl (Fmkar eXasnakar .l.).

ekayExmIna 1970 rdaPiVlsaFarNrdVnsuMmkv^j nUvGd^BHGacar Ehm ecov ehIy

(12)

VneFIbuNrMlwkv^JaNk&n vr:bursnkartsUTl'nwgVrSgenH.

dUcBYkNahIGalWm"g'enAGWru"bEdr Cb"uncg'eFI[beTsGasuITSgGs' eTACarNbxn. bu"En

cMeJHbeTsnGasuIPaKGeK~y_ EdlenAekamGaNaniKmBYkEsks Cbu"nCaG~krMedaH Cag

CaG~klukluy.

niym)

karcg'EckK~acMrugcMerIn

tamPUmiPaKerogxnnBiPBelak

VntveKykmksikaecInK~aenAGasuIPaKGeK~y_

(ehAPUmiPaK

ekaysgamelakelIkTI2.

cab'tSgBIq~S 1943 erOg \BiPBsmNsbayCamYyK~a| (Sphre de co-prosprit) Vntv

48
CnCatiNam~ak'eQaH

V"ni~kar

ykmksikamgeTotk~gesovePA

\GanaKtnGasIuPaK

GeK~y_|. V"n~ikar Vn[eyabl'fa KYrbeTsTSgGs'enAGasuIPaKGeK~y_ cUlrYbrYmK~ak~g

smnPaB \esdkic| mYy ekamkardknSnbeTsNa (ekaybraC&ynCbu"n). EtgtSg

CardTUtNabcSbeTscinenAq~S 1949 V"ni~kar eFIkMNt'ehtumYy EdlenAk~genaH Kat'

benIsPaBdundabnsanPaBenAbeTsk~gGasuIPaKGeK~y_ : \ebIKanCnYyy"agrh&s ehIy

smtamkartvkar enAelIpesdkiceT rcnasmnneyaVynGasIuPaKGeK~y_ Kan'EtCa

rbgd*esIgmYy

Tl'nwgkarBgkxnnlTikumynis|.

edaydgfaNaminGacpl'CnYy

enaHVn V"ni~kar suM[rdTUtGg'eKsnigGUsalI epkMNt'ehtuKat'eTArdaPiVlTSgLayn

xminEvl (beTsekamGMNacGg'eKsBIedm). ksarenH VneTACamUldannkarBiPaka

K~a EdlVn[kMeNItdl'Epnkar kULMbU enAq~S 1950 (kmCaeyIgVncUlk~gEpnkarenaHEdr

CamYybeTs 21 eTot). smnkicxageyaFanigxagesdkiceTot k*ecHEtekIteLIgCa

bnab'mkEdrenAGasuIGeK~y_

esGatU,

smaKmbCaCatienAGasuIPaKGaeK~y_

(ASEAN),

GUsalI-nUEvlehLg'-Gg'eKs (ANZUK), GUsalI-nUEvlehLg'-Gaemrik (ANZUS), kum

bwkaGasuInigV"suIhik(ASPAC) .l. \BiPBsmNsbayCamYyK~aenAmhaGasuIPaKbUJ|

(Sphre de co-prosprit de la grande Asie orientale) VntveKykmkniyaymgeTot enAedmq~S

1978 enAeBlEdlbeTsCbu"negbeLIgv^j eTACamhaGMNacmYyy"agFMenH.

(13)

KMniteFI[NcinVrSgmanlkN:CashB&n VnmaneLIgCaelIkdbUgenAq~S 1930 ekam

(14)

esc neratm sIhnu VneXIj-Vnsal' beTskmCa edaysartmnav dKU (tamsMd

(15)

rdaPiVl daLaeD.

semcsIhnu pal' k~g \NcineXIjBIeb"kSg|).

bEhlCasasacarVrSgm~ak'eQaH hk Lg' EdlCaedmehtunkarbegtclnayuvCn

TSgenH. pas'BIhaNUymkP~MeBj hk Lg', edmIkMcat'karGpk, k*begtclnayuvCn

mYyeQaH \hevnIj"a| EdleFIskmPaBxagkILanigtUrtnI. edayeXIjeCaKC&ynclna

enH dKU k*man \KMnitbEmbmUlyuvCnnbeTsTSg3 dak'k~gclnamYyeQaH \yuvCnN

cin| ekamkardknSnTahanVrSgeQaH DuykUra". ekABIkILanigtUrtnI eKGb'rMbMpusKMnit

CatiniymnyuvCnTSgenaH edmIbeJsBIkarTak'TajnCbu"n. CakarN_Fmta dKU k*VnsM

elogkSbitmuxBIredaymindgxn. eJHbnab'BIkarebIkmSgnCbu"n (cab'VrSg) enAf 9

mIna 1945 KWk~gcMeNamsmaC^knclnaenaHehIy Edlelak sWg gu"kfan' erIsykG~k

s&Kcit eTArMlMrdaPiVlcUlVrSgnelak Gwug GuI. enAsukyYn emclnayuvCn (eQaHf

fa fan' ejon Tag pug, yuvCnCYrmux), evCbNit pS gu"k fac', CasmaC^ksmat'nKNbk

kumynisNcin ehIyekaymk VneTACardmnIksYgGnam&y nrdaPiVlbeNaHGa

sn~yYnxageCg! srCnExreyIgxH enAcSenAeLIyGMBIkars~ak'Gas&yenApan'Fak k~gCMrM

smab'bgat'em \yuv&n|. enApan'Fak (evotNamxagtg) eKbgat'[ecogbTdeNIrn

clnaenaH EdlVneTACa, dUcCacdn, bTePgCatinsaFarNrdbCaFietyevotNam!

49
(16)

tSgBIExkJa 1943 tmesnIy_ dehal bJa[ s ebh erobcMT&BmYykgedmIbJn

eTAcugbUJbeTs. dl'kgkPaBTSgLayekItmanehIy rdaPiVlVrSgsuM[eKbJlkg

TSgenaH k~gbJakarGasIuPaKGeK~y_rbs' em"an bTwn. BYkGg'eKs-GaemrikSg minBm

edaysMGagfaNcinenAk~gqakbyuT \qayNa| dUec~H enAekamkartttarbs' Cag

kayCak. f 22 sPa 1945 rdaPiVlVrSgbJn s hva"g (ekaymkesna

bmux), nayGKesnaFikarT&BVrSg, eTAva"suIgetanedImIsg'emIlcitGaemrikSg Ekgmankar

eLIgeKakelINcin.

hva"g

k*Vndgfa

karvaysMrukelIkekaynwgtveFIelIbeTs

Cbu"nEtmg. VrSgk*es~IrkarbrK~ayk \GFibtIPaBVrSgelINcin| Tl'nwgkarbUCakgBl

FMBIr ekambJakar s LWEK eTA[GaemrikSgebIk~gkarvaysMruk. GaemrikSgminBm.

(17)

(18)

f 6 sIha Kab'EbkbrmaNUk*pHeLIg.

15 f ekaykarebIkmSgBIsMNak'Cbu"nenAf 9 mIna (1945) mk em \tsU| nigTahan

bmaN 50 nak' n \kgkmSgVrSgesrI| (F.F.L.) EdlVnelatq&telIsukExrenaH Vn

tvCbu"ncab'VnTSgGs' ehIyykeTAdak'k~gKukFM ekayvtNaelam P~MeBj.

enAfenaH (7 kum: 1945) TIkugP~MeBjVnsal'karTMlak'Kab'EbkTI1 nbvtisasxn.

ynehaHGaemrikSgVneFI[EbkVk' licexcxInUv TUknigkV"l'suIv^l enAkMBg'Epctumux

(enAmuxvtNaelam) ehIyVneFI[sab'nigrbYsbNaCnCaecInrynak'. tamkarniyay

nmhaCn faCbu"nVnes~IsgCmWcitelIkarxUcxatBIeJHsgam EdlxnCaG~kedmehtu
enHEdr bu"EnBHecAsIhnufaminVc'[sg eday \dgKuN| Cbu"n. karN_mYyEdlBit KW

karTMlak'Kab'Ebk \enAmat'Ten| enH VneFI[eKeCkan'EtxSg elIrUbbd^makrmYy (ehABH

KMlg' escKMlg') EdltVnxUcxatGIeLIy k~geBlEdlectIynigsMNg'xHeTotk~gvt

VntvVk'EbkexcxI. eKBuMVndgBitVkdEdr GMBIvasnanbd^makrenH ekayExemsa 30

(19)

q~Sekaymk.

\shPaBVrSg| enH (1941) KWcmgmkTSgtdr BI \xminEvl| Gg'eKs (1931). VrSg

eFIshPaBVrSgenH

edmIxM{bkesabGaNackxnkuM[rlay

k~geBlEdlxntvedaH

Elgbnicmg@ nUvbeTsGaNaniKmEdlkMBugegbeLIg. lknik:nshPaBVrSg VneTA

CaerOg \eQaHK~a| y"agtwgmat' k~grdsPa (EtgrdFmnuJ) BIr, sPaq~S 1945 nig 1946.

BitNas'eTAehIy bJaBlrdVntvelIkykmkniyay : etIBlrdnshPaB CaBlrd

VrSgEdrGI? CakarN_Fmta tmanerOgeXIjExrm~ak' Gah^km~ak' mkeFItMNagrasenA

sukVrSgeT!

eKk*rkVnesckIsMruHsMrYlmYy

(Compromis).

Gtn&ynshPaBVrSg

Vntv[k~gesckIepm nrdFmnuJVrSgq~S 1946: \shPaBVrSgmanbCaCatinigbCa

CnTSgLay Edldak'mkCamYyK~a nUvFnFanrbs'xn nigkarbwgEbgrbs'xn edmIcMerIn

GariyFmxn BgkPaBsuxsbayrbs'xn nigsnisuxrbs'xn|. sPamYynshPaB

VrSg VntvbegteLIg EdlenAk~genaH BYkbtiPU \nbeTssmaC^k mansiTiesIK~anwg

btiPUVrSgEdr. bu"En cab'EdlVntvsMerc, tamFmta, edaysPaGayk~gbeTssma-

50
C^k tvykeTAdak'[sPanshPaBBinit. reboberobcMd*sKsajenH VntvBHVT

(20)

sIhnuv^nic&yfa pynwgv^carNJaN (absurde)

namWunyYneQaH ega" Dineyom VncgKMnMuTuky"aggu. eBlEdlxneLIgkan'GMNack~gq~S

1955 (10 q~Sekaymk) eyom cab'ebIkyuKnkarBaVTExrkmCaekam. k~geBlenaH raC

rdaPiVlVnbwgeTAGgkarshbCaCati. KWk~geBlEdlExreyIgbHsmab'yYnenAq~S1945
enaHehIy EdlyYnVncSeLIgv^jnUvJk \ma" tMu| (ravbgg) dUcEdlExreyIgcSminePcnUv

(21)

(22)

Jk \kMBb'EtGug|.

mrNPaBn rUsWEvl VnbEgrpvnsavtabeTsTSgbInNcin. eKeCCak'fa ebIsinCa

bFanaFitIGaemrikSg enArs'enAeLIyk~geBlenaH VrSgminGacdak'eCgelIdNcinv^jVn

eLIy.

ktaEdlsMerccitBYkCbu"n (nigbnab'mkBYkVrSg) [bKl'kUsSgsuIn[eTAyYn man2 :

Tsn:Vkdniym nigkaremIlgay. Vkdniym eJHExrenAkUsSgsuInCaCnCatiPaKtic.

karemIlgay CanamEtmYyEdleKGacebI edmIcglGakbkiriyanVrSgGaNaniKmniym

cMeJHmuxescExreyIgTSgLay

ehIytamenaH

cMeJHbeTseyIgTSgmUl.

karN_Edl

esceyIgrs'enAk~gcMeNamsIs~MTSghg PIelognigGamatTSgkg ehIyEdlkicCnuMerOg

ra"vbeTs manEtkarKal'ehABIsMNak'namuWn \EdlmangarCaXun Cahg CaBH Cakj"a

bu"EnEdlKanecHGI ekABIlutCgg'cuHkabfaybg ehIyedrTacUleTAEtbu"eNaH, karN_enH

(23)

rUbPaBenH CaedmehtunkaremIlgaybeTsCatieyIg BIsMNak'VrSgGaNaniKmniym.

tmesnIy_ dehal, bursEdlsemcsIhnueKarBCagGITSgGs' bnab'BIBHsmN:eKatm

(k~g \NcineXIjBIeb"kSg|), VneFIsunrkfamYyeTot 21 q~Sekaymk enATIkugP~MeBj

k~gq~S 1966. cMeJHtecokGaemrikSg EdlkMBugTb'Tl'nwgkumynis k~gevotNamxagtg

nigtamBMEdnExreyIg sunrkfaenAP~MeBjenH [tMbUnanpyTSgsug BItMbUnanEdlelc

ecjBIkar \Vf~a| nf 17-8-45. ehIyebI rUsWEvl bEhlCaKat'Ebxnk~gp~rKat'

(24)

ehIy (tamJkniyaymYyrbs'VrSg).

bIfmunsuMkarcuHcaj'nCbu"n \kal'kta| Vn[TMlak'tamq&teyagelINcin nUvP~ak'gar

smat'mYykum CamYyK~anwg hg' esDIl nig EBremHEs EdleKbMrug[eFICa s~gkarn

saFarNrdbcStugkwg. ekABI sSgtWnI EdlVnmkdl'haNUyedayecjBIsukcin tam

kV"l'ehaHGaemrikSg, BYkelatq&tTSgGs' Vntvevotmijcab'Tuk. srCnVrSgTSg

enH

(25)

VnmanTiBly"agxSg

eTAelIneyaVyVrSgelINcinCaBiess

beTsGaNaniKmVrSgCaTUeTA.

nwgelIGtIt:

smaKtrd rd \hun| nwgVrSg (Etats associs) manbeTsEdlenAk~gshPaBVrSg

(Ganelxeyag 19). kaleyIgminTan'VnkraC G~kpgsah_eXIj, ekABITahanV

rSg, nUvTahan \GaBic| nigTahan \Gamar"uk| edrqat'EqgtampvenAP~MeBj. k~gBBYk es

eNhaeL nig m"arU"kSg TSgenaH manmYycMENkFMEdlVnsab' k~g \cMkarkitiys| Ncin

k~gcMVMgCamYyevotmijenH.

51
BI shPaBNcin eTA shB&nNcin

erOgk~gbeTs
rCkalnBHecAsIusuvti (1904-1927) nig munIvg (1927-1941) mansPaBsb'sat',

ehIyk~gkMLgeBlenaH VrSgVnnSmknUvkarEkTMrg'CaecIn. muneBlsuKtnBHmunIvgbnic, b

eTskmCaVnVt'bg'mgeTot nUvextVt'dbg, sIusupun nigPaKmYyy"agFM nextesomrab, kMBg'FM

nigswgEtg. eBleXIjfa Cv^tBHmunIvgCaleCehIy, dKU k*KiteTAdl'dNnraC. mas'

munIer"t, kUncgnBHmunIvg ehIyEdltveLIgesayraC ttamTMenomTMlab', eFI[ dKU Vrm

eJHmanKMnit \kraCniym|. enAsukVrSg, mas'munIer"t nigbn, munIBg, VncUleFITahank~g

kg \eLsg| TahanCatiekA. ekayeBldak'GavuFQb'Vj'K~a (VrSg-GalWm"g') enAq~S 1940,

mas'munIer"t tLb'mksukExrv^jCamYyKMnitf@. enAk~gNcinmYy EdlkarTak'TgCamYybeTs

VrSg \Camay| VnEbblElgdUcsBdg dKU xMkarJrTuk[VnyUrbMput nUvGFibtIPaBVrSg

Edlkan'EtVnTTYlkarKMramkMEhgecIneLIg, tSgGMBICbu"nVneLIgmkelIqakNcinEdr (erOgtug

kwg, karVt'bg'extExr). edmIbugeCgkarN_Tuk eBlNamankarbHeVr, dKU tvkardak'elIbl&g

TSgbInNcin,

mnusEdlxnsNukekabbMbt'bMEbn.

BHmunIvgsuKtenAfTI

23

emsa

1941. mas'munIer"t EdltsmnwgesckItvkarrbs'eK, k*Vntv dKU TajecjeTA. \KUEvn&r

eheNr"al'\ nNcin eCsykmas'neratm sIhnu v^j EdltVndgxnmuneLIy. enAeBl

enaH Gayu 18 q~S, kynmas'munIer"t kMBugbJb'mFmsikaenA \lIes| sasWlU-LV BnKr.

f 28 tula 1941, enAk~gBiFId*FMmYy, dKU bMJk'md[mas'sIhnu ehIyGPieskeFICaBHecAkug

kmCa. dUcCaCtanigCTYtEdr, BHecAsIhnunwgeXIjy"agrh&sfa escExrKan'EtCaGay"gEdl

\er"sIudg' sUeb"rIy&r| VrSgTajExbu"eNaH(1). escsIhnu EdlkalenaHcUlcitnarI nig tUrtnICag

neyaVybeTs, k*bt'Ebnbnn'xny"agFUr tamkartvkarrbs'VrSg dUcEdl dKU Vnb"gVf~a,
ehIysanPaBenHmanrhUtdl'q~S 1945.

kar \ebIkmSg| nCbu"n enAfTI 9 mIna 1945 VneVskMcat'k~gry:eBlEtmYyyb', swg

EtmYystvtr_nGMNacVrSg. Cbu"nVnniyaynwgmhaesdcinExr tan' V", [BmTTYlPar:dknS

rdaPiVlTI1 nyuKekayGaNaniKm. tan' V" minTTYl, Cbu"nk*TukrcnasmnrdaPiVlcas' (GK

mhaesna Gwug GIu). naTICanaykrdmnIEdlBImunenAelId \er"suIdg' sUeb"rIy&r|, k*tLb'mkk~gd

escv^j EdlTTYlkarXSemIlBI \GKTIbwka| Cbu"nm~ak'. 4 fekaykarrMlayGMNacVrSg,

elak mas Nal', rdmnIksYgsikaFikar, bJak~gf 13 mIna [ebIeLIgv^j nUvbktITincn

Kti, bMVt'karsresrCaPasaExrEdlebIedayGkr rU"muSg, ehIybgab'[ebIPasaExr k~gkickarrd

Vl. elak V"c QWn VntvedaHElgBIekaHtLac enAf 21 mIna(2), ehIybegteLIgv^jnUv

sarBtman nKrvt. enAedmExsPa, elak sWg gu"kfan' tLb'mkBIbeTsCbu"nv^j, ehIyVn

tvEtgtSgenAf 1 mifuna CardmnIksYgkarbreTs, tamesckIsuMrbs'Cbu"n. enAeBlenaHehIy

52
EdleKVneXIjmaneLIg nUvkarebHsSCaelIkdbUgnsgmExr, edayehtumanlMnSneyaVy2

EdlyUrmkVnkayeTACalMnSmenaKmv^Ca, ehIyEdlkartTl'K~aVncb' Ca esaknadkm, enAEx

emsa 1975.

lMnSTI1bmUlp BYkEdlcg'bMVt'rbbraCaniym, EdlxneXIjfaCabkrN_EdlGaNani

Km (ehIyekaymkGaNaniKmniymCnan'f) ebIVs' edmIkjSekabbeTsxn. lMnSneya

VyenH(3) rMlaykartyuTTl'nwgesc cUlCamYykartyuTTl'nwgGaNaniKmniym. lMnSTI2 KW

rbs'BYkBnsgm EdlykbuNskixneFICaedmTun bmUlTBsmti, buNskiEdlescEck

[ tamkarbuinbsb'rbs'xnxaglutkab. BYkBnsgmenH KWkumnahWn(4). CakarFmta BYkenH

Vf~a[rbbraCaniymmanGayuyWnyUrteTAeTot. edayma"g KUv^vaTTSgBIrkumemIlgaykarTUnan

nbvtisas, edayma"geTot mhaCnswktkMerIk rkxnbmUlCakmSgneyaVyBuMVn, BYkTSg

BIrkumenH rt'rkbreTsral'dg edmICYyxn[Q~Hk~gkarv^vaTenH karv^vaTEdlekaymk Kan'Et

CakJk'qHsgamtCak'nmhaGMNacTSgLay. ElgnwkeXIjfa beTsxnenAk~gkal:eTs:PUmi

sasneyaVymYyEdlCUrct', xagNak*dUcxagNa BuMEdlBmrkesckIsMruHsMrYl (compromis)
rkCECkK~amgNaeLIy.

eJHEtkardeNImGMNacTSgkMeralggtmuxenH,

bCaCnExrVnsg

kMhus nwgkMBugEtsgkMhus edaybg'tMlmYyd*rnt'eFIGMBI dUcJkG~kniBnVrSg EbNa ha

Em"l QamnigTwkEP~k(5).

BHVTsIhnu, enAekgehIyqab'tameK, TTYlCnYyk~gkickarBIsMNak'BYk \TIbwka| Edl

CaG~kkarJredaymuWgma"t' nUvrbbraCaniym. eBlEdlelak sWg gu"kfan' eLIgmkelIqakneya

Vyv^j, BHecAVnbegtmuxkarmYyehAfa \TIbwkanraCrdaPiVl| ehIyEtgtSgenAf 7 mifuna

(1945) k~gnaTIenH, semcmunIer"t EdlnwgmansemgBiPakak~gKN:rdmnIeTot. edmIkan'kab'

edaysat'@ nUvkarcayvayrbs'rdaPiVl, escsIhnu dak'TIbwkaBIrnak', elak Eb"n nut Card

mnIrgksYghirJvt nigelak pU eBOg CaGFikarhirJvt. k~gkalenaH, karxl'xayFM@ n

rdaPiVl

KWCYyCbu"nk~gsgamrbs'xn,

nwgedaHsaybJad*BiVknlknik:rbs'

kUsSgsuIn

(sUmGanerOgekAbeTs). mhnrayn hIurU"sIm"a nig NahasaKI VneFI[cb'subin \mhaGasIu

PaKbUJ| ekamGFibtIPaBn \GaNackBHGaTitrH|. enAf 19 sIha 1945, 4 fekaykar

pHKab'EbkbrmaNUTI1, elak sWg gu"kfan' begterOgEkgbnMmYy ehIy[eKcab'rdmnITSgGs'

EdlKat'yl'facUlcitVrSg. G~kEdleTAcab'rdmnITSgenaH suTEtsmaC^knclna \yuvCnN

cin| EdleKVndak'eQaHffa \yuv&nkmCrd|. f 14 sIha, elak sWg gu"kfan' VntvEtgtSg

CardmnITI1 ehIyenAEtkan'ksYgkarbreTs. elak Eb"n nut TTYlksYghirJvt, elak jwk

CULg ksYgesdkicCati, elak V"c QWn ksYgpl'esg nigPsPar, elak sum ehog ksYg

mhap, elak Xwm Tit TTYlksYgkarJrbeTs ttK~anwgksYgsuxaPiVl. enAf 8 kJa,

kgTahanGg'eKsmYykgmkdl'P~MeBj edmITTYlkardak'GavuFBITahanCbu"n ehIyedaHElgeQIy

sgamCatiGWru"b tamkicBmeBogenA bu"tsS . mkCamYykgkPaBGg'eKsenaH, mannayTahan

VrSgm~ak', vresnIytI hal'la" Edlman \ebskkmBiess|. elak sWg gu"kfan' Vb'y"ag

53
cas'eTAnayTahanenaHfa raCrdaPiVlExrnwgeFIkarccarCamYyVrSg EtelImUldanmYy, KWkar

TTYlsal'kraCnbeTskmCa.

edaycg'bgaj, mYyEp~keTAVrSgnUvkarKSTrdaPiVlKat'BIsMNak'bCaCn, mYyEp~keTot

eTABYksmnmit faKat'tCab'CJk'GICamYyCbu"neT, sWg gu"kfan' bgab'[eFIkarsYrqn:bCaras1

(plbiscite) enAf 3 tula(6). Kat'tVndgeTfa enAekayx~gKat' rdmnIxHkMBugerobcMrMlMKat'.

enAf 23 kJa, escsIhnu EdlKSTtampvkarnUvneyaVynraCrdaPiVl, VnbJnelak Xwm

Tit y"agsmat' eTACYbGaCaFrVrSgBnKr. f 5 tula tmesnIy LWEK mkdl'BnKr.

f 16, edaymanvresnIyk Guyvar nigTahanNa 3-4 nak' nT&BGg'eKsCUnmkpg, LWEK

mkdl'P~MeBj ehIy[cab'elak sWg gu"kfan' (EdlBm[eKcab'tmantTl') ekamkarecaTfa

\eFIskmPaBbqSgnwgBYksmnmit|. XuMXSgBnKr, sWg gu"kfan' VntveKv^nic&yPam ehIy

TTYleTaseFIkarCaTmn'k~gevla 20 q~S, ehIytcab'sMct (k~gsukExr) k~gevla 20 q~S. Ca

mYyBrsBsaFukar nski5 VrSg Guyvar Edl LWEK [emIlxustvelIvasnabeTskmCa, raC

rdaPiVlfmYyVntvEtgtSgeLIg ekamkardknSnsemcmunIer"t. mas'munIBg (ekaymkraC

TUtenAV"rIs), elak Xwm Tit, jwk CULg, sum ehog nig va" kamwul enAk~genaHEdr. mkdl'BnKr

Vn 3-4 f, tmnav dahg'elI (GKs~gkar) CYbsemcmunIer"t BnKr, ehIyKUsExneya-

VyVrSg[eFItam Gnuvtn_esckIEfgkarN_nf 25 mIna 1945 GMBIshB&nNcin, dak'eLIg

v^jy"agqab'rh&s nUvkarGaNaBaVl (btiktUr"a) VrSg elIbeTskmCa (f 4 F~ 1945, esc

sIhnu Bm[Gnuvtn_CabeNaHGasn~ nUvsnisJanigkicsna q~S 1863 nig 1884), EtgtSg

KN:kmkareFIkicsikaVrSg-ExrmYy edmIccareFIsnisJafrvagbeTskmCa nigbeTsVrSg.

bu"Enbnab'BIkarcab' sWg gu"kfan' ykeTA, ExrCaecInnak'yl'eXIjfa escVnykbeTs

eTA[VrSg. G~kTSgenaHv^nic&yfa kmSgCameFaVyEtmYyedmIykkraC, ehIyk*nSK~acUlB,

xHeTABMEdnExr-esom, xHeTABMEdnExr-yYn. BYkcUlBenHbegtclnamYyeQaH\Exrsr:|(7).

enATisxageCg Exrsr:TTYlCnYyBIrdaPiVlf rbs' BiDI P~Myg' (EdlxacBYkVrSgeFIGnra-

Kmn_mYy k~geBlxagmux edmIykExtExreTAv^j (ExtEdlesomVnBIsnisJa kugtUkq~S

1941).

eQaHBIrelcecjBIclnaenATisxageCgenH

dab

QYn

nig

ekA

tk'.

cMENkenATisxagtg, k~gextkMBt, elak V"c QWn TTYlCnYyBIyYn tamry: sWg f egg(8),

bnrbs'elak sWg gukfan'.

f 7 mkra 1946, semcmunIer"t cuHkicBmeBogsMerc \rebobrs'enA| mYy (Modus Vivendi)

CamYytmesnIy GaeLH sg'DI, s~gkarnsaFarNrd (garfrbs'er"suIdg' sUeb"rIy&r). k~g

esckIrbs' \mUDus vevnDI| enaH (rUbmnenHVrSgcUlcitNas', bu"EnBYkGg'eKsfaBiVkrs'enAtam)

beTskmCa Ca \rdsy&t| enAk~gshB&nNcin (EdlrUbragminTan'cas'las'enAeLIyeT)

EdlxngenAk~gshPaBVrSgeTot. k~gkickarpk~gsuT, beTskmCamanesrIPaBeBjTI. edmI

[beTscab'edreLIgv^j, VrSgpl'CnYyelIprdVl nigbeckeTs edaybJnmknUv \TIbwka|

EdlnwgGb'rMbuKlikExr. kgT&BExr mYynwgtvbegIteLIg. karbgat'begonkgT&BenH nwgtvTTYl

bnkedayKN:ebskkmeyaFaVrSgmYy(9) ekambgab'TIbwkaVrSgm~ak' GmrdmnIksYgkarJr

54
beTs. bu"EnksYgrtnaKar, Ky, snisux, Genabevsn_, TUrKmnaKmn_, Gys&yyan .l. enA
elIdrdaPiVlshB&n

ehIynwgtvelIkeTAGKs~gkardan

BnKr.

niyaymYyma"t',

kar

GaNaBaVl tLb'mkelIbeTskmCav^j, eJH \m"UDus v^evnDI| tnSGIfmkeLIy, ekABIJk

BIrm"at'. bu"EnChanEvgmYy k*VneVHeTAmuxEdr KN:kmkareFIkicsika VntveK[bnkeFI

KMeragrdFmnuJmYy, eKOgEdltvmanxanBuMVn edmIbnyrebobKb'Kgpac'karelIkmun [man

bCaFietyxH@. semc \kumBH| munIer"t bqSgy"agxSgnwgKMeragkarenH, edaysMGagfabCa

rastmankarGb'rMneyaVyTal'EtesaH, ehIycg'[tLb'mkrbbpac'karv^j karyl'eXIj
EdlBHecAsbtamEdr.

eyabl'rbs' munIer"t VntvbqSgedayBYkbJvnekg@ bmaNmnak' EdleTIbnwgt-

Lb'mkBIsukVrSgf@ ehIyEdlsuM[begtsPaepg@ eCserIsedaykareVHeq~at BmTSgeFI

[rbbneyaVyk~gbeTsmanlMnS dUcrbbenAbswmbeTs KWmanrdsPatttardaPiVl. Ca

mYynwgkitanuPaB \mkBIsukVrSg| rbs'xn, ecHy"agsat'nUvvaks&BbCaFietybswmbeTs,

BYkenHbmUlpVny"agrh&snUvbJvnk~gbeTs (sm&yenaHsisv^Tal&ysuIsuvti), G~kraCkar

TSgGs', ehIyCaBiessbkBYkelak sWg gu"kfan'. k~gcMeNamBYkbJvnmYykab'enaH eQaHBIr

Vnelcecjmk Qan v"m nig suIsuvti yutivg. bnab'BIVndgGMBIkicsna VrSg-yYn Edl

cuHenAhaNUyk~gf 6 mInamk (sSgtWnI-hUCmij, GanerOgekAbeTs), mtienAP~MeBjkan'EtTi-

etonesceLIg

EdleKbenasfaVncaj'eVkVrSg.

beTskmCaEdlVnelIkxneTA[VrSg,

tTTYlmkv^jnUvkMr dUcEdl hUCmij TajykVnedayebIGavuF. TwkdExrEdlVrSg[eTAesom

tamsnisJakugtUk q~S 1941 (ext 5) k*enAEtekamGMNacesom, k~geBlEdlBYkGg'eKs,

tSgBIf 1 mkra 1946, VnykBIesomeTA[PUma nig m"aeLsuIv^j nUvTwkdEdlesomVnkan'kab'.

karminsbaycitmanCaTUeTA. semc munIer"t nigBHecA sIhnu k*yl'eXIjfatvEteFIdeNIrmYy

eTAsukVrSg edmIbgajcMeNaTTSgGs'eTArdaPiVlVrSg(10).

rdaPiVl munIer"t tveKkan'EtBuMcUlciteLIg eJHrebobykGMNac k~gkarKb'Kgrbs'

xn, nigBIeJH tamG~kniBn hIlIB dvEl

karminh~wgnrrbs'xn. VrSgk*cab'KitKUrpas'rda

PiVlenaH. kareBjcitVneTAelIG~ksLaj'VrSgm~ak', mas' neratm nrinetC EdlCamam~ak'n

BHecA. mas' nrinetC, edaymanG~kraCkarenAtamextKSTpg, kMBugbwgEbgy"agskm tMelIg

KNbkneyaVymYyeQaH \KNbkesrIPaB|. KNbkenH es~IrbbraCaFibetymYy Edl

eKarBrdFmnuJ,

ehIyEdlv^vtn_bnicmg@

eTAkan'bCaFibety,

edayeFIkarEkTMrg'ecIneLIg@

ekamkarbtm nig \dknS| rbs'VrSg. eBjcity"agxSgnwgExneyaVyenH VrSgk*CYytamGac

eFIVn. eBlecjdeNIreTAsukVrSg, f 13 emsa, BHecA[dgGMBI karbMVt'ecalk~geBl

xagmux nUvraCaFibetypac'kar. KMeragrdFmnuJmYy nwgtvykeTA[rdsPabeNaHGasn~mYyBi-

nit. G~keVHeq~atenAKb'XMunBHraCaNack nwgeCserIstamkareVHeq~atedaymincM (suffrage

indirect) nUvG~kdNagk~grdsPabeNaHGasn~enaH. raCbJtimYycuHf 15 emsa 1946 ebIk[man

55
esrIPaBeFIsmaKm,

nigesrIPaBeFIkarbCuu

nigkareXasnak~gry:eBlerobcMeVHeq~at.

minyUr

eLIy, KNbkneyaVy 3 VnekIteLIg KNbkesrIPaB nmas' nrinetC, KNbkeCn

elOn (bkEb) nmas' neratm mu"gtaNa EdlCaBUm~ak'eTotnBHecA(11) nig KNbkbCaFibety nmas' sIusuvti yutivg. KNbkeCnelOn cg'[manrbbraCaFibetyEdleKarBrdFm-

nuJ dUcKNbkesrIPaBEdr. cMENkKNbkbCaFibety, kmv^FIneyaVy KWdak'rbbbCa

Fibety EdlmanrdsPaCaFM, ehIyCaBiesseTAeTot, KWmankartyuT (neyaVy) edmIykk

raCeBjTI. KNbkenH k*TTYly"agqab'rh&s nUvkarKSTnBYkG~kCatiniymTSgGs', nigkarbtmy"agxSgBIsMNak'BHsg Edltcg'Vn[VrSgtLb'mkv^jesaHeLIy.

f 31 sPa kumbwkaraCanusiTi (eJHescminenA) bkas[ebIcab'eVHeq~atmYy Edl

eroberogeLIgedayKN:kmkareFIkicsnaVrSg-Exr rdsPabeNaHGasn~ nwgtveCstSgeLIg

edaykareVHeq~atCasakl nigedaycMeJH. f 1 kJa 1946 kareVHeq~at CasaklVneFIeLIg

CaelIkTI1 enAbeTskmCa(12). pyGMBIlTplEdlVrSgrg'cS, C&yCnHVneTAelIKNbkbCa

Fibety EdlVnTTYl 60% nsemgTSgGs'. k~gcMnYnekAGI 67 EdlsPaman, 50 VnmkBYk

bCaFibety, 14 VneTABYkesrIPaB nig 3 eTABYkkq&n. karCnuMTI1 nrdsPa VneFIeLIgenA f

25 kJa enAcMeJHmuxBHraCa. sPaminBmbMeBjmuxkartwmEtBinitBiPakacab', ehIybkas

xneLIg tampvehtu CasPaEtgrdFmnuJ. mansemgPaKecInenAk~gsPa, KNbkbCa

Fibety TamTarykkardknSrdaPiVl, EdlCaTmab'k~gbeTsbCaFibetybswmTis. Ex F~

1946, CamYynwgextTSg 5 EdlVrSgeTIbnwgykVnBIesommkv^j(13), rdaPiVlmunIer"t epr

dENgeTArdaPiVlyutivg. cMnYneBl 3-4 GaTitbu"eNaH VnKb'Kan'dl'rdaPiVlyutivg

edmIbeJjKMeragrdFmnuJmYy.

f 6 sPa 1947, rdFmnuJ VntvBHraCapl'eTA[bCarasExr. cmgsbtam

KMeragrdFmnuJVrSgnq~S1946(14), G~keroberogbEnmkareQgyl'Cnan'enaHxH dUcCamata 21

(GMNacTSgGmalmaNecjmkBIBHraCa) nigmata 25 (bl&gnbeTskmCa Caekrmrtkn

G~ktBUCePTbusnBHVTGgDYg) (bkEb). pynwgcMNg'rbs'KN:kmkareFIkicsika, rdFmnuJ

enH[GMNacxSgNas'eTArdsPa. BitehIy kardknSkickarrdenAelInaykrdmnI EdlBHecA

EtgtSg, ehIyEdlerIsykrdmnIxng. bu"EnnaykrdmnIenH, CamYynwgrdaPiVlTSgmUl, tv

TTYlkarTukcitBIrdsPaeTot (EdlmanGaNti 4 q~S). sPaCan'xs'mYyVntvbegteLIg cmg

sbtamkumbwkasaFarNrdVrSg,

kumbwkaBHraCaNackmanEtmuxkarxagBieKaH

BiPaka

suTsaF elIerOgcab'. kumbwkaenH mansmaC^keCstSg nigsmaC^kCab'eq~at (EdleVHeday

segb) ehIysmaC^kTSgGs'tvmanGayuy"agtic 40 q~S.

eBlEdlxnkMBugEtcab'epmkmv^FIneyaVyrbs'xn,

KNbkbCaFibetyVt'bg'mYy

rMeBcnUvG~kdknSrbs'xn. enAf 18 kkda, mas' yutivg suKty"agcMElkenAEkb (eKfa

yutivg VntveKsmab'). kareVHeq~attwmtv (eJHrdsPabeNaHGasn~) nwgtveFIeLIgenAEx

v^cika 1947, BHecAnigbkBYkerobcMtTl'mgeTot nwgBYkbCaFibety.

ebIlic \EbgEck

semg|, srCnBIrnak'xagBYkesc begtKNbkneyaVyfBIreTot elak jwk-CULg dknS

56
KNbkexmrbuNkar (CamYyelak ln' nl', sm sarI, KU run .l.(15), elak Xwm Tit dknS

KNbkrYmCati (Union Nationale). bu"EnkarxitxMenH enAEttVnpl eBaHsemgPaKecIn enAEt

VnmkBYkbCaFibetymgeTot ekAGI 54 k~gcMeNamekAGITSgGs' 75. 21 VneTABYkesrIPaB,

cMENkexmrbuNkar nigrYmCati (Union Nationale) tVnekAGImYyeLIy. f 11 kum: 1948 elak

Qan v"m, GKelxaFikarnKNbkbCaFibety, TTYldknSKN:rdmnI.

R

k~geBlEdlG~kneyaVyExr kMBugeFIsgamKNbkenAP~MeBj,

GsnisuxVnekItman

eLIgelIpbeTs. edaykgTahanenAkmCa (kgTahannshPaBVrSg) VntveKbJneTAsuk

yYn edmICYyVrSgcSgevotmij, clnasr: tttay"ageBjelj elIPaKxageCgnbeTs.

karehA[cuHcUledayelIkElgeTas[ kalBIq~S 1947, VnnSmkEtmnus 3-4 nak' Edl

cUlPammYyrMeBc k~gKNbkbCaFiety. enAxagtg nigenAxagekItnbeTs, BYkevotmij Vn

cab'epmtSgTIk~gsukExr. CamYynwgBUkExrekamEdlxnbJHbJlVn, evotmijbegt \kgT&B

bCaCnExrrMedaH| (bkEb). ExrekamTSgenH nwgVneTACas~lelIkdbUgbgs'nevotmij enAb-

eTskmCa. edayVrmnwgGsnisux Edlkan'EtxSgeLIgpg, edaytGMNacelIkgT&Bpg, eday

BYkbCaFibetyTietonfa steBkk~gkarTamTarpg, BHecAsIhnusMerccitsuM[VrSgBiniteLIg

v^j nUvTMnak'TMngVrSg-Exr. k~gsMbutmYycuHf 7 v^cika 1947 epeTA[rdaPiVlVrSg, BHecA

TamTar[Vntttakan'EtecInelIkgT&B,

nwg[Vns&yPaBkan'EtFMeLIgk~gerOgsnisuxk~gb

eTs (VrSgminsUvsbaycitnwgkarelIkElgeTas[BYksr:eT). f 5 mifuna 1948 enAqk

smuT GaLg, GKs~gkarf bulLaEGr cuHkicBmeBogmYyCamYyesc Vvday (hUCmijVncUl

BehIy) TTYlsal'kraCnbeTsevotNam(16). f 25 tula, BHecAsIhnuepsMbutmYy

eToteTArdaPiVlVrSg, TamTarsiTiepg@ dUcEdlVrSgVnyl'Bm[eTA Vvday. enA{kas

buNtSgtu, f 9 v^cika 1948, BHecAniyayeTAGKs~gkar eLGugBIj"g GMBIkraC, karN_Edl

manCaelIkTI1 \xMniyayGMBIkraC BIeJHxMeCOCak'fa JkenHCakUnesaedaHsaycMeNaTTSg

Gs'rbs'eyIg.|

karN_EdlVrSgtyl'GIesaH GMBIkarTamTarTSgenH, VnCYyelIk[kan'Etxs'eLIgnUv

kitanuPaBnKNbkbCaFiety EdlelgsnwkeboCatiniym. cab'tSgBIq~S 1948, BYktMNag

rasbCaFibety pb'cab'TSgGs' Edlescdak'mkrdsPa. kartTl'K~arvag \niti| nig \bti-

bti|,

laynwgkarkan'bkBYkk~gKNbkbCaFibety

eFI[manv^btiKN:rdmnI

(rdaPiVl

Qan v"m, rdaPiVl Eb"n nut .l.) edayBuMGacQ~HBYkbCaFibetyk~gkareVHeq~at, escebI

licmYyeTot eFI[man \karEbkecj| enAk~gpKNbkenaHEtmg. KW \G~kEbkecj| m~ak'BI

KNbkbCaFibety, elak Ey"m sMbUr, EdlVnTTYlkardknSrdaPiVlenAExkum: 1949. rda

PiVl Ey"m sMbUr cab'epmkickark~geBlBiVkbnic eJHfaenAf 21 sPa 1949, rdsPa

VrSgVneVHeq~atsMercPab' kUsSgsuIn eTAbeTsevotNam edaytVnBieKaHCamun CamYyb

eTskmCa(17), ehIyedaytmaneFIlknik:BiessGI[dl'ExrkmCaekam (eTaHbIBHecAVnTam

57
TarCaecIndgmkehIykI). karbqSgnrdsPacMeJHrdaPiVl k*ecjmuxxSgkaPam. elIsBIenaH,

elak Ey"m sMbUr TTYlekrdMENlnrdaPiVlmun@ nUvcMeNaTFM2 erOgsr: nigerOgevotmij.

edayxHkgTahanedmIbgabBYkTSgenaH, rdaPiVleFIkarGMJvnavmYydl'clnasr: edmIkar

rYbrYmK~anExrTSgGs' eqaHmuxeTABYkevotmij, ehIyFanafanwgelIkElgeTas[TSgGs' dUckalBI

mun. ExkJa 1949, elak Ey"m sMbUr TTYlC&yCnHmYy CamYykarsMucuHcUlnemsr: dab QYn

EdlnSmknUvBlCaecInJn'nak' (karcuHcUlenH VneFI[VrSgElgTukcitelIelak Ey"m sMbUr).

edayChrVnrwgbwug BIkarcuHcUlrbs' dab QYn, BHecAcab'ccarCamYyVrSgeTot. f 8 v^cika

1949, CamYyK~anwgkarcuHhtelxayl'BmelIrdFmnuJExr edaybFannshPaBVrSg (bFa

naFibtIbeTsVrSg),

snisJaVrSg-Exr

mYyk*VntveFIeLIgEdr.

snisJaenHTTYlsal',

tampvcab'nUv \kraC\ nbeTskmCa. \saFarNrdVrSgTTYlsal'BHraCaNackkugkmCa

CardkraC.\, eKGacGank~gmata 1 nsnisJaenH. bu"En cuHmkekammk, karbgabgSgecHEt

maneLIg beTskmCanwgGacdak'cMNgTUtCamYybeTseTotVn(18) Tal'EtrdaPiVlVrSg

yl'Bm. ExrTTYlkartttaelIkgT&B nignKrVl, bu"Enk~geBlNamansgam bJakarTahan

tvdak'mkekamVrSgv^j. CnCatiVrSgk~gsukExr enAEtmanGP&yksiTiBiess dUcCaminenA
ekamcab'rbs'rdExr.l.

edaysanEtVnTTYlC&yCnHmYyeTot, elak Ey"m sMbUr yksnisJaeTArdsPa edmI

sMukaryl'Bm. rdsPa mintwmEtminyl'Bm, EfmTSgeVHeq~atdkesckITukcitBIrdaPiVleTot,

ekamkarCrujnBYktMNagras bCaFibety EdlecaTfardaPiVlVnkt'. edaytUccitEdr,
elak Ey"m sMbUr suM[rdsPadkesckIminTukcitenaHeTAv^j, ebIBuMenaHeT nwgsuM[BHraCarMlay.
rdsPaenAEth~wgdEdl, Ey"m sMbUr eFI[escyl'BmrMlay, ehIyk*suMlaQb'CamYyrdaPiVl

TSgmUl. CaelIkdbUgbgs', BHecA neratm sIhnu ebImata 21 (GMNacTSgGs'GmalmaN

ecjmkBIBHraCa) ehIycuHraCkwtmYy rMlayrdsPa(19). edmIrg'cSkareVHeq~atf, GMNacTSg

bu"nanVntveprmkescv^jedaybFanrdsPa, elak eGov ekIs (GKelxaFikar KNbkbCa

FibetyCnYselak Qan v"m) Edlyl'eXIjfa GsnisuxEdlmanenAk~gbeTs BuMGac[kar

eVHeq~ateFIeTAedayerobryVneLIy. edaysMKal'fa snisJaf 8 v^cika CaeCaKC&yelIkdbUg

k~gkicccarTarykkraC, BHecAehAelak Ey"m sMbUr mkeFICanaykrdmnIv^j ehIy \GnuJati|

[dknSrdaPiVl edayminVc'manrdsPa. elak Ey"m sMbUr fditEtminVneFI[rdsPayl'

BmTTYlsnisJaf 8 v^cika, k*enAEtbnkicccarCamYyVrSgeTot, ehIycab'niyayK~a GMBIrebob

cat'EcgkarGnuvtn_. mindgCamkBIehtuGIEdr, VrSgsab'EtdkykeTAv^j nUvkaryl'BmxHEdl

xnVn[elIerOgtulakar nigerOgkgT&B.

k~geBlEdlkicccarkMBugeFIeTATSgtdabtdYs, BYkevotmijk*xMBggtSgTIrbs'xnenAb-

eTskmCaEdr. tamry: \kgT&BbCaCnExrrMedaH| EdlenAekambJakar sWg gu"kmij ehIyEdl

bJHbJlVnExrsr:xHenaH(20),

evotmijbkaskarekIteLIgn

\rNsirCatirYbrYmK~anExr

58
esrI, FNUK|. f 14 mkra 1950 enAP~MeBj, G~kdknSbCaFibety eGov ekIs VntveK

smab'nwgKab'EbkdmYy, enAk~gTIs~ak'karKNbk. karbqSgnBYkbCaFibetyTl'nwgelak

Ey"m sMbUr k*kan'EtxSgeLIg@. karrMeCbrMCYlmanrhUteTAdl'k~gv^Tal&y. rdaPiVltvehAkg

rkaNcin

(eCgexA)

mkbgabBYkEdleFI[Clcbl'.

ExmIna

1950,

sWg

gu"kmij(21)

\GeJIj\ KN:kmakarbtibtievotmij n Nam-bU (kUsSgsIun) [xMbwgEbgCamYy \kgT&BbCa

CnExrrMedaH\ edmItyuTnwgckBtiniymVrSg, ehIybkaskarbegt \rdaPiVlbeNaHGasn~n

kmCaesrI\. Gsnisux k*eLIgdl'kMritxs'bMput. cracrtampvCatinana tveFIeLIgekamkarkarJr

nknrfynTahan (kugv&r). enAtamsukEscMkar, BYksr: - evotmij tttadUcCardaPiVl

\Tnwm| mYyEdr(22). bNaCntvbg'BnGakrmYyeTA[ \kgT&BbCaCn| tamry:KN:kmkarhirJ

vtmYyrbs' \kgT&B| enH. cMeJHmuxsankarN_KYr[P&yVrmenH Ey"m sMbUr etOnVrSg[qab'

pl'GavuFyuTP&NKb'Kan' edmIEknTahan 5 000 nak'. dac'Exemsa, edmIeqIytbnwg \esckI

GeJIj| rbs' sWg gu"kmij, Tahan 3 000 nak' nkgT&BEmnETnrbs'evotmij n Nam-bU pas'
mktSgTIk~gextBEvg. edayP&yVrm, VrSgTamTar[elak Ey"m sMbUr cuHhtelxaelIkicBm

eBogbeNaHGasn~mYy dak'kgexmrPUminekambJakarVrSg. Ey"m sMbUr minBm, VrSgbg^tbg

BHraCa[pas'rdaPiVl. edaymYycMENkeTot karbg^tbgdUcK~aenH escVnTTYlBIsMNak'BYk

bCaFibetyEdr EdleqHqYlxSgbnab'BIXadkmelIelak eGov ekIs esck*bJb'rdaPiVl
Ey"m sMbUr eTA, enAf 3 sPa 1950.

bnab'mk k*manry:eBlCadNak'mYy BIq~S 1950(23) eTAq~S 1951 EdlenAk~genaH v^bti

KN:rdmnI ekItmanCabnbnab'K~a (mas' \kumhg| munIBg, evCbNit sun m"m, elak Gu Qag

sun). k~gry:eBlenaH, BHecAxMniyaypHpar[Vt'xwgsmar bEkbkan'K~a, ehIyxMBnl'[

KNbkTSgGs' cUlrYbrYmK~ak~grdaPiVlbgbbgmCatimYy ekamkardknSnelak Ey"m sMbUr,

bu"EntVnkareLIy. kareVHeq~atenAf 5 kJa 1951 [C&yCnHmgeTot, CaelIkTI3 Cab'K~a, eTA

KNbkbCaFibety 54 ekAGI k~gcMnYnekAGITSgGs' 78, Tl'nwg 18 eTAKNbkesrIPaB.

f 12 tula, rdaPiVlbCaFibety nelak huy knl TTYlesckITukcitBIrdsPa. Cafmg

eTot kartTl'K~arvag niti nig btibti k*cab'epmeLIg(24).

CamYynwgkarsgwmfa nwgVnG~k \kNal| m~ak' EdlGacCECkCamYyBYkbCaFibety

BmTSgbJHbJlBYksr: Tl'nwgevotmij, BHecAsuM[VrSgElgelak sWg gu"kfan' mkv^j,

EdleKbMbrbg'enAsukVrSg. f 29 tula, elak sWg gu"kfan' mkdl'P~MeBj, TTYledayG~kKS

T 5 000 nak' EdlsbayrIkrayy"agxSg. eTaHbIKat'Vnsna (tamG~kxHfa) fanwgminbLk

k~gerOgneyaVyk*eday, sWg gu"kfan' cab'eFIsaCaf nUvkarBnH[bqSgnwgVrSg. edmIkicenH,

Kat'begtsarBtmanmYyenAP~MeBj eQaH \Exrekak|, ehIyeFIkareXasnaenAtamext. k~gkic

snnaCasaFarN:mYyenAkugtaEkv, elak sWg gu"kfan' Edlmanelak V"c QWn (rdmnIksYg

eXasnakarnrdaPiVl huy knl) CUnmkpg, beJjcMNgeCgnkartyuTrbs'Kat' b

eTskmCatvTamTar[VrSgdkT&BxnecjeTATSgGs', eTIbGaceFI[mankraCeBjTI nwg[Cv^t

neyaVyedrdUcFmtav^j. VrSgv^nic&yfa skmPaBelak sWg gu"kfan' Gac[eKaHf~ak'dl'

59
snisuxxn (GFibtIPaB), k*[biTsarBtman Exrekak enAExkum: 1952. sWg gu"kfan' k*eCs

erIsmaKaEdlenAsl' cUlB(25). f 9 mIna, EdlCafxYb kraC cMeJHG~kbegt sarBtman

nKrvt nig Exrekak, sWg gu"kfan' eFIesckIGMJvnavdl'beTs [kan'GavuFbyuT ykkraC,

tamsMelgsanIyv^TlYclak'mYy(26) enAP~MdgErk. edaymanG~kraCkarxagKym~ak'y"agsahab'

elak eGov suIcUv CYyeFIkarpg, sWg gu"kfan' xMbEmbmUlBYkkumsr: EdlminTan'cuHcUl

nwgraCrdaPiVlenAeLIy (man ekA tk' Caedm), ehIybegtKN:kmkarExrrMedaHCatimYyeTot.

minyUreLIy, karsuKlMK~ak*ekItmaneLIg rvagKNbkbCaFibety nig clnasr:. tSgEtBI

ekItmk raCaFibetyBuMEdlTTYlkarKMramkMEhgdUec~HeLIy. edmICruj[rdaPiVl huy knl

Tmak'eborbs'xn, BHecAVb'rdaPiVl[cat'v^FankarN_CacSVc' Tl'nwgclnasr:. mintwm

EtmineFItamesc, elak huy knl EfmTSg[cab'mitescBIrnak'eTot elak Ey"m sMbUr nig

ln'

nl'.

1-edayecaTBYktMNagrasbCaFibety

facLMykbeyaCn_KNbkxn

Ca

beyaCn_beTsxn, 2-ykelselIkarcab'elak Ey"m sMbUr nig ln' nl', BHecAbJb'

rdaPiVl huy knl enAf 15 mifuna 1952, ehIykan'naTInaykrdmnIxng.

bnab'BI \rdbhartvcab'| enHmk, BHecAsuMeTArdsPa[GnumtibKl'mknUvGMNacBi-

essk~gevlabIq~S,

edaysnafanwgykkraCeBjTI[Vnk~gry:eBlbIq~SenH.

edmITl'nwg

clnasr:, escdak'eTArdsPanUvKMeragfv^kamYyEdl 30% Tukdkl'TijeKOgGavuF, ehIyEdl

suMtMelIgBnGakrTSgLay. esckIsuMenHeFIeTArdsPaehIy, escecjeTAesomrab ehIynSGtIt

emsr: dab QYn eFIbtibtikarmYyrkcab' sWg gu"kfan'. enAdNac'q~S 1952 BHecAtLb'mk
P~MeBjv^j edaytVneCaKC&yGIeLIy. k~graCFanI BHecAVndgfa rdsPaVnTat'ecalTSg

Gs'nUvkarsuM[TTYlsnisJa f 8 v^cika 1949 sMNuMGMNacBiess nwgKMeragfv^kar. elIsBI

enH BYkrdmnI (EdlecInEtkumjatiesc mas' sug edt, sirimt:, eb"geV"HyuKnr .l. Vb'
esc[dgBIkarbMrugkt'mYyEdlcg'rMlayraCaFiety.

karrMeCbrMCYlk*VneTAdl'BYksisv^Ta

l&yeTot EdlnSK~aeFIkUdkm cab'tSgBIf 8 F~ 1952, kUdkmEdlCab'rhUtCagmYyEx. elIkenH

BHecAebIJkecaT 3 1- faBYkbCaFibetyxHTak'Tgnwgevotmij(27), 2- faKN:kmkar

nayknKNbkbCaFietyVnbegt \KNkmkareFIXatkm| mYy (tMNagras 9 nak' Vntv

cab'XuMXSg), 3- faeKebIhibkarTUtrbs'Vgkk edmITak'Tgnwg sWg gu"kfan'. rYcehIy esck*ebI

CaelIkTI2 nUvmataTI 21 nrdFmnuJ, edaycuHraCkwtmYyrMlayrdsPaenAf 13 mkra 1953

(28)

nigkwtmYyeTotbkasebIcab'GaCaswk enAfCamYyK~a.

niyayeTAkan'G~ksarBtmanm~ak', BHecAfa \rdsPaVnkayeTACaTICrkrbs'karkt'.

ebIVrSgecjBINcin eyIgnwgVnkraC, VkdehIy, b"uEnVnbu"nanq~S? xMeFIshbtibtikarpv

swkCamYyVrSg edmIkarJresrIPaBeyIg. k~geBlCamYyK~a xMccarCamYyVrSgk~gbriyakas

mYyesaHtg' edmIedaHsayTMnas'xH. enHCaChrrbs'xM!| (sarBtman \LWmu"g|), f 18-19

mkra 1953). edayyWtCagqayekayBYkbCaFiety EdlCaKUbECg, esceTIbnwgyl'n&yBit

Vkdrbs'bMNgnbCaras kraC! . edmIbEmbmUlTak'TajbCaras, escenAsl'Et

meFaVymYyeT,

KWtvEtrk[VnnUvkraCenH.

BuMenaHesat

raCaFietynwgtvVt'bg'eday

60
ecosBuMrYc ebIsinCaclnaExrsr: (CamYy sWg gu"kfan' nig KN:kmkarExrrMedaHCati) clna

Exr-evotmij (CamYynwg sWg gu"kmij nigrdaPiVlbeNaHGasn~nkmCaesrI) deNmykkraC

Vnmun.

dUc hUCmij Edr, BHecAcg'ccarykkraCenH qayBIbriyakasGaNaniKmniym. f 9

kum: 1953, bnab'BIVneprtMENgnaykrdmnIeTAelak Eb"n nut nigdak'kumbwkaraCanusiTi ekam

kardknSrbs'semc neratm suramit EdltvCaBuk, BHVT sIhnu ecjBIP~MeBjeTAsukV-

rSg. KWCakarcab'epmry:eBlbvtisas EdlBYkG~kneyaVysgmrasniymVndak'eQaHfa

\BHraCbUCnIykmedmIkraC|. tSgBIeBlcuHsMctenAkugrU"m, BHecAepsarmYyeTAelak vuSg

sg' GUrIy"Ul (bFanaFitITI1 nsaFarNrdTI4 VrSg) bgajkaryl'eXIjnBHecA elIkareFI[

mankraCenAbeTskmCa. mkdl'sukVrSg BHVTsIhnus~ak'enA LaNaBUl (kUtdah)

ehIyepBITIenaH nUvsMbutCaecIneTA vuSgsg' GUrIy"Ul, TamTar[eprGMNacTahan nigtulakar

mkExrv^j. f 25 mIna eTIbeKTTYlBHraCaenAv^man eGlIeh. kicsnna sIhnu-GUrIy"Ul tecj

CaGITSgGs', eJHGUrIy"UleFICaminEtmg. tLb'mkenA hgEtnb, BHecAxMeFI[kicccareTAmux

eLIgv^j, edayTak'TgnwgG~kTTYlxustvVrSgCaecIn. bu"EnkarTamTarTSgenH tVntveKTTYl

eLIy.

edaytUccitEdr, BHecAnwkeXIjdl'shrdGaemrik EdlCaG~kpl'GavuFecInCageK (bnab'

BIcinVnkayeTACakumynis) dl'T&BVrSgenANcin. bnab'BIVnTukshkarImYycMnYn [enAcSeFI

kicccarCamYyVrSg (elak Eb"n nut nig sm sarI), BHraCaVnmkdl' mu"ger"Gal' enAf 12

emsa 1953, ehIys~ak'enA kaNada mYyGaTit edmIeFI[BYksarBtman kaNada CtCabxH GM
BIerOgExr. f 19 emsa BHVTsIhnuVntvTTYlenA va"sIugetan edayelak rIeQIt nicsun

(GnubFanaFibtIGaemrikSg).

bnab'mk

BHecACYbsnnak~geBlmYyem"ag

CamYyrdelxaFikar

dlws. eTAemnkickarTUtGaemrikSg BHecAniyayfa \ebIminrkkaredaHsayxagpvneyaVy

eT karbwgEbgxageyaFa, eTaHbIGaemrikSgCYyemck*eday, k*nwgminGacQ~HEdr. C&yCnH minGac

ykVneLIy ebIbCarasmincUlrYmk~gkartyuT edaymanCenOfaxntyuTedmIbeyaCn_xn. [

kraCBitVkddl'beTsTSgLayenANcin KWeFI[beTsTSgenHyl'kan'Etcas' dl'kar

TTYlxustvrbs'xnk~gsgamenH, sgamEdlkarQ~Hcaj' TTYlykcitTukdak' BIelakbCaFib

etyTSgmUl.| cemIyrbs' dlws \TUlbgsnanwgBHGgfa kalNaeKaHf~ak'kumynisGs'

BIbeTsBHGgehIy,

eyIgnwgeFIGITSgGs'EdlGaceFIeTAVn

edmI[VrSgTTYlsal'kraC

y"ageBjeljrbs' (beTs) BHGg. bu"EndrabNastvrYmrbs'eyIg (evotmij) minTan'braC&y

eT ehIyBHGgCabcas'favamansmtPaB nigeVskMcat'ecalraCaFibetyExr BmTSg
TMenomTMlab'd*tkalrbs' (beTs) BHGg, GariyFm d*cas'yUrGEgg ehIynigbCaFietyd*

ekgrbs'BHGg drabNaeKaHf~ak'd*FMenH EdlGacCaeKaHf~ak'dl'Cv^trbs' (beTs) BHGg

minTan'kMcat'VneT eyIgminGaceFI[VrSgGs'citGs'kmSgVneLIy (). TMnas'rvagBHGgnig

61
VrSg nwgbMerIEtbeyaCn_stvrYmeyIgeT.| (sg'ecjBI \neyaVyekAbeTskmCa| eday
rU"ehsif).

edayGaemrikSglayplbeyaCn_xn

CamYyplbeyaCn_VrSg,

BHecAk*Vnxkcitmg

eTot. munnwgecjBIjvy"kmkP~MeBjv^j edaykat'tamtUk BHecAeFIesckIEfgkarN_mYyeTAsar

Btmanjvy"kEfm tSgBIbu"nanq~SmkehIy, KMnitfaevotmijtyuTedmIkraCnbeTs kan'Et

maneKeCecIneLIg k~gBBYkvrCnExr. ebIVrSgmin[kraCkan'EtecIneLIgenAExreT, k~g 3-4 Ex

xagmuxenH ExrGacrYbrYmEmnETnCamYyevotmij. esckIEfgkarN_enH eFI[eKPak'eplKb'K~ak~g

cMeNamG~kneyaVyVrSg, ehIyxHEskfaCa \kSbitPg'k| (chantage). bnab'BIkarKMramenH, VrSgbnn'riyabfbnic, ehIykicccarVrSg-Exr k*cab'eFIeLIgv^j enAdNac'Exemsa. f 9 sPa

1953, elak Eb"n nut nigelak dmu"gEsl, rdmnIksYgshKtrd, cuHkicBmeBog VrSg-Exr

mYy EdlenAk~genaH ExrenAEtminVnTTYl[eBjcitEmnETn. VrSgminBm[esceFI CaGKem

bJakar kgkmSgbqSgevotmij edaymantmesnIyVrSgm~ak'CaTIbwka, bu"EnBmTuk[enAekam

karTTYlxustveBjTInkgexmrPUmin PUmiPaKTSgLay EdlenAxaglicTenemKg (ehAPUmiPaK

sy&t). cMENkEdndEdlenAcenaHTenemKg nigBMEdnExr-yYn (EdlenAk~genaH evotmijdak'T&B

Cag 10 000 nak') TIbJakarVrSgTuksMrab'xn (kgT&BExrman 12 kgvresnatUc Edl 6 Carbs'

VrSg). cinenAsukExrcUlmkekamnitibJtiExr bu"EnCnCatiVrSgenAEtmanGP&yksiTi mincUl

ekamcab'ExreTot. karTas'ExgK~a elIerOghirJvt nigesdkic enAsl'TSgsug, ehIyTas'kan'

EtxSgeTAeTot edayrdaPiVlVrSg sMercEtm~ak'g enAf 11 sPa [bJHtmVk' \ba"s|

EdlcayCamYyK~ak~gbeTsTSg3 nNcin (Ganelxeyag 23)

f 12 mifuna, bnab'BIVneprdENgTSgGs'mgeTot eTAelak Eb"n nut, BHecAsMerccit

eTAVgkk ehIyb"genATIenaH edmIbegtrdaPiVlekAbeTs (en exil) mYy. f 16, edaymanG~k

mk CamYy 26 nak'pg (k~genaHmanmas' suIsuvti sirImt:, rdmnIksYgkarJrbeTs), BHecAmk

dl'Vgkk TTYledaytmesnIy pav sIya"Nn, emnKrVlf. enAP~MeBj, ekayeBlesc

ecjdeNIr, v^TCatipaysarrbs'BHecAeTAVrSg \edaycg'ecosvagcmSg karbHeVrTl'

nwgbeTsVrSg cmSg karbHeVrEdlExrkan'EtecIneLIg@ cg'eFI xMcakecjBImatuPUmi

edmIyk[VnnUvkraCEdlbCaCatiExrcg'Vn,

edaymincSVc'[karTak'TgCaPatrPaBCamYy

beTsVrSgmaneKaHf~ak'CasaBreLIy. beTsVrSgeFI[eKyl'eXIj, tamGakbkiriyanigkar

raErkrbs'xn, faxnmincg'[eLIy eTaHk~gbcbn~ eTaHk~gGnaKt nUvkraCBitVkd, EdlCavt

EtmYyGaceFICaedmTI nshbtibtikarpvswkd*esaH nigEdlmanbeyaCn_ rvagbeTseyIgTSg2

ehIyedmIksagkarrYbrYmrbs'eyIg k~gshPaBVrSg.

enAbeTsf, BHecA EdlGaCaFrfsMKal'faCaG~kePosxnneyaVy Vntvesomham

min[eFIskmPaBneyaVyGITSgGs'. BHVTsIhnu BmTSgG~keTACamYy k*tLb'mkVt'dbg

v^j EdlVnTTYls&yPaBehIy. k~gcenaHeBlenaH enAP~MeBj, sPaBtantwg k*ekItmaneLIgrvag

ExrnigVrSg. tmesnIy dLg'kat, embJakarT&BeCgeKakenAkmCa, ehAkgTahanCnYymkBI

sukyYn edmIkarJrsuIv^lVrSg bmaN 600 nak' eTAsukExr. kgkarJrnshPaBEdlman

62
VrSg, yYn, m"arU"kSg nigGal'ehrIyag nigmankgkSePIgFM cSCYyKSTpg, rayK~adak'Kb'kEngyuT
sasenAkugP~MeBj. cMENkxagExr, kgTahannvresnIytI But qay (GtItemsr:cuHcUlBIEx

sPa 1953) kan'kab'GaKarraCkarTSgGs'.

BIkugVt'dbg BHecAVb'VrSgfardaPiVlExrTat'ecalkicBmeBog f 6 sPa ehIy

suM[eFIkicccarf Edlk~genaH ExrTamTarlknik:mYydUc \dUmInIj"g| rbs'beTsV"KIsg' cMeJH

muxbeTsGg'eKs. f 2 kkda BHraCaGMJvnavtamraCsarmYyeTAbCaCati ehAbmUlkmSgrs'

revkTSgGs'nbeTs edmIcSrkaTukkraC edaybegt kgCvBl nig narIkahan . PammYy

rMeBc bursnignarI 20 000 nak' eqIytbnwgkarGMJvnavenH, ehIybCuK~aenAkugesomrab nig

Vt'dbg. EskeLIgf 3 kkda, rdaPiVlVrSgrbs' LanIEjl bCuKN:rdmnI ehIy[kMNt'

kicmYyeTAGKs~gkarbcSsmaKtrdTSgbI,

EdlenAk~genaHrdaPiVlVrSges~Ifanwg[

kraC

ekaykicccarfeTot. edmIbgajsuqn:rbs'xn VrSgdak'G~kkarTUtm~ak', m"UrIs dhg', CaGK

s~gkarenANcin. k~gbriyakasmYyEdltwgEdr, kicccarVrSg-Exr cab'eFIeLIgenAf 31 kkda

enAP~MeBj rvagelak Eb"n nut nigelak dhg'. kicccarenH VnecjCakarBmeBogCaelIk

dbUgmYy enAf 9 sIha, elIkareprmkExrv^jnUvGMNactulakar nignKrVl. f 17 tula 1953,

esnabmux h va"g, k~gzan:CatMNagnkgT&BVrSg, eFIBiFIeprGMNacTahanmkbeTskmCa,

ehIybgtcuHmkCasaBrnUvTg'CatiVrSg, kicEdlbJb' 90 q~SnGaNaniKmkmrbs'VrSg. f 8

v^cika 1953, BHecAsIhnu eFIdeNIrcUld*maneCaKC&yk~gkugP~MeBj, ehIysm&ymYyeTotk*cab'

ebIkTMB&reLIg, sm&ysgmrasniym(29) sm&ynGMNacpal'xn.

63

GFibay
(1)

erOgstesk nig erOgkUncab EdlsemcsIhnuEfgk~g \Ncin eXIjBIeb"kSg| bJSg

(2)

elak V"c QWn VntveK (Cbu"n) edaHElgBIekaHtLac ekayBIVnCab'XuMXSgcMnYnBIr

ya"gcas'nUvsanPaBenH.

q~S. k~gesovePA \kmCak~gsgamenAGasIuPaKGeK~y_| Lwk ehatan' nig ma"lxum xat'Evl

sresrfa elakGacar ecov EdlCab'CamYyK~anwgelak V"c QWn VnsuKt \ekamTaruN

(3)

km edayeKykeTAbharCv^t|.

BYkEdltTl'nwgraCaFibetyenH EbkCaBIrcMENkeTAeTot : BYkTI1, EdleKVnehAfaBYk

\xagsS|, bmUlpG~kEdlVneCaKCSecIn nwgtmbswmTis ehIyEdlcg'eXIjbeTs

xn mansab&nneyaVynigsgmkic dUcEdlmanenAbswmbeTs. BYkTI2, \xageqg| Ca

nimitrUbnkarbHeVrrbs'TIbGasIuTl'nwgbswmTis. mnusEdlenAk~gBYkTI 2 enH ecInEt

VnTTYlcMeNHv^Ca nigkarGb'rMenAbswmbeTs. bu"EnG~kTSgenH Tat'ecalTSgsugnUvtm

bswmbeTs Edlxnyl'faCaedmehtu nkarBukrlYynigTuDeTamrbs'sgmxn. BYk

(4)

enHCakmSgnrbbrYmsMVc'enAGasuI.

ebobbdUceTAbeTsevotNam rdkarGaNaniKmVnBegykenIyTSgsug cMeJHkarGb'rM

enAbeTskmCa. enAq~S 1939 eBlEdlbeTskmCamansisEtbYnnak'k~gmFmsika

PaKTI2 beTsevotNammansaklv^Tal&ymYyeTAehIy (1904). k~gq~S 1937 enA

beTsf mhav^Tal&yv^TasasneyaVy zama"sat VnebIkTareLIg edmIGb'rMG~k

neyaVy

nigG~kkarTUt.

eBlEdlqwgx~grbs'evotNammansuTEtG~kBhubeckeTs

bNit v^skr G~knitisas .l. beTskmCaenABIekayqayNas'. edaytmankar

emIlgay eyIgtvEtebIkEP~k[eXIjfa rdmnITI1 rdmnI tmesnIy tMNagras TUt
.l. elIkElgEtmYycMnYntUc mankMritkarGb'rMtwmEtmFmsika. GtItsissalard

VlTSgenaH (salaEdlVrSgbegtedmIeFI[m"asuInrdkarGaNaniKmxnedr) tttay"ag

dac'muxelIbeTskmCa k~gry:evlaCag 25 q~S. eBlEdlyuvCnecjBImhav^Tal&y
mkdl'elIqakCv^tbeTs TMnas'rhUtdl'rvagCnan'mnus (conflit de gnration) k*ekItman

eLIg. VtuPUt huy nim-hU yn'-exov sMpn CalTplnTMnas'enaH. edmIkjSbuN

skixn[Cab' nahWnpb'min[eLIgekgNa EdlminBmcUlk~geKOgynBukrlYyrbs'xn.

dUcBYkcinEdr nahWnebIcMNgGaJh_BiJh_ edmITak'ekg[mkCamYyxn. mhav^eyaKn

(5)

(6)

bCaCnExrsBf CakarkaymYyndesgmenH.

suT b"UlIn nig EbNa haEm"l VnsresresovePAmYyeQaH \skIPaBGMBImnusXadenA

kmCa| EdlenAk~gcMeNamesovePAmuneKTSgGs' (1976) EdlVnVb'mtiGnrCati GMBI

mhav^eyaKExr.

G~keVHeq~at tveqIynwgsMnYr5 :

64
1) bCaCncg'[beTsVnkraCeBjTI eT?

2) bCaCncg'bqSgnwgkarv^ltLb'mkv^j nVrSg eT?

3) bCaCneBjcitnwgkarbegtmuxgarCardmnITI1 eT?

4) bCaCnTukciteT elIrdaPiVlsBf Edlmanelak sWg gu"kfan' CaG~kdknS

ehIyEdlmanebskkmd*xs' tvkarJrnigrkaTukCasaBr nUvkraCnigesrIPaB

beTs?

5) bCaCncg'VneT nUvkarkarJrBIsMNak'mhaGMNacbreTsNamYy? (bkEb).

k~gcMeNam G~kmaneQaHk~gbJIeVHeq~atTSg 674 048 nak' G~kEdlVneVHman

cMnYn 541 470 nak' ehIyVneqIy 100% fa \cg'| eTAsMnYrTI1nigTI2, fa \eBjcit| eTA

sMnYrTI3, fa \Tukcit| eTAsMnYrTI4, ehIyfa \eT| eTAsMnYrTI5 (dkecjBI \savtanGasuI

(7)

GeK~y_| eday hIlIB dv^El).

tamG~kniBn dav^D EsgEbk clnaExrsr: Edlelak sWg gu"kfan' CaG~kbegt Vnman

eLIgtSgBIq~S 1941 (?) KWmuneBlEdl sWg gu"kfan' tvVrSgrkcab' ehIyePosxnmk

Vgkk rYcmktUk. clnaenHcab'bd^snielITwkdEdlVrSg[eTAesom tamsnisJakug

tUkq~S 1941. tamG~kniBndEdl, k~gcenaHq~S 1941 nig 1945 BYkG~kCatiniymmYykum

ekamkardknSn sWg gu"kfan' ehIyEdlVnePosxneTAenAbeTsf VneFIkarerobcM

rcnasmnnclnaenH edaymanesomCYypg (elak fan' cuH-eLIg Vgkk-tUk GI?).

f 8 sIha 1946 kgsr:cUlvaykugesomrab kan'kab'Ggrvt ehIyVj'ecalnay

TahanVrSgBIrnak'enATIenaH. eBlEdlesom[extTSg 5 mkExrv^jenAExv^cika 1946

(Ganelxeyag 13) BYkemsr:tvtLb'eTAenAVgkkv^j EdlenATIenaHBYkG~kCatiniym

eTot@ ecHEtmkbnbnab'K~a. ExkJa 1947 BYkenAVgkkbkaskarekIteLIgn \rdaPi-

Vl n kmCaesrI| EdlVntvTTYlsal'edayrdaPiVlfrbs' BiDI P~Myg'. bu"En dl'

Pibulsgam tLb'mkkan'GMNacv^j Exrsr:VntveKhamXat' min[eFIskmPaBelI

Twkdesom.

tLb'mkbeTskmCav^j G~kdknSsr:bmaN 12 nak' begtKN:kmaFikarExr

rMedaHCatimYy

ekamGFibtIPaBrbs'

dab

QYn.

KN:kmakarenHtVnmanbsiTPaB

eJHem@ rktvK~aBuMekIt ehIym~ak'@ eFItamkaryl'eXIjerogxn k~gTwkdmM@ EdlxnkjS

Vn KWfatmanedrtamExneyaVyrYmGImYyeLIy. emPaKecIn eFIecarkmbn'rasEtmg.

G~kpgGacenAcSGMBIkumsr:d*sahav dknSedayeQaH esob, tk', yI .l. kumecarenH

bBwty"agskmtamBMEdnExr-f CaehtueFI[rGak'rGYlxSg dl'karrt'BnGavuFEdlevot

mijTijBIsukesom

ykeTA[kgkPaBenAyYnxagtg.

tamry:

\kgT&BbCaCnExr

rMedaH| (APKL) rbs'xn evotmijxMbJHbJlBYkemsr:. k~gBYkenH xHk*BmedrCamYy

xHeTotminBmehIyk*vayevotmijEdr.

eqIytbnwgkarehA[cuHcUlnraCrdaPiVl

G~k

EdlmkmuneK KW dab QYn (ekaymk tmesnIy QYn mleBC, kt'ehIyVntveK

sMLab'enAq~S 1959) k~gExkJa 1949, rYcehIy Cabnbnab' man : But-qay nig GUcnil

65
eBC enAExsPa 1953, neratm cnrgI nig sava"gvg enAExkum: 1954 (ekayVnk
raC). k~gExkum: 1954 dEdl eGo sIucUv mkdl'P~MeBjedmIccarkarcuHcUln sWg gu"k
fan'. mindgCamkBIehtuGIEdr karccarenHtVnecjCaGI ehIy sWg gu"kfan' k*minBm

(8)

cUlnwgesc.

manExrkmCaekameyIgCaecIn EdlVnkan'kab'muxgarFM@ k~grdkarevotNamxagtg (CaBi

essekayega"Dineyom) TSgsIuv^lTSgTahan. elak sWg f egg EdleKsal'Nas'

enAkmCaekam

(9)

tg.

enAk~gcMeNamExrkmCaekamEdlVneFICasmaC^kBwTsPaevotNamxag

tamkicBmeBogenAhWENvq~S 1954 kgTahanbreTsTSgGs' TSgevotmij TSgVrSg

tvecjBIbeTskmCa. tamsMNuMnraCrdaPiVl mhaGMNacFM@ Bm[beTskmCa
TTYlsmar:swk nigbuKlikTahanbreTs (cMnYnmankMrit) edmIkarJrTwkdxn. CUeGnLay

EdlxacEkgbeTsExrnigbeTslavFak'ekamTiBlGaemrikSg Vnyl'BmtCTas'
eBlEdlKat'dgfa rdaPiVlExrgakeTArkVrSgmgeTot edmIksagkgT&Bxn. KN:eb(10)

skkmeyaFaVrSgenAEtbnskmPaBeTAeTot rhUtdl'ExmIna 1970.

BHecAmkdl'sukVrSg enAf 12 sPa 1946 cMeBlEdleKkMBugeFIkareXasnaeVH

eq~at. escVneTACYbnwg ehlic hva"g' EdlCnYs dehal EdlVnlaQb'. f 26

mifuna edaytmanePgPat'kgkSgdUckalmkdl'Edr BHecAecjBIsukVrSgmksukExr.

(11)
(12)

k~gcenaHeBlenaH hk bdU VnCab'eq~atCanaykrdaPiVlbeNaHGasn~.

tam miltun Gussn KNbkeCOnelOn rbs'mas' mu"gtaNa VntvtemIgedayBYk

KhbtIExr-cin enAP~MeBj.

G~keVHeq~atCnan'enaH suTEtePTbusTSgGs' eJHnarI EdlkalenaH eKdak'Tukk~gf~ak'TI2

nEpnsgm tTan'mansiTieVHeq~atenAeLIy. ma"geTot kareVHeq~atsm&yenaH tman
cUleTAdl'BiPBksikreT Q~Hcaj'KWenAelITIkugnigTIbCuCnTSgGs'. bu"Enk~gkal:eTs:

sBfenH bnab'BIVneXIjkarBukrlYynKsarExrCaecIn -karBukrlYyEdlVnnSExr

khmmkkan'GMNac, sMnYrmYytvEtecaTeLIg : eTaHbIxnKYrmansiTieVHeq~atk*eday etInarI

(13)

Exrcg'enAtwmEtPriya cg'eTACaBlrdEdr?

ekamkarTamTarrbs'VrSg edmIykBIesomv^jnUvTwkdExrniglav EdlsnisJakugtUk

q~S 1941 Vn[eTAesom rdaPiVlfrbs' esnIVemaC yl'BmCECkCamYytMNagrda

PiVlbeNaHGasn~VrSg enABnKrk~gf 9 emsa 1946. edaykarCECkenHtecjCa

GI[Cak'lak' btiehtutamBMEdnk*ekItmaneLIg cab'BIExsPa. f 24 sIha, 4 fmun
eBlEdlGgkarshbCaCati tvBiPakaelIebkPaBnbeTsf, VrSgVb'eTArdaPiVl

GaemrikSgfa xnnwgminykkarTamTarTwkdenH eTAdak'muxtulakarGnrCatienA LaeGy eT

(dUcEdlfVnes~)

bu"EnxnnwgbnsgamCamYybeTsf

ehIynwgebIsiTiminBmdac'

Ghga (veto) rbs'xn Tl'nwgkarcUlnbeTsfk~g Gsb. CamYynwgkarsMruHsMrYl

rbs'rdaPiVlGaemrikSg

karCECkK~aVrSg-f

k*cab'eFIeLIgv^j

k~gExkJa

mgenHenA

66
va"sIugetan. kicccarVntvnSedaymas' va"nv"fakn xagesom nigedayelak hkBIkU
(rdTUtenA ev"eNheGLa) xagVrSg. f 17 v^cika 1946 kicsnaVrSg-f mYyk*Vn

tveFIeLIg edaylb'snisJakugtUkq~S 1941. 3 GaTitekaymk kgTahanVrSgk*

(14)

cUlkan'kab' Vt'dbgv^j.

rdFmnuJEdlVrSgebIrhUtdl'eBlcb'sgam VntveFIeLIgtSgBIq~S 1875 (saFarN

rdTI3). k~gExtula 1945 ekamkares~Ieyabl'ntmesnIy dehal bCaCnVrSgVn

eVHeq~atBmpas'rdFmnuJ ehIyerIsk~geBlCamYyK~anUvsPaeroberogrdFmnuJmYy Edl

[GMNacTSgGs'eTArdsPa (mankarerIsbFanaFibtICaedm). dak'eTA[bCaCnsMerctam

bCamti enAExsPa 1946 KMeragenHVntvVrSgTat'ecalk~gPaK 53% Tl'nwg 47% .

KMeragrdFmnuJenH VntvExrykmkeFICaKMrU. G~ksikaneyaVyxH VneQakBinitrd

FmnuJExrq~S 1947. elak Lakes cuHk~gniekbbTKat'fa \rdFmnuJq~S 1947 VntveFI

eLIgedayyuvCnExrmYykum EdlminVndgcas'nUvkartvkarBitVkdnbeTs. eBl

xH G~kTSgenaHecInEtcLMykplbeyaCn_nvN:xn, vN:fmYynG~kEdlmanP&BCag
eK, CabeyaCn_rbs'bCaCn. ehIykumenH KWEp~kdknSnKNbkbCaFibety|. (M.
Larch) .

elak PYg tun k~g \niekbbTelIkarv^btiExr| sresrfa rdFmnuJnq~S 1947 Ca

s~adnvN:G~kmanmFmnbCaCati (Bourgeoisie nationale) Edledaycg'eLIgkan'GMNac,

Vneqt{kaslekayeBlcb'sgamelakelIkTI2

edmIsresresckIEcgcab'mYy

EdlbMerIbeyaCn_xn. dUec~H rbbraCaFibetyfEdlmanrdsPaenH Kan'EtTTYlsal'Ca

pvkar nigkarJrkarmanebobnigGP&yksiTiEdlykVnedayvN:manP&BTSgLay .

rdFmnuJExrf

ditEtykKMnittamKMrUbCaFibetymYy,

VnykcitTukdak'min[eday

cas'nUvGFibtIPaBeTAbCaCati, dUcEdlVneFIrdFmnuJPaKecIn EdlbkbedaybCaFi-

betynigesrIPaB nbeTsGasuIPaKGeK~y_, TahrN_ mata 3 nrdFmnuJfnq~S

1949 \GMNacCaGFibtIecjmkBIbCaCnesom. BHraCa k~gzan:Cabmuxrd ebIGMNac

enHtamesckIcat'EcgnrdFmnuJ.| dUcK~aEdr rdFmnuJlavnq~S 1947 mata 3 GFibtI

(15)

PaBCatiecjmkTSgmUlBIbCaCnlav.

ekaymk elak jwk CULg [KNbkexmr:buNkar eTAelak ln' nl' kan'kab'. Vn

buNVns&kiekammb'elak CULg, elak ln' nl' cUlmky"agrmTm k~gqakneyaVy

Exr edaydknSKNbkenH EdlsmaC^kecInEtExrkmCaekam. nSeTAKal'BHecAeday

G~kKSJrrbs'xn elak CULg mnIxagnKrVl ln' nl' VntveKcab'eVHeTAelICa

vr:esnIyeTa

ehIyEtgtSgCaG~kTTYlxustvk~gextVt'dbg

elIkartyuTTl'nwgBYk

sr:rbs' sWg gu"kfan' k~gExF~ 1952. mYyExekayBIVnkraC BHVT sIhnu

eFIbtibtikar \samKI| k~gextVt'dbg, enAExF~ 1953, edmIrkvayevotmij. KWenAk~g

btibtikar \samKI| enHehIy, EdlsamKIPaB ln' nl' sIhnu VnekIteLIg. samKI

PaB Edl 17 q~SekaymkVnrlay, ehIykayeTACamhaekalahlcMeJHbCaCatiExr.

67
elak ln' nl', ExrkmCaekamekItenAeragdrI (taynij), VnTTYlpayTI1 rbs'Kat'enAq~S
(16)

1955, q~SEdlKat'VntvEtgtSgCanayGKesnaFikar nkgexmr:PUmin.

Kab'EbkEdlFak'elIkMBg'Ep haypug enAf 24 v^cika 1946 VnkMeTckicsna sSgtWnI

hUCmij. f 19 F~, karbHeVrenAhaNUy[sJankarcab'epmsgamelIkTI1 nN

cin. ExmIna 1947 dahg'elI VntvCnYseday bulLaEG. edmIrkmeFaVybJb'

sgam, bulLaEG elgsnwkeboVvday, EdlenAhugkug ekameQaHfamas' v^j Fuy.

Vvday vaytmPam Pab'kUsSgsIunmkevotNam. rdsPaVrSgeVHeq~atPab' kUsSg

(17)

sIun eTAevotNam enAf 21 sPa 1949.

niyay[Bit, edayxl'nwgcMeNaTk~gsukxSgeBk bJalknik:nkUsSgsuIn minsUvVn

TTYlkarykcitTukdak'BIraCrdaPiVlbu"naneT. enAfTI 11 mIna 1948 sPanshPaB

VrSgBinitKMeragkarbegtkumCnuMmYyenAkUsSgsIun EdlmanPar:eVHeq~at \yl'Bmb

qSg| nigkarPab'kUsSgsuInmkevotNam. KMeragkarenHlIlaTSgsug emIlgayExrBn'

eBk eJHk~gsmaC^k 64 nak' EdleKbMrug[mank~gkumCnuMenaH, 48 nak' CaCnCatiyYn 16

nak' CaCnCatiVrSg. k~gkicBiPakaelIKMeragkarlIlaenH, KN:btiPUExrEdldknSeday

mas'ktI BIg JgyuKnr tVnsUvmat'keT, ehIydl'eBleVHeq~at KN:btiPUVneVH

(18)
(19)

(20)

GnubvaT.

bnab'BIGg'eKs nigshrdGaemrik, beTskaNada TTYlsal'beTskmCardkraC enA

fTI 30 F~ 1953.

k~g \savtanGasuIPaKGeK~y_|, hlIB d rIEl bJak'f 18 kJa 1949 Etmin[edmehtu

nkarrMlayrdsPaenHeT. ebItam rU"ehsif \k~gneyaVyekAbeTskmCa|, karrMlay
enHVntveFIeLIgekaysnisJanExv^cika 1949.

tSgBIExmkra 1947, tMNagExrsr:CamYyK~anwgtMNaglavesrI nigtMNagevotNam

esrI, VnbegtKN:kmkarcMruHGciny_mYy edmIeFI[maneLIgnUvshbtibtikarBitVkd

ehIymanbsiTPaBelIpneyaVy, esdkic, eyaFa nigTUtk~gkartyuTrYmTl'nwgckBti

niymVrSg. KN:kmkarenHVnepesckIGMJvnavmYyeTArdaPiVl srGa (sarBtman

(21)

(22)

LWm"ugd_, fTI 7/1/47).

BiteBkeTAehIy, \sWg gu"kmij| CaeQaHbegtedayBYkevotmij. Kan'EteKsgaPamfa

Ekgbgbn sWg gu"kfan'. VrSgtVncSyUreLIy edmIecaT sWg gu"kfan' facUlCamYy
evotmij eBlEdlKat'cUlBenAExmina 1952.

enAk~gkugTSgLay, evotmijk*manskmPaBxSgEdr. k~gBBYkyYnGenabevsn_, evotmij

erIsmnuseFIkumP~ak'garsmat'k~gkicpl'esg Ggasluy, Tijf~S, TijGgr .l. dl'

eQaHfa \evotmij| VnVt'CamYykaredrecjeTArbs'VrSg, eQaHfa \evotkug| k*ekItman

eLIgCamYykarcUlmknGaemrikSg. bu"EnKWkumP~ak'garsmat'dEdlh~wg, EdleKdas'[eFI

skmPaBeLIgv^jk~gsgamTI2 nNcin.

68
(23)

enAq~S1950, ekamkarerobcMrbs'VrSg, beTsNcinTSgbICnMuK~aenAkugb"UedmIeFIlknik:

n \shKtrd|. beTssmaC^kTSgenHBmeBogeFI[manEtmYynUvkdasVk', kickar

FnaKarnigKy

edaymankarEckK~anUvcMNUlBnKy

kMBg'EpBnKrVneTACaEpsy&t.

G~kpgGaccSVnGMBIkdasVk' 100 EdlmanrUbnarIExr lav nigyYn, ehIyEdlcayVn

enAevogcnn_ BnKrdUcCaenAP~MeBjEdr. k~gkarEckK~anUvcMNUlBnKy, G~kkan'esdkic

Exr eBlenaHVnbeNay[yYnmaneBobCag, edaybeTskmCaykEt 23% k~geBl

EdlxnCaG~kpl'vtFatuedmTSgGs' CaBiessxagksikm eTA[sukyYnEdlbeJj

tamsah_kmeTACaplitplsmab'lk'teTAeTot.

ExsPa

1953,

rdaPiVlVrSg

sab'EtEtbJHEtm~ak'gnUvtmVk' \b"as| enaH, karbJHtmEdleFI[beTsTSgbI

minsbaycitCaxSg. f 25 kum: 1954, bIExekaykraC, VrSgTTYlsal'eKalKMnit

nGFibtIPaBExrxagerOgesdkic, kdasVk', KynighirJvt. edmICrujesdkicxnEdl

kMBugmankarBiVk, beTskmCa TarykcMENkxnxagcMNUlBnKyEdleLIgdl' 800

lan b"as. dUceKGacrg'cS, yYnpb'kargarenHedayButeFICaeQaHCamYyExr. bnab'mk

edon ebonPU, hWENv, sgamNcinTI2 eFI[karTar \CaecInelIkecIndg| rbs'Exrt

VnplGITSgGs'. VrSg, eqt{kasBICemaHExryYnenH, VnykVk'TSglanenHebI

(24)

Vs'eTA. Vk'EdlCarbs'rdExrenH enAk~gFnaKaVrSgrhUtsBf.

BitehIy, k~gbeTsmYyEdlcab'tSgBIekIteLIg Vnsal'EtrbbnescCamas'Cv^t, kar

yl'eXIjGMBIKNbkneyaVy BiVkCtCab[cas'eTAk~gsTab'rasbCaEdr. bu"En

eCaKC&ynKNbkbCaFibety

BitCaeCaKC&yneyaVymYyehIy

eJHKNbkenH

taglMnSPaKecInnbeTs lMnSkraCniym. karv^nic&yrbs'breTsm~ak'elIKNbk

bCaFiety, KYreyIgykmkBinitEdr \rdsPaminsemckar elIneyaVyExr CagKN:

kmkarnayknKNbkbCaFibetyeT. KN:kmkarenHCaGgkarGafkMVMgmYy, tTTYl

xustvcMeJHmuxG~kNaeLIy, bu"EntttaelIkarsemcnrdmnITSgGs'nigelIskmPaB
nG~kraCkarFM@.

BYkbCaFibetydknSrdedayrebobkan'bkBYk,

bJHbJlrkdeCg

rbs'xnk~gBYkG~kraCkar, eFI[kickarraCkarcbUkcbl'Vt'sNab'F~ab', begteLIgeday

ehtuenH nUvkarminsbaycitCaecIn, ehIyCajwkjy, minTSgcuHsMrugrvagK~agpg.

EmnETneTA,

edayehtufalkN:xnnigeKaledAxn

enAEttTMnak'TMngGICamYymhaCn

EdlCabCaksikr, KNbkTSgLayxitxMEteFIxn[eTACa \smaKmnG~kmanP&B| Edl

xl'xayEtrkmuxrbrnigrkekAGI[smaC^kxn. BYkbCaFibetyVneFIrdFmnuJ, b"uEnk~g

kareskXanGMNacrbs'xn

ehIyedaysanfanwgGacrkaTukVnyUrnUvkardknSkickar

TSgLay, BYkenHVnePcfaenAk~gstirbs'ras escenAEtmann&yfa \Cati|, escCaTIBwg

BMnak' CaG~kkarJrrasFMbMput. eKePcfaeBlNamanv^bti, mhaCnnigesckIsgwmrbs'

xnnwggakeTArkesceT, minEmngakeTArkKNbkeLIy. edayxnbqSgnwgesc, KNbkbCaFibetybEhlCaVn[Bhlixit kMritvasnaxnehIy.| (hlIB d rIEl).

69
(25)

elak sWg gu"kfan' VntvtamedaybJavnmYycMnYnFM EdlenAk~genaHmanelxaFikarpal'

rbs'Kat', elak hg Funhak' GnaKtrdmnITImYynsaFarNrdExr. ekayq~S 1954,

G~kTSgenaHVncuHcUlmkescCaecInK~aEdr,

ehIyVntvnKrVlsmat'kt'sMKal'ekam

eQaHfa \BYkdgErk|. ekaymk, dl'eBlekIterOg \ExresrI|, BYkcas'@ nkumdgErk

elIkElgEtelak hg Funhak' VntveKcab'XuMXSgTSgGs', ehIyG~kEdleKyl'fa

(26)

xSg VntveKsMlab'ecal.

f 1 tula 1949 enAeb"kSg, em"A esTug bkaskMeNItnsaFarNrdcinbCamanit. sh

rdGaemrikEdlrhUtmkdl'eBlenaH

BuMetkGrnwgGaNaniKmniymVrSgeT,

sab'EtEbr

ekayPambnab'BIkar \xatbg'| beTscinenH. CamYynwgkarekIteLIgenAedmq~S 1950, n

KMnitbqSgy"aghYsehtunwgkumynis EdlpBpayedayma"k'kaFI, nTwsI \ElgdUmI

NU|, nignsgamenAkUer", srGa nwgtMrg'karbwgEbgrbs'xneqaHeTATIbGasuI edmITb'

Tl'karBgkxnnlTirYmsMVc"EdlecjBIbk cin-rusI. BIq~S 1950 eTAq~S 1954, Gaemri

kSgCaG~kpl'GavuFdl'ebsk:eyaFBlVrSgenANcin 80% ncMNayk~gsgamN

cinTImYy Cabnkrbs' sr Ga . k~gcenaHq~S 1951 nig 1954, GaemrikSgVn[ 25 lan

dulareTAVrSg

edmICYykmCa.

cab'tSgBIq~S

1950

KN:ebskkmGaemrikSgCaecIn

VncUlmkbnbnab'K~ak~gsukExr. elIkenH, elak sWg gu"kfan' EbreTArkGaemrikSg, ehIy

bEhlKat'elgsnwkebo

(27)

Vgkk.

\bqSgkumynis|

VnCaKat'TTYlCnYyBI

esGIuGa

enA

BYkXatkrnbCaCnExr, EdlsBfkan'GMNacenAP~MeBj, CaplitplnBYkExrevotmij.

tSgBIvaekItmk, evotmijCaeKaHf~ak'mYycMeJHbeTskmCa. EtKYr[say, G~kdknSExrBI

munVnykelsenH edmIkMcat'G~kEdlVnEskbqSgnwgGyutiFm. G~kdknSVneFI[b

CaCnVt'CenOfa evotmijenHGacCaeKaHf~ak'dl'Cv^tnbeTs.

(28)

k~gevlaenaH hU yn' enAeronsukVrSg. eBlEdldgfardsPaVntvrMlay, hU yn'

(29)

ekayfbkaskraC (9 v^cika, EdlcMdUcCacdnelIfcMerInGayuBHecAsIhnu, tSgtu),

epsMbutmYyeTAescedmIfa BHGgElgCaescxMehIy. (NcineXIjBIeb"kSg).

BHecAsMercbegIyK~aCamYyKNbkbCaFibety. f 25 mkra 1955 esc[karyl'

BmeTArdaPiVl eLg Eg"t EdlekAGITSgLayVntvEckdl'KNbkTSgGs' elIkElg

EtKNbkbCaFibety. f 7 kum:, bCamtimYyVntveFIeLIg EdlenAk~genaHsMnYrKW

BHraCebskkmVneFIeLIgCaTIeBjcitnbCaraseyIgeT?. G~keVHeq~at 925 812

nak'VneqIy \eBjcit| k~gPaK 99,8% .

f 19 kum: BHecAVb'[dgGMBIkarEkTMrg'rdFmnuJ Edl[naykrdmnITTYlxus

tvcMeJHmuxesc, ElgcMeJHmuxrdsPadUcmun kicenHVntvCTas'eLIgedayKN:kmkar

GnrCatixagkicttta esGIues, Edlyl'faxusnwgrdFmnuJ. f 2 mIna 1955 BH
ecAdak'raCepreTABuk, semc neratm suramit. Exemsa, semc \byuvraC| sIhnu

begtsgmrasniymCamYy \mitPki| xH elak sm sarI, Ey"m sMbUr, Xwm Tit .l.

70
eqIynwgesckIGMJvnav[cUlmkrYbrYmk~gsgmrasniym, KNbkTSgGs'VnrMlayxn

ehIycUleTA, elIkElgEtKNbkbCaCn CakarN_Fmta EdlCarbs'Exrevotmij,

KNbkesrIPaBnigbCaFibety. f 11 kJa 1955, kareVHeq~atVneFIeLIg, ehIyG~k

Q~HFM KW \KNbksgmrasniym| EdlykVnekAGITSg 91 Edlnwgmank~grdsPa.

hibVk'sgmrasniymVntvCYybMeBjeday tan' V" nigesdeTot EdlVnminBm

TTYldknSrdaPiVlenAExmina1945, bu"EnEdlnwgCYydknSneyaVyesdkicn \semc|

edaysarkayv^karenH.

KNbkesrIPaBVntvrMlayxnenAExkkda

etyVnekIteLIgv^j

15

q~Sekaymk

1956.

cMENkKNbkbCaFib-

k~gkal:eTs:mYyepgeTot.

Exmina

1970,

beTskmCaVntvvaylukluyedayT&ByYnxageCg. minKitrYbrYmK~aedmIQmmuxTl'nwg
eKaHf~ak', G~kneyaVyExrEbrCabegtKNbkeTot edmIdeNImGMNacK~a. lTplnkar

emIlgaytbUnanbvtisasenH, eyIgTSgGs'K~aVneXIjnigkMBugEteXIjenHehIy.

71

PaKTI 5

shB&nNcin
edmIGI?

eKBuMGacsLaj' Cati VneT ebIeKsb' Cn nCatixn .

72
PaKTI 5 manTMrg'Ca sMnYr-cMeLIy. GtbTedmVntvsresrcb' nigpayenAdNac'Ex

tula 1977. dUec~HBwtikarN_TSgLayEdlekItekaymk nwgykeTAsikak~g \v^PaKcugekay|

enAk~gTMB&rPab'2 . rI TMnak'TMngExrcin k~gbvtisasnbeTsTSgBIr VntvykeTAEcgk~gTMB&r

Pab' 1.

sMnYr

k-

shB&nNcin edmIGI?

eTa-

ehtuGI k*cSVc'eFI[Gs'mnus? ebIbeTsTSg3 nSK~aCECkEvkEjkrkkaredaH

saymYybkbedayyutiFmeTA etIeFIekIt BuMekIt?

TMB&r
73

75

tI-

ExrnigyYnminTukcitK~aeTAv^jeTAmky"agxSg. ehtuemcVnCayYnGacbJHbJl

bgkxYrExrkhmVn?

80

cta-

ebIdUec~H etImuxkarnigTiBlrbs'beTscink~gmhav^eyaKExrenAtg'Na?

90

bJ- deNIrd*maneCaKC&yn bu"l Bt eTAeb"kSg GacCasJankarbnn'rbbExrkhm

eT? KWfabCaCnExrGacnwgVnsaksanxHeT? 103

q-

dUec~H etIbCaCnExrnwgeTACay"agNak~gGnaKt? etIGnak'enAtg'Na, sMNag

nwgrs'enAtg'Na? 104

sb- rhUtdl'kMritNa kmCabCaFibetyGacsgwmelIsaFarNrdcinbCamanit?

Gd-

edayvaybeTsfCaecIndg EkgExrkhmcg'ykTwkdcas'v^jeT? dUec~HeKmin

nB-

etIbCaCnExr lav nigevotNam GaccSTTYlGIxHVnBIelak esrI, CaBiessBI

Ts-

cMeJHbeTskmCaeyIg, cMeJHsMNl'nbCaCneyIgelIdExr, etIeyIg ExrenAbr-

111

CaG~kCatiniymxSg? 118

shrdGaemrik? 118

eTs GaceFIGICUn? 120

73

shB&nNcin edmIGI?

GaNaniKmkmrbs'VrSgelINcinenAstvtr_TI 19 VnbJb'y"agtwmnUvsnHrbs'yYn

EdlVneVHxnCab' 9 stvtr_mkehIy k~gkarxitxMBgkTwkd. dl'Vt'vtmannbswmbeTseTA,

NcinsBf tLb'mkk~gkal:eTs:PUmisasneyaVynstvtr_TI 19 v^j EbkEtmanmhaGM

NacGasuIfmYy EdllatsnwgsemalGafkMVMgxnmkelI. mhaGMNacfenH KWsaFarNrdcin

bCamanit.

enAstvtr_TI 10, bnab'BIVnrMedaHxnBITiBlcinmk, yYntvQmmuxTl'nwgcMeNaTf1

karEbksayncMnYnbCaBlkrrbs'xn. edayenAkegnk~gdgCngTenkhmEdlCadrabmYytUc,
sukyYntvkarlatxneTArkTIeTot edmIrs'. enAdNac'stvtr_TI 16 yYnelbVnsukcMV",

ehIy 300 q~Sekaymk deNIrcuHmkTisxagtgrbs'yYn Vncb'nwgkarykVnkUsSgsuIn, kmCa

ekamrbs'Exr. KWenAeBlxncab'edreqaHeTATisxaglic EdlyYnCYbbTHf muxTl'nwgmux, f

EdlVntvmu"gehaledjecjBIyunNan ehIyEdlVncuHmkxagtg cab'tSgBIstvtr_TI 13,

edayrujcanEx niglav EdlenAelIpvrbs'xn. fnigyYn eCosvagkarbTUsr"ayK~a ehIyerIs

ykmeFaVytCak'mYy KWkarEckK~anUvTwkdExrniglav. GaNaniKmkmrbs'VrSg mintwmEtxa

XSgkarEbgEckenH, EfmTSgCb'rdTSgBIr[rs'eLIgv^j.

Cab'C^tmYystvtr_, yYntyuTtsaksan edmIrMedaHxnBIkjSVrSg. CamYyK~anwgkar

tyuTenH KMeragBgkTwkdk*tvVneFIEdr. eQaH |KNbkkumynisNcin| Edl hUCmij dak'

[clnabd^vtn_yYnenAq~S 1930 bgaj[eXIjcas'nUveKalbMNgrbs'G~kdknSyYnenH. esc

kIEfgqn:elIkTI1 rbs'evotmij(1) EdlVneFIeLIgenAExtula 1941 kan'EtCak'lak'eTAeTot

\bgbbgmsTab'sgmTSgGs', Ggkarbd^vtn_TSgGs', GaNikCnCatiTSgGs'. smnkicrvag

bCaCnTSgGs' EdleKC^HCan'enANcin|. k~gkartyuTedmIkraCnbeTsxn hUCmij emIl

eXIjrYceTAehIy nUvcMeNaT EdlecosBuMrYc nkarN_manbCaCnecInhYsenAevotNam. hUC

mij KiteXIjfa ebIVrSgGacbgbbgm kmCa lav nigevotNam [eTACardmYy edaykmSgkS

ePIg nigeTaHbImanKMnuMQWcab'nbCaCnk*eday, beTsevotNamritEtsl{bkesabkmCa nig

lav CamYymuxkarxnCa \G~krMedaH| nigCa \G~kpBpaymenaKmv^Ca|. enAq~S 1945, eBlEdlV-

rSg, k~gkarxMQaneCgrbs'xnmkNcinv^j, Vnes~Idl'beTsTSg \VM| nUvrUbmn shB&nN

cin, hUCmij tEdlbEkkmgNaeLIy. cMVMgrSgCl' laynwgkardkCJnmnus[mkenAelId

TMenr VnhYssm&yeTAehIy (?) . edmIelbykkmCaniglav, evotNamenAsl'EtmeFaVy

mYyeT,

meFaVyEdlGacecosvagkarpnaeTasrbs'mtiGnrCati

KWkarqgkat'tamdNak'mYy

EdlCashB&nnrdTSgbI. rUbPaBKYr[rnt'nkarGt'Xan, nmhnrayesdkic EdlmkGMBIkarman

bCaCnecInhYs EtgEteFI[G~kdknSbeTsevotNamPitP&yCanic. cMeJH hUCmij dUcCacMeJH

buBkarIxn nigcMeJHG~kbntMENgxn, manEtkarBgkTwkdeT EdlGacTajbeTsevotNamecj

74
putBIeKaHf~ak'nkarmanbCaCnecInhYsenH. dUec~HEmn, 2PaK3 npbeTsevotNam suTswgEt
CaP~MfecIn (emIlEpnTITMB&r 142-143) dUec~HGt'dSGIduH (eKecInEtebobPUmisasbeTsevot-

Nam eTAnwgPUmisasbeTs suIlI EdlmandrabEtmYybnHya"gcegt beNaytameq~rsmuT.

yYnrs'enAy"agcegtcgl'elIdrabEdlxnGaceFIEscMkarVn. enAq~S 1970 beTsevotNam

manbNaCnC^t 50 lannak' Edlrs'enAelIEt 1PaK3 npbeTsTSgmUl, KWfaelIp dImYy

EdltUcCagkmCaeTAeTot! ehIyenAelIpdEt 1PaK3 enH manEtval \tIekaN| EdlTenemKg

nigTenkhmhUrkat'cak'cUlsmuTeT EdlCaplitkrnsUv. eKV"n'faenAq~S 2000 bNaCnyYn

nwgeLIgdl' 75 lan! CakarBitNas' EdlFnFanksikmnbeTsnwgxHfNamYyBuMxan cMeJH

mat'yYnTSgGs' (karxHenHcab'manbeNIreTAehIy. enAq~S 1976 yYnVntvkarsv 1,2 lan

etanEfmeTot).

cMeJHkartvkarBgkTwkdenH, kmCaCaTIedAmYyy"agbNIt. eJHfavaldduH EdlBuMsUv

manmnusenAenH eJreBjeTAedaysmtiFmCatiEdltTan'maneKb"HJl'. pyK~asLHBIbNa

CnenAevotNam,

ExreyIgVnsal'PaBsmNsbayrhUt.

fditEtrdKanneyaVytwmtv

xagkarebIVs'Twk, fditEteyIgeFIEstamrebobburaN, ehIyeTaHbI pdEdlVntvPrras'Kas'

dSmanTMhMtictYck*eday, kmCamunsgam CabeTsdksvecjeTAekA. BitehIy ebIeKemIlb-

eTsenANcinmYymg@ dac'BIK~a, beTsTSgenaHBuMsUvmaneT. bu"EnebIdak'mkCamYyK~anUvFnFan

xagEr", xagksikmnigxagTwk, beTsTSgbIrYmK~amansPaBCa \beTs| mYyman, ehIycas'CaenA

k~gcMeNambeTsEdlsmNCageKenAGasuIPaKGeK~y_ (emIlEpnTI).

sn~isITenAhWENv q~S 1954 Kan'EtCabtiehtuGakk'mYy EdlxaXSgmYyEPtsin min

[subinrbs' hUCmij kayeTACakarBit. G~kdknSyYnsBfKan'EtedrtampvEdl hU VnKUsTuk

[. esaknadkmCaTIrnt'nigCaTIexacpa nbCaCnExrsBfenH Kan'EtCalTplnPaKTI1 n

KMeragkarrbs'yYnkumynis. PaKTI1 nKMeragkarenH KWkareFI[Gs'mnusBIkmCa, kicEdlCaC

hanTI1 EdlyYntveVH munnwgcUlmkk~gshB&nmYynrdenANcin.

75

ehtuGIk*cSVc'eFI[Gs'mnus? ebIbeTsTSgbInSK~aCECk

EvkEjkrkkaredaHsaymYybkbedayyutiFmeTA etIeFIekIt BuMekIt?

tbnwgsMnYrenH G~kniBnVrSg Gg'ed m"as'sug Vn[cemIymYyrYceTAehIy \NcinCa

karpK~anbCaCnmYycMnYn EdleKBuMGaclaycUlK~aVneLIy ebIminebIkmSgeXareXA nigkar[

G~kQ~HelbykG~kcaj'|. BitehIy eKBuMsUveXIjPaBsedogK~a rvagGariyFmExrnigGariyFm

yYneT. bu"EnkarxusK~arvagvbFm nigrvagTsn:elICv^trs'enAenH BuMGacBnl'[Gs'Etm~ak'geT

faehtuGIVnCashKmn_TSg2 laycUlK~aBMuekIt. dUec~HEmn, karxkcitCab'rab'stvtr_ EdlmkGM

BIkartttarbs'breTs Vnbegtk~gTgExrnUvcMNg'ya"gxab'mYy nwgkarJrGgPaBCatisasn_

nigvbFmrbs'xn.

snHcitkarJrenH

EdleKecInEtsMKal'edayxusfaCaKMnuM

rvagsasn_nig

sasn_, beJjxneLIgCakarbqSgya"gsitsaj nwgkarbu"nb"glaybJl bgat'BIsMNak'br

eTsTSgGs' eTaHCayYn minEmnyYnk*eday.

ma"geTot eyIgGacsegteXIjfa karxl'xayFMbMput EdlelcecjBIneyaVyekAb

eTsnkmCa k~gkMLg 25 q~SmunenHmanEtmYyeT karrYcCv^tnbeTs. k~gry:eBlenH mnus

TSgmYyCnan' VntvCtCaby"ageCAnwgcMeNaTnCv^tbeTsenH, cMeNaTEdlEmnETneTA Ca

s~lnKMnitCatiniymExr. minsMxan'eT rbbneyaVyEdlmnusmYyCnan'enHtvTTYlyk, bu"En

mnusTSgenHnwgTat'ecaltxaneLIy nUvkareFIshB&nCamYyrdeTot. lkx&N xanBMVn (sine

qua non) EdltvbMeBjmunnwgTajkmCacUlk~gshB&nmYyCamYyyYn (niglav) KWkarbMVt'tg'@
nUvmnusTSgmYyCnan'enH EdlCaeKOgynnbeTs. karenHtBiVkeFIesaHeLIy. KWKan'Et

cak'BYk \G~kk| [bHTl'nwgBYk \G~kman| eTAVnehIy. \G~kk| elIsBIG~kGP&B EdltFnFan

tcMeNHv^Ca tKsar, manBYkecar nigBYkbmwkeTot, niyaymYym"at' KWBYkG~kEdlVnxkcit

nigVntveVHbg'ecaledaysgm. BYk \G~kman| KWmintwmEtBYkEdlVnPrEselIx~graseT

EfmTSgBYkEdlmancMeNHv^Ca eTaHtictYcscesIgkI, eJHcMeNHv^CaenHVntvsMKal'faCasJa

nkarman.

edmIeFIkarcak'bMbHenH yYnkumynisman \Gat'| BIrsnwkEdlsuTEtxSg@ 1, karEbk

Vk'K~axagk~g (rvag ln' nl' nig neratm sIhnu) Edl[elsdl'sgambd^vtn_, 2, BYkExrevot

mij.

sMnYrTI 3 ExrnigyYnminTukcitK~aeTAv^jeTAmkxSg
Nas'.

ehtuemcVnCayYnGacbJHbJlbgk

xYrExrkhmVn?

(enATMB&r 80)

76

GFibay
(1)

edayeyIgBuMsUvTak'citnwgkardgGMBIsavtarbs'beTsC^txageyIg, edmkMeNItnevotmij

enAEtCasMnYrmYyminTan'mancMeLIycMeJHExreyIgCaecIn. G~kniBn k~gkicsnnaCamYyG~k

neyaVyeyIgxH EdlVnsal'yuKevotmij, segteXIjfaGs'elakTSgenaHdUcCacLM

fa KNbkkumynisNcinCaevotmij. cMeJHmitG~kGan eyIgsUmCUneLIgv^jnUvsavta

segbnevotmij. GgkareyaF: -neyaVyenHmintwmEtVnedjVrSgecjBINcineT,

EfmTSgVnbEgrpvbvtisasnbeTseyIgeTot eJHfa cUreyIgkuMePc BYk saLt

sr, eGog sarI, sun esn, sU Pwm .l. Kan'EtCaplitplelIkTI2 rbs'evotmijeT.

savtanevotmijBuMGacTajecj[dac'BICvbvtirbs'G~kbegtxneLIy, KWrbs' hU Cmij

(esovePAEdlniyayBIerOgenHmanecInNas', bu"EnEdllCageK KWrbs' hlIB d rIEl,

\savtanevotNam BI 1940 eTA 1952|, hageVHpay sWy 1952).

C&yCnHnCbu"nelIrusI enAq~S 1905 eFI[Vt'CenOfaBYkEsks BuMecHcaj'. GasuI

PaKGeK~y_TSgmUl, EdlBYkEsksVnykeFICaGaNaniKm cab'kMerIkeLIg. jatiesc

yYnm~ak'eQaH KYg ed, edaymanG~kGkrsas pan' bUycUv EdlCaBuknkarbd^vtn_yYn

CUneTApg, ePosxneTAenAbeTsCbu"nk~gq~S 1906, ehIyBITIenaHnSK~ajHjg'yYn[bHeVr

Tl'nwgVrSg KYg ed sresrsMbutCaecInCamYynwgQamxn. ekaykarbd^vtn_cinnq~S

1911 sun y"atesn, pan' bUycUv mkenAkg'tug edmI[VnC^tevotNam. k~gq~S 1912

enAkg'tug cUv bEmbmUlVnG~kCatiniymyYnxHk~gkum \kicsamKIedmIksagevotNam

eLIgv^j| (evotNam Pik kwk dugmijhUy, Puk kwk), ehIyerobcMrdaPiVlekAbeTsmYy

CamYymas' KYg ed. cmSgrvagK~agk~gsukcin xaXSgBYkCatiniymyYnelIkdbUgenH min

[eTAmuxVnqay

k~gskmPaBxn

cUvVnCab'KukrYcElgmkv^jeday

sun

y"atesn.

bnab'BIsaFarNrdcinVnTTYlbraC&yCaecIndg k~gkarbyuTCamYyBYk \mhaemcmSg|

EdlBuMTan'cuHcUlenATisxageCg, KNbk KYmintag (cinCatiniym) EdlmanmUldanenAkg'
tug k*erobcMbkxneLIgv^j edayminBm[BYkkumynis (em"A, CU .l.) cUlmkCamYy,
ehIymYycMENkeTotEkEbkgT&Brbs'xntamKMrUrusI. tmesnIy Cag kayCak Vntv

eKbJneTAshPaBsUevot.

eBltLb'mkv^j,

eKk*semcbegtbNitsPaeyaFamYy

enA va"mV" k~gExmkra 1924. bNitsPaenH manTIbwkarusICaG~kbgat'begon (dknS

eday mix bUrU"DIn nigtmesnIy va"s'suIlI bEQ). pan' bUycUv niyaynwgcin[BmTTYl

yYn 40 nak' k~gbNitsPaeyaFa va"mV". enAkg'tugEkrK~anwgkum \Pukkwk| rbs'cUv, G~k

CatiniymyYnmYyBYkeTotpK~ak~gkum \tStSsa| enAq~S 1923. k~gq~S 1924 \tStSsa|

bJnsmaC^kxnm~ak', pS hugf, [eTAsmab' \KUEvrn&r eheNr"al'| Em"LSg. edayxn

bMeBjebskkmBuMcb', pS hugf k*smab'xnenAkg'tug. elIkCavr:bursnevotNam, pS

hugf VneXIjp~rrbs'xnkayeTACaTIskar:bUCamYy.

77
enAq~SEdlbNitsPa va"mV" VntvbegteLIg, hU Cmij, ehA lIFuy, mkdl'

kg'tug enAExF~ 1924, edaykat'tam mU"s bnab'BIdeNIrCuv^jBiPBelakmYy. eQaHBIkMeNIt egg

siujKug, ekaymkehA egg tatfaj', rYcehIy egg Gaykwk, hUCmij ekItenAq~S 1890 k~gsuk

ej" Gan' (GNamxageCg). bnab'BIVneFImFmsikaenAkugeh, rYcehIyeronxagCnYjVn 3-4

Ex enABnKr, hU cUleFIeVyenAkV"l' \LamIra"l'LaTUs -etvl|, enAq~S 1912, edmImkTIb

GWr"ub. enAq~S 1913, Kat'cuHeCgkugLgd_ ehIyrs'enATIenaH 4 q~S edayeFIkarCaG~klagcank~g

sNaKar kaltun. enAq~S 1917, hU mkdl'V"rIs, Kat'cUlsubk~gneyaVy. enAq~S 1919, yk

KMnittamesckIes~I man 14 x nbFanaFibtIGaemrikSg v^lsun, Kat'eTA Evrs edmIbgajkmv^FI

man 8 x rbs'Kat'edmI[esrIPaBeTAevotNamGaNaniKm, hU VnCYbsal'G~kdknSsgmniym

VrSg, m"akEsl kasSg nig ma"rIyus mu"get. enAq~S 1920, KNbksgmniymVrSgbJn hU

[eTACabtiPUenAsmaCkug TY. q~S 1921, hU Cmij begtsarBtmanmYyeQaH \LWV"rIy"a| Edl

Ebmkfa G~ketaky"ak. k~gq~SdEdl Kat'eTA mU"s cUlrYmk~gsmaCTI 4 nkUminETn (Jkkat'n

kumynisGnrCati. kuMcLMnwg KYmintag cin). q~Sbnab'mk, Kat'eTAkugenaHmgeTot, elIkenH

KNbkkumynisVrSgbJnKat'eTAerobcMclna \ksikrGnrCati| (eksinETn) EdlenAk~genaH

Kat'VnCab'eq~atCasmaC^kKN:kmakarbtibti. ekaykicCnuMehIy, hU enAEtk~g mU"s rYccuHeQaH

eronk~gsaklv^Tal&ynG~keFIkarnbUJTisk~gq~S 1924. rYcehIyKat'k*ecjBIm"Us mkkg'tug

edayeFIkarCaG~kbkEbPasaenAkugsulsUevt. enAkg'tug hU Cmij CYbCamYykumG~kCatiniym

yYnTSgLay. Kat'Bnl'G~kbegtkum \tStSsa|, hUTugma"v nig eLhugpug, [BmeFIbd^vtn_,
ehIyG~kTSgBIrk*dak'eQaHf[clnaxnfa

\smaKmyuvCnbd^vtn_evtNam|

(evotNam

kak

em"j faj'-ejon dug ChUy, faj'-ejn). enAq~S 1925 hU eFIkickMcat'KUbECgrbs'xn, pan'

bUycUv EdlkMBugEterobcMbegtKNbkmYy, \KNbkCatiniymevotNam| (evotNam kwk dan'

dag, VNQDD). cUv VntveKnSeTAcUlk~gGnak'mYy EdlnSKat'eTA[nKrVlVrSgenAesogh

(EdlkalenaHeKEbgEckK~attdUckugEbLSg) (G~kdak'Gnak'VnTTYlrgan'xan'exA 10mWun ba"s).
ftitEtKan

pan'

bUycUv,

KNbkCatiniymevotNamVntveKbegteLIgenAhaNUy

k~gq~S

1927. ykKMrUtam KYmintag cin, KNbkenHVntvdknSeday egg fhuk, ehIyVneTACaKU

bECgrbs'smaKm \faj'-ejn|. enAkg'tug, tamry:kumfaj'-ejn, hU Cmij bEmbmUl

rksav&kxn edaybJHbJllTi m"ak eLnIn. Kat'eVHpayBwtib&tral'GaTit mYyeQaH

\faj'ejn| (yuvCn) EdltamenaHKat'pBpayKMnitbqSgnwgGaNaniKmniym nigKMnitbd^vtn_.

BIExmifuna 1925 eTAemsa 1927, Bwtib&tecjVn 88 elx. hU cSdl'elx 60 eTIbKat'

Vb'sav&kfa

sgamedmIkraC

tveFICamYyK~anwgsgamedmIGMNacpac'karnvN:kmkr-

ksikr ekayry:eBlbJllTi 4 Ex, hU eCsykG~kBUEkCageK[CYyeFIkarKat', ykG~kxHeTA

pSepnwgbNitsPaeyaFa va"mV", ehIybJnBYkenAsl'eTAbeTsevotNam edmIpBpaynUv

KMnitKat' (sav&k 200 nak'k~gcenaHq~S 1925 nig 27).

enAq~S 1927, ekayBIVncUlK~ak~gry:mYyya"gxI, BYk KYmintag nigBYkkumyniscin Ebk

K~av^j. hUCmij, bUrU"DIn nigTIbwkarusIeTottvecjBIsukcin. hU Tugma"v EdldknSsmaKm

78
faj'-ejn Vntv KYmintag cab', ekaybnicmk. kum faj'-ejn rt'mkenAhugkug, Edl

enATIenaH LS DwkFW TTYldknS. enAq~S 1928, clna kUminETn bJn hU eTAbeTsGalWm"g',

ehIyq~Sbnab'mk eTAbeTsf EdlenAk~genaHmanyYn 2 mWunnak'rs'enA. ekameQaHfa fag C^n,

hU Cmij edrCYbshKmn_yYnenA dn, PiC^t, sakun nigNaxun, edayTak'TgCanic CamYykum

faj'-ejn hugkug. ExsPa 1929, BYk faj'-ejn eFICasmaCmYyenAhugkug EdlKitKUr

erobcMKNbkkumynisyYnmYy. bu"EnbtiPUEdlmkBIkEngCaecInenAevotNam, edayEqtcitnwg

Cv^teqItqayrbs' LS DwkFW, em faj'-ejon, k*BuMBmcUlrYmk~gsmaCenaH. tLb'mksukyYnv^j

G~kTSgenaHbegt \KNbkkumynis| CaecInenAtamPUmiPaKxn. eBlenaHehIyEdl kUminETn

bJn hUCmij mkhugkugv^jedmIbgbbgmBYk \KNbkkumynis| GayTSgGs'. dUec~HehIy

eTIbKNbkkumynisNcin (dug edOg kug sag dag) VnekIteLIgenAhugkugk~gf 6 mkra

1930. k~gsukcin enAq~S 1930, k*manKNbkyYnBIrbECgK~a, bu"EnEdltyuTnwgstvEtmYy

KWGaNaniKmniymVrSg KNbkCatiniymevotNam, cas'CagehIyminEmnkumynis EdlBYk

KYmintag KSJr, KNbkkumynisNcin EdlKSJredayBYkkumyniscin, CakarN_Fmta.

muneK, BYkCatiniymsemcvay. k~gyb'nEf 9 eTA 10 kum:, karbHeVrmYy (EdlrnW

xSgenAsm&yenaH) ekIteLIgenATIbCuCn ey"n Vy. TahanneyaFPUmibHeVreLIgehIysmab'BYk

nayTahanVrSg. VrSgbJa[ynehaHeFIGnraKmn_ ehIykarbHeVrk*Vntvbgaby"agrh&s.

emnKNbkCatiniym, egg fhuk VntveKcab'Vn ehIysmab'ecaleTA. ekayBwtikarN_

enA ey"n Vy enH, ksYgsnisuxVrSgenANcin tamrkcab'BYkCatiniymTSgGs'. bu"EnKN

bkkumynisTSgGs'k*sMerc eFI[mankarbHeVrmYyEdr. Exkkda 1930 enA ej"-Gan (suk

kMeNIt hU Cmij), BYkkumynisyYnbkasbegt \mUldanbd^vtn_| sUevot nanak~gsuk ej"-Gan

edaymaneQaHfa \sUevot ej"-Gan|. mUldanTSgenHmankumG~ksukkan'kSePIgkarJrPUmig,

mantulakarbCaCn ehIyeFIkicEckdK~a (cmgtammUldancinkumynis). f 12 kJa 1930,

ksikr 6 Jn'nak' nSK~aedrtMrg'eTAkug v^n, EdlCaTIbCuext. kgTahaneFIGnraKmn_ ehIybMEbk

VtukmenH. emdknSxHEdlman pS yuSgdug, tug Dwkfag nig y" eggya"b' VntveKcab'bJl

Kuk. tameKfa, hU Cmij tVncUlrYmk~gVtukmenHeT ehIyenAhugkug.

f 10 mifuna 1931, nKrVlGg'eKseLamB&Tkariyal&y kUminETn enAhugkug ehIycab'

hU Cmij enATIenaH. VnsakIGg'eKsm~ak'eQaH elAs_Vy karJr, hU VntveKedaHElgv^jenA

edmq~S 1933. eLIgkV"l'mksukGg'eKs, hU VntveKcab'mgeTotenAsigbUrI edaytlixitqg

Edn, ehIyykmkdak'Kukhugkugv^j. elIkenHtamerOgniTanxH, hU rt'ecjBIKukVn, ehIymkdl'

sukcin EdlenATIenaH Kat'xMrkTak'TgCamYykumyniscin EdlkMBugmankarN_BiVkEdr. ekay

mk hU eLIgkV"l'rusImYymk va" DIv"Usk, ehIymk mU"s. enAmU"s Kat'cUleronenAsaklv^Tal&y

eLnIn ehIyrkkareFIVnk~gv^CasansavCavnkarsikaGaNaniKm. enAk~geBlenaH karbgab

BYksmaC^knKNbkkumynisNcin edaynKrVlVrSgkMBugEtbneTAeTotenANcin. enAq~S

1935, KNbkkumynisNcinbJnbtiPUBIrnak', eL hugpug (G~kbegtm~ak'n \faj'-ejn|)

nig egg FImijx eTAsmaCTI7 nkUminETn mU"s. k~g{kasenaH, eL hugpug VnCab'eq~atCasma

79
C^kKN:kmkarbtibtinclnakUminETn. dUec~H hU Cmij VntveKElgrab'Gan, ehIykarN_enH

bEhlCaTNkmGMBIbraC&yk~gVtukm sUevot ej"-Gan kalBIq~S 1930. k~gq~S 1936 enAsuk

VrSg, eKkMBugEtelIktemIg \rNsirbCamanit|. enANcin G~kbd^vtn_yYnCaecInnak'VntveK

ElgBIKukv^j. CafmgeTot kareVHBumpayepg@ rbs'BYkkumynis nigBYkCatiniymyYn cab'eFI

eLIgv^j. enAq~S 1937, Cbu"ncUllukluybeTscin. CafmgeTot, KY mintag nigcinkumynis

cab'dK~aeLIgv^j.

shPaBsUevotEGbxnmkC^tbeTscin

ehIycuHkiccgemtIPaBCamYycin

edaymankar[xIVk' 259 landular. hUCmij GactLb'mksukcinv^jedaytmankarBiVk.

elIkenH hU cUleTAcUlCamYyBYkkumyniscinkugsa"n, enAdNac'q~S 1938. BIsukcin, Kat'xM

Tak'TgeLIgv^jCamYyKN:kmkarkNalnbkkumynisNcin. Exv^cika 1939 T&BCbu"nkan'

kab'Vnext kagsuI. TnwmK~anwgkarrlMnsaFarNrdTI3 VrSg, Cbu"ncUlkan'kab'evotNamxageCg

enAEx kJa 1940.

enANcin, \KUEvn&r eheNr"al'| dKU, edayxacclnabd^vtn_yYnTSgGs'mt'K~aeFIkarbH

eVr, sMercvay[Vnmun CnCatiyYnCaecInJn'nak', eTaHVntveKsMKal'Cakumynis k*t

esaH, k*VntveKcab'XuMXSg. eL hugpug, GKelxaFikarnbkkumynisNcin, nigsmaC^k

KN:kmkarbtibtixHeTot VntveKsMLab'ecal. dUec~H KNbkkumynisNcinVnxat'xay

mYyeBleTA. bu"EnsmaC^kCaecInVnePosxnrYceTAdl'sukcin, CaBiessenAext yun Nn. hU

Cmij EdlmgenHTTYlCnYyCaVk'kasy"agecInBIcinkumynis, xitxMbEmbmUlyYnTSgLay

EdlePosxnmkenAbeTscin. kicbEmbmUlTSgenHnSKat'[CYbG~kdknSyYnecInnak' Edlman

nayTahanm~ak'k~gT&Bcin KYmintag eQaH hU gu"kLS. nayTahanyYnenHk*kMBugbEmbmUlK~IK~amk

k~gclnaxneQaH \smaKmedmIkicsamKIedImIkraCevotNam| (evotNam dukLab' dugmij

hUy) EdlVntvbegteLIgtSgBIq~S 1935 enA NnKig. edayVn hU gu"kLS CYypg, hU Cmij

VntveKnS[CYbG~kdknS KYmintag m~ak'enA kaylin eQaH lI Cesn. G~kdknScinenHkMBugrk

mnusm~ak'EdlBmeTAesIubkarN_elITItSgT&BCbu"nenAevotNamxageCg,

ehIyKUsKMeragpvcUl

mYyk~gGnaKtsmab'T&Bcin. hU eqt{kasPam ehIydak'ebkPaBrbs'xn.

enAExtula 1940, hU Cmij es~Idl'kumyYnTSgGs'[cUlk~grNsirrYbrYmmYy, ehIynS

K~amkenAtamBMEdncin-yYn. \kumevotNam dukLab' dugmijhUy| rbs' hU gu"kLS k*cUlK~aCa

mYyBYkKNbkkumynisNcin k~grNsirfmYyeQaHfa \evotNam dukLab' dugmij| (kic

samKIedmIkraCnevtNam), eQaHEdlVrSgehAkat'fa evotmij. hU gu"kLS VnCab'eq~atCa

emclna. pS yuSgdug Cab'CaPUQYy, ehIyevotmijk*VnekIteLIgedayy"agenHg. CamYy

clnaevotmij, hU Cmij tLb'cUlmkbeTskMeNItv^j edmItyuTtamsgamqk'Tb'Tl'nwg

VrSg. sgambd^vtn_EmnETnk*cab'epmeLIgcMeJHG~kneyaVy hU Cmij EdlVnrg'cS{kas

enH 21 q~SmkehIy, tSgBIxnVneTA vrs enAq~S 1919.

80

ExrnigyYnminTukcitK~aeTAv^jeTAmkxSgNas'. ehtuemc
VnCayYnGacbJHbJlbgkxYrExrkhmVn?

BYkXatkrnbCaCnExrEdlkan'kab'GMNacCagbIq~SenAsukExrBuMEdlVntvbgkxYreday

CnCatiyYneT bu"EnVntvbJHbJledayBYkEdlsemc sIhnu Vn[eQaHfa \Exr-evotmij|.

edmIyl'faehtuemcVnCaCnCatiExrkayeTACa Exr-evotmij ekIt ehIyBinitemIlkarv^vtn_nBYk

enH eyIgtvtLb'mkekaycMnYn 30 q~Sv^j.

CadbUgeyIgtvdgfa

kUnesaEdlebIk[evotmijVnTTYleCaKC&y

KWBYkGaNikCnCati

epg@ nNcin. eTaHbIkarN_enH [eKrkeCBuMekIt, kgTahanelIkdbUgrbs'evotmijtmanCn

CatiyYneT, bu"EnmansuTEtBYk \fU|(1) Edlsb'yYnrab'dNr dUcCnCatixHEdr. dUec~HEmn, eqt

{kasBIkarbHeVrmYyrbs'BYkknaj fU Tl'nwgGMNacGaNaniKmk~gq~S 1940, y" eggya"b'

erobcMtemIgmUldanmYy EdlnwgeTACaTIedmnkartyuTd*yUrTl'nwgVrSg. teTAenH KWkarr"ayr"ab'n

G~kniBnVrSgeQaH ehra" eL kag GMBIbeckeTsEdl y"ab' VnebI edmIcUleTAk~gBYk fU (k~g

esovePA |ya"b' sgamnbCaCn| bNaKar dNUEGl 1973)

\tamdbUnann hUCmij, y"ab' eroneTsPasaBYkG~ksukP~M ehIyecHniyaylmk~geBlxI

bnicEdr. Kat'[eKbegondl'mnusKat'eTot. edayykcitTukdak'elIbsiTPaBnkareXasna

Kat'[eFIkmsikaneyaVy eTAtamTMenomG~ksuk \CamYyBYk ma"n' s (knajsukP~MmYy) (man

BYk m"an' exA, kkn) eyIgtvrhUtKUrrUbeTot edmI[eKyl'KMniteyIg, Kat'VnniyayVb'ekay

mk. edmI[yl'fa VrSgnigCbu"n CJk'QambCaCneyIg, eyIgKUrrUbVrSgm~ak'nigCbu"nm~ak'vay

yYn, rUbksikrm~ak' sgt'edayTmn'BndarnigkMENn. eyIgeFIKMnUr1eTot Edlman Kin m~ak'

(GaNikCnmYykumeTot), m"anm~ak' fUm~ak' edrkan'dK~a edmIbgajkarcSVc'nkarrYbrYmCatiTl'

nwgBYklukluy|. y"ab'VndknSG~kbgat'mYykum EdleFIkark~gPUmiPaK haGan eggb^n. Kat'

r"ayr"ab'fa

edmIeFI[bNaCnTukcit

Kat'VnbJa[mnusrbs'Kat'bnn'xneTAtamTMenomTMlab'

rbs'eK ehIynigeFIBiFIsf eBlNacUleTAk~gPUmi ma"n mYy.l. edayy"agenHgEdlVntv

sageLIg ekamsnHrbs' y"ab' nigsbtamKMnitrbs' hUCmij, nUveKalKMnitmYyk~gcMeNam

eKalKMnitneyaVyeTotnrbbf karCYyKSTBYkGaNikCn EdleKnwgeKarBCenO nigTMenom.

tmesnIybInak'nkgT&Bevotmij CaCnCatifU. kgBlFMelx 312 nig 316 EdlVn

cUlrYmk~gkarbyuTn edon ebon PU mansuTEtCnCatifU (20 000 nak', KW 20% neyaFa evotmij
enAq~S 1954). rdmnIksYgkarJrbeTs k~grdaPiVlbeNaHGasn~TI1 nsaFarNrdbCaFib-

etyevotNam, CUy"agtag, CaCnCatifU. eBlEdlevotmij cab'cUlmkk~gevotNamxagtg vak*

VneFImUldanCaTIedmmYy edayebIBYkGaNikCnEdlrs'enA \TITYlxs'| Edr(2). dUceKGacrg'

81
cS, Exrekam EdltyuTtSgBIstvtr_TI 19 edmIrkaGgPaB Catisasn_ nigvbFmxn k*evotmij

BuMVnbMePcEdr. dUcGaNikCnCatieTot eKbbYlbgbneyIg[byuTtTl'nwgVrSg edaysnafa

nwg[s&yPaBTUlMTUlay eBlNaNcinrlas'xnBIVrSgGaNaniKmniym.

tSgBIq~S 1946, hUCmij cab'ykcitTukdak'nwgbeTskmCa. eKaledABIrya"gcas'las'

mank~gKMnitG~kdknSyYn. TI1, sMrab'ebIkarPam@ KWsabnapvecjcUlmYy edmIdknSkSePIgEdl

Tijedayrt'BnBIsukf ykmkevotNamxagtg ehIyedmIrkesgbJnmksukenH (sUvVt'

dbg, tITensab .l.). kickarenHVntvbKl'[kgkPaBevotmij(3). TI2, sMrab'eBlxag

ekay KWeFI[beTskmCaeTACarNb eBlNaNcinrYcBIkjSVrSgehIy, edayebIKNbk

kumynis \Cabgbn| mYy EdlmansuTEtExrEdlbugebobxnCnYsVrSg. kickarenHVntvTuk

[Exr (EdlelIkdbUgsuTEtExrkmCaekam) ehIynigExrkat'yYn yYnEdlekItenAsukExr ehIy

EdlVncUlsubk~gsgmExr. G~kniBn EbNahl', k~gesovePArbs'xneQaH \evotmij| (bNa

Kar Garm"g'kULSg, 1960) VnbgajTMrg'TMraynExrevotmij ehIyBnl'k~geBlCamYyK~a nUv

beckeTsbJlxnrbs'evotmij mkk~gkmCa

bu"EnbeTsGasIuBIrVnTTYly"agFM k~gkMLgecInq~SmkehIy nUvTiBlnneyaVyekA

beTsn sbv (saFarNrdbCaFibetyevotNam) lavnigkmCa. edaykt'sMKal'sPaB

Tn'exayxagcMnYnbCaBlkr xagkgT&B nigxagesdkicnbeTsBIrenH cMeJHmux sbv, eKKYr

Binit[yUr nUvTMnak'TMngrvagbeTsBIrenH nig sbv.
GtIt:

smaC^knshB&nNcindUcCaevotNamEdr

beTsBIrenHmanCamYyG~kC^txag

yYnxn mintwmEtkarBiesaFn_elIGaNaniKmniymVrSgeT EfmTSgbvtimYyd*Evg nkarrs'enACa

mYyK~aEdl, Cajwkjy, BuMsUvbkbedaysniPaB, ehIyEdlrdtUcTSgBIrecInEtCaG~kbg'xat.

kardkykPaBGaNaniKmecjBIkmCaniglav VneFIeLIgtamrebobmYysYlbYlEdr ehIyBuMKYreTA

CaehtumYyEdleFI[manGnraKmn_yYneT. bu"EncMeJHerOgenH, sbv dUcCaVnlaymenaKmv^Ca

ma"kniym rbs'xncUlK~anwgeKalbMNgmYyEdlfaTMenomTMlab' (siTi) CatiniymyYn. eJHfa

TwkdyYnTSgGs'EdlenAekamExsbelx 18 nigenAxaglicnswgexA Kan'EtCaTwkdEdlxn

cUlmkenAelIeT, ehIycMeJH (Twkd) evotNamxagtg GaNaniKmkmenHenAf@ enAeLIy. say

hg eTIbnwgeTACayYnenAq~S 1688 eT, ehIyhaeTog EdlenAxagnirtIneCay (Ncin) eTACayYn

enAq~S 1714 KWfaticCag 150 q~S muneBlEdlVrSgmkdl'. bu"En KWtSgBImunq~S 1850 eTAehIy

EdlmYyPaKFMnbeTslav VnenAekamGMNac (bUtiktUr"a) escGNam, ehIyenAq~S 1846

beTsesomnigbeTsGNam EbgEckkmCaCaPUmiPaKepg@ EdlxnsnwgTiBlelI. CaelIk

begy,

KWkarcUlmktSgTInVrSgeT

EdlVkdCaVnsg'beTsTSgBIrecjBIkarVt'bg'TSg

mUl, karVt'bg'EdlraCaNackcam Vnsal'kalBI 2 stvtr_mun.

karrMlwksavtaenH CakarcSVc' edmIyl'Gakbkiriyarbs'yYnkumynis minkumynis,

cMeJHmuxlav nigkmCa KWKan'EtCaTwkdBIrEdl, \tamcab'|, tvsMKal'fadUcCarbs'evotNam

eTAehIy, ehIybEhlCanwgeTAdUec~HEmn ebIKanbsKnGaNaniKm (VrSg). EmnETneTA cMeJH

TMnak'TMngrvagkmCanigevotNamxagtg, kardk (Ncin) ecjBIkarkk'bJS (nwgVrSg) GaNa

82
niKm VnbeJHcMeNaTrvagbeTsTSgBIr sayhgecaTP~MeBjfaVn[Crkdl'BYkyYnEdlb

qSgnwgrdaPiVlxn, P~MeBjecaTsayhgfaeFITukbukem~jdl'BYkGaNikCnExrd*ecIn (440 000

nak'!) Edlrs'enAtamPaKekamnTenemKg, ehIyCYyKSTBYkExrEdlbqSgnwgsemcsIhnu .

cMENkTMnak'TMngrvagsaFarNrdbCaFibetyevotNamnigkmCav^j, ecInEtCakarbn

neyaVyEdlCaTMenomTMlab'rbs'yYn edmIcUl (k~gTwkdExr). neyaVyenH VntvGnuvtn_

y"agecInk~gcenaHq~S 1950 nig 1954 eJHfasankarN_xagk~grbs'Exr dUcCaebIk{kas[

Nas'. enAExmIna 1945 G~kneyaVyExrm~ak'EdlmanedmkMeNItenAsukyYn, sWg gu"kfan', KS

Jreday Cbu"n, bkaskraCeBjTInkmCa ekaykarebIkmSgnCbu"n EdleVskMcat'rdkar

VrSg. k~gnaTICardmnITI1 Kat'xMbqSgnwgkarv^ltLb'mkv^jnVrSg bu"EnVntvkgkPaBn

tmesnIy LWEK cab'y"agrh&s ehIyVntvbMbrbg'. edaHElgmkv^jtamkarTTUcsuMnBHecA

(LvenHsemc) sIhnu enAq~S 1951 Kat'tLb'mkkmCa edmIKan'EteVHxnmgeToteTAk~gkar

bqSgnwgescKat' k*dUcCabqSgnwgVrSgEdr.

bu"En evot-mij tVnrg'cSkartLb'mkv^jn sWg gu"kfan' eT edmIbmUlmkTukekamd

rbs'xn nUvBYkExrmincuHcUlTSgkumEdlmanBBYkkum \Esllul| nigkgkPaBBiessevotmij

cSCYyBtdpg. tSgBIf 19 mina 1950 eTAehIy KWminTan'TSgVnmYyExpg ekaykarbegt

KNbk Lav-dug (KNbkG~keFIkar, sBfkan'GMNacenAevotNam, kkn), BiFIsemaFn

\KN:kmkarkNalnkarrMedaHbCaCnExr| VntveFIeLIg, ehIyEdleTACarNbsuTsaFn s

bv (saFarNrdbCaFibetyevot-Nam). k~gkareXasnaevotmijenAkmCa eKniyayBIExr

m~ak'y"agGafkMVMgeQaH sWg gu"kmij. bu"EnEmnETneTA btibtikarevotmijenAkmCa enAekambgab'

nnay \kariyal&ykNalnTkiNTis|, kUnkat'Exr-yYnm~ak'eQaH suIv ehg.

edayehtufa enAbeTskmCamankareFIlatnebsk:eyaFBl (VrSg) ticCagenAb-

eTsevotNam, TIbJakarnananevotmijenATisxagtg k*cab'epmeFIclnamkbeTskmCak~grdv

ekA (eGet) q~S 1950. k~geBly"agx beTskmCak*Cab'cUlk~greboberobcMrdVlevotmijmYy

Edr, ehIykicenHtvEteKsMKal'faCardaPiVlTahanmYyelITwkdkan'kab' eJHeFIeLIgenAk~gdbr

eTs. kmCaTSgmUlVntvEckCabIPUmiPaK (emon), CaEb"k (vg') ehIyCakPaB nigCakum \Esl

lul| Gay (suk, XuM, PUmi). KN:kmkarkbx&N (V"gkagsuW) Vntvdak'BIelIPUmiPaKExrTSgbI,

KN:kmkarsMrab'PUmiPaKnirtItmanExreT, ehIyBIreTot mYy@ manEtExrm~ak'k~gcMeNamsmaC^k

TSg7 nKN:kmkar.

enAf 22 v^cika 1950, sni~sITTImYyrvagG~kdknSevotmij nigBYkmincuHcUlnkmCanig

lav VntveFIeLIg. lTplnsn~isITenH KWesckIEfgkarN_mYy cuHhtelxaeday tug Dwkfag

edmIevotmij, suIv ehg edmIkmCa nigmas'mincuHcUl supanuvg edmIlav, ehIyEdlcg'eFIkmv^FI

dUcteTA smnPaBmYyrvagbeTsTSg3 edayykCamUldannUv \smPaB nig kareKarBeTAv^j

eTAmknUvGFibtIPaB nigbUrNPaBTwkdnbeTsnimYy@|, xitxMedmI \lb'bMVt'karbkan'BUCsasn_

(KWfaTwkcitbqSgyYnnlavnigExr) EdlVrSgGaNaniKmniymVneFI[man|, rYcCabegy suM[b

CaCnTSg3 rYbrYmK~a[kan'EtC^tsi~TieLIgedmIbyuT. karerobcMedaysbK~anUv \rNsirrYbrYm|

83
rbs'Exr nig rbs'lav EdlcMLgtamKMrU elon-evot k*ecHEtedreTAmux, ehIyenAf 11 mIna 1951

sn~isITmYyeTotk*eFIeLIg EdlbCuBYktNag elon-evot rbs' sbv (tugDwkfag) nigBYk

tNagrNsirCatirYbrYmExr (FNUK, kkn) nigBYktMNagrNsirCatirYbrYm V"eftLav. elIkenH

esckIsMerccitEdlVntveKeVHeq~at maneKalxHnkmv^FImYycas'las'eTAehIy kickarCa

eKalFMnkarbd^vtn_nbeTsTSgbI KWedjecjBYkGaNaniKmniymVrSg nig (semgCYgfmYy)

BYkGnraKmn_niym GaemrikSg. \KN:kmkarnaykGciny_mYyVntvbegteLIg EdlmaneQaH

fa \KN:kmkarnsmnPaBnbCaCn evot-Nam, Exr nig V"eftLav|.

LvenH evotmijbugrYcCaescnwgdak'KNbkCamUldanmYyEdlcab'BITIenaH eKGac

temIgGgkarkumynisExrmYy, eJHfaBYk \ExresrI| (Exrsr:) cUlciteFIkaredaytsNab'

F~ab'eBk, tamEtcitBYkemk~gsuk. KN:kmkarmYyeTotVntvbegteLIgEdlmaneQaHy"agEvg

fa \KN:kmkarkNaledmIrt'kickaredmIbegtKN:bkbd^vtn_nbCaCnExr| (Vgy"agdugfan'

Lab'dagj"agdagkakm"agkav-man). tg'nwgk*Edr eKBuMVneFIedayxIxaeT, eJHfakmv^FInKNbk

fenH VntvsresreLIgedayG~kkeTsyYnEtmg edmIEckbneTA[Exr tamkumevotmijk~g

suk. rebobEdltveFItamVntvVb'y"agcas'k~gkMNt'Bnl'EdlPab'CamYylknik: nKN

bkf ehIyEdlVnEckpayCamYyK~a

dl'smmitTSgGs',

12-

enHCaksarBIrEdlTak'Tgnwg
ExneyaVynKNbk.

lknik:nKNbkbd^vtn_nbCaCnkmCa.

lknik: VntvGnumtiCakc&n edayV"gkagsWu nkmCa. cMENkxagExneyaVynKN

bk V"gkagsWu VnGnumtiEtExbnat'FM@ eT EdlmitnwgykeTAeFICamUldannkickarrbs'mit

nig nkarbgat'bgajdl'G~kcUlfk~g \KNbkbd^vtn_nbCaCnExr|. edayksarenHVntv
sresreLIgy"agelOn, eKtvebIeBlevlaxH edmIsika[ht'ct'nigeCA.

eyIgsUm[ (KN:kmkar) PUmiPaK bkEb CaExr rYcEckpayenAk~gkumTSgLay. eyIgsgwwm

fak~gry:eBlrt'kickar edmIerIsrkG~kcUl nigedmIerobcMEsllulTSgLayEdlKNbknwg

BwgEpkeTAelI edmIekIteLIg[twmtvtamcab', mitnwgbgb'ksarenHCamYymtirbs'mit Edl

mitnwgeFIeLIg[Vndl'KN:kmkarkNal edmIrt'kickark~gkMLgExkum: 1952.

KN:kmkarnwgbmUlpmtiTSgGs'

ehIynwgykKMnittamedmIeFIesckIEfgeKalbMNgneya-

VyCapvkarnKNbk. esckIEfgeKalbMNgenH nwgVntvEckcayCapvkar k~gcMeNam

bCaCnEteBlNaEdl V"gkagsWu nwgVnyl'BmehIy.

(htelxa) f 5 sIha 1951

KN:kmkarkNaledmIrt'kickaredmIbegtKNbkbd^vtn_ n bCaCnExr.

84
lknik:nKNbkbd^vtn_nbCaCnExr

EdlVntveroberogeLIgedayTIbJakarevot

mijenAkmCaenH minCaGIekABIesckIsegbnlknik:rbs' Lav-dug eT. karxusK~amanmYykEng

ehIyy"agsMxan' t manniyayBI \lTiFM@ n ma"k, Ginhil, eLnIn nig em"A-esTug| eT. kar
niyayBIlTineyaVy manenAEtk~gXamYyEdlminGs'esckI \lTin KNbk CalTibCaFi

etybCamanit.(4)

cab'tSgBIeBlenHeTA, karrIkcMerInnkarbHbqSgExr eFIeLIgy"agtelgtamKMrUyYnrbs'

xn. enAq~S 1952, KN:kmakarCatinkarrMedaHExr EbxneTACa \rdaPiVlExrtsU| dknSeday

sg gu"kmij ehIyEdlVntv \TTYlsal'| Pam BI V"eftLav nigBI sbv ekABIenH trd

NaeTotTTYlsal'eLIy. \rdaPiVltsU| enH mansar:sMxan'bnic enAeBlC^teFIsni~sIT hW

ENv, eJHfaebI sbv eFI[eKTTYlsal'VnnUvvtmanCapvehtu nrbbTSgBIrenH EdlxnKS

Jr, Chrrbs'xncMeJHmuxVrSgnwgrwgbwugy"agxSg. k~geBlEdleCaKC&yxagTahanrbs'xnman

eLIgCabnbnab'K~a enAlavnigkmCa BIExF~ 1953 eTAExemsa 1954, G~kdknS sbv k*niyay

jwkjyeLIg nigxSgeLIgGMBI \rdaPiVl| n sWg gu"kmij nig supanuvg. karbrebskkmK~a k*

maneLIg,

ehIyrhUtmaneTAdl'esckIEfgkarN_n

\rdmnIksYgkarbreTs|

nrbb

sWg

gu"kmij, ekmunI, Edltva"enAf 20 mIna 1954 Tl'nwg \GnraKmn_GaemrikSgenAsukExr\ ehIyecaT

BHecAsIhnu EdlVnTTYlBIVrSgnUvkraCnbeTs enAExtula 1953 faCatukta.

bu"Enkarbegt \rdaPiVltsUExr| CakarbnbbEngeBk. bCaCnExrPaKecInenAesaHtg''

nwgescxn

ehIynigsab&ntamTMenomTMlab'xn.

ehIyeKeXIjcas'eBknUvdbreTs

yYn

EdlenABIekayesckIbkasnigsunrkfaTSgLayenaH EdlCajwkjy Vntvbkpal'BIPasa

yYn. beTskmCa nigbeTslavBuMBmGgyenA hENv ekaytu CamYy \rdaPiVlbIsac|

TSgenaH ehIybkkumynis k*bnn'xntam. k~gry:eBlticCagBIrEx, rcnasmnrdaPiVlevotmij

enAkmCaVt'Gs' dUcCatvmnGaKm. sWg gu"kfan' eFIskmPaBmgeTotCamYyescxn bu"EnKan'

EtedmICab'bLak'mgeTotk~gkarb"unb"grMlMescenH k~gq~S 1959. sWg gu"kmij etImnusenHman

Emn mYyCa sIuv ehg? ecjeTACamYykgkPaBevotmij EdltLb'eTAevotNamxageCgv^j

ekaykicBmeBogQb'cSgK~a. sbv caj'TwkTImYyenAkmCa.

karP&ncLMEdlVneFI tvEtEkeLIgv^j. EmnETneTA karEkenHnwgsYleFICagkar EdleK

mansgwmTukenAhaNUy. edayVnTTYlTukbukem~jxSgBIG~kC^txagminkumynisxnBIrnak' KWb

eTsevotNamxagtgnigf, kmCaeXIjelcecjmkv^j nUvVyklrYmtamTMenomTMlab' Edl

eFI[xnVnVt'kraCkalBIGtIt:. kmCak*EbrrkTarTSgGs'EdlebIk[xnrYcBIeKaHf~ak' ehIy

haNUyCaTarmYyEdr. sbv ElgmanBMEdnCamYynwgkmCaehIy, ehIysarBtmanxnnigv^T

xnkarJrbeyaCn_Exr, minEmnedayesckIsLaj'BiesselIraCaFibetyExreT, bu"EnBIeJHG~k

C^txagrbs'ExrCasmnmity"agC^ts~iTinwgshrdGaemrik. semcsIhnu escnwgdak'raC[Buk

mayenAq~S 1955 ElgTTYlkareCrtHtiHedolCaGlCBIv^ThaNUyehIy, pysLHeTAv^j.

bu"EnsemcenAcS ehIyExrk*minePc karcUllukluyevotmijk~gbeTskmCa enAExkum: 1954,

85
ehIykickarTak'TgEdlmaneLIgrvagP~MeBj nig haNUy Kan'Etsmrm, telIsBIenHeLIy.
G~ktMNagpvTUtExrm~ak'eTAenA sayhg bu"EnKantMNagExrenAhaNUyeT (rhUtdl'q~S 1960).

dl'Exv^cika 1958 eTIbKN:btiPUyYnxageCgmYymkdl'P~MeBj, bu"Enmunnwgmkdl' Exr

VnVb'rYcesc ehIyy"agcas'fa k~geBlLvenHtmanerOgTTYlsal'rdaPiVlhaNUyeT.

kicccarenAtwmEt eFIkicBmeBogJNiCkmmYy cuHf 20 v^cika EdltamenaH sbv nwgpl'dl'

kmCanUvFg, CatiChssat, GMeVH nigkNat' ehIynigEt brK~anUvplitplksikm. kicBm

eBogenHmanniyayEdrGMBI \karsgwm| nwgeFI[manTMnak'TMngxagbsNIy_ nigxagvbFm, dUec~H

eKdUcCaGac[eyabl'bJb'fa

sbv

VnElgGnuvtn_

y"agehacNas'k*k~geBlLvenH

Edr nYvneyaVyykkmCaeFI \rNb|, eJHneyaVyenHVnxUcxatmgeTAehIy.

(cb'kardksg')
dUec~HtSgBIq~S 1950 rcnasmneBjeljCaKN:kmkar-kbx&N (V"gkagsWu) VntveFI

eLIgeBjraCaNack, ehIyenAekamkartttarbs'vresnIyk egg fat'sWg (ehA hn:l:KIrI)

nkgT&Bevotmij(5). cMENkxagreboberobcMBYkkumekammkeTot VntvcMLgtexaHBIKMrU evot

mij enAevotNam(6). enAf 11 mifuna 1950 salamYysMrab'Gb'rMneyaVydl'BYkkbx&N

(f~ak'XuM, suk) VntvbegteLIgenAPUmiPaKnirtI EdlmaneQaHfa salaGacar Ehm-ecov (!).

sisCnan'TImYyman 140 nak' EdlmkBIKb'TItMbn'nraCaNack(7). enAk~gtMbn' \rMedaH| mYy,

kgT&BbCaCnExrrMedaH (APKL, emIlPaKTI4, erOgk~gbeTs) semaFenAf 14 sIha 1950 sala

TahanmYysMrab'bgkbgnExr EdlcUlk~gCYrxn (CMnan'TI1 man \V"kTIsg'| Exr 100 nak').

rdaPiVlmYysuTsaF EdlmanKb'ksYgbMerIkarTSgGs' (nKrVl, eXasnakar, esd

kic, sikaFikar .l. mktSgTIenAtaEkv. k~gsni~sITenA hENv q~S1954, pSyuSgdug, ftitEt

xnBUEkEfgsuM, tVneFI[eKyl'BmTTYlExr-evotmij enAekaytuCnuMeT. eBlEdlevotmijdk

T&BxnecjBIkmCa(8) sbtamkicBmeBog hENv, kbx&NExrTSgGs'd*mantm BmTSgekg

Exrrab'Jn'nak'eTot EdlcUlcit BuMsUvcUlcitnwgxn k*evotmijBuMVnePcdkCJneTAEdr. ExrTSg

Jn'nak'enH (5000 nak', tamEbNahaEm"l), EdlVneTAtam eTAedayeKbgCamYyevotmij k~g

kartLb'mkpHrbs'BYkenH, VntveKbJnmkkmCav^j ekayBwtikarN_nExmIna 1970.

ExrkhmBuMEdlVntvbJHbJledayCnCatiyYneT, bu"EnedayCnCatiEdlmanEskdUc

xn KWBYkExr-evotmij. TukesakExreyIgTSgGs' KWenAtg'h~wg!

sMnYrTI4

ebIdUec~H etImuxkar nig TiBlrbs'beTscin

k~gmhav^eyaKExr enAtg'NaxH? (TMB&r 90)

86

GFibay
(1)

Jk \fU| k~gPasayYn EbmkfaG~ksukedm. dUec~HExrkmCaekamk*VntvehAfa fU Edr.

sBfenH CnCatifU CakumGaNikCnFMCageKenAevotNamxageCg (400 000 nak') tam

Cn m"ak'GaliEs (k~g \GaNikCnsukP~MnigevotNam kUnesamYyebIkbgajsgam

Ncin|, hageVHpay BIET KunsaED), BUkfUVnbu"nb"gdeNmykbl&gyYnEdr, enAst-

vtr_TI 16, EtykBuMVn. bnab'BIkarbHeVrenH, yYnVnsemclaybJlbgat'BYkfU

edaynamuWnTSgLayEdlenAtttafU. namWunyYnTSgenaHVnerobkarCamYysIfU ehIykUn

xnEdlekItbnbnab'mk, ehAfa fU-TI, VnkCavN:vrCnfU. eBlEdlVrSgmkdl'Ncin

BYkfU, EdllkN:rUbkaydUcExrNas' (CaBiesssmrsm), VnVt'Gs'rlIgnUvPa

saedmrbs'xn.

(2)

VrSgVnyl'edayyWtNas'dl'sar:sMxan'nGaNikCnCatiepg@.

tmnav

dahg'

elI, ekayeBlmkdl'kUsSgsIunbnicmk, VnbegttMbn'sy&tBYkm"Uyxagtg (ZAMS)

edmI[VrSgtttaCnCatienHedaypal' (kicEdlGaemrikSgVneFIEdrekaymk). karerob

cMkgqk'k~gBYkGaNikCnVntvTukdak'[kum \kum"g'dU| cMruHq&teyag (GCMA) Edlxng

enAekambgab'ksYgsmat'VrSg (SDECE). bu"EnkarerobcMTSgenHVntveFIeLIgedayyWt

Nas' (1953 - 54).

(3)

emevotmijn Nam-bU (yYnxagtg) eQaH egg-b^n, ehA \EP~kmYy|, eQaHEdlVntv

sal''xSgBITahanVrSgEdlVn \vay| enANcin. lIlajedaysarePrvkmrbs'xn,

eQaHenHVneFI[ \ya"b'| dl'kgkPaBVrSgenAevotNamxagtg. mnusGanaFibety,

egg-b^n VntvBmaneday hUCmij. bEhlCaxnBuMVneFItambJaxHrbs' hU, eQaH

enHVntveKekaHehAeTAevotNamxageCgenAq~S 1946. tampvrbs'xn, egg-b^n Vntv

TTYlbgab'[eqogcUlmkdExr edmIriHrkpvecjcUlmYysmab'dkGavuFTijBIsukesom.

egg-b^n Vngab'edaycdnk~gkarBYnsak'rbs'kgkPaBExrmYyenAkecH (emIlTsna

vd \GiussrIy"a|, elxBiess 24). eKGaccat'Tukq~S 1946 Caq~SEdlevotmijcab'cUlxn

mkbeTskmCa.
(4)

bgbnePosxneyIgnigeyaFaExrkhmVnbJak'fa

xntEdlVnniyayBIlTi

ma"k

eLnIn em"A esTug eT. \JkKNbkkumynisExr| eTIbnwgecjBImat' bu"l-Bt kalxn

eTAeb"kSg. k~gesovePAEdlKat'sresr 15 q~SmunExrkhmcUlmkykGMNac, EbNa

hl'

bJak'GMBIvtEdlk~gsukExrsBfenaHehAfa

\Ggkar\.

GgkarenHminCaGIekABI

\KNbk| k~gsm&yExrevotmijeT. cmgtamKMrUedmnreboberobcM Exr-evotmij, rcna

smnnGgkarExrkhmCarebob \rukCatiduH| (Kl', Emk, Fag .l.)

87
GgkarelI
k

K K K

K K K

K K K

K K K

mhaCn

( \K| sal'Et \x|, tsal' \k| eT)

karbDitrbs'evotmijenH manbsiTiPaBteFay edmIlak'VMgnwgkarJrBYkG~kdknSxn.
edmIdwgfaetIbJamYymkBINa,

ehIyG~kNaCaG~k[,

eKtvrukrktamEmkFagTSgGs'.

karenHeFIeTABuMrYceLIy eJHCnTSgLaytsal'K~aTSgGs'eT, ehIym"ageTotedayman

kumKijTnwmmYyEdl \Vnkar| Nas'. ebIbJamYyBuMVntveFItam, GgkarsNukrkeT

kEngNaEdlVnefaHeFay. eyIgVneXIjehIynUvrebobEdlemExrkhmBitVkd Vn

ebIedmIlak'VMgxn. eBlEdlVnGMNacehIy \KNbk| Kan'EteFIxn[eTACaGgkar,

ehIyreboberobcMtamExr-evotmij k~gPUmiPaKnana ykeQaHfa \KN:kab'rdGMNac| Edl

CarcnasmntamPUmiPaKnGgkar.
dvEl r"ayr"ab'dUcteTAenH

reboberobcMedmnevotmij

VntvG~kniBn

hilIB

\edmpBpaykmv^FIxnniglatsnwgTiBlxn, evotmijmantSgBIedmkMeNItxn

nUvreboberobcMnKNbkkumynisNcin. egg Gaykwk (hUCmij) eqt{kasnsmaC

enAkug

Tin

TI

(Tsin Tsi)

edmIeFIkarerobcMsaCaf.

dUcCaKNbkkumynisNcinEdr,

cas'Nas'karN_Edlevotmij,

nwgGaceFIkarelITwkdNcinVnEtedaylak'bMBYn

xn. dUec~H tvEtxitxMerobcMGgkarmYyEdllak'xnVn, xMriHrkrebobfnigVyf Edl

smltamkmv^FIfenH. karGt'Ft'y"agsitsajrbs' egg Gaykwk VnTTYlplk~g

eBlenHehIy.

G~kdknSTSgGs'nKNbkVnyl'dl'PaBGsarbg'nkickarTSgLay

EdltVntverobcM[ht'ct'min[eFayeLIy.

ehIyeCaKC&ynevotmij

nwgmkGMBI

karN_Edl, k~gry:eBl4q~S, xnnwgerobcMsmltsaksannUvGgkarrbs'xn eTAtam

skmPaBfNaEdlnwgGaceFIVn, ehIynigBggtQb'QrnUvbsiTiPaBnBYkkum Edl

manmkehIy. etIGgkarenHCaGI?|

\enAxagekamman Esllul (C-bU), tUc@eT, bmUlpmnusEdlmanGICamYyK~a

xHehIy dUcCarbrrksuI, zan:sgm knajCatisasn_. EsllulTSgLay, Edlman

88
muxgarbgBYkkum, mansPaBbiTC^tNas', edaytTak'TgK~aBImYyeTAmYyeLIy. manEt

emEslluleT EdlTak'TgCamYyG~kenAxagelIxn|.

\EsllulnimYy@ enAk~grcnasmnmYy (EdleyIgnwgehAfa \tg'eLIgelI|) Edl

tamFmtaskmPaBlatsnwgeBjelIbeTsevotNam

ehIyEdlbmUlpEslluldUc

K~aTSgGs' KWfaEdlmnusk~genaHmanrbrrksuIdUcK~a, zan:sgmdUcK~a knajCatisasn_

dUcK~a. rcnasmn \tg'eLIgelI| TSgenaHmantamFmtanUvyIehaEtmYyfa \smaKmyYn

edmIesacsg'beTs| (evotNam KW kwkhUy). enAq~S 1944, evotmijVnehAmk

TinTI nUvBYktMNagsmaKmyuvCn (faj'ejon), narI (PUnU), kmkr (kugsag), eyaFa (b^n

suI). enAk~gmNlnimYy@, kardknSrcnasmn \tg'eLIgelI| nimYy@enAk~gbnkKN:

kmkarCab'eq~atmYyEdlerIsykemxng.|

\bu"EnesckItvkarnkartyuTTSgxagTahan TSgxagneyaVy nS[bmUlpmeFa

VyTSgGs'smab'eXasnanEsllulnanatamPUmiPaKnimYy@, ehIydak'ekambJakar

emEtm~ak' EdltSgeLIgedayKN:kmkarkNalnKNbk ehIyEdleFItamkarENnSn

KN:kmkarenH. dUec~H, cMeJHmuxtMNagTSgGs'EdlVnCab'eq~at, karcat'EcgskmPaB

manEtmYyehIyEdlmkBIelI.|

\edayehtuenHsukyYnVntvEckCabI \bU|, beTs (Vk'bU tugkwg, TugbU

GNam, NambU kUsSgsuIn). bU nimYy@ VntvEbgCaext, suk, XuM, PUminigsgat'.

bMENgTwkdnimYy@ enAekamkarTTYlxustvnKN:kmkarmYyEdlmanbtiPUCab'eq~ateVH

edayBBYkrcnasmn \tg'eLIgelI|, ehIyKN:kmkarenHtvdknSedayemm~ak'EdltSg

edayembMENgTwkdxagelI. emKN:kmkarmanGMNacsemckary"agTUlMTUlay ehIy[

{vaTEtm~ak'gelIbMENgTwkdTSgmUl, BYksmaC^kKN:kmkarKan'Etmansemgk~gkarBieKaH ehIyeFICaG~kbtibti.|

\reboberobcMenHht'ct'Nas'enAk~g \bU| nimYy@, embMENgTwkdITSgLaytveFI[

sbtamkarbJanigkicENnSnGaCaFrEdlenAelIxn.

pyeTAv^j,

edaymkBIkarBiVk

xagkarTak'Tg, \bU| TSgbIVnTTYls&yPaBFMlmEdr. EmnETneTA, meFaVyeFITiBlcM@

eTAelIKNbk enAk~gkNab'dKN:kmkar \bU| TSgbI, EdlmanesrIPaBlmEdr cMeJHmux

KN:kmkarkNal. CaBiessKN:kmkarNambUmanesrIPaBesIrEteBjTI k~gskmPaB

xn, edayBmTTYlBIKN:kmkarkNalEtkickarENnSTUeTAxagneyaVy.|

\Cabegy, enABIelIGgkarevotmij manKN:kmkarkNalEdldak'lTiEtmYynwg

kiccat'EcgEtmYy[tam.| (cb'dksg')

pmeTAnwgrcnasmnevotmij, reboberobcMrdVlnkmCabCaFiety, elIkElgEt

kEngbMEpkxH, dUcK~aebHbiT. ehIymanG~kniBnxagbswmbeTsCaecInEdlsresrVb'

eKgfaCareboberobcMf !

89
(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

GgkarelIsm&yenaH KW vr:esnIy_k egg fan'sWg EdlVnykeQaHExr (VlIeTAeTot!)

Ca \hn:l:KIrI|. ekaysn~isIThWENv egg fan'sg, EdlVnbeJjmuxxn, nST&Bevot
mijcUlsukkMeNItv^j.

tSgBIkalenaH, mintwmEtreboberobcMeT EdlVntvcmgtamevotmij, bu"Enrebobniyay

Pasa kumynisExrmYyk*VntvbegtEdr. bu"EnedayKanksar, eyIgBuMGacGHGag

VneTfa \Pasa| ExrkhmsBf enAEtdEdldUckalBIsm&yevotmij.

BYk bu"l Bt, nYn Ca, ng sYn, sU Pwm .l. KWminsuTEtVneronenAsalaenH?

elak ln' nl' VntvraCrdaPiVldak'[enAGmKN:kmkarGnrCati (esGIues), edmI

ttemIlkarcakecjnT&Bevotmij. Kat'VneKniyayCaelIkdbUgBIeQaH \Ekv mas|

m~ak'EdlnwgGacCaG~ktMNagenA hWENv n \rdaPiVl| rbs' sWg gu"kmij, ebIsinCardaPi
VlenHnwgVntvTTYlsal'BImhaGMNac. ekaymkeToteQaH \Ekv mas| enHVntv

eKmgeTot, faCaG~kbegtm~ak'nKNbkbCaCn. bu"EnKannrNaVneXIjmux rUbft

Ekv mas enHeT.

90
ebIdUec~H etImuxkar nigTiBlrbs'beTscin
k~gmhav^eyaKExr enAtg'NaxH?

mYkrebobcinEdlExrkhmJk', vtmannG~kkeTscinenAkmCa, karedjBYkTUtrusIecj

enAExemsa 1975 suTEtCakarN_tUc@ EdleFI[G~kxHsan rhUtdl'fabCaCnExr Vntvcin

ykeTAeFIkarBiesaFn_ \sgmf| mYy. esckIbmaTSgenH, EdlmkBIkarrevrvayrkerOgGsar

edmIsahkmlk'Btman,

VntvbeJjmkedayrh&seBk.

nUvGFikrN_TI2 k~gerOgExr rvagcinnigyYn.

eKKan'EtTsnak~geBlenH

GFikrN_TI1 VnekIteLIgkalBIsni~sITenAhWENvk~gq~S 1954(1), EdlCakarN_bgaj

beTscinCamhaGMNacmYyelIkarGukneyaVyGnrCati. tSgBIk~gsunrkfarbs'xnelIkTI1 enA

hWENv, pS yuSgdug EdltSgxnCa \G~knSJknbCaCnTSgbInNcin|, TamTar[Exrevotmij

(rdaPiVln sWg gu"kmij) nigBYktMNag V"eftLav mansiTicUlrYmk~gsn~isIT, sMNUmEdlrd

mnIVrSg hk bdU bjab'bjal'nwgTat'ecal(2). bJaPaBtMNagnExr-evotmij nig V"eft

Lav Edl pS yuSgdug bMpuseLIgenH eFI[sni~sITecjBuMrYc. karesacsg'elIkenH mkBIbeTs

cin. f 8 sPa, CUeGnLay EdltSgBIedm KSTkickarrbs' pS yuSgdug sab'EteFI[eKdgfa

Kat'VnsMerccityl'eXIjdUc hkbdU, KWfa bMEbkcMeNaTbeTsevotNam, qakncMVMgrvagyYn

K~ag, BIcMeNaTbeTslavnigbeTskmCa EdlVntvlukluyeday \T&BbreTs| (Ganfa \T&B

evotmij\)(3).

GnraKmn_n

CUeGnLay

mintwmEtVneFI[sni~sITecjrYceT,

EfmTSgVnCYy

kmCa[rYcxnBIkarbd^vtn_mYyEdlcas'CabgrQamxSgdUcsBfenH, karbd^vtn_EdlCaTIVrmn

rdelxaFikarGaemrikSg CnhsEsdlws(4).

karxacEkg Exr-evotmij elbykbeTs Vncab'Kvat' semcsIhnu eTAk~grgg'dcin.

hWENvVnbegIykraCnkmCa, Vn'Dug mYyq~Sekaymk (1955) cab'bg^tcinnigExr[C^ts~iT

K~a(5). BIsn~isITenA Vn'Dug eTAExmIna 1970, 15q~SkngeTA EdleJreBjeTAedaykarTMnak'TMng

lrvagcinnigExr, BitEmnEtlk'BNedayBHsgraxH. sMrs'qas'K~anwgkarkMejIj CaGavuFFMn

karTUtrbs'cinenAGasuIGeK~y_. BmK~anwgkarrkaTMnak'TMnglCamYyrdaPiVlk~gsuk, cinmintwm

EtKSTBIekAeT EfmTSgciJwmBYkcUlBeFIbd^vtn_eTot, ehIyebIBYkenHsMrab'kMejIjnigBman

karebIVs'Edl \Vnkar| y"agxSg. kickarTUtrebobenH VntvGnuvtn_k~gbeTsf, PUma nig

m"aeLsuI. manEtbeTskmCaeT EdlputBIknenH. dUec~HEmn kEngd*bNItsMrab'beTscin k~g

neyaVyekAbeTsnkmCa,

neyaVyminTukcitrbs'ExrelIshPaBsUevot

nigkardac'TMnak'

TMnglrvagkmCanigshrdGaemrik (Gan \TMnak'TMngExr-cin|) eFI[Gt'GMeBIdl'karbegt nigciJwm

kumcUlBeFIkarbd^vtn_

(6)

ExmIna 1970 ebIkyuKfmYynsavtabeTskmCa yuKnkarcuH{nfy, yuKnesckITuk

esak bnab'BIkaregbmuxeLIgk~gry:eBlmYyy"agx. s~rkSePIgCaelIkdbUg, EdlVnehAmhaeka

91
lahlmYy mkpac'Cv^tExrTSglannak'enH VntvVj'eLIg, cUreyIgkuMePc, edayBYkyYnkumy
nis. bnab'BIVnbgrQamExr nigbMpajsmtirdExr, yYnVneFI[sgamlukluyrbs'xnkay

eTACasgamrvagExrK~ag. licyuTsasd*eq~ImenH tveFIeLIgCa 5 dNak' dUcteTA

1-

2-

3-

4-

5-

karvayy"agrh&smYy, edaykum \kum"g'dU| bMpaj, kMeTcPaKecInnsMNg'CamUl

dansgmkicesdkicnbeTs san, f~l', mnIreBT, sala, eragck .l.

eFI[kan'kab'Vny"agVkdnUvPUmiPaK emKg-elI TSgmUl(7) edayvaybMP&ny"ag

xSg k~gPUmiPaKxagtg nigPaKkNalnbeTs (kMBg'sW, kMBt, kMBg'FM, kMBg'q~Sg

.l.(8)

kareVHbg'ecalPUmiPaK

sgam,

emKg-elI

TSgmUledaykgT&BExr

tSgBIeBlcab'epm

ebIk[yYnkab'TukebIVs'nUvfamBlmYyd*FMxagmnus
(9)

EdlnwgbegteLIgnUvkgkPaBelIkdbUgnT&BExrkhm .

nigxagksikm

bJnmkmatuPUmiv^jnUvhgBYkExr-evotmij EdleskXan 15 q~SmkehIy, ehIy

EdlcSEtkMeTc nigbgrQamdl' \kmCakJHckBtiGaemrikSg|. BYkenH, EdlsB

fkan'GMNacEmnETnenAkmCa, CaG~kksagkgT&BExrkhm(10).

eFI[sgam \eTACaExr| edayfyecjbnicmg@ edmI, CaelIkbegy, Kan'Etkan'

naTICaG~kpl'GavuFyuTP&N (mkBIsukcin kat'tampvlMhUCmij)(11).

cMENkxagbeTscinv^j, edayxn yWt CagyYn25 q~S, manEtdTeT eBlEdlBwtikarN_

mIna 1970 pHeLIg. cdnnBhlixitVnyksemcsIhnu eTAeVHecaleb"kSg. VnkUnGuk

mYyy"agsMxan', cinxMrt'[Tan'eBlevlav^j. VneTACaBukFmnkarbd^vtn_Exr, cinnigyYneFIkic

tmvK~amYy tamsn~isITelIkTI2 nbCaCnNcin (emsa 1970). beTscinmansIhnu (Edl

manbCabiyPaBk~gbCaksikrExr nigk~gGnrCati) ehIymanGavuFyuTP&N. beTsyYnmanBYk

Exr-evotmij ehIy[T&BxneFIGnraKmn_pal'(12). cinKSTsIhnuCamYynwgraCrdaPiVlrYbrYmCati

nkmCa, Exr-evotmijcUlCamYysIhnu, edmIbMerIbeyaCn_xnVn, k~grNsirrYbrYmCatinkmCa

(FUNK,

sedogK~anwgbgrbs'xn,

FNUK).

\BHGgKitEterOgTUteTArYcenAekAcuH,

Tuk[eyIgxM

eFIsgamrMedaHk~gsuk|, ExrkhmVb'semcsIhnu. pveTAkan'C&yCnHGacenAEvgqay, eday

mkBIcMVMgenAevotNam nigkarkan'kab'nGaemrikSg. ekamsMbkekAmYy EdlbgajkartvK~at

elg, BYkTSgBIrkum (sIhnu nig Exr-evotmij) erobcMxn edmIkMcat'K~aeTAv^jeTAmk.

erOg \v"ETeht| nigkarFak'n nicsun mkrujBwtikarN_[remoly"agelOn. C&yCnHmk

dl'qab'CagVneKagTuk. bIExmuneBlExrkhmcUlP~MeBj, semcsIhnu, cas'Nas' CamYyBr

sBsaFukarnCUeGnLay,

bgajsmasPaBnraCrdaPiVlrYbrYmCati

nignrNsir

\hg|.

sIhnutVn \dak'| eT eQaH saLt sr, eGog sarI, sun esn .l. G~kdknSExrkhm
\eFIenAevotNam|

92
rdmnITImYy

Eb"n nut

rdmnIksYgFmkarnigsgmkic

CU ect

brdmnITImYy, rdmnIkarJrbeTs nigGKem

rdmnIksYgesdkicCatinighirJvt

rdmnIksYgmhap, shkrN_nigGPivDn

rdmnIksYgpl'GavuFyuTP&N Em"n san

rdmnIksYgeXasnakar

brdmnIksYgmhapnigsnisux suk FYk

bJakarkgkmSgrMedaH

exov sMpn

shKmn_

hU yn'

huy nwm

rdmnIksYgkarbreTs

sarin qak

kuy FYn

brdmnIksYgkarJrbeTs Kg' supl

rdmnIksYgyutiFm nigEkTMrg'tulakar

brdmnIksYgeXasnakar

rdmnIksYgsaFarNsuxaPiVl CYn eCOn

brdmnIkarbreTs

neratm PUrisra

rdmnIksYgsaFarNkar, TUrKmnaKmn_ nig

sabnaeLIgv^j

tUc PWn

brdmnIkarbreTs

TIv Gul

rs' citFm
va"n' BInI

kariyal&yneyaVy n rNsir
bFan Eb"n nut . smaC^k ecA esg, dYg sMGul, can' yUr"an', Ca san, hU yn', huy nwm,

hYt smtI, exov sMpn, sarin qak, CYn mum.

karcakecjy"agelOnnGaemrikSg TukkEngkan'GMNac[enATMenrk~gkugP~MeBj. edaydg

xnfaBuMGactttaExrkhmVn,

ehIyedayxaccUlGnak'ExrkhmPamekayeBlVnC&yCnH,

sIhnu, bnab'BIVndgfa \raC| FanIFak'ehIy, suM[cinbJnT&BsYcmYykgeTAP~MeBj. CUeGnLay

Edlcg'elgsnwkebo \sIhnu| xn[ \Gs'd|, yl'Bmtam. k~gPaBClcbl'nC&yCnH,

TahancinTSgkV"l'ehaHcuHdenAeJFicintug(13).

bu"EnExrkhm,

EdlbEhlCaVndgGs'GMBI

klVyTSgLay, cat'v^FankarN_Vnmun. karbNSgdeNImGMNac rujExrkhm[eFIGMeBI

eXareXABpTImYyekayeBlxnmkdl'P~MeBj

karCensbNaCnecjBIrdFanI,

ehIy

ekaymkecjBITIbCuCnTSgGs'(14). BitehIy KWenAk~gkugTSgLayEdlbNaCn nigG~kePos

xnTSglannak'rg'cSTTYl \semc| nigsniPaBCaTITnwgemIl, EdlExrkhmGacFak'k~gGnak'

v^j. smnPaB CUeGnLay-sIhnu caj' \Twk| TImYy. rdmnITImYycinnwgpas'lic ehIyebI

sMrs'rbs'xnedmIlgdak' sIhnu k~gGMNacv^j(15).

eBlsemcsIhnuCan'dP~MeBjv^j enAf 9 kJa 1975, GtIt:bitakraCCati GacEtbgr

TwkEP~keCakfal'

smab'ya"gBp.

edayeXIjraCFanImYyGs'mnusrlIg
\kUnecACaTIes~ha|

tVnenATIenHeT

ehIyFuMkinGsuPExrrab'muWnnak'EdleK

edmIfaysMErkCeyad*KwkkgrMBgdUc

kalmun. subinnwgVneFIdUctmesnIy_ dehal tVneTACakarBiteT. rdmnITImYy CUeGnLay

sab'enAf 7 mkra 1976, bursEdlxnKSJr (semcsIhnu) Vn \laQb'| ehIyCnYseday

93
exov sMpn enAf 5 emsa. snwkebo \sIhnu| ElgelgekItehIy. beTscinEdlnwgkajxM

etagbeTskmCateTAeTot enAsl'EtpvmYyeT cUlCamYyExrkhm(16).

sMnYrTI5 deNIrd*maneCaKC&yn bu"l Bt eTAeb"kSg

GacCasJankarbnn'rbbExrkhmeT? KWfabCaCn

ExrGacnwgVnsaksanxHeT?

(enATMB&r 103)

94

GFibay
(1)

ekayq~S 1949 q~SnkarbkassaFarNrdbCamanitcin, sgamenAevotNamkan'EteqH

qYlxSgeLIg. VrSg, CYyedayGaemrikSg, KSTVvday. bkcin-rusI KSThUCmij.

VrSgm~ak'Vnsresrfa

sgamenaHTMJrelbsissalasSgesoTSgCnan'.

enAV"rIs

rdaPiVlFak'mYyeLIgmYy bnbnab'K~a tamelnmYyEdleKminEdleXIj. rIenANcin

BYktmesnIyVntvpas'bry"agrenIn rWuEv (1949), dWL&t (1950), saLg' (1952),

Nava"r (1953). enAedmq~S 1954, mhaGMNacTSg4 GaemrikSg-Gg'eKs-VrSg-sh

PaBsUevot EdlCnuMK~aenA EbLSg edmIBiPakaerOgeFI[beTsGalWm"g'manEtmYyv^j nig

erOgsnisuxTIbGWru"b, tVnrkeXIjkaredaHsayGI[BitVkdeT bu"EnsemcenAf 18

kum: fanwgCYbK~amgeTotenA hWENv. karCYbK~aenHedmICECkBIerOgkUer", nigBIkareFI[man

sniPaBeLIgv^jenANcin edaynwgmanehAbeTscineTAcUlrYmpg. f 13 mina, evot

mijvaysmukcUlmUldan \tg'es| edonebonPU. kMBugEteBjbyuTdeNImedonebonPU,

kgvr:esnatUcevotmijBIr cUlk~gbeTskmCatg'extswgEtg ehIyf 2 emsa, kan'kab'

TIbCuCnevns.

bu"EntSgBIExvicika 1953 beTskmCaCabeTskraC. ebIcMeNaTExrsr: dUc

CaVnedaHsayehIyedaykarcuHcUlnemCaecIn

(k~gTisJy&BenAsl'mnusCaecIn

rynak'eTot EdlenACamYy sWg gu"kfan'), enAsl'cMeNaTkgT&BbCaCnExrrMedaH (APKL)

nigcMeNaTevotmijeTot. bnab'BIkarQanJnevotmijelIkenH, BHecA neratm sIhnu,

edayBmeBogCamYytmesnIy Nava"r, kan'bJakarkgkmSgVrSg-Exr ehIysuMCnYy

pal'BIshrdGaemrik. sankarN_swkenA edonebonPU eFI[GaemrikSgVrm. rdelxaFikar

dlws, burstYkenAsm&yenaH, CaG~kcg'CYyVrSgedaypal'. bFanaFibtI Gaysiun

hUvev, edayxacbtikmcindUcenAkUer", sak'esIrnwgCYyedaypal'. bu"EnsemceTA, enAf 4

emsa 1954, GaysiunhUvev yl'Bmtam dlws, [EtG~kenHbbYlbeTsGg'eKs cUl

rYmbyuTVn ehIynigBnl'beTsGasIuTSgLay [BmrYbrYmK~ak~gsmnkicmYyTl'nwg

kumynis. k~gkMLgEtbIbYnf, dlws sYreyabl'dl'tMNagKb'beTsTSgGs'EdlTak'

TgnwgkarN_enH Gg'eKs-VrSg-GUsalI-nUEvlehLg'-hIlIBIn-f-kmCa-lav nig

evotNam. Gg'eKsminBmClk'xnk~gkarpgeBgenH, beTsVrSg, Edlesdkicdun

dabxSgeJHEtsgamenH, rkkaredaHsaymYytamkicccar.

f 26 emsa, dUcVneKagTuk, sn~isITGMBIerOgkUer"ebIkeLIgenAhWENv. f 7

sPa, ekaykartsUcMnYn 55 f, edonebonPU Fak'k~gkNab'devotmij. cab'tSgBIf

bnab', 8 sPa, karbCuTImYyGMBINcink*cab'epmeLIg. k~genaHmanbtiPUnbeTsVrSg

(bdU rYcmk EBr m"g'edshg'), nbeTssUevot (m"ULtUv), nbeTsGg'eKs (Gg'tUnI eG

Edn), nbeTscin (CUeGnLay), nsaFarNrdbCaFibetyevotNam (pS yuSgdug), n

beTskmCa (eTB pn), nsaFarNrdevotNamniglav. rdaPiVlGaemrikSgbJnG~k

95
segtkarN_m~ak'mk, ebEdlsif. f 7 sIha, kicBmeBogQb'Vj'K~aenAkmCa Vn

(2)

tveFIeLIg.

tbnwg pS yuSgdug Edlfa \bCaCnExrnigV"eftLav rYbrYmy"ags~iTCamYybCaCnevot

Nam, VnbyuTedayvrPaBedmIesrIPaB, kraC, kPaB, bCaFibety vtmanntM-

NagbeTsExr nigtMNagV"eftLav nigCakarFanamYyEfmeTotcMeJHeCaKC&ynsn~isIT

|, hkbdU eqIyfa \esckIes~Irbs'evotmijTUlMTUlay, ehIyk~genaHehtukarN_TSg

bu"nanlayLMK~a. elak dug cg'bgajrUbPaBTUeTAmYyEdlTak'TgnwgbeTsTSgbInN

cin lav-kmCa nigevotNam. bu"Enk~gbJaTSgenHmanmYyPaKEdlecjBIsmtkicrbs'

Kat'. hUCmij Tat'ecalkalBIq~S 1946 nUvshB&nNcin. etILvKat'cg'dak'shB&n

enHmkv^j edmIbeyaCn_evotmijGI? beTsVrSgnwgyl'BmdkT&BxnecjBIkmCanig

(3)

lav ebIevotNamdkT&BxnEdr| (k~gsarBtman LWmu"gd_ nf 15 sPa 1954).

bJaPaBtMNagnrdaPiVlrbs' sWg gu"kmij enAk~gsn~isIT, EdlVnkkayeLIgeday

pS yuSgdug, eFI[mankarCECkK~ay"agtwgmat'rvagKN:btiPUExr (elak eTB pn, sm sarI,

ng KimnI) nwgKN:btiPUsaFarNrdbCaFibetyevotNam. bqSgnwgsMNMurbs'elak

pS yuSgdug, elak eTB pn Efgfa \rdaPiVlEtmYynbeTskmCa, Edltwmtvtam

cab' KWraCrdaPiVl, eJHfaKWrdaPiVlenHEdlVnTTYlkraCBIbeTsVrSg|. edmIxM

eFI[VnkarKSTeBjTMhwgnbkcin-sUevot, pS yuSgdug beJjkarsMGagGMBI \ckBti

niymGaemrikSg| EdlkMBugKMramkMEhgsniPaBnGasuIPaKGeK~y_ (dug tmg'eTAkicerobcMn

GaemrikSgedmItemIg esGatU EdlnwgTTYlhtelxabegtenAf 8 kJa 1954). cemIy

nelak eTB pn \KSJrbeTsxMTl'nwgkarQanJnbreTs CakictvnwgTMenomTMlab'n

Gaemrik, G~kkarJresrIPaB. shrdGaemriktcg'begtGaNackGaNaniKmmYyeT. eK

Kan'Etcg'pl'mkeyIgnUvmeFaVytwmtv edmIrkaTukkraCeyIg, nigedmITb'beTs

eyIgkuM[eTACaGaNaniKmnckBtikumynis!|. mU"LtUv \bFanrYm| nig CU eGnLay KST

sMNuMnsaFarNrdbCaFibetyevotNam, bu"EnTSgBIrnak'VnBmK~anwgKitKUr bMVt'TM-

nas'enHedayCECkK~apal', CakCn|! f 16 mifuna, tamkarcat'Ecgn CU eGnLay, kic

snnamYyrvag CU nig eGEdn (bFanrYm) VneFIeLIgEdlnwgBieKaHGMBIGnaKtnkmCa.

edayes~I \f~r| mYyCamYy eGEdn, CU TTYleKalKMnitnkardkecjBIkmCanUvT&BbreTsTSg

Gs' (TSgevotmij TSgVrSg), ehIyTTYlsal'raCrdaPiVl CardaPiVltvcab'EtmYyn

kmCa, bu"Enbkmkv^j, TamTarkuM[beTskmCa (niglav) kayeTACamUldanT&BGaemrikSg

k~geBlGnaKt. CamYynwgkares~Irbs' CU, eGEdnk*bjab'eTACYbbtiPUVrSg hk bdU.

k~gerOgenH, CakarN_mYycas'Nas' EdlbeyaCn_VrSg nigbeyaCn_cin sbcUlCa

mYyK~a, eJHfabsinebImanshB&nNcinmYyekamkardknSnevotmij, CakarN_Fmta

EdlVrSgnwgGs'TiBlrbs'xn ehIycink*BiVksnwgTiPaBxnmkelIkmCaniglavEdr.

f 18 kkda, \beTsFM| TSg4 BiPakaK~aeTot. CU eGnLay es~IdUcmunmgeTot

ehIyTarBI eGEdn nUvkarFanay"agmF&tmYyelIbeTskmCa EdlKat'mincg'eXIjeTACa

96
mUldanGaemrikSg. eGEdn [karFana \ekApvkar| rbs'Kat'eTA CU ehIybJak'fakmCanig

lav nwgeTACabeTsGBakwt EdlnwgtvkarJredaybeTsVrSg k~gkbx&Nnsh

PaBVrSg. dl'tg'enH, sni~sITk*C^tcb'ehIy. karCYbK~aedmIcuHhtelxabegIyVntv

snt'eFIenAf 20 kkda em"ag 9 yb' k~glMenAn Gg'tUnI eGEdn. KN:btiPUExr, Edlmk

dl'yWt 2 em"ag (G~kebIkLanVnveggpvk~ghWENv), sab'EtBMuBmcuHhtelxaelIkic

BmeBogbegy. eTB pn BMuBmcuHhtelxay"agdac'Nat' drabNamata 3-4 Edltam

mtiKat', eFI[maneKaHf~ak'k~gGnaKtdl'snisuxnkmCa, minVntvEkEbCamuneT. mU"L

tUv, twgcitesIrTb'BuMVn, BmTTYleFIGaCakNaledmIbJb'begy[Vnrh&s. enHCama
taTSgLayEdlCab'ecaT ehIynigkarEkEb
k-

kicBmeBogbegyEcgfa

beTskmCamanbePTCabeTs

\GBakwt|,

eCotECkk~gkickarGnrCatimYyNaeLIy enAeBlevlaNak*eday. elIerOgenH,

kmCasnafanwgmincUlk~gsmnkiceyaFaNa

EdlmintwmtvtamFmnuJnGg

karshbCaCatieLIy, bu"EnTamTar[mansiTidak'mUldanT&BbreTs enAeBlNa

Edlxnyl'famaneKaHf~ak'. eTaHbI pS yuSgdug tva" bqSgy"agxSgk*eday,

x-

K-

mU"LtUv Bm[EkmataenH, karN_EdleFI[btiPUTSgGs'Pak'Kb'K~a.

evotmijsuM[karnSGavuFyuTP&NnigbuKlikeyaFabreTscUlmkkmCa eFIenAtg'

kEngxHnbeTs, EdleKkMrwtTukmun. kmCacg'[karnScUlenHeFIenAkEngNak*

edaynBMEdnxn. tg'enHsn~isITk*yl'BmtamsMNuMExrEdr.

elIbJankarfyecjnT&Bevotmij nigkardkGavuFecjBIkgExr-evotmij, pS

yuSgdug es~I[BYkExrEdlVneFIshbtibtikarCamYyevotmijenAmansiTikan'Ga

vuF ehIypK~aenAk~gPUmiPaKkMNt'TukmYy rhUtdl'eBleVHeq~atCati (dug cg'Eck

kmCaCaBIrdUcEdlsn~isITVneFIcMeJHevotNam). bnab'BIkartva"bqSgya"gxSg

nKN:btiPUExr, evotmijes~I[manKN:kmkarcMruHmYyEdlmantMNagnraCrda

PiVlnigtMNagnrdaPiVl sWg gu"kmij, ehIyEdlnwgedaHsaybJankar

bJlkgExrevotmijmkk~gsgmCativij, ehIykarsMercTSgLaynKN:kmkar

cMruHenH nwgtvttBinitedayKN:kmkarGnrCatimYyxagkicttta. edayt

rvl'nwgbtikmeBjedaykMhwgnBYkbtiPUevotmij, mU"LtUv Garkat'CaelIkbegIy

edayTat'ecalerOgTTYlsal'rdaPiVln sWg gu"kmij. CaTIbJb', kicBm

eBogbegyVnTTYlhtelxak~geBlGFateCA (em"ag 2 PW) nf 21 kkda

1954. kicBmeBogenHCasJabgajpvbt'mYyndeNIrsavtabeTskmCa .

(elak hg' sUEvl, EdleBlenaHCardTUtVrSgenAkug Ebgn_, smaC^knKN:

btiPUVrSg, r"ayr"ab'k~gTsnavd \GuissrIy"a| (elxBiess 25) fa \CaelIk

TImYy ehIybEhlCamanEtmgKt'k~gCv^t kargarrbs'Kat'CaG~keFIsn~isIT, rd

mnIkarbreTsnshPaBsUevot (mU"LtUv), cMeJHmuxlkN:byuTxSgnshkarI

97
Kat'xagkmCa, elak sm sarI, k*FaysMeNIcehIyyl'BmtammgeTotCaelIk

(4)

begy.|)

\drabNastvrYmrbs'eyIg,

evotmij,

minTan'braC&yeT

mansmtPaBnwgeVskMcat'ecalraCaFibetyExr

ehIyBHGgCabcas'fava

BmTSgTMenomTMlab'd*tkalrbs'b

eTsBHGg, GriyFmd*cas'yUrGEgg ehIynigbCaFibetyd*ekgrbs'BHGg drabNa

eKaHf~ak'd*FMenH, EdlGacCaeKaHf~ak'dl'Cv^trbs' (beTs) BHGg, minTan'kMcat'ecjVn

eT, eyIgminGaceFI[VrSgGs'cit Gs'kmSgVneLIy.|, rdelxaFikarbreTsGaemrikSg,

dlws, eqIyeTABHecA sIhnu, kalescTamTarkraCenAq~S 1953, (emIlPaKTI4, TMB&r

(5)

60). karVrmrbs'dlws, cMeJHeBlsBfenH, eTACaTMnaymYy.

sn~isITenAVn'Dug (emsa 1955) CaBwtikarN_xSgEdlVneFI[semcsIhnu sMercKUs

taExneyaVyekAbeTsnkmCa. k~gkicsnnaepg@ CakCneTPaKI nigtIPaKI Ca

mYy CU eGnLay nig pS yuSgdug elIGnaKtnbeTskmCa, sIhnuVn \Vk'cit|

elIbursTSgBIrenH EdlecHKYrsmy"agbNIt. TSgBIrnak'es~IeTA sIhnu nUvkarbrTMnak'

TMngK~a EdlykmUldanelIneyaVymineCotECkK~amYy! kares~IenHcak'cMcMNucexayn

(6)

semcsIhnu Edl, edayVnbNit enhru xwbBnHpg, kMBugrkeTsn_paybJsIla!

BIq~S

1958

eTA

1967,

beTskmCanigbeTscin

Vs&yTak'TgK~ay"agmenarm.

sIhnu eqt{kasBI \mitPaBcin| enH edmIkMcat'bcamitxageqg. kicenHVneFIeTArYceday

cin \eFImindg|. BYkkumynisExr, k~gkarrt'eKcBIkarbgabrbs' sIhnu, Vntmg'eTATar

EtmYyEdlxnenAsl' evotNamxageCg. karminrvrvl'ncinelIBYkkumynisExr mkBI

mUlehtuesdkicEdr ebIk~gkmCamankumkgqk'kumynis, semcsIhnu cas'CacUlCa

mYyGaemrikSg. dUec~HcintvEtCYyk~geBlCamYyK~adl'rNsirbI yYn lav nigExr.

karN_enH esdkiccinsm&yenaHBuMGacTTYlbnkVneLIy. cMeJHG~kdknScin, ebIkumy-

nisTTYlC&yCnHenAevotNam, CakarN_FmtaEdlkmCaniglavrGilcUlrgg'sgmniym.

KWKan'EtbJaeBlevlaeT. karyl'eXIjenHk*sbK~anwgeyabl'semcsIhnuEdr Edl

xMrkmitPaBcin

(7)

edmIecosvagkarbTUsr"ayk~geBlxagmuxCamYy

(JkehACajwkjyeday sIhnu).

\kumyniscinyYn|

tSgBIfdbUgnsgam, BYkyYnxageCgtttaPUmiPaK emKg-elI TSgGs' ehIybiTpvCati

elx 7 VnenAtg'TenbiT! tmesnIy ln' nl' Vnstcity"agxSg eBlEdleKVb'fa

kecHVnFak'ehIy. embJakarEp~kswkrgkecH, ecg sayMubn, enAmuxkarvaysMruky"ag

xSgnkumynis, rt'ecalTahanxnEdlesIrEtTSgGs'Vntvcab'CaeQIy. k~geBlrg'

cStulakarswk, sayuMbn VnecjBIKukrYc ehIyeTAcUlCamYyExrkhm enAExemsa, eBl

Edl nicsun [TahanGaemrikSgcUlk~gdExr (CerA 30 Km, tMbn' \Epsnc|) edmIsMGat

TICmkevotkug, ln' nl' suM[GaemrikSgbgskarvaycUlrbs'xndl'kecH ehIykan'kab'

kugenH rhUtdl'eBlT&BExrrkTahanCnYyVn. bu"EnsMNuMenH tVntv \KSg| ykCa

karN_eT.

98
(8)

k~gPaKxagtgnwgkNalnbeTs, evotkugvaytamkumkum"g'dUtUc@ eT. bu"EncMeJHnay

TahaneyIg, Edlsuxsl 15 q~SmkehIynwgsniPaBnbJsIla, KWCakarClcal

y"agxSg. edayP&ysn'nwgkarvayCuv^jkugP~MeBj, TIGKembJakarsanEtyYntmg'rkrd

FanI.
(9)

(10)

karetHriHBicarNabnic

\yk| P~MeBjPamdUec~HeT.

bEhlCaVnbgaj[eXIjfayYntmanbeyaCn_nwg

tSgBIdNac'q~S 1972, kgTahanExrkhmGacbyuTdl'f~ak'kgBlFM.

k~gBIrq~SdbUgnsgam, kgTahankumynissuTEtyYnTSgGs'. skIPaBnbNaCn nPUmi

PaKCaecIntvK~aTSgGs' k~gkareTAmkrbs'xn, yYnmankumExrtUc@ edrCamYy, Edlk~g

eBlenaHeKsanfaEtBYk \G~kbgajpv|. EtEmnETneTA, KWBYkTSgenaHehIyEdlCakumkb

x&NbJnBIhaNUy. karEknTahanCaelIkdMbUgVneFIeLIgedaytcMeNaT. BYkxilxUc

nigecarsukTSgbu"nanVntveK[kSePIgkan' ehIyEtgtSgk~gmYyb"bicEP~kCaemPUmi em

XuM! karyksIhnumkkan'GMNacv^j VntveKniyayBImat'mYyeTAmat'mYy! PUmiNaEdl

TTwgrwgrUs VnTTYlTNkmya"gsahav (karsmab'rgalmanrab'minGs', EdlBpCag

eK KWenAtJMgCg, k~gq~S 1971). karebIVs'kSePIgFM Kab'Ebk, Kab'ru"kEkt, (dbUgrusI

rYcmkcin) VntvTuk[y"agdac'muxdl'BYkyYn, rhUtdl'q~S 1975.

CamYydeNIrf@ n b"ul Bt eTAeb"kSgnigkarbkasxYbTI 17 nKNbkkumynis

Exr, BYksarBtmanbswmbeTseFIkarsanEtBIsEtJsdUcsBdg. xHniyayrhUtdl'fa

pvCatieyIgxH
pC1 = P~MeBj G~kelOg sayerog (BnKr)
pC3 = P~MeBj taEkv kMBt

pC4 = P~MeBj kMBg'sW kMBg'esam

pC5 = P~MeBj kMBg'q~Sg eBaFsat' Vt'dbg sIusupun eV"yEb"t

pC6 = EBkkam sn' kMBg'FM esomrab sIusupun
pC7 = sn' kMBg'cam Ekk emmt' s~l
(taynij)

(Lknij)

(PUmiPaKEpsnc)

pC12 = kMBg'FM Gng'B revog pvEbkEqb/mB seLA (Tl'muxxug, lav)

pC13 = s~l kecH swgEtg (xug, Vk'es, lav)

pC19 = swgEtg lMpat' (epKU, evotNam)

99
KanTMnak'TMngGIrvag Exr-evotmij nwgBYkemExrkhmsBfenHeT. enHKWCakarbmafeBj

TIdl'v^JaNk&nneyaFaeyIg

(11)

(12)

EdlVnbUCaCv^tenAsmrPUmi nignbgbnksikreyIgEdl

VntveKsmab'rgaly"agBp.

k~geBlenHminTan'mansiticas'las'elIcMnYnGavuF \kumynis| EdlVntvpl'[Exrk-

hmeT. yYncas'CaminVndkCJn[edaytykkMreLIy. dUcCaExreyIgk~geBlCJn

kSePIgBIkMBg'esameTA[evotkug, yYnbEhlCaVn \ebHyk| mYyPaKEdr.

BYkkumynisyYn, fIditEteKdgKb'K~a GMBIkartvr"UvK~a sIhnu-pSyuSgdug enAeb"kSg enA

f 21-3-70, VnbEkkk~gBIrq~SdbUgnsgamfa KanT&BxnenAkmCaeT. mata 20 nkic

BmeBogenAV"rIs nExmkra 1973 CakarTTYlsarPaBmYyBit@. bu"EnKanbeTsNa
mYydak''TNkmdl'evotNamxageCgeT,

dNwgdl'G~kNaEdlsgwmelIkarxl'xayrk

yutiFm nsn~isITGnrCatiTSgBYg! teTAenH KWGtbTnkicBmeBogenAV"rIs rvagshrd

GaemriknigevotNamxageCg EdleFIenAExmkra 1973 (vKTI7, mata20)
k/

PaKIEdlcUlrYmsn~isITenAV"rIsGMBIerOgevotNam

kicBmeBoghWENvnq~S

1954

elIkmCa

tveKarBy"agm"t'ct'dl'

nigkicBmeBoghWENvnq~S

1962 elIlav, kicBmeBogEdleFI[mantwmtvnUvsiTiCatiCasKl' n

bCaCnkmCaniglav, KWkraC, GFibetyPaB, kPaB nigbUrNPaBTwkdn

beTsTSgenH. PaKI tveKarBGBakwtPaBnkmCaniglav. PaKI EdlcUl

rYmk~gsn~isITenAV"rIsGMBIevotNamsnafaminebITwkdkmCaniglav edmIb"H

Jl'eTAv^jeTAmkdl'GFibtIPaBK~a
x/

K/

GFibtIPaBnbeTseTot.

nigdl'snisuxK~a

nigedmIb"HJl'dl'

breTsnwgbJb'skmPaBTahanTSgGs'enAkmCaniglav, nwgdkecjBIb-

eTsTSgBIrenHnUvkgTahanTSgGs', TIbwkaTahanTSgGs', buKlikTahan,

GavuF, Kab' nigsmar:cmSg ehIynwgminbJlmkeToteLIy.

kickarpk~gn kmCaniglav tvbCaCnTSgBIrcat'Ecgerogxnedaytbr-

eTseCotECk.

X/ cMeNaTTSgLayEdlCab'CJk'nwgTMnak'TMngrvagbeTsnNcin
edaHsayedayPaKINcinelImUldan

nwgtv

nkareKarBeTAv^jeTAmkdl'kraC

K~a, bUrNPaBTwkdK~a nignkarmineCotECkeTAv^jeTAmk dl'kickarpk~gK~a.

(cuHhtelxaeday eLDwkfU nig hinrI KisijeC enAf 27 mkra 1973) (dksg'

ecjBIsarBtman \LWm"ug| nf 26-1-73).

karN_mYyEdlVneFI[G~ksegtkarN_breTsegOgql'y"agxSg KWG~kkan'GMNac

enAP~MeBjVnbJa,

(13)

Kan'Etsni~sITenHcb'Pam,

[kgT&BbJb'karVj'K~aCaketaPaKI

ehIy[eFIbuNmYyGbGrsaTrTTYlkicBmeBogenH.

muneBlP~MeBjFak'bnic, karbkYtbECgK~arvagbkBYkTSgLayk~g saFarNrd eFI[Ga-

emrikSgsemccityk ln' Nun ecj[qayBIP~MeBj. \kaNun| VntveK[eTAeFIdeNIr

100
mYyeTAbreTsk~g

\zan:|

CardTUttac'cr.

ExrkhmeFI[manJkccamGar"amfa

k~g

deNIrrbs'xn ln' Nun VnTak'TgCamYyrusI. edaytcg'niyayfa karedjTUtrusI

ecjBIP~MeBjenAExemsa 1975 mkEtGMBIerOgenH, eyIgGacniyayedaycas'fa Exrkhm

(14)

tVnedjBYkTUtshPaBsUevot ekamkarjHjg'rbs'cineLIy.
enAGasIuPaKGeK~y_,

karbd^vtn_Nak*Cabd^vtn_ksikmEdr

(xSgNas'elIkElgEtcMeJH

hugkug nig sigburI), eBaHfamhaCnPaKecInCaksikr. vN:kmkrk~gkug Kan'EtCaels

eT. karTak'TajnsPaB \eqItqay| EtgEteFI[manCanic, k~gsgm Ekr-mUlFnniym,

nUvkarcakecjBIsukEscMkarmkrs'enAk~gkugv^j, karN_enHCakrNIynkmCaEdr. lb'

bMVt'kugTSgLayecj CaeKaledAFMmYynkumynisGasuITSgGs' EdlkMBugEteLIgkan'

GMNac, eTaHbIxnykTwsItamlTiNak*eday, eTaHbIxnmanlkN:dac'Nat'xSg tick*

eday. minEmnEtk~gkmCabCaFibetyeTEdleKlb'bMVt'kugecal, enAevotNam nig

enAlav k*eKeFIdUec~HEdr, bu"Enedaybnicmg@. EdlExrkhmedjbNaCn ecjGs'y"ag

elOnBIP~MeBjnigkugeTotenH, KWminEmnmkBIerOgesdkic edmIbMeBjbMNgmenaKmv^Ca

GIeT. ExrkhmVneFIedayGmnusFmenH eJHcg'ecosvagGnak'4 dUcteTAenH, EdlGac

\kat'mux| xnVn
k/

ekaykicBmeBogenAV"rIsnq~S 1973, eKfaGacmankicccarelIerOgExr.

sIhnu, CamYykaryl'Bmn CU eGnLay, eVHsncmYyeTA raCrdaPi

VlrYbrYmCati BmeFIEtkicccar eTPaKI, CamYyGaemrikSgEtmg. sIhnu min

Emncg'EtTaj ln' nl' nigsaFarNrdecjeT, KWEfmTSg ehIymunGI

TSgGs' BYkExrkhm \kUnsis| yYneTot (enAeBlenaH, rdTUtVrSg

enAkugeb"kSg, eGEdn ma"Nak', eFICaG~kTak'Tg[). cab'tSgBIq~S 1973

enAkmCa, eKeXIjmankgqk' \sIhnuniym|. enAk~gPUmiPaKxH, mankarvay
x/

K/

tTl'y"agxSg rvagExrkhm nig \BYksIhnu|.

eBlEdlKat'eTACardmnITImYy, hg Funhak' Vnrkccar, tamry:Vgkk,

CamYykum sIhnu - exov sMpn - huy nim - hU yn', karbwgEbgEdlVn

eFI[Kat' Vt'muxgareTA.
suEsn

EhrNg'Eds,

GtIt:GKembJakar, cg'eFIrdbharmYyedmIrMlM

ln' nl' ehIyyksIhnu (Etm~ak'g) mkv^j. edayxHKuNsmtimYy

EdlVrSgehAfa \GIunIs"aTIv| (karecHcat'Ecgedayxng mincSVc'maneK
bJa),

X/

suEsneTAsYreyabl'GaemrikSgsin.

eqIy \eT|, ehIyxnk*sab'.

nl'

Nun

k*dUcK~aEdr

CakarN_Fmta,

BuMVnenAesmk~gkarbNSg

GaemrikSg

deNImGMNaceT.

\tmesnIy_| Ehm ektdara nigkum \mU"Nas| rbs'xn, nayTahanJk'

payxH

Edltehbthbmkdak'esacvak'enATarcUlksYgeXasnakar

bgaj[eXIjlicklTSgLayneBlekayenaH.

101
BitNas'eTAehIy, ExrkhmdgGs'BIVyklTSgenaH. karN_EdlKYrkt'sMKal' KWBYk

edrlicTSgenH, TSgG~kmansuTcit TSgG~keskbuNski, Vnyl'cLMGMBIGMNacEmn

ETnelIBYkExrkhm. TSgGs'K~atVnyl'dl'Gtn&yy"agCaleCA nkarsmab'rgal

Bp enAtJMgCg, dug, kMBg'cam .l. eLIy. eKsanEtebIminsIhnu (EdlmanysCa

bFannrNsirnigmankarKSJrBIeb"kSg) k* exov sMpn Edr (CamYygarxnCaGKembJa

kar nigrdmnIkarJrbeTs) Edlkan'begrdknSbd^vtn_. minKW exov sMpn Edlk~geBl

mYyVnVb'G~ksarBtmanVrSgm~ak'enAk~gBfa \eKaHf~ak'FMbMputcMeJHkarbd^vtn_ KW

kalNaC&yCnHVnrh&seBk|? etI exov sMpn cg'[dgfa minEmnxneTG~kmanGMNac

EmnETnGI? bu"EnkalenaH cenaHq~S 1971 nig 73 tmannrNacab'PwkxSgeLIy eday

sanEtniyayBIkickarerobcM. emIleTA, edaycg'sgKMnMuQWcab' elIsgmxn, edaycg'

eFI[Tal'Et sIhnu ykGMNacv^jBMuekIt, exov sMpn, EdlemIlgayemeronbvtisas

(15)
(16)

dUcBYk \BukrlYy| enAP~MeBjEdr, VnsuxcitcUlCamYy \bn| BYkhaNUy.

eKVnniyayGMBIkar[xIVk' 1 000 landular Edl CU eGnLay BmeFI cMeJHkmCab-

CaFibety edmI[ExrkhmTuk sIhnu Cabmuxrd.

muneBl bu"l Bt eTAsukcinbnic, Tsnavd \esdkiccugbUJbeTs| cuHGtbTmYysr

esreday Nay"ancan'da ekamcMNgeCgfa \kmCanigcinminsUvs~iTs~alK~a|, ehIyEdl

EcgdUcteTAenH

\sIhnu bPB[BtmanCatiGWru"bmYy EdldgecInGMBIeb"kSgniyayfa cinmin

(R)

sbayciteTGMBIrebobEdleKEfTSsemcsIhnu, ehIy \BYkbYnnak'|

VntveK[TTYl

xus edayBuMVnxitxMeFI[ sIhnu enACabmuxrd. bPBenHyl'fa minEmnCacdneT

karN_Edl sIhnu VntvdkecjBItMENgekayBImrNPaBnrdmnITImYy CU eGnLay

(EdlCaG~kKSJr sIhnu k~gry:eBlVMq~SEdlsemcenAeb"kSg), Tl'nwgBYkG~kdac'Nat'

xSgk~gcMeNamExrkhm. LvenHeb"kSgdUcCaVneXIjfa karTmak'sIhnu VneFI[kmCa

Vt'G~knSJkm~ak'EdlmansmtPaB, mkGMBIneyaVyeFIxnekaGnafa.

\fIditEtTMnas'rvagbeTscinnhYKYehg nwgkmCaminTan'ecjenAeLIyeT, eKeXIj

mansJafa eb"kSgminsUvmankars~iTs~alk~gkicTak'Tgrbs'xnCamYykmCa. karbriyay

BIerOgExredayTIP~ak'garBtmancinf bdab'vas'kMritmitPaBmYyEdleKTTYlsal' Vn

Fak'cuHmky"agscesIgk~gq~SEdlkngeTAenH. bdUceTAnwgGtbTcMnYn 22 elIkmCa Edl

TIP~ak'garBtmancinfVncuHpayk~gExkkda-sIha 1976, TIP~ak'garVncuHEtbYnGtbTeT

k~gry:kaldUcK~aq~SenH.

\sJamYynkarcuHGn'nPaBkk'ekArbs'eb"kSg KWkMritminsUvxSgnPaBtMNagrbs'

beTscink~gBiFICb'elogbuNxYbenAExemsa.

k~gBiFICb'elogq~SeTA,

EdleFIeLIgmun

mrNPaBn em"A esTug nigkarFak'nBYkbYnnak', VnmkcUlrYmsmaC^kbInak'nkariyal&y

neyaVy BmTSgrdmnIkarbreTsk~geBlenaH, Cav KYnhY (ekaymkeKElgrab'rk). q~S

(R) bBn em"A esTug nigK~aKat'.

102
enH, VnmkcUlrYmk~gBiFIsmaC^km~ak'nkariyal&yneyaVy nigrdmnIkarbreTs hYghY.

sunrkfarbs' hYghY tCak'Cag Cav KYnhY EdlVnEfgGMBIesckIVemaCnwgkarEdlman

\mitrYmbyuT| esaHtg'dUcExr.|

\karcuHtCak' nTMnak'TMngnbeTsTSgBIr bEhlCamineFI[mankardac'edacxSg

[eXIjCasaFarN: nUvsgamsabVkadUckrNICamYybeTsGal'VnIeT, eJHbeTs

TSgBIr tvkarK~a eTAv^jeTAmk. cinmintwmEt[xIVk'y"agecInsemIm sMrab'karksag

eLIgv^jekaysgameT (bEhl 1 000 landularGaemrikSg, Edlk~genaHmanCnYyCa

rbs' tm 20 landular), EfmTSgVn tameKsan [buKlikbeckeTs 1 000 nak'

mkCYsCulpv nigbkrN_dknStamGakas nigGys&yyan, eKOgpl'GKisnInigerag

cksMxan'@ eTot BmTSg[dbUnanxagGPivDn_ksikm. elIsBIkar[GavuFFmta, cin

Vnpl'kV"l'sMrab'eFIlat ehIybgat'Exr[ecHebIVs'. Gakascrcin (ekaymk tam

edayGakascryYnniglav) enAEtCasanFMEdlPab'beTsmkBiPBelakxagekA. ebsk

kmExrxagJNiCkmEdlecjekAbeTsCaelIkdbUg

mktSgTIk~gFnaKarkumynismYy

enA hugkug (Tsnavd, 10 F~ 76) ehIykicCYjdUrTSgLayeFItamry:FnaKarnbeTs

cin. eTaHbIkmCaVnebIkbnicmg@ nUvkarTak'TgxagBaNiCkmCamYyelakxagekAk*eday

CaBiessCamYyCbu"n eBlevlamYyry:nigkngeTA munnwgP~MeBjGacrwgdrwgeCgedrEt

m~ak'gVn.|

\tbmkv^j,

CamYyneyaVyekAbeTsd*kraCrbs'xn

xnbqSgnwgshPaBsUevot,

nigChrya"gxSgrbs'

kmCaeFIsmnwgTwkVk'k~gv^k&yb&tcinNas'.

eb"kSgcg'[kmCaEkEbChrCatiniymelIslubrbs'xn

fditEt

nigbMVt'TMnas'xnCamYybeTs

f, PaBkraCy"agmanHnkmCaVntvTTYlsal'fa karFanamYyTl'nwges~tTSgLay

nmhaGMNac dUctTl'nwgkarekIteLIgnbkNcinkraCmYyEdr. eTaHbeTsTSgBIrmin

cUlcitnwgneyaVyk~gK~axSgy"agNak*eday, kmCanigcin nwgenAEtedrCamYyK~aeJHEt

mUlehtuy"agxIenH beyaCn_rd .|

(TsnavdesdkiccugbUJbeTs 30 kkda 1977)

103

deNIrd*maneCaKC&yn bu"l Bt eTAeb"kSgGacCa

sJa n karbnn'rbbExrkhmeT?

KWfa

bCaCnExrGacnwgVnsaksanxHeT?
eTaHCaG~kdknScinbmUlmnusmYylannak' elITIlan eTonGanem"n edmIeFIkarTTYly"ag

GsarmYydl' bu"l Bt nigedmIVb'eTABiPBelakfa kmCa Ca \kEngsMrSgTuk| rbs'cink*eday,

eKaledAnG~kdknSsBfnigk~gGnaKtnbeTsevotNam

enAEttEbbleLIy

bMeBj

cMNg' hU Cmij, KWfa ykkmCaniglav cUlk~gshB&nrdmYy ekamkardknSnevotNam. man

ecInK~a G~kEdlcSemIl, edayeqat, karN_EdlExrkhmebIky"agFM nUvTarbeTs edmI[ \ecA

hay| yYnxncUlmkykkmCa. enHKWmeFaVyEdl hU Cmij BuMVnVb'eyIgeT. G~kdknS

evotNammanCaecInK~a nUvkarBiesaFn_Cab' 40q~S xagsgambd^vtn.

_ eKVnQmmux k~gkartyuT

y"agyUredmIkraCbeTseKTl'nwgGaNaniKmniym nigckBtiniym CaecIn VrSg, cin,

Cbu"n, GaemrikSg. kan'cgtbeTsmYyEdl cMeJHEP~kBiPBelakTSgmUl CabeTsrgkm, G~k

TSgenHecH ehIynigenAEtecH ecosvagmin[eKfaxnCackBtiv^jVn.

etIExrkhmGnuvtn_texaH

nUvTwsIbd^vtn_nvN:kmkr-ksikr

rbs'em"A(1)?

mYyyk

KMnitedaytxusmYybnat'BIlTi ma"k-eLnIn? mYyBYkenH \duslag[brisuT| edmIeFIsgmf

mYyenAkmCa? tsMxan'eT bPBnlTiEdlemExrkhmykKMnittam, karEdltvsgt'elI KWBYk

enHVnTTYlkarhwkhWnxagbeckeTssgambd^vtn_enAsukyYn.

ebIKanCnYycin(2)

karbd^vtn_

yYnbEhlCaminVnC&yCnHeT. dUcK~aEdr ebIKanCnYyyYn emeraKkumynis tmankmSgKb'

Kan'nwgkMeTc ehIykb'ecalnUvGriyFmExreLIy. BitehIy VneronenAsalayYn minEmnVnn&y

EbmkCanicfaCaxMkJHyYn ehIybMerIplbeyaCn_yYneT. bu"En ebIbeTsevotNamVneFIBlikm
y"agecInedmICYyExrkhm KWmkBIbeTsenHeXIjfaxnGacTajplbeyaCn_mkv^jVn. mk

dl'eBlenH G~kdknSyYnGacsbayrIkraynwglTplelIkdbUgehIy, rgan'nkarsbrsrbs'

xn beTskmCaGs'mnus edaykarbMpajxng(3). eTaHeyIgcg' mincg' ExrkhmkMBugEteFI

[Gs'mnusBIbeTsxnehIy eJHfa
k/

EfmelIGsuPExr 1 200 000 nak' EdlBwTsPaGaemrikSgVnTTYlsal', bnab'

BIkarCECkmYyya"gtwmtvelIKNenymk, nigmanmYycMnYneTot, EdleyIgminhannwg

mincg'V"n',

nG~ksab'edayehtuCvsas.

ehIyeyIgminniyayBIkarEdlTarkcab'

kMeNItBuMVn nigBIkarsmab'tg'@ EdlnwgenAEtmaneTotpg.

x/

k~gGMeBIqtkMeral nigsmab'rbs'xn ExrkhmeFI[manbtikmeTAmk bnK~a Edl

nwgnSbeTseTA[mankarkMeTcTSgggtmuxmYyCaTIexacpar. eKalv^TasasEdlfa km

begItbtikm nwgbgaj[eyIgeXIj kareFIVbnS[mankarbHeVr, karbHeVrnS[man

104
karbgab ehIykg'ckenHecHEtv^leTAeTot. karbHeVrenHecjBIbNaCn k*dUcCaecjBI
bkBYkbECg.

edmIeFI[Gs'mnusBIkmCa, evotNamtVc'ebIkgT&BxneLIy. bu"Enmkdl'eBl

enHKan'Etcb'dNak'mYyeT. GnaKteXIjdUcCaexAggtNas'. bCaCnExrtvbugxncS

TTYlrgBHsgraecIneTot EdlbgajxnenAeCgemXeTAehIy.

dUec~H etIbCaCnExrnwgeTACay"agNak~gGnaKt?
etIGnak'enAtg'Na, sMNagnwgrs'enAtg'Na?

ekayBwtikarN_ 18 mIna 1970, eBlEdlbeTskmCacUlk~gpvfyekayBuMVn n

cMVMgK~ag, elak nYn eXOn, sasacarbriJab&tbvtisas nmhav^Tal&yGkrsas nig

mnussaskugP~MeBj, tamry:esovePAmYyeQaH deNIreqaHeTATisxaglic nigNcink~gq~S

2000, [karBmanmYyeTAKUv^vaTTSgBIr \vasnanbeTseyokNamCavasnanbCaCatimYy

EdlBgkTwkdedaysgam ehIyEdltveKeFIsgameTAGnaKteTot.|

k~gCemA, nYn eXOn cg'niyaydUcteTAenH eTAkan'G~kdknSTSgBIrxag k~gkMeralnig

smab'K~aeTAv^jeTAmk cUrG~kkuMePceKaHf~ak'yYnEdlkMBugEtXSemIleyIg. dbUnanbvtisasVn

Vb'eyIgrYcehIyfa

KWedaysarcMVMgK~aeyIgTSgenHehIy

EdlyYneqt{kasral'dgedmIruj

caneyIgecj. CaCagkMeTcK~ag, KYreyIgxMsnMCv^tExrv^j edmIQmmuxTl'nwgsgammYyk~g

GnaKt CamYyevotNameBlNaEdlbeTsenH nwgVnrYmmkEtmYyv^j.

dUcCaFmtaeTAehIy, karGMJvnavenHtVntveKeLIy. karsn~idannelak nYn eXOn

eXIjfatvdUec~HEmn k~geBlLvenH. eTIbnwgecjeKIm@ BIsgamd*rnt'mYyk~gkMLgVMq~S Edl

VneFI[sab'nigrbYsmnus 8 00 000 nak' k~gbNaCn(4), beTskmCacUlk~gdegbkarbd^

vtn_d*manButtt nigd*BpmYy EdlKabmYlxn[hUrQamecaHesIrEtGs'eTAeTot. kMBugEt

tdabtdYsedaymuxrbYsTSgenH,

sarBtmanTSgLayEcgBIsJansgammYyeTotrvagkmCa

nigevotNam, Edlk~geBlenHKan'EtCa \CemaHerOgBMEdn|. karN_mYyf kmCa, elIkenH, eTACa

\G~kQanBan\ eTAv^j (sMenognsunrkfarbs' bu"l Bt enAeb"kSg [eKsanTukfa nwgmancMVMg

y"agFMmYyrvagyYnnigExr). G~kdknSExrkhmkMBugEtnSCatiExrTSgmUleTAeFIGtXatkmehIy

edmIIlukluykmCa yYnebIedayeCaKC&ynUvels \GaNaniKmniymVrSg| (1951- 54), rYcmk

els \ckBtiGaemrikSg| (mina 1970), elIkenHKanGIXat'yYnmin[ebIels \ckBtiniymcin|

eT. enAExemsa 1975, eBlEdlBYkcincuHkV"l'ehaHenAeJFicintug, edaysanfacincUlkan'kab'

kmCa

yYnVncUlvayCaTUeTAtamBMEdn

ehIykan'kab'ekaHExrTSgGs'k~gsmuT(5).

enHCakar

BmanmYyehIy EdlevotNameVHeTA[cin. Tal'Etman \TsnkicCamitPaB| n eL dYn(R) enA

(R) eL dYn elxaFikarTImYynKNbk Lav-dug. lIfaCaG~kdac'Nat'xSgk~gcMeNamG~kdknSyYn.

105
P~MeBj eTIbGFikrN_enHVntvedaHsaymYyeBlsin (bnab'BI \Tsnkic| enH, eGog sarI Vn
elcecjCaelIkdbUgCabrdmnITImYy

nigrdmnIkarbreTs,

BmK~anwgeQaHCaecIneTotEdl

rhUtmkdl'eBlenaH enA \ekayvSgnn| enAeLIy.

TMnas' cin-yYn TIBIrVncab'epmehIy. cMeJHEP~kG~kdknSbeTsevotNam, ebIbeTs

kmCakayeTACamUldanmYynbeTscin,

kPaBrbs'beTsevotNamtvkayeTACabJav^j.

eJHfayUr qab' cinGacbnkicEdl CU eGnLay VneFImkBImun TukbeTsyYn[enAEtEbkK~a

edayTTg'kartsUyYn Tl'nwghaNUy tammaKanbeTsExr. karmYyeTotEdlcas'KW ebIcin

TTYlra"b'begnGavuFyuTP&Ndl'Exrkhm,

yYnk*nwgTarCnYykan'EtecIn

BIshPaBsUevotEdr.

ehIyenAfEdlG~kdknSyYnv^nic&yfaCnYypvswkncindl'kmCaVnhYskMrit

EdlCaeKaHf~ak'

mYydl'evotNam, kgTahanyYnnwgeTAmuxBwtikarN_ ehIynwgvaylukluybeTsExrmgeTot.

tamsan, dUcCaenAExmIna 1970 Edr, BYklukluynwgeFIsgamrh&smYy edayvaysMrukCamYy

kmSgTSgGs'rbs'xn

edmIkMeTcT&BExrkhm.

elIkenH,

eKGacnwgeXIjyYnkab'Cab'beTs

kmCa EdlGacElgbTUsnwgxn eJHfabNaCnExr, edayVnrgTukevTnaxSgeBk, Gacnwg TTYl

yYn Ca G~krMedaH !

GMeBIGakk'VneFIrYceTAehIy, bu"EntxUcxatTSgGs'eT.

ebIG~kdknSExrkhm, fditEtxnsahavBp nigqtveggkNa, enAmankardgsab'

dgrs'enAeLIy eyIgcg'fa BYkenHsuxcitVk'muxCaCagVt'suk, xntvcat'v^FankarN_dUcteTA

EdleXIjdUcCakicticbMputEdltveFI edmIsgwmfanwgeXIjbCaCatiExrrYcCv^t
k)

bJb'karkab'sMLab'escnwgcit.

mnus.

bnrkargarnbNaCnedayeFI[eTAtamkmSg

x)

GnuJat[kumeBTcUleTAkmCa edmIBaVlG~kCmW, edaymancMnYnKb'Kan', nig

K)

[GaharKb'Kan'dl'bNaCn, edayman Gt'CnYyBIxagekA.

X)

sitenAk~gry: evlaEdltvkar.

edaymanbeTscin nigshPaBsUevotCYypg (Exrkhm, ehIyCamYyxnkmCa

TSgmUl, manEtxatTSgGs' ebIenAEteqIgnwgshPaBsUevot) ekaHehAKN:kmkar

GnCatixagkicttBinit (es GuI es) mkeFI[eKeKarBBMEdnExr (ebI es GIu es enH

g)

Gs'manGaNti tvTamTar[manKN:kmkarrebobK~aenH).

Fanasnisuxk~gpbeTs (snisuxdl'kumeBT nigkumG~kCYyeTot, xaXSgkuM[

mankarbHeVrnbNaCn v^FankarN_enHeFI[exaccitNas' bu"EnCakarcSVc')

edayehAmknUvT&BGnrCati (BYkmYk \exov| n Gsb kgTahanEdlmkEtBI

beTssgmniym).

v^FankarN_TSg 5x enH KWedmIbJb'mrNkmk~gsukExrEtbu"eNaH. GP&yksiTinwg

EskehAdl'BiPBelakxagekA enAk~gdG~kdknSExrkhmehIy, EdlnwgenAEtemIlxustvk~g

suk. BitehIyBiPBelakenAFwg, cat'karGIedayxngBMuekIt, bu"EneKnwgcUleTACYybCaCnExrPam

eBlNaEdlrdaPiVlkmCa mkrkeKmun.

106
ekaymk

evlad*sMxan'bMputnwgmkdl',

evlaEdlbeTskmCanwgeCserIsykneya-

Vyf, evlaEdlkgeyaFaGnrCatinwgtvdkxnecj edaymineFIGI[mansgamrvagExrK~agmg

eTot. bu"EneyIgBMuTan'eTAdl'dNak'enaHenAeLIyeT. karsMercCaGayuCv^t kareCserIsd*sMxan'

bMput, sMrab'eBlPam@ enH, enAelIExrkhm karbd^vtn_ beTs.

sMnYrTI 7 rhUtmkdl'kmitNa kmCabCaFiety

GacsgwmelIsaFarNrdcinbCamanit? (enATMB&r 111)

107

GFibay
(1)

karbd^vtn_yYnykKMnittamkarbd^vtn_cinEdr. k~gesckIepmnlknik: n dagLav-dug

(KNbknG~keFIkar, begtenAExmIna 1951), eKGacGan \mUldannKNbk Lav-dug

nigeKalKMnitTSgLayEdlENnSKNbkenH k~gskmPaBTSgGs'rbs'xnKW lTinma"k,

Ginhwl eLnIn, em"A

esTug, smleTAtamesckItvkarBitVkdnkarbd^vtn_|. ebIeK

emIllknik:nKNbkbd^vtn_nkmCa,

EdleFIeLIgedayTIbJakarevotmijenAsukExr

ehIyEdlKan'EtCaesckIsegbnlknik:KNbk

Lav-dug,

eKeXIjEtkarBnH[gb'

ggtmux, dUck~gXaenHCaedm \bgbbgmbCaCnTSgmUl k~grNsirExrsr:, eday

eFIshbtibtikary"agC^ts~iTCamYybCaCnnevotNam niglav ehIybny"agxab'xn

kartyuTedmIkMeTc[Gs'VrSgGaNaniKmniym,

GaemrikSgGnraKmn_niymnigxMkJHva|.

(emIlesovePA \evot-mij\ rbs' EbNahl', bNaKar Gam"g'kULSg 1960. GanTMB&r 83

nig 84 nkmgenHEdr).

ebIsinCaG~kdknSyYntVnmanKMnitTuM cgnwgsresr \karXat'XSgk~gKMnit| mYy

edaydak'lkx&Nfa tvsmllTikumyniseTAtamlTPaB nigsanPaBk~gsuk, kar

bd^vtn_yYnbEhlCasahavBpdUcrbs'ExrkhmEdr. by&t~bu"Nwgemc GMeBIrMelaPBI

sMNak'G~k \xagekam| enAEtVnekItmaneLIgdUcEdlG~kniBn hlIB dvEl Ecgk~gkar

GFibayGMBIkareLIgkan'tMENgnevotmij k~grdaPiVlbeNaHGasn~TImYy nsaFarN
rdbCaFibetyevotNam 1945

\ dUec~HEmn karN_sMxan'k~geBlenH minEmnJkEdleKniyay GtbTEdleK

sresrk~gTIkugTSgLay dUchaNUy ev" eT. eJHfaenATIenaHmanebskkmBYksmn

mitEdlcuH-eLIg, dUec~HrdaPiVltvEt \Tukmux| xn ehIyrkaPaBerobry. karN_sMxan'KW

ehtuEdlekItmaneLIgenATICnbT.|

\cab'PameLIg karbd^vtn_tamsukEs-cMkarmanlkN:pac'kar, dac'Nat'Etmg.

munnwg{vaTepg@ cMeJHKN:kmkarTSgLaynbCaCnVntverobcMeLIg, karbd^vtn_, bd^

vtn_EmnETn, Vncab'epmrYceTAehIy.

\enAtamXuMnigPUmiTSgLay, G~kmanmux-mat' nignamWunTSgry@ nak' tveKrkerOg,

vaydcMFak', cab', rhUtdl'smab'rgalpg. G~knSGaTBYkeLIgkMhl'TSgenaH ecInEtCn

EdleKminsal',

enaH

bNaCnv^j

tmanbtikmGIeLIy.

EdlP&ytk'stCaTUeTA

BnnaKartUcFMTSgGs'

bu"EneBlxHyl'BmtamEdr

tveKebIkTareLIgBmK~a

ehIy

CHecjmkelIbeTsnUvG~keTas \neyaVy| nigG~kCab'eTasedaybTelIs, Edlsvg

eCakedaykarsgswk.

ekalahl'nigPaBcbUkcbl'

rwtEtsYlekItmaneLIgeTAeTot

edayehtufatSgBIecInExmkehIy GMNacrbs'rdaPiVl, ekABIenAk~gTIbCuCnFM@, manEt

eQaHeT.|

108
\bniceTotmk

escnwgcit,

eKk*rab'ElgGs'nUvcMnYnkarlYcbn',

karbMVt'Vk'kas,

karEqkeqr,

karcab'cgeday

\karrwbGUsyksmtiBYkG~kmanhas'siuH

nigbqSg

bd^vtn_|, nigXadkm ekay (Kan) kareFIhak'dUcCakat'esckIeday \tulakarbCaCn|

EdleKbegteLIgy"agqk'keNot. BYkG~kbwgEbgeFIkar[bkkumynisNcin yl'fa

eBlevlamkdl'ehIy EdleKtvGnuvtn_kmv^FIeFI \karbMVt'mUlFnniymhas'suiH|, km

v^FIEdlbegondl'xn k~gkneFI[ekItclacl. k~gTIbCuCnextnigXuMCaecIn, CaBiess

enAGNamxageCgnigenAtugkwg, KN:kmkarnbCaCn bJa[bMVt'ecalnUvBiFIbuNbB

NIyepg@, [eFIkarEckdEscMkar, [rwbGUsTBsmtiBYkG~kman, ehIydknSkickar

TSgenHedaypal'.|

\KN:kmkarTSgLaynbCaCncUlkan'kab'XuMTSgBYg,

TSgLayEdlenAk~gKN:kmkarTSgenaH

GMNacEmnETnenAk~gdBYkkumynis

bgajxnCakumynis.|

ehIyesccklwtelac

eFIkarsgt'sg^nnigePrvkm.

enAKb'TIkEng

EdlCajwkjyecInEtmnusekAXuM

\y"agenHkarbd^vtn_k*mantSgBIedmTInUvlkN:CakartyuTsgmy"agxSg

BYkEdl

BuHeJr

bMput. k~gPaKecInnPUmiPaKTSgLay karbd^vtn_enHbJak'xnfamanxwmsarCakumynis,

ehIyeFIeLIgeTAtamExbnat'dac'Nat' nkmv^FIeLnInniym.|

\GMeBIhYsehtuTSgenH GacEteFI[Gab'{ndl'karbd^vtn_, [karenHFak'eTAk~gPaB

veggvk'v. G~kdknSkumynisdgPamGMBIkarenH. dYgVk'm"ay, G~kdknSm~ak', nigVb'xMyUr

ekaymk (enAExmIna 1947) GMBIkicEdlKat'xMeFI, k~gnaTICaGFikarxagkickarneyaVy

nigrdVlbcSPaKxagekItnNam-bU (kUsSgsuIn), edmIbgg'snHxSgkaxuseBlevla n

G~ktyuTxagekam edayBnl'dl'G~kTSgenaHfa Par:kick~geBlenH minEmnkareFIbd^vtn_

kmkr-ksikreT bu"EnKWkarrMlM \GaNaniKmniym| edayGMJvnavdl'bCaCn TSgmUl [eFI

kartyuTTl'nwgGaNaniKmniymenH.|

Gs'.

\dUec~HEmn cMeJH hU Cmij nigkumrbs'Kat', kardeNmykkraCtveFImunGITSg

Kat'yl'fa

eBlevlaebIk{kas[Nas'

ehIybEhlCamintLb'mkmgeTot

eLIy. dUec~HkarGITSgGs'tveFItMrg'eTAeKalbMNgenaH. karbd^vtn_k~gsgmenAelIpTIBIr

eT, ekayqayeTAeTot. () ebIkarbd^vtn_manlkN:tammenaKmv^Ca , BYkhUCmijnwgbg'
xatTSgGs'ehIy. edaymanEt 5000 nak' , BYkenHBuMGacsgwmbMbt'bMEbnmhaCnVneT.

()|

\bgabGMeBIhYsehtu, rkkarrYbrYmbCaCn[Vn KW[eTAdl'eKaledATSgBIrenH

Edl hU Cmij nigkumKat'cab'eFIkarPam. dUec~HEmn hU Cmij enAEteCOCak'fa kardak'

edayKMhuknUvrbbsgmniymmkelIevotNam eFIeTABuMrYceLIy. bCaCntbugebobnwg

TTYlrbbenHeLIy, edaymkGMBITMenomTMlab'nigstixnpg. k~gkMLgecInq~SeTot, beTs

evotNamtvedry"agyWteTAkan'sgmniym tamkarhat'eron nigtamkarbBwtbCaFibety. ()|

109
\k~geBlLvenH kareCarhYsbmaNn \G~ktyuTxagekam| VnCmuCbeTs

evot-NameTAk~gekalahl. edmIkan'kab'kickarVnv^j hU Cmij manEtkummYytUc,

\xYr| sam-Essibnak'enAhaNUy, minTSgecInbu"NwgpgenAKb'exteTot. kareXasna,

karniyayBnl' (eJHkmSgGavuFminTan'manenAeLIy) CameFaVyEtBIr EdlBYkenHGac

ebIVs'Vn|.

(hlIB dvEl, k~g \savtanevot-Nam BI1940 eTA 1952|, hageVHpaysWy)

enAbeTsyYn kartyuTvN:eFIeTACamYykartyuTedmIkraC (dbUgTl'nwgVrSg,

rYcmkTl'nwgGaemrikSgedmIbgbbgmbeTs). dUcK~aEdr enAbeTscin, em"AesTug, Ca

mYyK~anwgkartyuTvN:,

VntyuTBIdbUgTl'nwgCbu"n.

enAbeTskmCa

manEtkartyuT

vN:bu"eNaH. ebIenAevotNam karbd^vtn_VntveFIeLIgedaybJvn, enAkmCa KWG~klwt

lg'EdleFIbd^vtn_ etImnusrebobNaEdl exov sMpn, eGog sarI, saLt sr ebI

Vs'? eBlNaCnTSgbIenHnwgtvVt'xndUcG~keTotEdr?
(2)

BIrdaPiVlbeNaHGasn~TImYynsaFarNrdbCaFibetyevotNam

enAq~S

1945

eTA

edon ebonPU enAq~S 1954, mintwmEtkarbd^vtn_cineT EdlVnCaKMrUdl'evotmij, bu"Enbnab'

BIcab'kMeNItenAq~S 1949 cinbCamanitKSTyYntampvsmar:eTot. enAq~S 1950 kgT&B

cinelx 2 VneFI[ecjCarUbragnigbgat'kgBlFMevotmijelx 304, 308, 312, nig

320. karbd^vtn_ksikm EdlhaNUyeFIeLIgBIq~S 1953 eTA 1956 KWcmgtelgBI

KMrUcin. k~gry:sgamTI2 nNcin, cinVnCYyyYnxageCgecInNas' ekamKuDecv,

shPaBsUevot[CnYyyYnxageCgtm 350 landular. k~gkMLgeBlenaH CnYycinmk

(3)

yYntm 450 landular.

karN_EdlKYr[rnt'mYyeTot KWmnusEdlenAsukExr ekayExemsa 1975 nigmanmYy

cMnYnFMEdlBikar tSgBIkMeNItnUvkay nigstiedayedmehtuCvsas. etIExrbd^vtn_d*mha

GsarmYylannak'

dUcEdlVneKagTukedayExrkhm

mankmSgGIQmmuxTl'nwgyYn

50 lannak' (75 lan enAq~S 2000!) k~gsunrkfarbs'xnenAeb"kSg bu"l Bt Vnfa

\eyIgtvkarmnus 20 lannak'|. (emIlTsnavdeb"kSg (Pking Review) elx 41, Extula

(4)
(5)

1977). etI bu"l Bt cg'ebIkTarkmCa[ \G~kGenabevsn_| cin GI?

esIK~anwgcMnYnG~krgeKaHedayKab'EbkbrmaNU huIrU"sIum"a VMbIdg.

tSgBIyUrmkehIy yYncg'VnekaHExrNas'. kareskXanenH minEmnmkEtBIkMNb'ebg

katEdlGacmanenAekamCaysmuTenaHeT,

KWedmIbMeBjesckItvkaryuTsasEdr.

dUec~HEmn, eBlNamankarv^vaT, yYnGacxb'cracrmin[kV"l'cUlEpkMBg'esamVn ebIxn

CaG~kkan'kab'ekaHTSgenaH, kMBg'esamEdlCaEpsmuTEtmYyrbs'Exr.

110
ekaHExrFM@ BIrameTAJm haeTog KW ekaHcLH, ekaHkbI, ekaHsI, ekaHtaKav,

ekaHsemac, ekaHf, ekaHesH, ekaHtl' (PUkwk), ekaHGgg, ekaHesHmYyeTot, ekaHeJ,

ekaHGnay, nigekaHBIreTot enAqayBIeq~r ekaHBULv nigekaHtag.

111

rhUtdl'kMritNa kmCabCaFibety Gac

sgwmelIsaFarNrdcinbCamanit?

cMNgEdlekokbeTscineTAnwgbeTskmCa k~gkal:eTs:sBfnkarTak'Tg cin-Exr

VntvrwteLIgedayEtJkBIrm"at'

\beyaCn_rd|,

dUcEdlVnsresredayG~keqIyqgm~ak'n

TsnavdesdkiccugbUJbeTs, Nay"an' can'da (GanTMB&r 101, elxeyag 16)

enAExmkra 1973 eBlEdlsn~isITenAV"rIselIbeTsevotNamkMBugeFIeLIg, Gnurdelxa

FikarGaemrikSg sulIva"n' VnecalJkdUcteTAenH \beTscincUlciteXIjmanrd bYn \rebob

(R)

sukbl'kg'|

CagNcinEtmYyekamkarENnSnevotNamxageCg EdlenAekamTiBlsh

PaBsUevot| (siuc) (emIlTsnavdesdkiccugbUJbeTs, Exkum: 1973). ekaykarcuHhtelxa

elIkicBmeBogEdlbJak'sn~isITdEdl, hinrI KIsijeC(1) VnniyayrebobenHEdr eTAkan'G~k

karTUtcinm~ak', edaycMGn'elgbnicpg \ebIeyIg, GaemrikSg, CaG~kcaj', Gs'elak, cin, CaG~krg

eKaH.|

|JkElbxay| nG~kTTYlxustvxagkarbreTsGaemrikSgenH niyayminticeT GMBITMhM

nkarv^vaT cin-rusI, mintwmEtenANcineT, bu"EnenAk~gGasIuPaKGeK~y_TSgmUl. shPaBsUevot

EdlneyaVyekAbeTscMeJHrdTSgLaynGasuIPaKGeK~y_ minsUvelaPln'bu"nan munv^vaTenH

ekIteLIg(2), kMBugEtlatsnwgTiTixnelIPUmiPaKenHnBiPBelak bnicmg@ bu"EnCak'eLIg@. tam

VyenH rusIcg'eLamB&Tcin tamry:beTsTSgLayEdlenAekamTiBlxn.
ekaybraC&ynGaemrikSgenANcin,

eTscinGacetagCab'EmkeQIkmCa,

KWedaysarsnHstibqSgyYnrbs'Exr

k~geBlEdlevot-Nam(3)

niglav(4)

Edlb-

Fak'eTAekamTiBl

shPaBsUevot. dUcCacintvkarbeTskmCaEdr ExrkhmtvkarbeTscin. BYkenHEbreTArkcin

mintwmEtedmITb'Tl'nwgkmSgyYneT, bu"EnedmIBggGMNacxnEdr edayeFIkarbMVk'karbu"nb"gb-

qSgkarbd^vtn_. bu"EneKGacsYrfa etIk~gkMLgeBlbu"nan TiBlcinelIkmCa nwgenAEtxSgdEdl?

Vncab'epmrYceTAehIy karbNSgbECgK~ay"agsitsaj rvagmhaGMNacsgmniymTSgBIr enA

beTsf, PUma nigm"aeLsuI. TMnas'cin-rusIenANcin EdlbNak'K~amk kayeTACaTMnas' Exr-

yYn, yk \cMeNaTmuxBIr| mYyy"agBiVk mk[cinedaHsay. edayevotNamnigkmCaenAk~gs

evonmenaKmv^CadUcK~a beTscintveCserIsykkaredaHsaymYyEdlmineXag eTAelImYy

EdlCab'nwgcintamelahit nigtamsavtarab'stvtr_, eTAelImYyeTot EdlcinkarJredmI

beyaCn_xnpal'.

(R) sMedAeTArd bulkarI, yUehasav, nigGal'VnI EdlmanrbbsgmniymdUcK~a bu"Enman \mitsmaj'| xusK~a.

112
erOgenHdgehIy, eyIgtvsMKal'fa sgammYyeTotrvagkmCanigevotNam. EdlLvenH

Kan'EtenAk~gkarsanTuk, GacnwgpHeLIgEsk@ enH. karN_enHGacekItmaneLIgNas' dUcEdl

bvtisasnGasuIVnbegondl'eyIg, bvtisasEdlmankarbt'EbnCaecIn EdleKBuMGacsan

TukCamuneLIy. k~gkrNIcMVMgExr-yYn, beTscinmanEtCerIsbIeT
k)

cinpl'CnYyy"ageBjeljxagGavuFyuTP&Ndl'Exrkhm.

VneT
rusI

x)

nwgkgT&ByYnEdlmanecInCagy"agelIslub(5)

(CaBiessGakasyanEdlnwgtttapvGakas)?

bu"EnBYkenHTb'Tl'

nigGavuFy"agTMenIbrbs'
eBlNaeyaFaxnsab'

Gs'ecIneTA etIExrkhmEbreTArknrNa? eTArkbNaCnEdlxnykeTAeFITaskr?

kgT&BExrkhmxat'xayeTA, etIcincab'dmas' \shB&nNcineT? edmIenA[

esImuxnwgshPaBsUevot?

(eKVneXIjrYcmgmkehIy

karN_Edlcin

\tLb'

ekay, Ebr!| enAmuxBwtikarN_EdlxnxaXSgBuMVn KWenAeBlEdlExrkhmQ~H

K)

elIsIhnu).

etIcinbkassgamTl'nwg evotNam \d*tUc| eT, karN_EdlGacnS[shPaB

sUevoteFIGnraKmn_ ehIybegtplv^VkEdleKesIrEtminhannwkeTAdl'? beTs

lavEdlCab'BMEdnK~a Fak'eTAk~gdrusIeTAehIy, etIkmCa KYrcineFIBlikm[eT?

bu"EneKBMuGacsanTukCamunVneLIy facinnwgmanbtikmy"agenH y"agenaH. dUcCabeTs

TSgGs'enAGasuIEdr (elIkElgEtCbu"n?) EdlbNaCnBuMEdlVnsal'eLIy faGICabCaFibety

BitVkd, beTscin, mhabeTsmYyEdlGariyFmenAk~gBBYkcas'CageKTSgGs'k~gBiPBelak,

enAEtCabeTsmYyEdlneyaVyrdenAk~gkNab'dmnusEtmYykum. bu"EnebIeyIgebIkTMB&rbvti

saseyIgeLIgv^j eyIgnwgeXIjehtukarN_xH EdlGac[eyIgriHKit.

k~gry:kalTSgmUlnGMNacrbs' sIhnu, eKGacfabeTskmCaCarNbbeTscink*Vn

Edr (Gan \TMnak'TMngExr-cin|). k~gKb'eBlmanTMnas'TwkdCamYybeTsC^txag, semcKMramfa

cinnwgelIkT&BmkCYykmCa. enAExsIha 1962, ekayBIVneFI[ekaHPUkwk (ekaHtl')(6) eTACa

mUldaneCgTwky"agFMbMputnbeTs edmIbJb'karlYcbJlxnnevotkug EdlmkBIsukExrtam

smuT, evotNamxagtgTamTarekaHmYycMnYnBIkmCa ekaHf, ekaHesH, ekaHGnay, ekaHtaKav nig

ekaHeJ. beTsTSgBIrv^HEtnwgcSgK~a. BIkugeb"kSg CUeGnLay KMramfanwg[T&BcineFIGnraKmn_.

enAExmIna 1964 elak ln' nl', Edlk~gkalenaHCanayGKesnaFikarkgT&B, eFITsn

kicmYyenAbeTscin

Edlnwg[mkKat'nUvGavuFsMrab'bIkgvresnatUc.

k~geBlenaHbFan

em"A

Vb'eTAKat'fa \eyIgnwgenAEkrbeTskmCaCanic k~gkarTb'Tl'nwgckBtiGaemrikSgnigbrivar.|

G~kdknSExreLIgTwkcitnwgkarrab'rkrbs'G~kdknScinNas' ehIyk*begterOgminBitmYy, bEhl

CaedmIbgkcitBYkv^Tgnaxageqg CagedmIbMP&yG~kC^txagEdlekagkac JkccamGarammYy

elcecjenAP~MeBj rYcbnab'mkeBjbeTskmCa fakV"l'ehaHcinTSgJn' EdleKlabsJa

T&BGakasExr
xag!

etomxnTukrYcesc

nwgeFIGnraKmn_eBlNakmCatvQanJnedaybeTsC^t

113
sunrkfansemcsIhnuk~gsmaCCati enAExF~ 1964, EdlVb'dl'beTs[dgfa cin

snaEtpl'GavuF minFanaeFIGnraKmn_kgT&BeT eBlNamankarQanJn, k*eFI[rlayesckI

sgwmenaHmYyeBleTA.

s~ak'enAeb"kSgekayExmIna 1970, sIhnusgwmTSgsugelI CUeGnLay. bFanrNsir

rYbrYmCatinkmCa ehIysukExrTSgmUlk*bEhlCadUec~HEdr CaG~krgeKaHnwgkareCOsg(7) elI

cinenH.

cMENkxag \mtisaklelak| v^j, cUreyIgQb'sgwmepkplelIeTA. btikmnBiPB

elakcMeJHmuxkarsmab'rgalGs'ExreyIgrab'lannak'

bgaj[eyIgeXIjcas'nUvbsiTPaBn

\mtiBiPBelak| enH. krNInbCaCatiV"eLsIn k*CaTahrN_mYyEdr. vasnankmCaepkpl

eTAelIEtkarbwgEbgrbs' exmrCn bu"eNaH.

KW exmrCn eT EdlnwgsMercfaxnnwgsal' nwgminsal'vasnanCnCaticam(8).

sMnYrTI 8 edayvaybharfCaecIndg EkgExrkhmcg'yk

Twkdcas'v^jeT? dUec~HeKminCaG~kCatiniymxSg? (enATMB&r 118)

114

GFibay
(1)

KW hinrI KisijeC EdlVnbMeBjkrNIykicxnCaGaemrikSg edaycanbeTsExrcUlP~k'

(2)

kEngsMrab'Ncink~gneyaVyekAbeTs nshPaBsUevot ekam nIKIta Keqv minsUv

(3)

ePIgsgam edmIsg'Cv^tTahanGaemrikSg.

sMxan'bu"naneT. cab'tSgBIq~S 1965 GaeLcsIuH kussuIhIn EkEbCafnUvneyaVyrusI

cMeJHevotNamxageCg nigkUer"xageCg.

k~geBlf@ enH y" eggy"ab' VnEfgkarN_fa \enAq~S 2000 evotNamnwgElgCab-

eTsBuMsUvlUtlas'ehIy|. k~geBlEdlG~kdknSExrkhm[sMLab'BYkeBT, G~kbeck-

eTs, bJav&n, [biTsalanigsaklv^Tal&y, G~kdknSyYncat'v^FankarN_pyeTAv^j.

edmIeFI[xnTMenIb

(4)

Tis k*yYnxMrkEdr.

evotNamEbreTArkshPaBsUevotCaBiess,

bu"EnbeckeTsnbswm

beTslavCacMNImYy EdlyYnsYlelb edayehtufa

k- lavmanBMEdnCab'nwgevotNamxageCg

x- elIpdTMhM 236 000 Km2, bCaCnlavmancMnYnEt 3 lannak' enAq~S 1975

(minTSgdl' 13 nak' k~g1 Km2 pg, KWfaticCag 1 Ca 3 ebIebobeTAnwgkmCamunExemsa

1975). bCaCnd*ticenHEbgEckCaCnCatisasn_epg@ ecIneTAeTot, Caehtu[sgmGac

ebHqaVnedaysl.

mYycMENkeTot

Jk'kNalbeTslavVnCtCabnwgvbFm

yYneTAehIy (V"eftLav, rdmnITImYysBf ksUnpuv^han manBukyYn, cMENkbmuxrd

mas'supanuvg manbBnyYn).

snisJakarJrK~aeTAv^jeTAmk, EdlVncuHk~geBlf@ enH ehIyEdlcglavnwg

evotNam k~gry:eBl 25q~S, KWCasalkmkat'eTasbharCv^tlav. yUreTA, ebIKanGI

mkeFI[EbblsankarN_Fmta, bCaCnlavnwgkayeTACaGaNikCnmYykum k~gsmuT

(5)

CnCatiyYn.

cab'mYyf@

enAevotNam

GnuJat[rdaPiVlTukTahanTSgGs'

bMerIkgT&BteTAeTot,

ehIydak'karTTYlxustvxagGPivDn_esdkic k~gdrdmnIksYgkarJrbeTs, y" egg

y"ab'. teTAenH KWtaragebobeFobkgT&ByYnnigExr (sg'ecjBIsarBtman LWmu"gd_ f 3

emsa 1978)

TUeTA =

Tahan

T&ByYn

615

000

nigkgsnisuxbCaCn

nak'.

kgyamBMEdn,

yameq~rsmuT

= 50 000 nak'. kgbCaraskan'

GavuF = 1 500 000 nak'.

115
eCgeKak=

18 kgBlFMefreCg. 3 kgvresnaFMrfekaH. 20 kgvresna

FMVj'kSCcehaH \sam|. 40 kgvresnaFMkSePIgVj'yn

ehaH. manCaBiess 900

eCgGakas =

eCgTwk =

nig et-59.

rfekaHmFm Fun et-34, et-54

12 000 nak' ynehaHcmSg 198 (CaBiess 110 mic-17

nig sUxUy-7, 80 mic-19 nig mic-21). ynehaHdknS 50

TmaKck 25.

3 000 nak' navaGmkarJr 2. kaNUtelOnVj'kSCcehaH

4. kaNUtepg@ TUkeLIgeKak 80. TmaKck 10 .

sMNl'BIGaemrikSg rfekaH 500. ynehaHnigTmaKck

1 100.

T&BExr
TUeTA =

Tahan 80 000 nak'. EckCa 4 kgBlFM nig 3 kgvresnaFM

eCgeKak =

rfekaHsaldkeyaFa 175. 26 kSePIgFM Fun 155 mm,

sy&t.

200 kSePIgFM Fun 105 mm, kSePIgtal'nigkSePIgFMminfy

ekay Fun 107 mm. smar:TSgenHeFIedaycin rusI nig

eCgGakas =

eCgTwk =

(6)

(7)

GaemrikSg.

bEhlCaPab'eTAT&BeCgeKak. manynehaHcmSg 10 Fun

GaGiN-20,

ynehaHdknS

TmaKck 25.

10,

ynehaHsMrab'hat'

35,

kV"l'tUceFIlat TUkeLIgeKak = 150.

ekaHtl'tvVnVrSg[eTAyYn k~geBlPab' kUsSgsIun eTAevotNam enAq~S 1949 (Ca

mYyK~anwgekaH V"r"aEsl EdlcinnigyYndeNImK~asBf). ebIeKemIlEpnTIeq~rsmuTExr,

eKGacEtsgakcitnwgGyutiFmBIrCan' nGaCaFrVrSgsm&yenaH.

karTukcitsk, karsgwmrhUtePcxn, kareCOsgelIGImYyEdlminBit minbsiTdUcsan,

GacCaeKaHf~ak'mYyy"agFMdl'sgm

ebImnusk~gsgmenaHmanKuNv^btiTSgenHecInK~a

eBk. TahrN_ manminticeT G~kEdlVnykeQaHbIenH \ hU yn', huy niwm, exov

sMpn| CanimitrUbnkarsatsMnCatiniymExr, Casgwmrbs'beTskmCa. sgmExreyIg

bBwtTMlab'Gakk'mYy EdlbegtnigkMLaKuNv^btixagelIenH, y"agehacNas' k*sNM

karvagvnigsuPnic&yEdr. TMlab'Gakk'enHKWCenOelIGar&kG~kta eTvta nBh TsVrmI

116
vtskisiT .l. mintwmEtCnFmtaeT EdleCOehIyeFIBiFIk~gCv^tpal'xn, KWrhUtdl'esc

Epnd (nigbFanaFibtI) Edlcat'karrdtamBiFIenaH bYgsYgsuMTwkePg [TmaKckVc

xac' \B&TsIma| Cuv^jP~MeBj .l.

ekayExemsa 1975 enHeTot k*enAmanG~kneyaVyeyIg \cak'KmIr| edmIKitKUr

(8)

karrMedaHCati!

CnCaticammansNansasn_

dUcmnusEdlenAeCaym"aeLsuI

nigenAk~gekaHd*ecInn

mhasmuTV"suIhik (sasn_m"aeLyU bU"lIeNsuIEyn). enAedmKisskraC, CnCatienH

VncUlmkenAtamCaysmuT

EdllatsnwgBITarGNammkdl'eCayva"r"La.

cab'BI

stvtr_TI 10 eTA, camVnb"HTg^cnwgExr k~geBlEdlxnkMBugtvyYnrujcancuHBITis

xageCg. k~gkMLgstvtr_TI 12 TSgmUl camnwgExrcSgK~arhUt edaymankarkan'kab'Twk

dK~aeTAv^jeTAmk. enAq~S 1177, bnab'BIVnvaysmukGgr edaymin[ExrdgxnCamun,

camkan'kab'raCFanIcMnYnVMq~S.

k~gq~S

1181,

kUnrbs'esc

Faraninavr&nTI2 (1150-

1160) rMedaHGgrv^jVn ehIyeLIgesayraCekameQaHfa C&yvr&nTI7 . eqIytbnwgkar

QanJnmYyrbs'cam enAq~S 1190, C&yvr&nTI7 vaylukcUlbeTscMV". cab'tSgBIq~S

1203 eTA, sukcMV"kayeTACaextmYyrbs'Exr. enAq~S 1227, escnavr&nTI2 (1201-

1243) EdlCaBuTsasnikCny"agCHfadUcBuk (C&yvr&nTI7) Edr ehIyEdlcg'Gnuvtn_

emtakruNaFm, bJa[dkT&BecjBIcMV". k~gq~SdEdl, GPiVlextcMV"TTYlmdCaesc

ehIybeTscMV"k*manraCaFibetypal'v^j.

beTscamtvyYnvaylukeTot.

bu"En

ecjBIGaNackExrminVnyUrbu"nan,

enAstvtr_TI 18, beTscMV" VnVt'BIEpnTIBiPBelak ehIybCaCncamk*Vn

sab'Vt'bg'. G~kEdlenAsl' rt'eTACkekankmCa (GaNikCnmYykumtUc rs'enAk~gkU-

sSgsuIn). k~gq~S 1970, CnCaticamenAkmCamancMnYn 80 000 nak' EdlecInEtrs'enA

edaykarensaT. pynwgCnCaticin EdlVnxitxMbJlxnk~gsgmExr ehIyk~geBlCa

mYyK~a eFI[ExrCtCabnwgvbFmxnEdr, camEtgEtrs'enAdac'edayELk k~gshKmn_

xn. karN_enHbEhlCamkBIsasnanCnCaticam, ehAExrsam (beTscMV"Edlman

vbFmeyageTANa Vnkan'sasnamhama"t' enAstvtr_TI 15). edayxl'xay cg'rka

Tukekri_mrtkvbFmnigsasnaxn,

cMNg'EdlCasnHBlwgFmta

rbs'kumGaNikCn,

Ksarcam[kUnNaEdlBUEk cUleFIkark~grdkarnigkgT&BExr. mnInignayTahancamTSg

enaH manPar:karJrbeyaCn_nshKmn_xn. k~gcMeNamenaH, G~kEdlVnbMeBjmuxkar

enHy"ageBjelj KW GtIt:tmesnIy_ eLH kaEsm. G~kerobcMy"agsMxan'm~ak' n \rd

bhar| nf 18 mIna, eLH kaEsm CadsSmYyn ln' nl' k~geBld*yUr. tmesnIy_

kaEsm Vntvelak ln' nl' cat'[bMeBjebskkmsmat'CaecIn. CamYynwgmrNPaB

rbs'Kat'enAm"aeLsuIk~geBlf@
sBf EdlVt'bg'.

enH,

KWXSgmYyy"agFM

nerOgsmat'k~gbvtisasExr

117
CamYynwgkareLIgkan'GMNacnExrkhm,

BYkExrsamVnsal'mhav^eyaKmYy

eTot karsmab'rgal dUcEdlVnsal'nwgkMBugEtsal' bgbneyIgk~gsukEdr. cam

mYycMnYntUcVnecjrYcBIkmCa, ehIyrkeXIjCrkk~gbeTsmYyeTot CaBiessm"aeLsIu.

camVnVt'EmnETnehIyBIbJImnusrs'.

eyIg, Exr, tvTajdbUnanecjBIsavtabeTscMV"nigbCaCncam. G~kEdlyl'

fa karByVrmGMBICv^tbCaCatiExr CaTuTid^niym, KYrQb'emIlgaybvtisas ehIyKit

BicarNaeLIgv^j.

118

edayvaybeTsfCaecIndg EkgExrkhmcg'yk
Twkdcas'v^jeT? dUec~HeKminCaG~kCatiniymxSg?

enAelIdenH KanbeTsNaenAk~gkal:eTs:PUmisasneyaVymYy EdlCUrct'dUcbeTs

ExreT karN_EdlmanG~kC^txagBIrcg' BgkTwkd(1).

edmsl'f, EdllIfacgly"agcas'nUvkarEbblFM@ nvaeyaneyaVyGnrCati, dUc

Caman, elIkenH, nUvkarBiVkk~gPaBTn'Pn'rbs'xn. sm&yfnGMNacpac'karnvN:kmkr ksikr,

EdlVntveKniymk~gbeTsTSgbInNcin,

eFI[beTsfByVrm.

TahrN_Exr

ritEt

bMP&yfeTAeTot Edlsak'esIrnwgEbrxneTArkTisdUcK~a. kMBugEtEbbleBjTMhwg, frkkaredaH

saymYyedmI \ecj| xn[rYc edaymin[bg'xatecIn.

\k~gbcbn~enH esomenATn'exayxagpk~g BuMGaclatsnwgteTAeTotVneT ebImindUec~aH

kPaBesomcas'CatvTTYlkarKMramkMEhgBICnCatiPaKtic y"agFn'minElgeLIy karlatsnwg

hYsmaD nwgnSmk[esomnUvPaBTn'exayv^jeT.|, elak nYn eXOn VnsresrenAq~S 1970.

k~geBlsBfenH, CaelIkTI2, karsn~idanrbs' nYn eXOn [eXIjfatvdUec~HEmn(2). edmIelb

kmCa niglavVn evotNamtveFI[fenAnwgfl' k~gChrG~kcSEtkarJrxn. kartttaelIlav

nwgsMrYly"agecIndl'karsMLtenH. karEdlbtiehtutamBMEdnExr-esom niglav-esom Vn

ekIteLIgCaecInk~geBlCamYyK~a eFI[mansMnYrenH etImnusEdlkan'GMNacEmnETnenAkmCa

sBfenH CaExr mYyCayYn (kat' minkat') BYnekamsJatiExr?(3) eJHfa eKBuMGacbd^esF

VneT karN_EdlBYkenHbMerIbeyaCn_yYn, TSgk~gBMEdn TSgekABMEdn.

etIbCaCnExr, lav nig evotNam GaccSTTYlGIxH

VnBIelak \esrI|, CaBiessBIshrdGaemrik?

ekayBIVnmanGMNacy"agxSgelINcin k~gkMLgeBlCag 25 q~S, shrdGaemrikVn

dkxnfyecj edayTukEtGnusavrIy_y"aglamk lb'lagy"agNak*BuMCHeLIy. etIbvtisas

niyaytv xus ebI[ \ckBtiniymGaemrikSg| Etm~ak'gTTYlxuselImhnrayenANcin nig

elITukevTnaEdlVntvrgedaymnus BI 2 eTA 3 tMN k~gbCaCnTSgbI? Gacfatvk*Vn, Gacfa

xusk*Vn.

119
bu"EnenAelIdenH, ebImanrdaPiVlmYyEdlKansiTiniyayBI \siTimnus| ehIyCaBiess BI

siTimnusenAkmCa, KWcas'CardaPiVlGaemrikSgenHg. kicTak'TgrvagGaemrikSgnigExr Vnbr

EtkaremIlgay nigkarxkcit.

Gaemrikrbs' nicsun ykkmCaebIVs' edmIdkxnecjBIevotNam \CamYykitiys|

(GanlixitcMh nshKmn_ExrenAkaNada eTAbFanaFibtI karETr, enAk~gBwtib&telx 4, Exkum:

1977). Cab'k~gGnak'sgam, beTsenHTmak'elIkmCa, Etk~gkMLg 4 q~S (1969-1973) nUv

Kab'EbkcMnYn 500 000 etan!

Gaemrikrbs' ehr"al' h&d, edayv^lkgmYyeBl, sMerceVHbg'ecalsmnmitExr nig

evotNam rbs'xn ehIyrt'ecjeTAtgakekayeLIy.

Gaemrikrbs' C^mI karETr eFICaePcerOgehtuTSgGs' ehIybjab'bjal'eTArkcab'dExr

khm EdlTTwkeCaknwgQamExrenAeLIy(4), ehIyeTsnabeNIr@ GMBIkar karJrsiTimnus!

karBiesaFn_nNcin

elImitPaBGaemrikSg

EdlsgwmelIGaemrikd*xSg, G~kkarJresrIPaB!

tveTACadbUnandl'bCaCatiTSgLayNa

karEdlCbu"nvay ePIlharbY enAq~S 1941 VnTajGaemrikecjBIekaniymrbs'xn.

edayebIkmSgTSgGs'Edlxnman GaemrikvaydeNImykVnCaecIn nigy"agqay ehIykngput

mhasmuTV"suIhikeTot. mktamekayVrSg, ehIydUcBYkVrSgEdr, GaemrikSgVnmkpugxnk~g

Ncin. bnab'BIVnbgrQamevotNam, lav nig Exry"agecIn nigbgrQamgy"agGsart
kar, Gaemrikdkxnfyecj, braC&y, eTamTSgxn eTamTSgKMnit. CafmgeTot GaemriklUncUl

k~grUgxnv^j bnab'BIkmCa KWevotNam, rYcmk kUer". mYymg@ kUn dUmINU VnrlM, ebIniyay[
tv, VntveVHbg'ecal.

bu"Enkarv^ltLb'v^j nGaemrikk~gPaBekaniymenH minEmnbgajfabeTsenHcg'eXIj

mansniPaB nigPaBnwgnrk~gBiPBelakeT. xusqayeTAv^j, karN_enHCakarsgswk ehIyy"ag

sahav!

k~geBlEdlstvrYmrbs'Ncin KWkg bU-dUy rbs' hUCmij nigsav&kxn kMBugsab

eJHmnusXad nigrMelaPelIsiTimnus k~gEdndkMeNItrbs'bCaCatiTSgbI, bCaCnExr, lav

nigevotNam tvrYbrYmK~ay"agC^ts~iT edmIbJrrNsirmYyy"agrwgTl'nwgstvrYmd*TmiL nigd*

Bp. bCaCatiTSgLaynGasIu nwgminbeNay[ckBtiniymtugkwg Q~HVneLIy.

120

cMeJHbeTskmCaeyIg, cMeJHsMNl'nbCaCneyIg
elIdExr, etIeyIg ExrenAbreTs GaceFIGICUn?

eTaHbIeyIgcg' mincg' bCaCnExr BukeyIg mayeyIg bgbneyIg TSgbussI Kg'nwg

bHeVreLIg. eTaHbIeyIgcg' mincg' QamKg'nwghUreTotenAelIdeyIg. KanmnusNam~ak'Edl

GacTSrgTaruNkmExrkhm edaytbHeVreLIy. ehIyebIeyIg nwkeTAdl'twmEtKsareyIg

sukExr k*xneyIgKYrEteTAdl'TIenaHrYcesceTAehIy.

yl'BmTTYlrbbExrkhm KWsuxcitbeNay[CatieyIgsab'. beTsTSgLayEdlenA

Cab'nwgkmCaeyIg mhaGMNacEdlenAqayEmn bu"EnEdlTiBlxneTAdl'Kb'TIkEng minKan'Et

cSemIlbeTseyIgdac'degmbu"eNaHeT. xHxMykcMeNjGMBIkarEdleyIgexaHQam xHeTotEdl

yl'faxnmaneKaHf~ak' kMBugcat'v^Fankar karJrxn. meFaVyrbs'rdTSgenH VneTAdl'TIkEng

rYceTAehIy k*VneKagTukehIyesc dak'k~gftturbs'eK. enHKWCakarFmta enHCaneyaVy

GnrCati CaElgGukrbs'G~kdknSsgmmnusTSgLay.
enAelITIlanbyuT

QmmuxTl'nwgkgkmSgEdlTMenIbTan'sm&y
(5)

eyIgmaneyaFa \ExrkhmeyIg|

ehIyCaBiessVCa

EdlBitehIy BUEksmab'trujra bu"Eneqat minsUvecHdg

ehIy CaBiess EtkgtbNaCnKST. enAelItuccarQmmuxTl'nwgKUCECkEdlecHdgehIy

qat eyIgmanmnusEdleyIgminEdlsal' sJatimincas'las' Edlv^lkgxUcsartI(6).

eXIjfa ebIeyIgTukbeTs[enAekamEtExrkhmEtg kmCanwgmuxEtbg'xatKb'CBUk.

ehIyminTan'TSgeTAdl'eBlcSg nigccarenaHpg kmCaVnVt'bg'nigkMBugEtVt'bg'bNaCnrab'

lan EdlCaCnrYmCatieyIg elahitrbs'CatieyIg.

tvEteyIgeTAdl'k~gTwkdExrEdr! eyIgEdlCaG~kecHdgExr ebIniyay[tv eyIgEdl

CasMNl'G~kecHdgExr eyIgmankrNIykic nig katBkic ykkmSgkaynigkmSgKMnit eTAcUlrYm

k~g clnatsUExr.

ebIbCaCatimYyTSgmUlcg'rs' ehIytyuTedmIrkaCv^txn KankmSgGImYy k~gelakenH

EdlGackinkMeTcbCaCatienaHeT. eJHfa karsMxan' KWkardac'cit karcg'Q~HedayebIVs'Kb'

smtPaBTSgGs'Edlxnman. bJaeTot@ Kan'EtCakarbnab'bnMeT.

cMeJHmhnraynmatuPUmieyIg eyIgmintvdak'kMhuseTAelIbeTsNamYyeT bu"EnmkelI

xneyIg. kalNabCaCatimYyeVHbg'xnecalehIy bCaCatimYyeTotnwgmksgb'elI ehIyTM-

JrelbVt'. enHKWCacab'FmCati cab'nkarv^vtn_rbs'GariyFmTSgLay.

eBlEdlGaNackeyIgcuHGn'fy bnab'BIkarFak'raCFanIGgr esceyIgTSgLayVneVH

bg'xnecal bu"EnsMrab'Etxngm~ak'.

121
buBkarIeyIg Fak'k~gkarggtggl' Vt'cMNgTSgGs'CamYybvtisasxn eJHbcamit

Vn bMp^cbMpajbmUlykGs'nUvknx~at kab'smab'ekorykeTAGs'nUvG~kVCraCbNit(7).

CdUnCtaeyIg CamYynwgBnWBwm@ EdlnSmkedayGaNaniKmniymVrSg VnebIkEP~kPak'

eLIg. bu"EnedayTmn' raCaFibety pac'karsgt'xSgeBk G~kxHElgrvrvl' ehIyKitEteqtTaj

ykkMr[Gs'BId dUc \kbIGt'Xan EdlsuIbeTsg|. G~keTot eday \K~adgxnfaGs'kMLSg

eBk| edmIeLIgzan:sgm[Tan'BYkTImYy TSenAkIkTSgpvsmar: TSgpvKMnitsartI(8). (GanTMB&r

24 PaKTI 3).

bg@ eyIg k*eVHxnecaleTot xHedaymkBItUcciteJHbMNgneyaVyxnBuMVnsMerc.

xHedayeXIjfakarBukrlYyeFI[qab'manNas'. BYkTImYy biTmat'TMlak'dElgtyuT beNay

xn[luHlg'eTAtammenaKmv^CabreTs. BYkTI2 Vt'Gs'ehIynUvkareGonxas' nUvkarTTYlxustv

ehIyKitEtBIekIbbmUlTBsmti cMeJHG~kxH \man| Ebmkfa kitiys. cMeJHG~kxHeTot

twmtvehIy \k| Ebmkfa ePI minsUvqat.

eyIgkMBugeXIjehIyfakarEdlsgmeyIgTSgmUl

nSK~aeVHbg'xnecalCaTUeTA

ehIyCa

erogrhUtmkenH VneFI[beTseyIgFak'dl'f~ak'Na ehIyeFI[bCaCneyIg EdlmgNak*CaG~k

TTYleKaHEdr rgTukesakdl'kMritNa?

LvenH enAeBldNac'stvtr_TI 20 etIeyIg yuvCnExrCnan'f nwgeFItamG~kmun@ eyIg

eT? etIeyIg \KansamKIFmtampvcit|, \tmanmenaseJtnaCatibnicbnc|, \tyl'famatuPUmi

CaGIeLIy| dUcG~kmun@ eyIg GI? (GanTMB&r 23-24 PaKTI 3). etIeyIgnwgkJt'demIlbCaCati

eyIgrlayVt' GI?

minKb'Kan'eT ebIKan'EteyIgniyayfa xneyIgVnEqtcitnwgPaBGn' karBukrlYy nigkar

minTTYlxustv rbs'bg@ eyIg. etIeyIgVneFIGIehIy cMeJHmatuPUmieyIg? etIeyIgVn[GIehIy

dl'bCaCneyIg?

ekayExmIna 1970 eyIgEdlCaeBT G~kGkrsas G~kv^Tasas G~kbeckeTs .l.

VnTukcMeNHv^CaeyIgsMrab'ksagbeTseLIgv^j eBlNaEdlsgamcb'ehIy. cMeNHv^CaEdl

rdkmCaVnpl'mkeyIg Gs'ry:eBl 20 eTA 30 q~S edaypal' nigtamry:beTsCamit.

ekayExemsa 1975 cab'BIeBlEdlGanbnat'enHeTA eyIgGacKan{kas GacKanlT

PaB hucCUneTAbCaCneyIgv^jnUvbMNulrbs'eyIg ebIeyIgenAEt cS cS cS teTAeTot.

etIeyIgFak'Twkcit GI eJHkarenAesmtkMerIkrbs'G~keTot? mYyeyIghYscit eJH

G~kEdlbeJjKMnit ecHEtTas'ETgExgKMnit EbkVk'K~a? enHCakarFmtaeT enAk~gsgmNak*dUec~H

Edr.

eyIgTSgGs'K~aman cMeJHmuxsavtaeyIg nUvkarTTYlxustvmYy EdleyIgtvbMeBj

karesacsg'Cv^tbeTseyIg. ebIeyIgminbfuyeFIGImYy[dl'kmCaeT enAk~gbvtisasExr

eyIgnwgminmantmhYsBIBYk \kbIGt'Xan| BYk \Gs'kmSg| kalBImunenaHeT!

bgbnrYmCati

eyIgtvElgrg'cSksagbeTseLIgv^j

cSbMerItwmEtCaBlrdsuIv^l.

eyIgtvcUlrYm cab'BIeBlenHeTA k~gkartsUbdab'GavuF n bCaCneyIg. elIsBIbMBg'kSePIgeTA

122
eTot kartsUtvkar xYrkal edmIeKagEpnkar BaVl vHkat' rkesg bgat'Gb'rM begt

kbx&N nig Kit!

eTAnwgcml'Edlfa

\EkgeyIgeFIkartsUmYyEdlcaj'muneTdg?|

eyIgsYreTAv^j

faetI

eyIg, Exr, EdlsBfenHCaBlrdkaNada GaemrikSg VrSg .l. Gacrs'enAedayxs'muxVneT

ebIbCaCatiExrrlayVt'? etIbgbnrYmCatieyIgEdlenAnay emIleXIjy"agem"cmkelIrUbeyIg?

etICnEdleyIgenAk~gbeTseK KiteXIjy"agemcmkelICatieyIg?

bgbnrYmCati cUreyIgbgajeTABiPBelakfa yuvCnExrCnan'f xusBICnan'mun@ ! cUreyIg

TajCv^teyIgecjBIPaBeVHbg'xnecal nig BIPaBGam"as'mux ehIyhucCUneTAbCaCatieyIg! sab'

edmICati eTIbCv^teyIgkan'Etmann&y!

tula 1977

123

GFibay
(1)

k~gsm&ysaFarNrd

G~kneyaVyeyIgxH

VnbdUcsanPaBPUmisasneyaVyn

kmCaeTAnwgrbs'GuIsaEGl. karbdUcenH xHVkdniymTSgsug eJHfa sanPaBPUmi

sasneyaVy nbeTsTSgBIrxusK~aqayNas'. elak QUk em"gem"A EdlenAk~gcM-

eNamG~kneyaVyTSgenaH Vnniyay[kmCaman

\Kib but|(@) dUcmanenAGuIsaEGl

Edr. rdaPiVlsaFarNrd k*VnbJnnisitnigG~ksikaxH eTAbeTsTSgenHEdr. yk

KMnittamreboberobcMGuIsaEGlTSgenH elak ln' nl' bJa[erobcMCapHdb'x~g, 50x~g

.l.

(@) Kib but PUmishkrN_enAGuIsaEGl EdlCaBiessmanbNaCnTSgbussI kan'GavuFkarJrpal'.

(2)

GaNikCnenAbeTsf VntvEbgEckCa 5 kumFM@ cin, Exr, m"aLayU, yYn nigG~ksuk

P~MxagTissan

ekABIG~ksukP~Msasn_f.

muneBlEdlExreyIgePosxn

edayBwti

karN_f 17 emsa 1975 GaNikCnExrEdlenAbeTsf mancMnYn 450 000 nak' kal

BIq~S 1939 (tamkarsg'cMnYnbCaCneday vG khS GtIt:TIbwkanraCrdaPiVlf).

GaNikCnExrTSgenaH rs'enAk~gextepg@ dUcteTAenH rdburI Naxunc&ysuI suP&NburI

P~MsaraxS NaxnNay"ut PUmiPaKxaglicnGrJ nigsurin. enAq~S 1932 rdaPiVlfVn[

biTsalavtExr ehIybgG~krdkarEdlmanedmkMeNItCaExr [niyayEtPasaf. ekay

(3)

mk, tameKfa, GaNikCnExrCnan'ekay@ k*VneCakCSnwgvbFmf.

tSgBIedmkMeNItnbvtisaseyIgmk bCaCneyIgVnTTYlkardknS karttta, k~g

ry:evlaEvgxI, edaycM edayExrbNak', BIsMNak'BYkpgeBgbreTs EdlVncUl

mkedaydac'Etg edaybeTseKbJnmk Na cam-Ca esom yYn B&rTuyeh

eGs"aj"l VrSg Cbu"n cin nig GaemrikSg. k~gry: 22 q~Sekaybgs', bnab'BIkraCn

q~S 1953, G~kdknSeyIgVnekatEkg nigelIktMekIgCnbreTs elIsshesv^kExrrbs'

xn. karj"mnwg \eK| Cab'rab'tMNenH, TMlab'eXIjbreTsk~gkicdknSbeTsenH, Vn

bJlk~gstiExreyIg nUvkarElgrvrvl'GMBIedmkMeNIt nigGtItkal nmnusEdlenAk~g

vN:dknSrbs'eyIg. etIbCaCneyIg TSgk~gbeTs TSgekAbeTs Vnmanbtikmy"ag

emc enAeBldgfaG~kdknSkmCa maneQaHEdlxnminEdlesaH dUcCa nYn Ca, gYn kg,

sU Pwm, jwm rs, bu"l Bt, vn ev"t, yun y"at .l. ? cuHebImnusekameQaHTSgenHCayYn
eTA etIbeTseyIgeTACaGIehIy? lav CamYy ksUnpuv^han?

k~geBlEdleyIgs~ak'enAbreTsenH KYreyIgkeLkemIlehIysYrfa etICnCatieK

beNay[mnusEdlmansJatidUceKk*eday bu"EnEdleTIbnwgmkdl'f eLIgdl'zan:dk

nSbeTs PUmi, shKas smaKmeKtUcNamYyeT? enHminEmnmkBIeKsb'exmbreTs
eT bu"EneKkarJrCatieK rebobrs'enArbs'eK karyl'eXIjrbs'eK. k~gyb'nf 16 emsa

1975 elak Lg bUer"t, rdmnITImYy, eBlEdlGs'kmSgy"agxSg gakeTAsYrG~ksar-

124
BtmanVrSgm~ak'fa \etIxMtveFIdUcemc?|. tbnwgsMnYrGMBImUlehtuEdlnS[Exrkhm

smab'rgalbCaCng,

Exrm~ak'EdlmancMeNHv^Cay"agecIneqIyfa

\xnminGac[

cemIyVneT munnwg \GicEs&r| G~kCnajkarbswmbeTsVneFIv^PaKehIysin|. sYrnS

GMBIbvtisas EdlsmaKmExrmYyVnsresr, G~kecHdgdEdleqIyfa \minVc'eT

eKeTAebIkesovePAemIlk~gbNal&yk*VnEdr. KMnitEdlecjmktamvacaTSgbIxagelIenH

KYrEtG~kEdlman eVHbg'ecal edmIGnaKtnbeTseyIg KMnitfa CnCatibreTsKan'

(4)

ebICagCnCatig nigkarsb'exImrhUtdl'KMnitCnCatig.

bFanaFibtI

kakET

Vncab'epmneyaVyekAbeTsrbs'Kat'

edaysaklgrkPab'

cMNgeLIgv^j CamYybeTscMnYnbmaN 13 EdlbqSgtic ecInnwgGaemrikSg, Edl

enAk~genaHman kmCabCaFibety Edr. ksYgkarbreTsGaemrikSgVneXIjfa Exrkhm

hamXat'xnmin[cUlk~gsukExr (KN:ebskkm vUdkuk enAExmIna 1977).

(5)

Jkrbs' bv qelog k~gGtbTeQaH \karbMVt'BUCsasn_KYr[rnt' nigkarsuImnusenA

(6)

eBlEdlsemcsIhnu bFanrNsir \hg| enAk~gkugeb"kSg \rdmnI| CaecInminTSg

beTskmCa| cuHk~gBwtib&tshKmn_ExrenAkaNada elx 9 Extula 1977.

GacVneTAC^t eTAeXIjBHGgpg. rebobenHEdr eBlEdlsIhnueFITsnkicCapvkarenA

V"rIs BYkGgrkVneFIy"agNamin[semceTAC^tExrEdlmkcg'eXIjBHGgVneLIy.

BYkG~kEhrhm k*mankiriyaKYr[eKmnilEdr. elak tan' GukNSeGog, GtItGnubFanrd

sPa, VnbriyayVb'eyIg GMBIGakbkiriyabgfKat' sarin qak rdmnIkarbreTsrbs'

semcsIhnu enAk~gcMNtGakasyan saldehal \xMnigkUnTSgLay xMsHeTArkKat'

sarin qak bu"EneyIgtvQb'enAnwgfl' eJHeXIjmuxKat'FWg EP~kebIkEtemIleyIgGt'

eXIj. eTaHbIkUneBAxM EdlrlwkGvaNas' ehIyEdlcg'yYrkatab[ k*BuMhaneTAC^tKat'

Edr|.

k~geBlmhasn~iVt Gsb enAExkJa 1977 enH smaC^kTSgbInak' nKN:b-

tiPUExr (ekaymkman eGog sarI ehIytameKfa man bu"l Bt Edr) KW CYn bsiT can'

yUr"an' nigmnusminsal'muxm~ak' EdleKVneXIjmYyEPtk~gTUrTsn_enAmu"ger"Gal' Jk'

Gav-ktg'BNexA ehIymuxmat'dUccinsuT. bPBrbs'eyIgVnbJak'fa mnusekayenH

KWcinEmn mannaTICa \TIbwka|! cMENk can' yUr"an' minEdlVnCan'dExrv^jeT ekayf

17 emsa 1975. etIKat'VntvExrkhmEmnETn cat'[bMeBjebskkmenHeT?

KWfaehtukarN_TSgenH Edlhak'dUcCaecjBIerOgbelamelakbU"lIsnigcarkm Ca

karN_EdlVnekIteLIgEmn. ebIdUec~HehIy sMnYrmYytvEtecaTeLIg etIkmCabCaFib-

(7)

ety nwgeTACay"agNa?

k~geBlsBfenH cab'tSgBIExemsa 1975 minKWGMeBIdEdl EdlVnekItmaneLIgv^j?

esovePAkn KmIr tma TSgGs'Vntvdutecal CamYybNal&yCati. vtburaN Edlrk

tmdak'Kan ehIyEdlCasakInGariyFmeyIg VntvkMeTcecalGs' CamYymnIrtSg

ektnPNCati. vtGaram sala mhav^Tal&y VntvbiTTar. BYkG~kecHdg cab'tSgBI

125
bNit eTAdl'G~kKan'EtecHGanecHsresr VntveKtamrkmux ehIysMLab'ecal. PUmi

XuM suk ext ElgmaneQaHehIy manEtelx dl'eBlExrCnan'ekayeyIgsab'Gs'eTA

nwgElgmaneQaHExrsMrab'TIbCuCnExrNaTSgGs' eJHkUnekgtUc@ EdlExrkhmyk

ecjBIBukmayxneTAbgat' VntveKbgk[ebIEtvaks&Bf. sUmIEtGgrvt k*VnVt'

(8)

eQaHxnehIy ehIyenAtwmEt \VsaTkMBUlbI|.

enHCakaremIlgayBIVrSg k~gsm&yGaNaniKmniym. sUmGan \ Moeurs et coutumes des

Khmers | rbs' Guy Pore et Evelyne Maspro (Payot, 1938.)

126

TMB&rPab' 1

karTak'TgExr-cin
ebImnusxMcgmit

beTskuMcgstv.

bvtisasnkmCaf

KWCabvtisasnkarTak'TgExr-VrSg,

bvtisasnkarTak'TgExr-cin

(R)

rIbvtisassBf

KW

. cMNgmitPaBrvagkmCanigcinbCamanit KYr[eyIggakekay

keLkemIleTAmgeTotEdr. eTaHbImanyIehaCa \GBakwt|, kmCa k*enAEtFak'k~gePIgsgam Edl

xncg'ecosvagbMput.

BitehIy sniPaB 15 q~S EdlkmCaVnsal'ekaykarbkaskraC nigGBakwtPaB KW

manedaysarkarbiunbsb'n semcsIhnu k~gkarbt'EbnecosregksgamtCak'nmhaGMNac.

karbuinbsb'enH

VnTTYlkarsresIry"agecInBIsMNak'G~ksegtkarN_breTs

EdlmkBIKb'

cklknBiPBelak. KYr[say edaysvgnwgkarekatsresIrenHeBk sIhnuVnePcTSgsug

dl'neyaVyk~gbeTs. minKitedaHsaybJaBIKl'sgmeLIgEtmg, minKitCerOnkarGb'rMmha

Cn edmI[mhaCnyl'dl'karTTYlxustvrbs'xnk~gsgm sIhnuEbrCaBgkkareKarBbUCadl'

buKlxneTAv^j. neyaVyenH ritEtVntvkMLanigEfrkaedayG~kEhhmeTAeTot edayBYkenHrk

EtTukbCaCn[enAlg'exAeTA edmIxnsNukkab'. kGWtnwgGgrvtNas' bu"EnswgEttdgGITSg

Gs' GMBIGtItkalsm&yenaH, BukrlYy bu"EnfaxnCaG~kkan'BuTsasna, emIlgaytmG~kdT bu"En

faxnsLaj'Cati, G~kEhhmsIhnuTSgenH mnusdEdl EdlnwgeTA \bribuN:| ln' nl'

ciJwmlTikumynisExredaytdgxn.

TukciteK, eqatmYysvg, sIhnu tVnyl'dl'karcSVc'nwg[beTsman kgT&BmYy

EdlxSg GackarJrGFibtIPaBCatiVn. edmIkarJrkmCa \semc| epkplTSgsugelIbeTs

cin EdlbNaCn 800 lannak' eFI[BHGgP&ypg Tukcitpg! karP&ncLMy"agmhimaenH tvG~k

dknSsBfnwgGnaKtnbeTskmCa ykeTABiniteLIgv^j!
kicTak'TgExr-cin

BuMEmneTIbnwgmank~gsm&yenHeT.

GgTUtExrTImYyEdleKdgfamanenA

(R)

eKEckbvtisasCabYnEp~k savtaburaN BIedmkMeNItmkdl' Ks 395. savtayuKkNal (tvnwgsm&yski-

PUmi) BIq~S 395 dl' 1453 q~SEdlBYkTYKIdeNImVnkug kugsg'TINUb. savtayuKf BI 1453 dl'q~S 1789 (karbd^vtn_
VrSg). savtasBf cab'BI Ks 1789 mk. eyIgGacniyaydUcxagelIVn eJHkmCaeyIgeTIbnwgeXIjBnWxHeLIgv^j
ekaykarmkdl'VrSg.

127
sukcin VntvbJnedayBHecAsImara (han'ecma"n' k~gPasacin) enA Ks 228 (sm&ynKrP~M
hNn. sImara CaG~kbegtgar \vr&n| JksMswt EdlEbmkfa ekaH eKOgkarJrxn

TUeTA. garenHVntveVHbg' rYcePcrhUtmk CamYyK~anwgkarputBUCescnGgr ekammuxlM

EBgn tatsk'Epm (13321340) escExrekaybgs' Edlykgarvr&nenHEdr KW BHVT

neratm sIhnuvr&n bnab'BIsilacarwkTSgLay VntvrkeXIjnwgGandac'eLIgv^j.

dUcPaKecInn \nKr| TSgLay EdlenACuv^jbeTscinEdr, sukExr (hNn) Vntvcin

sMKal'CardcuHcUl. karbJnraCTUtCamYysYysaGakrmkbeTscin VntveFICahUrEherogmk

edayescnhNn

(nKrP~M)

rYcmkncinLa

(nKrBYkkUnsIkm).

edayehtuenH,

cab'tSgBI

stvtr_TI3 mk, GtbTcinGMBIsukExr k*manmunsilacarwkExr. enAq~S 506 PikExrnamsgBla

VntvesccinnraCvgelog nimneTAsukcinedmIbkEbBHtbIdk. PikenaHKg'enAsukcin 16

q~S. q~Sbnab'mk, 507, BHecAkugcin (vU) faygarCa \emT&B| bgabTisTkiN, escnKrP~M, dl'
BHVTC&yvr&n. enAq~S 1076 edaycinbbYleFIsgamCamYynwgtugkwg, eschrsavr&nTI3 bJn

ebsk:eyaFBlmYykg eTAlukluysuk ej"-Gan (sukhUCmij!). enAq~S 1285 C&yvr&nTI8

elIksYysaGakr eTA[BYkmu"gehal. k~g Ks 1296 escmu"gehal TImYxan' bJnebskkm

mYymkkmCa ekamrCkalescnavr&nTI3 ehIyEdlenAk~genaHmanG~kbvtisas ecv takan'.

ecv takan' VnsresresovePAcas'CageKTSgGs' EdlGFibayGMBIyesaFr: (Ggr)

esovePAEdlCabPB

ebIk[G~kbvtisasVrSgsal'ehIysresrVn

GMBIGariyFmExrdbUg

(esovePA ecv takan' VntvbkEbeday B eb"lIyU k~gBwtib&tnsalaVrSgenAcugbUJbeTs,

enAq~S 1902). k~g Ks 1327 escnavr&n eprbl&g[eTAkUnEdlesayraCekameQaHfa

C&yvr&nTI9 brmsUr. KWenAk~grCkalescenH Edl \kardUcCabd^vtn_| TImYy (pseudo-rvolution) Vn

pHeLIg edaybJb'y"agTan'hn'nUvTiBlBhJsasna ehIyykBuTsasna mkdak'elIbeTs

v^j (cMGknBhlixit, eQaHnC&yvr&nTI9 muneBlesayraCKW sIhnu!). \karbd^vtn_Ekg| enH

dMNalK~anwgkarN_ EdlrassamJeLIgesayraCCaesc tatsk'Epm, niBanVT, lMBg'

.l. [sJankarcab'epmcuH{nfynkmCa Edlnwgmanry:VMstvtr_. k~gkMLg 500 q~SenaH

GaNackExrVnrebHricril rhUtmkekamkarrujcan nBYkf nig BYkevot, GaNikCnBIrsasn_

EdlmanedmkMeNItenAsukcin.

bnab'BIkarbrK~axHk~gstvtr_TI15, bPBbvtisask*Vnsat'Qwg GMBIkicTak'TgExr-cin.

luHmkdl'stvtr_TI17, eTIbeKVndNwgxHeLIgv^j bu"EnGMBIkarGenabevsn_nCnCaticin mkk~g

sukExr (GanTMB&r 32, elxeyag 3). enAstvtr_TI19, dUcCabeTskmCaEdr, beTscin

VnFak'ekamGaNaniKmrbs'BYkEsks. karcSgK~aeJHerOgGaePon (Gg'eKsVj'Kab'EbkelI

kg'tug enAq~S 1841) Vncb'edaysnisJakugNnkSg enAExsIha 1842 Edl[hugkug nig

ekaHxHeToteTAGg'eKs. tamsnisJakugetonTin nq~S 1885, cin[eTAVrSgttnUvnKrGNam

nig tugkwg EdlCasukcMNuHxn. beTscineTIbnwgegbeLIgv^jelIqakneyaVyNcin

1954 k~geBleFIsn~isITkughWENv.

enAq~S

128
esIrEtmYystvtr_nkartttarbs'VrSg VneFI[ExrmanTMlab'rs'enAeday \maneKkar

Jr|. ekayBIVnedjecjTSgminGs'Gal&ynUv \G~kkarJr| VrSg, raCaNackExr, enAmuxkar

bu"nb"gBgkTwkdCaGlCnG~kC^txagyYn, xMrk \G~kkarJr| m~ak'eTot. snHTImYyrbs'Exr KW

tmg'eTAshrdGaemrik. enAf 17 tula 1953 VrSgeprGMNacswkmkkmCav^j. enAmuxTahan

10 000 nak' nkgT&BEmnETnrbs'evotmij (bgb'k~gext BEvg, sayerog, taEkv, kMBt nig

Vt'dbg) nigmuxcMnYnEdleKmindg nTahanrbs'kgT&BbCaCnExrrMedaHrbs' sWg gu"kmij (APKL)

kmCamanEt 12 kgvresnatUcefreCg. f 2 emsa 1954, kMBugEteBjbyuTenA edon ebonPU,

evotmijcUllukluykmCaBIxagTissan. f 20 sPa raCrdaPiVlbkassuMCnYyswkBI

shrdGaemrik. enAhWENv, eqt{kask~gkicBiPakaCaeTPaKI, rdaPiVlExrxMsg'emIlnUvbtikm

GaemrikSg

k~geBlNakmCatvlukluyedayevotmij.

shrdGaemrik,

edaycg'eKarBJk

snarbs' Gg'tUnI eGEdn eTA CU eGnLay (EdlfanwgminnSkmCacUlk~gsmnPaBeyaFa CamYy

mhaGMNacxaglicNamYy), eqIyedayminBmsnaGIeLIy.

ebIeKeCOtamG~kniBn rUehsif (\neyaVyekAbeTsnkmCa|) EdlnSJksMd nG~k

TTYlxustvExrk~gsm&yenaH, beTskmCa VnsuMcUlsmnPaB esGatU Edr EdleKkMBugEterob

cMk~geBlenaH. tamG~kniBndEdl, rdelxaFikar ebEdl sif minBmTTYlebkPaBExreday

sMGagfa mincg'bMJrbMJnelIkicBmeBoghWENv, bu"En suM[kmCaTukcitfaxnnwgenAekammb'

\karJr| rbs' esGatU enH. f 8 kJa 1954 enAkugm"anil, shrdGaemrik, Gg'eKs, VrSg,

GUsalI, nUEvlehLg', hlIBIn, V"KIsg' nig f cuHhtelxabegtGgkarnsnisJanGasuI

PaKGeK~y_ (esGatU). dUcEdlVnsna, smnPaBswkenH dak'kmCak~g \pkarJr| rbs'xnEdr.

bu"EnbeTskmCa edayBuMsUvTukcitelIkic \karJr| enH, k*rktmg'neyaVyekAbeTsxn eTA

TisfeTot.

CaelIkTImYy, enAExv^cika 1954, BHecAsIhnubJa[eXasnaGMBIExneyaVy \GBa-

kwty"aght'ct'| mYy, ekayeBltLb'mkBITsnkicenAbeTsPUmanelak GU nU. ekaybnic

mk elak enru mkeFITsnkicP~MeBj. KWk~geBlenaHehIy EdlBHVTsIhnuTTYlemeronTImYy

xagneyaVy \mincUlbkxagNa| BIbNit enru, ehIyecaTsmnPaB esGatU fanSmkEtbriya-

kasGsnisuxEdlpynwgcMNg'sniPaB EdlmhaGMNacVnkMNt'ehIy enAhENv. f 2 mIna

1955, semcsIhnu dak'raC[Buk, semcneratm suramwt. 3-4 GaTitekaymk sIhnusg

Tsnkicdl' enru beTsNa. CamYyrdmnITImYyNa semcbyuvraCsemaFcMNgeCg

neyaVy \bJsIla| eKalKMnitTSgVMn \karrs'enACamYyK~aedaysniPaB|!

enAExemsa 1955 sn~isITenAVn'Dug cab'eFIeLIg. CU eGnLay eqt{kasBIkicsnnaCa

kCnCamYysIhnu edmIvaysMrukxagpvTUt. k~gkarCECkK~aenaH rdmnITImYycin es~IGMBIerOgkmCa

suMCnYyswkBIshrdGaemrik. k~gerOgenH sIhnubJak'eTA CU eGnLay fanwgminmanmUldanT&B

GaemrikSgenAkmCaeLIy, ehIykmCanwgminsuM[ esGatU karJreT. eCOEmnETn, CU eGnLay

Vb'semcsIhnu[uTukcitfa

cinnwgmineCtECkk~gerOgpk~gnkmCaeLIy.

16

sPa

1955, kmCanigshrdGaemrik cuHhtelxaGMBICnYyxagpvT&B. bnab'mk ebskkmeyaFaGaemri-

129
kSgmYy (MAAG) k*mktSgTIP~MeBj. f 11 kJa kareVHeq~at[C&yCnHeTA KNbksgm

rasniym.

Gs'kgl'BITMnas'xagk~g,

dUry"agrh&snUvneyaVyekAbeTs

eCOCak'fa

GMNacnwgenAEtk~gdxnm~ak',

semcsIhnu

karN_EdlnwgeFI[GaemrikSgmineBjcity"agxSg.

enAEx

kum: 1956, tbnwgesckIGeJIjrbs' bFanaFibtIhlIBIn m"ak' saysay, sIhnueFITsnkic

CapvkarenAkugm"anil. enATIenaH, ehtuEdleFI[eKPak'eplKb'K~a, naykrdmnIExr (kalenaHmin

Tan'tSgxnCabmuxrdenAeLIy) EfgkarN_fa kmCattvkarkickarJrn esGatU eT. f 13 Ex

dEdl

semceFITsnkicCapvkarTImYyenAbeTscin

EdlenATIenaHbFanem"AVnTTYl.

eb"kSg, CafmgeTot, sIhnu Tat'ecalkickarJr esGatU. edayql'nwgbtikmsemcsIhnu,

enA

rd

elxaFikar hsEsr dlws eplixitmYymkrdmnIkarbreTsExr tamry:elak ng KimnI, raCTUt

elIkdbUgenAbcS srGa, lixitcuHf 19 emsa ehIyEdlkardksg'mandUcteTA

\elakrdmnI, xMmanesckIVrmedaydgfa esckIEfgkarN_k~geBlf@ enH EdlecjBI

mCdanepg@ VneFI[kan'EtxSgfa shrdGaemrikbu"nb"gbgbeTskmCa [cUlk~gsmnPaB

esGatU ebIminBm nwgQb'VnCnYyesdkic, ehIyfa shrdGaemrikVnbgbeTs evotNam

nig f CamitnigbkbedaykraC [cat'v^FankarCasgamesdkicTl'nwgkmCa k~geKalbMNg

dUcVnmkehIyenH.

\enAf 2 emsa rdTUtGaemrikSg VnfaydNwgCapvkardl'BHmhaktiy_ TSgBIrGgn

kmCafa shrdGaemrikBuMEdlVnEfgCapvkar nigCasaFarN:k~geBlNamgeLIy nUvkaryl'

eXIjrbs'xnelIneyaVyekAbeTsnkmCa. neyaVyshrdGaemrikk~gkmCa ykmUldan

elIbTbJamYyy"agxI shrdGaemrik, tamry:kmv^FICnYy eyaFanigesdkic rbs'xnrkCYydl'

rdaPiVlExr k~gkarbwgEbgCaGlC edmIrkaTukkraC GFibtI nraCaNack. CnYyenHVn

tvpl' EttamcMNg'nraCrdaPiVlExreT EdlVnsuMCapvkarnUvCnYyeyaFa k~gf 20 sPa

1954 nig CnYyeyaFapg CnYyesdkicpg enAf 1 kJa 1954.
\eTaHbI

shrdGaemrikeCfa

eKaHf~ak'nkarQanJnkumynis

bCaCatiesrITSgLayGacTb'Tl'Vny"agbtkCag

tamry:kickarJrrYmK~a,

beTsxHcUlcitmincUlrYmk~gkicerobcMsnisuxtamPUmiPaK

nig

k*neyaVyGaemrikSgTTYlsal'fa

ftitEtbeTsTSgenaHVnsemccit

karJrxn Tl'nwgkarQanJn v^Tgna elIkraCxn. kareCserIsenH eyIgeKarB. shrdGa-

emrik minrkcMNgnkarkarJrK~aeTAv^jeTAmk CamYybeTsNaeLIy ebIbeTsenHmineCfa k

raCxnnwgsYlrkaTukCag edayGnuvtn_eKalKMnitnsnisuxrYmenH|. (k~g \Bwtib&tnksYgkar

breTsGaemrikSg|, 30 emsa 1956, TMB&r 727)

enAExmifuna 1956 kmCanigcin cuHkicBmeBogTImYyxagJNiCkm nigelICnYymYyman

tm 22 lan 4 Esndular. f 27 v^cika q~SdEdl CU eGnLay mkeFITsnkicenAkmCa, EdlCa

TsnkicTImYyn G~kmuxG~kkarcinkumynIs. k~g{kasenaH CU eGnLay Vnbkasdl'GaNik

CncinEdlrs'enAk~gkmCa [bJlxnk~gsgmExr ehIyeKarBcab'nbeTsExr.

Exmifuna 1958 kgvresnatUcyYnxagtgBIrkg rbs' ega" Dineyom cUlrMelaPk~gextswg

Etg ehIybg^tbegalBMEdn. semcsIhnu ehAshrdGaemrik[eFIGnraKmn_. mYyExbnab'BI

130
btiehtuenH beTskmCaTTYlsal'tampvcab'dl' saFarNrdcinbCamanit ehIybrrdTUt

K~a. kicTak'TgCapvTUtCamYycinenH VneFI[GaemrikSgPak'CaxSg edaytVndgmuneLIy. va"

sIugetan ehArdTUtxn (xlsm) eTAsYrBieKaH. edaysMKal'kayv^karsemcsIhnu Cakarrk

erOg, shrdGaemrikerobcMKMeragkarN_edmITmak'sIhnu (VnCamankarkt'rbs' dab QYn mYyq~S

bnab'mk). 2 ExekaykarTTYlsal'enH enAk~gmhasn~iVtTI 13 nGgkarshbCaCati, kmCa

KSTkarrt'kickar edmI[cincUlk~g Gsb. b"uEn kicTak'TgCaelIkdbUgrvagExrnigcinenH BuMEmn

VneFIeTAedayltexaHeT. dUec~HEmn, bnab'BIkarbrrdTUtrvagbeTsTSgBIrmk, ebskkmesdkiccinmYymktSgTIenAP~MeBj.

KN:ebskkmenH

CYyCaVk'kasdl'sarBtmanxageqgxH

ehIykan'kab'salacinenAsukExr. BIrq~Sekaymk, 1960, CnCaticinCaecInnak' Vntvcab'

edayGaCaFrExr eJHskmPaBv^Tgna. enAExsPa, k~g{kasTsnkicTIBIrrbs' CU eGnLay,

cinbmaN 60 nak'Vntvcab'bJneTAbeTscinv^j. bnab'BIbtiehtuTSgenH beTscinBinit

eLIgCaf nUvneyaVyxncMeJHkmCa.

enAExF~ 1960 lIv cavC eFITsnkicenAkmCa EdlenATIenaH bFanaFibtIcincuHsnisJa

mYyelImitPaBnigelIkarminQanJn CamYyraCrdaPiVl. smaKmmYyeQaH \smaKmmitPaB

cin - Exr| VntvbegteLIg ehIyEdltSgTIs~ak'karenAkugeb"kSg (KWk~gq~S 1960 enaHehIy

Edl, tamsMd bu"l-Bt enAeb"kSgk~geBlf@ enH, KNbkkumynisExrVnekIteLIg). tbKuN

nwgneyaVycinEdl \KSTedaytlkx&N | nigEdl \mineCotECk|, kmCa tMrg'xntamEx

neyaVyekAbeTsrbs'cin

(k~geBlEdlevotNamxageCg,

ftitEtxns~iTNas'CamYycin

kalsm&yenaH, VnmanneyaVyby&t~Cag!). enAExkJa 1962 raCrdaPiVlExrTTYlsal'

beTs Gal'VnI (mYyq~Sekaymk, enAExtula 1963, kmCanigGal'VnI dak'karsemccitmYy

enA Gsb edmIedjtva"n'ecj ehIyTTYlcinbCamanitv^j k~gmhasn~iVt). enAExF~ 1962,

k~gsn~isITenAkULMbU EdlenruVnekaHehA edmIedaHsayTMnas'BMEdncin-Na, sIhnu erIsyk
karccarpal'rvagKUv^vaTTSgBIr ehIyTat'ecalesckIes~IneGhIb Edlcg'[begtmNltT&B

mYy karedaHsayEdlcinnwgminTTYleLIy. enAExtula 1964, eBlEdlcinBiesaFKab'Ebk

brmaNUTImYyrbs'xn, semcsIhnu CabmuxrdEtm~ak'gKt' EdlVnepsMbutKSTeTAcin, k~g

eBlEdlbeTsnbksgmniym
karminyl'Tas'rbs'xn

yYnxageCgk*Edr Vnbkan'karenAsat'esm CasJan

sIhnu ebIkarC^ts~iTCamYycinenH edmIkMcat'BYkxageqgEdr EdlenAEtxSg. enAedmq~S

1962, smaC^k 15 nak'nKNbkbCaCn (enAk~genaHman ng-sYn GKelxaFikar) Vntvcab'

XuMXSg. CakarN_Fmta neyaVysIhnuenH begItkMhwgGaemrikSgEdlBnHedaycM mincM dl'

rNbxnTSgBIr

sIhnueTot).

(esom

nig

yYn)

[bgbtiehtutamBMEdn

(enHebIminniyayBIkarrksmab'

tSgBIeBlEdlsn~isITenAhWENvGMBIbeTslavk~gq~S

1962

Vncab'eFIeLIg,

semcsIhnusMu[mhaGMNacnigrNbrbs'xn BgkkarCECkdl'kmCa edmIedaHsay[Gs'Et

mg nUvcMeNaTBMEdnrvagkmCanigG~kC^txag. bFanaFibtI ekNWDI bEkkedayKYrsmtamsMbut

mYycuHf 31 sIha 1962. cMENk ega" Dineyom Tat'ecalsMeNIenHy"agdac'Ghgar ehIy

131
TamTar[mankartttaBMEdnCaeTPaKI

(eyom

ecaTkmCafa[Crkdl'eyokkug).

beTsf,

kMBugEteBjCemaHerOgBHv^har, xb'tecokeFIfg' CakarN_Fmta. rIbeTscinv^j KSTTSgsug

nUvsMeNIrExr!

enAExsPa 1963

(R)

lIv cavC mkTsnakmCamgeTotCaelIkTI2. muneBlKat'mkdl'

bnic, evotNamxageCg EdlVnTamTarykekaHExrdUcyYnxagtgEdr kalBIq~S 1962, dkkar

TamTarxneTAv^j. Exv^cika 1963, GaemrikSg[sanIyv^TpaysemgmYy eTABYkExresrI. tbnwg

GMeBIenH, sIhnuedjKN:ebskkmCnYyGaemrikSgecj. mYyExekaymk, enAExF~, kmCanigcin

cuHkicBmeBogelIkTImYy

xagCnYyeyaFa.

enAelIpk~g

semcsIhnukan'EtrujeTAmuxxSg

nUvEpnkar \sgmkm| edayykCnYjnScUl-dkecj mk[CatieFI (GahrN_-nIhrN_).

ExsIha 1964, btiehtunQUgsmuTtugkwg [sJankarcab'epmsgamTI2nNcin

(karVj'navaBiXad \ma"d'duk| [elseTAGaemrikSg edmITMlak'Kab'EbkelIhaNUy). karekIn

kMritsgamnGaemrikSg eFI[yYnxagtgkan'EtekagkaceLIg. mYyGenIeTot kmCaVnpac'cMNg

TUtCamYybeTsenH tSgBIExsIha 1963 mkehIy (ega" Dineyom VntveKrMlMenAf 1 v^cika).

cab'tSgBIExkum: 1964, bnab'BIVnecaTkmCafa dkGavuF[eyokkug, GaCaFryYnxagtg bJa[

kgTahanxnedjtamevotkugk~gTwkdExr.

karrMelaPelIBMEdnenH

eFI[sab'nigrbYsdl'Exrt

eTas CaecInnak'. kmCa ecaTshrdGaemrikfa TajExjak'karvaycUlTSgenH. bNwgmYyVn

tvdak'enA kumbwkasnisuxnGgkarshbCaCati EdlbJnKN:kmkaresIubGegtmYymk bu"En

tVnkarGIeLIy. cMENkxagKN:kmkarGnrCatixagkictttav^j (esGIues) bEkkminBm

eFIGaCakNal tamsemgminBmdak'Ghga (vto) nbtiPUkaNada EdlsMGagfa erOgenHecj

BIsmtkicKN:kmakar (esGIues VntvbJb'edaytmankMNt'f-Ex sine die

edaysemc

sIhnu enAdNac'q~S 1969). karminsUvtvK~arvagExrnigGaemrikSg mankan'EtxSgeLIg sbK~a

nwgkarrMelaPBMEdnedayyYnxagtg. rdaPiVlTSgBIrBmcab'eFIkarccaredmIrkkaredaHsayn

cMeNaTenH. f 8 F~ 1964 enAkugjvEdlI, elak sWn-san CYbVs&ynwgrdTUtGaemrikSg

bunsal. GaemrikSgxMjat' \tecok| G~kTTYlxustvExrfa shrdGaemriktmanmeFaVyGI

edmIbg^tbgGaCaFryYnVneT cMeJHGaCaFresomk*Edr!

mYycMENkeTot TMnas'cin-sUevot Edlkan'EtxSgeLIgerogral'q~S k*CmuHTiBlmkelI

NcinEdr. TMnas'eTPaKIrvag shrdGaemrik nigbkcin-sUevot Vnkaybnicmg@ CakarbECg

tIPaKI.

edayrkkartvr"UvK~aBuMVnCamYy

smnPaBGaemrik-yYnxagtg-esom,

semcsIhnu,

eday \cak'| elIbraC&yGaemrikSg, rkccarCamYysmnPaBmageTot (rNsireyokkug, yYnxag

eCg, V"eftLav nigrNsires~haCatif) elI \karTTYlsal'BMEdnkmCa| (!). elIbJaenH

semcsIhnuVneFIkMhusmYyFMNas' GMBIneyaVyekAbeTs eJHfa KW bmuxrdExrEtmgEdl

(R)-

ebIeKeCOtamdNwgEdlbegbeday bu"l-Bt enAeb"kSgk~geBlf@enH, KWk~gq~S 1963 Edl sIhnu, k~glicmYy edmI

bgab'BYkxageqg, ehABYkeqg 34 nak'EdlnKrVlsal' [mkcUlrYmk~graCrdaPiVl. bkEb \karGeJIj| enH mkCa

sJankarcab'epmbgabmYyfeTot, bu"l-Bt (saLt-sr) eCserIsykpvEdlnSeTAB.

132
VnbegtbJa \BMEdnEdleKTTYlsal'| enH ehIyesIybgajeTAG~kC^txag nUvcMNucexayn

beTs karKansmtPaB nig karKancMNg'karJr[xagEtVnnUvBMEdnxn! eyIgnwgeXIj

k~geBlbniceTotenH nUvrebobyYnebIVs'PaBexayrbs'Exr.

enAExkJa 1964 k~geBleFITsnkicenAeb"kSg, semcsIhnu, CamYykarCYyxayxl'n

rdaPiVlcin, CYbdNagnevotNamxageCg, nrNsireyokkug(R) nignV"eftLav. esckIEfg

karN_bJb'Edl lIv cavC GanenAf 5 tula eFI[eLIgTwkcitNas' \eBlNamankarQanJn

tamkgT&B beTskmCaGacrg'cSTTYlkarKSTy"ageBjkmSgnbCaCncin|. bu"En lTplnkic

snnaCamYytMNagkumynIsTSgLaynNcin

minsUvCaffaeT.

BYkTSgenHyl'BmKb'K~a

TTYlsal'nigeKarBtammat' nUvBMEdnExr, bu"EnTSgGs'K~a bEkkminBmcuHhtelxaCalayl&k

GkreLIy! (karCECkK~anG~kTTYlxustvVnbneTAeTot enAExv^cika nigenAExmkra 1965 ekam
EP~kd*Tn'n ecn-yI rdmnIkarbreTscin). CaelIkdbUgbgs' semcsIhnudgxnfa Vn[tm

hYseBk dl'TiBlcinelIBYkkumynisyYn TiBlEdlrhUtmkdl'eBlenH, BitehIy, Vn

bgajbsiTPaBBIrdg enAq~S 1954 k~gsn~isITenAhWENv nigenAExsPa 1963 eBlEdl
evotNamxageCgTamTarykekaHExr.

eBltLb'mkP~MeBjv^j semcsIhnu, edaycg'dgbtikmcin, EfgsunrkfamYyenAf 8

tulafa karxitxMeFI[G~kdknScinBmcuHsnisJakarJrK~aeTAv^jeTAmk

minVnsMerceLIy cin

sMGagfabeTskmCa minenAk~gbksgmniymdUcbeTsyYnxageCg. bu"EnbeTscin, sIhnubn

eTAeTot, snatammat' fanwgeFIdUcxnVneFIenAkUer" (KWbJnT&Bcinmk) eBlNakmCatvQanJn

edayshrdGaemriknigbrivar.

3-4

fekaymk

semcsIhnuBenIsTMhMnCnYycinmkkmCa

edayEfgkarN_fa cinVnsna[mkExrnUvGakasyanFun mic-19! TSElgVn eb"kSgbJn

esnabmux ecn-yI mkkmCa enAExv^cika edmIEktmveLIgv^j. k~g{kasenaH tmesnIy_ ln'-

nl', edaycg'dgEdrfa rhUtdl'kMrwtNa kmCaGacsgwmelICnYycin, niyayeTA ecn-yI fa

\beTscin nigbCaCncin enAeBlf@enH (edogeTA esckIEfgkarN_bJb'n lIv cavC enAf 5

tula) VnbJak'Vb'eyIgmgeTotfa ebIBYkckBtiniymeFIkicyayIxSgdl'TwkdeyIg beTscin

nigbCaCncinnwgKSTeyIgedaytlkx&N|. ecn-yI bJak'sarCafdl'tmesnIy_ ln'-nl'

nUv \karKSTy"ageBjkmSgnbCaCncin| bu"EnbEnmfa \k~gkartyuTd*twmtv nrdaPiVlnign

bCaCnExr edmIkarJrGFibtIPaB nigbUrNPaBTwkd beTscineCOfa beTskmCa, CamYyb-

muxrdd*kahanrbs'xn, KMnitCatiniymrbs'xn nig kPaBrbs'xn GacQ~HstvTSgGs'edayebI

kmSgxnpal'\. (k~g \TIP~ak'garBtmancinf| v^cika 1964).

semcsIhnu nig tmesnIy_ ln'-nl' yl'cas'fa ecn-yI cg'niyayy"agemc. eTaH

y"agenHk*eday sIhnuk*enAEtEpkxnelIcin ehIyenAEtcecsTar karFanaCalayl&kGkrBIBYk

mhaGMNac

elIkarTTYlsal'BMEdnnkmCa.

enAExkum:

sn~isITmYy nbCaCnNcin eFIeLIgenATIkugP~MeBj.

1965,

ekamkarcat'EcgnkmCa,

(R)- rNsirCatirMedaHevotNamxagtg (FNL) VntvbegtenAf 20 F~ 1960 edayman egg hUfU CabFan.

133

TMB&rPab' 2

viPaKcugekay
CamYykarEccUv

ExrftvmanTSgBut manTSgkn.

rhUtmkdl'Exmkra 1978 eBlEdlBiPBelakdgfa ExrkhmnigyYnkhm cSgK~a

y"agxSg kmCabCaFibety VnsMglak'xny"agesm. ExrG~kePosxnrab'mWunnak' niyaytv

K~aTSgGs'fa bCaCnkmCakan'EtesIK~aehIy bu"EncMnYnk*kan'EtcuHfyeTAEdr. rIkareXasnaCapv

karv^j bkaseCaKC&yKb'CBUk nmhabd^vtn_d*mhaelatepaH mhaGsar.
BiPBelakVneXIjkarN_Bit cab'BIExmkra 1979 mk.

teTAenH eyIgnSK~aBiniterOgehtuTSgLay EdlVnekIteLIgekayExkJa 1977 mk KW

eBlEdl bu"l-Bt eTATsnabeTscinbCamanit ehIyVneFI[eKdgfa \Ggkar| enAsukExr

KW KNbkkumynisExr EdleKbegteLIg \tSgBIq~S 1960| mk.

1977
tula :

eLIy.

munnwgecjBIeb"kSgenAfTI 4, bu"l Bt Vb'G~keFIsmasn_fa \kumcarkmxSg Edl

lak'xnk~gbeTseyIg mansPaBsit ehIyBiVkrMelIgNas'|. bu"l-Bt Vn

eKfa

niyay bJwtbeJgBI \btiehtuCaecIntamBMEdn|.

semcsIhnu

rs'enACamYyG~km~agC^tkugP~MeBj

bu"EnminGacG~kNaeTACYbVn

beTskmCa VnsgbMNulrbs'xn eTAGgkarshbCaCati (37 Jn'dular 180 Jn'

hg') ehIyk*GaceVHeq~atk~gmhasn~iVtTSgLay.
k~gsarBtman LWmu"g (Le

Monde)

f 6 haNUyVnbkasBIrdgeTAP~MeBjnUvesckImYy

EdleKGacfaCa karBmank*Vn faCakarehA[ccark*Vn. mankarbgrQamxHtamBMEdn kal

BIExsIha.

f 7 ksYgBiessGaemrikSg niyayGMBIkarbyuTK~atamBMEdnExr-yYn k~gdNac'Ex

kJa. yYnVnebIkPaB EdlmkBIkgBlFMCaecIn nig ebIynehaHbedj-TMlak'Kab'Ebk

edmIvayExrkhm EdlcUleTAk~gext taynij (eragdrI).

134
karmkdl'y"agecIn nG~kePosxntamsmuT eFI[beTsfVrm. k~gsmuTmankV"l'

CnYjCaecn EdlminBmCYysg'G~kePosxn.

sarBtman LWmu"g f 14 eXIjdUcCamankarFUrsan rvag Ncin nig beTsmin

kumynisTSgLay nGasIuPaKGeK~y_.

kaEst LWmu"g f18 tambPBTUtenAhaNUy ExrePosxnenAevotNamman 60 000nak'

ehIyecInenACuv^jBnKr nig tamextCab'BMEdn.

f 20 kgT&BfeLIgkan'GMNac ehIyTMlak'rdaPiVl faninkv^Can. eQaHBIrelc

ecjmk tmesnIy_ eKOgsak' cmann nig tmesnIy_ saga"t celayU.

kaEst LWmu"g f 22 yYnrab'rynak' Vntvsmab'edayExrkhm enAedmq~SenH. Exr

khmVnvayPUmibmaN 40 C^t taynij (eragdrI) nig cUduk (mat'Ck).

v^cika :

v^Fankarf

edmIttBinitkarcUlmknCnePosxn

cMeJHCnePosxnn Gsb.

eFI[Vrmdl'GKs~gkardan

f 11 kmCa dak'kMhuselIf GMBIbtiehtutamBMEdn (Exr-f) ehIyes~IkarCECkK~aeT

PaKI. k~gq~SenH btiehtubmaN 400 VnekItmaneLIg. tmesnIy_ eKOgsak' cmann Vn

tvEtgtSgCardmnITImYy.

sanTUtGUsalIenAkugV"rIs Vb'[dgfa CnePosxnmkBINcin mancMnYn 4 320 nak'

enAGUsalI. beTsVrSg VnTTYl 40 000 nak' k~gGMLg 2 q~SknH. shrdGaemrik VnTTYl

200 000 nak'.

elak env^n bFanaFibtIPUma TsnakmCa BIf 27 eTA 29. KWCabmuxrdbreTsTI1 Edl

mkemIlsukExrkhm. beTscin Vn[eyabl'eTAExrkhmfa tvecjBIPaBekaGnafarbs'

xn.

k~gkMLgExv^cikaenH G~kePosxntamsmuT 2 000 nak' Vnmkdl'beTsesom fditEt

manv^FankarxaXSg.
F~ :

f 2 Vgkk nig haNUy sMercfanwgbrrdTUtK~a. eKrkkarFUrsan kareFI[

TMnak'TMng manPaBFmtaeLIgv^j.

f 31 kardac'cMNgTUtrvag kmCa nig evotNam. evotNam Cab'ecaTCaG~k

QanJn. P~MeBj Eskefaldl'karvaylukkmCa edaykgBlFMyYnCaecIn.

1978
mkra :

sMnYrmYypHeLIgCuv^jBiPBelak \sgamTI 3 nNcin VnpHehIy?| \BYk

kumynIscSgK~ag!| eKenAkEngxHeTot. eb"kSgVneFIkareCserIsehIy KWkan'

eCgxagExr.

135
P~MeBjminBmccar

drabNamaneyaFayYnk~gsukExr.

karbyuTdUcCaenAEtk~gPUmiPaK

\cMBuHTa| sayerog. v^TP~MeBjpayesckIsMbutsemcsIhnu eTA bu"l-Bt. ExrkhmGeJIj

TUtmYycMnYn bcSkugeb"kSg [eTATsnakmCa. P~MeBjefal \PaBkMhUcKYr[hYscit| n \BYk

lukluy|.

f 6 P~MeBjbkas \C&yCnHeBjTI| EdleKBuMsUveCO enAbswmbeTs.

sarBtman LWmug f 10 evotNam rkbg^txnmkC^tbeTsnsmaKmGasan. egg

DuyTij rdmnIkarbreTs nig y" dugy"ag brdmnI TsnabeTsGasan ehIyniyayfa cg'

ccar. behhwnsI TIbwkarbs'bFanaFibtI karETr xagerOgGnrCatifa cMVMgExr-yYn Ca

\TahrN_TImYy nsgammincMeJHrvagcin nig shPaBsUevot|.
kaEstdEdl f 12 karbyuTK~a dUcCaVnQb'ehIy.

f 15 eGog-sarI bkasfa kmCacg' \rka nig karJr bUrNPaB siTi nigplbeyaCn_

nsmuTEdndrbs'xn cmay 12 m"l_ nmNlesdkicpac'muxrbs'xn 200 m"l_ nignVt

smuTrbs'xn.

haNUy nig P~MeBj dUcCaVnbJnBlfbEnm eTABMEdneTotehIy. sunrkfa bu"l-Bt

f 17 kgT&BVnTTYl \C&yCnHfeTot| edayVnkMcat'kgBlFMyYn 5. beTslavbEkkfa

kgTahanyYntVnqgkat'TwkdlaveT

edmIcUlvayExr

ehIybJak'mgeTot

nUvGBakwtPaB

rbs'xn k~gkarv^vaTenH. elaksI etg cav Priya CU eGnLay TsnakmCa BIEf 18.

kaEst LWmu"g f 26 Chrrbs'haNUy nig P~MeBj enAEttpHpaVn. G~ksarBtman

CaecIn TTYlsal' edaymincM faTahanevotNamcUleTAk~gsukExrEmn.

kum: :

ral'Ex cMnYnG~kePosxnBINcin EdlecjeTAbeTsVrSg mancMnYn 1 000nak'.

f 2 bnab'BITsnkiccMnYn 4 fenAkmCa bDwt bcarygl rdmnIkarbreTsf

Efgfa Vgkk nig P~MeBj VnBmeBogeFIkarbrrdTUtK~a.

sarBtman LWmu"g f 4 karbyuT dUcCaVntvpakmYyeBl bu"EnmankareCrGaekas

K~aeTAv^jeTAmk. haNUyGMJvnavrkExrCTas'. k~gsmasn_CamYyTIP~ak'garevotNampl'Btman

(GaevGIu) enAf 26 mkra eQIysgamm~ak'eQaH jn sar"an' nayTahanrg niyayfa \xMVf~a
y"agekvka [bCaCnExrGacrs'enAk~gesrIPaBedayeBjelj ekamkardknSnGgkarbd^vtn_
mYyd*PWsag nig yutuiFm EdlrkaTMnak'TMngd*C^ts~iT CamYybeTsevotNam|!.

f 5 haNUyes~IeTAP~MeBj nUvEpnkarmYyedmI \edaHsaycMeNaTerOgBMEdn|. G~k

sarBtman V"TIs debo eKKYrsMKal'fa CaelIkTImYyEdlevotNames~I \karFana nigkartYt

BinitGnrCati|. rhUtmkdl'eBlenH evotNam EtgEtminBm[man GnraKmn_ kareFIGaCa
kNal BIbreTseLIy. beTscineFIkarvaysMrukpvTUt. G~kdknScin ecjeTAeFITsnkicenA

beTsGasIuTSgLay.

y" yauMgsug rdTUtyYnenAV"rIs efal \kareVssMGatpk~gya"gsahav| enAkmCa.

ehIybgajsMeNIevotNam GMBIEpnkareFI[mansniPaB nig edaHsaybJaBMEdn.

136
f

P~MeBj

Tat'ecalsMeNIedaHsayerOgBMEdn

Edlxn[eQaHfaCa

\kay

v^kareXasna edmIbMP&nmtiGnrCati| k~geBlEdlevotNam eFIkarvaysMrukfeTot edayebIrf

ekaH nig ynehaH cUlrhUtdl'cmayBI 4 eTA 7 Km k~gTwkdExr.

f 9 TIP~ak'garBtmancinf ecaTmU"sfaCa \edmehtunsanPaBtantwg| enABMEdnkmCa-

evotNam. v^mankwmLSg pnaeTasdl'neyaVyrbs'P~MeBj.

f 12 v^TExrkhmsuM[ \bNaCnenAP~MeBj| karJrrdFanI. G~ksegtkarN_sYrfa enH

Cav^Fankarcitsas mYy CadNwgfaTahanyYnC^tmkdl'P~MeBjehIy? enAf 13 v^TdEdl

ecaTkarvaylukmgeTotrbs'yYn k~gextsayerog nig rtnKIrI ehIypaycemIyrbs'eQIy

sgamm~ak' vresnIy_tI twg yuSgehOg embJakarrgvresnaFMelx 18 nkgBlFMelx 9 Edl
faxnVndgtSgBIq~S 1972 nUvEpnkareFIshB&nNcin.
kaEst

j"agdag

epgeTot EdlGacksag|.

GgrP~MeBj[eqIytbnwgsMeNIsniPaBrbs'yYn

mYy

\cat'karGI

f 21 evotNamVb'cin[by&t~ edayecaTy"agcas' fd^tEtmincMeJH faTajdTaj

eCgP~MeBj.
mina :

sarBtman LWm"ug f 20 tamG~kmuxkarksYgkarbreTsExr EdlVnTTYlG~k

eqIyqg

TIP~ak'garBtmanyUehasav

haNUy nUvkarccaredmIbJb'karv^vaT.

tanyUK

P~MeBjVf~acab'epmeFICamYy

Exrkhmsmab'yYnrgalenA haeTog (Jm). haNUy cab'erobcMkarvaysMruky"agFM

kSePgFM rfekaH nig kgpl'PsPareLIgeTAkan'BMEdn.

f 22 G~kebIkynehaHBIrnak' nT&BGakasyYn cuHkV"l'ehaH edes-3 mYyenAswgburI

ehIysuMsMctTMrSVnTTYl[cUlrs'enA BIbeTsTI 3.

v^ThaNUypaydNwgfa shKaskCnTSgGs' tvVnrMlayecal k~gmYycMehog

xagekam nbeTsevotNam.

G~ksarBtmanbswmbeTsCaecIn VnTsnatMbn'BMEdn xagsukyYn. bu"EnP~MeBj ebIk

TarbeTs [eTAEtG~ksarBtman yUehasav.

f 30 Ggkar \GnrCatielIkElgeTas| (Amnesty International) GMJvnavmgeTot dl'rda

PiVlExr GMBIkarbharCv^tminVc'kat'eTas EdlmanmktSgBIExemsa 1975.

bnab'BIkarvaysMrukrbs'yYnenA ExF~ nig mkra CnePosxnExrenAevotNammancMnYn 2

Esn nak'. TSgs~gkardan Gsb cMeJHCnePosxn TSgkumkakVTkhm TSgmUlniFi Gsb

segaHkumar tVntvevotNamehA[cUleTACYyG~kePosxnExrTSgenaHeT.
tmesnIy_ eKOgsak' eFITsnkicenAeb"kSg.

v^TP~MeBj Vb'GMBIkarebIkeLIgv^jnUvpvGys&yyanP~MeBj-kMBg'esam EdlVntvxUc

xateJHyYn k~gexttaEkv nigkMBt. KN:btiPU kmkrpvreTHePIgcinmYykum VnmkkmCatSgBI

edmExmIna.

137
emsa :

P~MeBj eFIkareVssMGat kMcat'BYkExrlMeGogxagyYn. haNUy Gb'rMbgkbx&N

Exrf@eTot BYkeQIysgam VntveKEfTSBaVl ehIyGb'rMeLIgv^j. G~k

kaEsteQaH rU"Lg'-EBr V"ra"geha k~gsarBtman LWmu"g f 1 haNUy

minkMBugEtbegtkbx&NExr edmICnYsBYkP~MeBjeT?

v^TP~MeBj ecaTfa kgTahanyYneFIbtibtikarpveKak nigpvTwk k~gexttaEkv nigkMBt.

f 3 v^ThaNUy CaPasaExrcab'enAVgkk \eyaFaExrCaTIsLaj' enAk~gCYrrbs'G~k

mitG~kCaecInVnbEgrkSePIgmkVj'emrbs'xnv^j. enHCasJankarPak'rlwkehIy|. \mitG~kCa

ecInVnsab'y"agGasartkar k~gTMnas'erOgBMEdnrvag eyIgTSgBIr|.
haNUy

payCasaFarN:nUvksarBIr

mYyelITMnas'erOgBMEdn

\shB&nNcin CaerOgcas' EdleKePcVt'eTAehIy|.

mYyeTotGHGagfa

v^TP~MeBj ecaThaNUyfa VnmkyayICafeTot.

enAV"rIs G~kkarTUtyYnm~ak'eFIsni~sITBtman evotNam mancMNg'rkedaHsaytamkic

ccar ehIyecaTCafeTotdl' GMeBIyg'X~gnG~kdknSenAP~MeBj.

f 13 tamry: v^TP~MeBj bu"l-Bt eFIkar \GMJvnavdl' rdaPiVl nig bCaCnevot

Nam [TTYlmitPaBd*rak'Tak'nbCaCnkmCa nwgedmI[TMnak'TMng rvagrdaPiVlTSgBIr Vnl

eLIgv^j|.

f 14 saFarNCnenAyUehasav eXIjsukExrelIpSgTUrTsn_ TIkugEdlsat'Qwg

KanCv^t nig bNaCn-G~keTas-KUlI k~gkardan.

G~kkaEstsuyEGd niyayBIbtiehturvagTahanyYn nigTahancin enABMEdn yYn-cin.

semgbeTskmCa ksYgsmat'yYn CYlBYksIeBsa[mkesIubkarN_enAsukExr.

bFanaFibtI karETr GMJvnavdl' \bCaCatiTSgGs'| [pnaeTasdl'karrMelaPsiTimnus

enAkmCa.

f 23 enAkug GUs

beTsn&rEv"s_ maneFIeLIgnUv karsab'skIPaBGMBIbeTskmCa.

GgbCuVnTTYlsal'fa ExrkhmVneFI[sab'CnanuCnExrknHlannak'.

CnCatiGaemrikSg 4 nak' Edlkan'lTikumynisem"Aniym TsnakmCa.

G~kkaEstyUehasavm~ak'

EdleTIbnwgmkBIkmCa

kt'sMKal'fa

k~gksarCapvkarTSg

Lay ExrkhmniyayEtBIBYk \ksikr| \kmkr| nig \G~keFIkareTot| bu"EntmanniyayBIBYk

\bJav&n eCOnelOn| eT (Intelligentsia progressiste) .

eb"kSg eFIkarBmanmYyeTAhaNUy GMBIkarmkdl'y"agecInnCnCaticin EdlFab'rs'enA

BnKr eJHkarlb'bMVt'shKaskCn.
sPa :

kmCa rkTajxnecjBIPaBekaGnafapvTUt. eGog-sarI Vb'BYkem"AniymGaemrikSg \bCaCnkmCaVf~a cgsanmanemtICamYybCaCnGaemrikSg|.

eb"kSg cg'Vnsmar:swkBI VrSg nig Gg'eKs.

138
k~gsarBtman LWmu"g f 18 JkbJamYytamv^TP~MeBj \Exrm~ak'@ tvsmab'yYn 30

nak'|.

karrt'ecjBIsukyYn nCnedmkMeNItcineFI[xSgeLIg dl'sanPaBtantwgrvageb"kSg nig

haNUy.

tUk enAEtminBmTTYl CnePosxnBINcin [s~ak'enAbeTsCbu"n.

mifuna :

f 2 \kmCaetomxncSCECkCamYyevotNamk~g 7 ExeTot ebIk~gkMLgeBlenaH

haNUybJb'karbTusra"yTSgGs' Tl'nwgP~MeBj| eKeXIjk~g kMNt'ehturbs'

rdaPiVlExr cuHf 15 sPa EdlVntvbJneTAevotNam edaysanTUtlavenA

P~MeBj. eKdgdNwgenHtambPBTUt.

GKs~gkardan Gsb cMeJHCnePosxn nigeFIshbtibtikarCamYy rdaPiVlevotNam

edmIrkTIsMNak'Gas&y[Exr 150 Jn'nak' EdlVnePosxneTAevotNamxagtg.

eGog-sarI eFITsnkicenAkugtUkBIf 11 eTA 13.

sankarN_kan'EttantwgeLIgrvag eb"kSg nig haNUy.

sarBtman LWmu"g f 17 GasIuPaKGeK~y_ kBulmuxQWeJHCnePosxnrbs'xn.

eb"kSg VnbJnkV"l'smuTBIr edmIdkCnCaticin ecjBIsukyYn.

f 25 v^TP~MeBj Vb'[dgGMBIkarbu"nb"grMlMrdaPiVlkmCa EdleKkMcat'VnkalBIEx

sPamun. v^Tfa karbu"nb"genHVntverobcMeLIgeday \bkkumynis nig rdaPiVlyYn eday

mankum esGIuGa cUlrYmpg.

beTsNensIu VnGeJIj eGog-sarI [eFITsnkicCapvkar enA dakarta.

kaEst LWmu"g f 29 tamksYgsmat'GaemrikSgnigf TahanyYn 50 Jn'nak' kMBug

vaylukcUlk~gTwkdExr. KWCakarvaylukFMmYy EdlskmkicxHmanrhUtdl'k~gCerArab'sibKm

k~gTwkdExr. TSghaNUy TSgP~MeBj tVnbJak'fa BtmanenHtwmtveT. bu"En KWCab'rab'Exmk

ehIy EdlExrnigyYn ecaTK~aeTAv^jeTAmkfaVn \QanJn| nig \bJnP~ak'gar| k~gTwkdeK.

kkda :

f 29 haNUy bkascUlrYmk~gGgkar \kUemkun| (COMECON) parrYmrbs'bksUevot.

f 3 eb"kSg bkasbJb'CnYyTSgGs'dl'evotNam.
haNUy

Vb'GasIuPaKGeK~y_[by&t~xnTl'nwg

\rIkxnniym|

cin.

tamry:

kaEstbktITinbCaCn beTscinVb'smaKmGasan[bugxnTl'nwg \ttta

niym| yYn ehIyecaTevotNamfa cg'kab'ykkmCak~gshB&nNcin.

f 15 eKOgsak' snnaCamYy eGog-sarI EdleFITsnkicenAVgkk. TSgBIrnak'

sMerccat'v^Fankar edmIsMrYlkarTak'TgrvagbeTsTSgBIr karbu"nb"gebIkExTUrelxpal' nigkar

brKN:btiPUJNiCkm. eGog-sarI ecaTevotNamfacg' \tVk'elbkmCa|.

f 25 sn~isITBYkrdmnIkarbreTs nbeTsmincUlbkxagNa ebIkeLIgenAkug

Eblhad. kmCa CasmaC^keBjsmtPaB. eGog-sarI cUlrYmk~gsn~isIT ehIysuM[eKedj

evotNam ecjBIclnabeTsmincUlbkxagNa.

139
sIha :

kaEstVgkkbu"si f 1 kgT&BfnwgTijeKOgsBavuFf Gs'tm 1 000 lan

duLar mundNac'q~SenH rfekaH 350 eFIenAGaemriknigGg'eKs ynehaHbedj

nigynehaHBinitkarN_ nig kaNUtVj'kSCcehaH 3.

kaEst LWmu"g f 3 tamksYgsmat'GaemrikSg ynehaHyYnTMlak'Kab'Ebky"agecIn

sMebIm edmIbMVk'karTb'Tl' \y"agmanH| rbs'Exrkhm. karTMlak'enH xSgelIsBIeBlmun@

TSgGs'. ynehaH KWrbs'GaemrikSgecalBIq~S 1975 FuneGh-5 btikm nig FunGa-37. kar

TMlak'eFIeLIgrhUtdl'cmay 60 Km k~gTwkdExr kMBg'cam. manmnussab'CaecIn. P~MeBj

dkT&BBITisxaglicbJneTAsmrPUmi

CaehtuebIk[cMnYnG~kePosxn

mankan'EtecIneLIg.

ha

NUy EknmnusGayuBI 16 eTA 35q~S bJlk~gkgT&B ehIyekaHehAmkv^jnUvTahanEdlQb'BI

q~S 1975.

ecjBIEblhad eGog-sarI eTAeb"kSg. sun esn brdmnITImYyTTYlbnkxagkarJr

beTs mkdl'eb"kSgEdrCamYynwgKN:btiPUmYykum. \Tg'C&ykhm| kaEstpaylTikhm

rbs'bkcin [eQaHevotNamCakUnGuk (cheval de Troie) rbs'v^mankwmLSg nig beTsKuyV

rbs'GasuI.

evogcnn_ dUcCakan'eCgxagevotNam.

tamTsnavdesdkiccugbUJbeTs emtsUTl'nwgbu"l-Bt dUcCa sU-Pwm GtItGnubFa-

naFibtI.

kmCa nig NensIu sMercdak'cMNgTUtf~ak'rdTUt cab'BIEf 7 sIha eTA.

tammnIrGaemrikSgxagCnePosxn nigxagGenabevsn_enAva"sIugetan k~gmYyEx@ yYnBI 5

eTA 6Jn'nak'ePosxntamTUk BI 2 eTA 3Jn'nak'eTottamBMEdnpveKak.

kugEbn bkasfa ssnigkmCa VnsMercdak'cMNgTUtrvagbeTsTSgBIr.

f 12 cinnwgCbu"n cuHhtelxaelIsnisJasniPaBnigmitPaB.

ExrEdlePosxnmkdl'beTsf mancMnYnkan'EtecIneLIg. tamGKs~gkardancMeJHCn

ePosxn \sankarN_kMBugEtEbblEmnETnehIy| ebIebobeFobeTAnwgsanPaBkalBI 6 Exmun.

sarBtman LWmu"g f 26 tambPByYn ExrEdlbqSgnwgbu"l-Bt kan'kab'tMbn'BMEdn

EdlCYnkalCaTICrkevotkugBIedm. BYkExrTSgenH bEhlCamanrdkarmYy kgT&BmYy nigTIbJa

karmYy. P~MeBj TTYlsal'edaymincMeJH edayecaTevotNamfa VntMeLIg \rdkarGay"g| mYy

ehIyb"unb"grMlMrbbP~MeBjtamv^Tgna nigkarXubXwtkt'.
kJa :

f 2 KN:btiPUy"agFMrbs'Exr KN:TIBIrk~gry:eBlticCagmYyEx mkdl'

eb"kSg dknSeday nYn-Ca bFanrdsPa. cMENk pS ySugdug v^j k*erobecjeTA

Tsna rdFanIepg@ nGasIuPaKGeK~y_Edr.

f 2 dEdl v^ThaNUyGMJvnav [ExrTSgGs'bHeVreLIg k~gnamn \kgkMlSges~ha

Cati nigbd^vtn_BitVkdnrNsir 203|.

140
kaEst LWmu"g f 23 sIhnu tcg'CYbKN:btiPUCbu"n EdleBlenaHeFITsnkicenA

P~MeBj.
tula :

sarBtman LWmu"g f 2 evotNamqgkat'sanPaBmYyEdlBiVkNas'. GaCaFr

bJak'fa tSgBIedmExkJa TwkCnn'eFI[rgeKaHdl'mnusCag2lannak'. sv nig

stJhn: VnxUcbg'ecInNas'. mYycMENkeTot beTsyYnEdlminTan'TSgegb

putBImhnraysgam 46-75 pg kMBugerobcMeFIsgamCafeTot edayehtumanTMnas'BIr

CamYynwgcin nigCamYykmCa. enAEp~kxagtg bNaCnt \tam| eT. karGMJvnav[es~haCati

eFIeLIgedaytQb'Qr.

enAtamBMEdnyYn-cin TahanyYnbdab'GavuFnigesg CkreNAtg'es.

enAbeTslav eKfa kgT&BebIs&nBul Tl'nwgG~ksukP~MCatimu"g.

f 25 enAVgkk etg savBIg niyayenAmuxG~kpayBtman karykVnP~MeBjeday

BYkyYn nwgbgajbMNgBitVkdrbs'haNUy.
v^cika :

CnePosxntamsmuT kan'EteTACaerOgbcbn~PaB erOgGnrCati.

F~ :

f 2 tammNlTUtenAVgkk evotNam tttaVnTWkdExrCaecInkEngeTot

k~gkMLgBIrGaTitmunenH. enAva"sIugetan ksYgsmat'GHGagfa T&BExrVnTTYlkar

bg'xatd*Fn'bMput k~gry:eBl 18 ExenH.

f 3 v^ThaNUypayfa enATIkEngmYyk~gtMbn'rMedaHenAkmCa rNsirrYbrYmesacsg'

Cati VnekIteLIg. ehg-sMrin CabFan EtgtSgeLIgedaysmaCbegtrNsir.

kaEst LWm"ug f 11 v^ThaNUy EdledrtYCabPB[dNwgBIkarbHeVrExr payBIkar

bHeVrfeTot

k~gextkMBg'camEdlelIkK~atMrg'mkTenemKg.

k~geBlCamYyK~a

bPBepg@enA

Vgkk niyayGMBIkarvayrujcanrbs'yYn tMrg'mkTenemKg edmIbNac'ecjBI P~MeBj nUvext

TSgLaynTissan ehIy[TICrkmYyeTArNsir ehg-sMrin. tamG~keqIyqgm~ak'enAVgkk
rbs'kaEst jvy"kEfm BYkyYnenAtwmEt 40 Km BIkecHeT. kalBIf 9 v^TP~MeBjecaTrN

sir ehg-sMrin CaGgkaryYnEdlmaneQaHExr bu"EndknSedayyYn ehIymanTIs~ak'karenAB

nKr.

sarBtman LWmu"g f 22 ekABIkarecaTepg@ dl'evotNam rdaPiVlP~MeBjenAEt

payBtmansuTid^niym GMBIsanPaBk~gbeTs. ebIeKeCOBtmanTSgenH kmCa ksagVny"ag

rh&snUv sgmbCaFibetymYy ehIyesdkicxnkMBugrIkcMerIn.

edaysMucUlsukExrminVn G~keqIyqgenAVgkkrbs'kaEst LWmu"g enH EsgrkBtman

BIkmCak~g CrMG~kePosxn.

f 23 eTA 25 sankarN_kan'EttantwgeLIgenAtamBMEdncin-yYn.

141
f 27 ExrkhmebIkVsaTGgrvt[G~ksarBtmanbreTsemIl bnab'BIsgamnig

bd^vtn_Gs'eBl 9 q~S.

f 7 mkra 1979 beTskmCaVnrbUtecjBIcgm Exrkhm ehIyFak'eTAk~gkNab'd

beTsevotNam. Par:eFI[sukExr nigbCaCnExrmanesrIPaBeLIgv^j enAelIsaeyIg

ral'K~aehIy.

Ex emsa 1982

142

TMB&rPab' 3

EpnTI

BIrPaKbInpdIevotNam mansuTEtBP~MkMfEdleKBuMGacdSGIduH. yYnrs'y"agcegtcgl'enAelI

dvalrab EdlxnGaceFIEscMkarVn. mYyPaKbInpdEdlGacdSsvVn KWvaltIekaNBIrEdl

TenemKg nig TenkhmhUrkat'. pdEdldSduHenHmanTMhMtUcCagkmCaeTAeTot ehIytvciJwm

bNaCn 50 lannak' (enAq~S 2000 bNaCnenHnwgekIneLIgdl' 75 lan!).

143

ebIeKemIlbeTsenANcinmYymg@ dac'BIK~a beTsTSgenaHBuMsUvmaneT. bu"EnebIeKdak'bUkcUl

K~anUvFnFanxagEr" xagksikm nig xagTwk beTsTSgbImansPaBCa \beTs| mYyEdlman ehIy

cas'CasitenAk~gcMeNambeTsEdlsMbUrCageKenAGasuIPaKGeK~y_.

144

KMeragkarelITenemKgEp~kxagekam

PasaenANcin

145

snisJaq~S 1863 rvag BHVTneratm nig tmnavI dLakg'EDr, \KUEvn&r, ecAhay|

TImYyn kUsSgsuIn, snisJaEdl BHVTneratm TTYlkarKSJr, \btiktUr"a| BIVrSg.

snisJaq~S

1867

VneFIeLIgedaylYclak'rvagVrSgnigesom.

tamsnisJaenH

esomQb'TarsYyGakrBIExr bu"EntvdUrCamYynwgextVt'dbg esomrab (Ggrk*tvVneTAesom

Edr) sIusupun TenreBA nigmB tv[eTAesom. dl'eBlhgneratmdg, dLakg'EDr ccarVn

mkBIesomv^jEtmatabEnmmYybu"eNaH ExrGaccab'tIk~gbwgTensabVndUcesom!

kicsnaq~S 1904 kMBg'Eptat ehIynigTwkdenATisxagtg BmTSgekaHTSgLay EdlenA

C^teq~rcab'BIeCayLSsuwgeTA VntvbKl'mk[Ncinv^j. extmB nig TenreBA eTIbnwg

VnmkNcinv^jtamry:kicsnaq~S 1902.

146

kicsnaq~S 1907 tamkicsnaenH extesomrab Vt'dbg nig suIsupun VntLb'mkExrv^j

edaydUrK~aCamYynwgTwkdesom KWdans, tat nigekaHTSgLayenAxagtgeCayLSswug.

kicBmeBogsniPaBq~S 1941 rvagVrSg nig f (esomVndUreQaHeTACafcab'tSgBIq~S 1939

mk) VneFI[ExrVt'bg'CaelIkTIBIr nUvextsuIsupun Vt'dbg swgEtg kMBg'FM nig esomrab (elIk

ElgEtbrievNGgr).

147

mhaNackExr enAdNac'stvtr_TI 12
raCFanIcas'@ nGtIt:mhaNackExr

148

NcinenAk~gkMLg Ks 960

149

D'aprs Foursereau, Le Siam ancien.

Carte de la pninsule indochinoise, par ls frres Van Langren, 1595.

EpnTIenAk~gTMB&renH nigk~gTMB&rxagekay KWlTplnkarsavCav nigrukrknCnCatiGWr"ub rhUtmk

dl'stvtr_TI 17. EpnTITSgenHecInEtXatqayBIPaBtwmtvxagx~atPUmisas. k*bu"Entamry:

ksarTSgenH eyIgGacTajykBtmanCaecIn dUcCakarv^vtn_nTwkdExr bPBneQaH \kUsSg

suIn| Caedm.

150

Les Indes Orientales de Mercartor (Edition de 1607).

enArvagKs 1280 G~krukrkCatiGIutalI m"arkU b"UL Qb'sMctenAtugkwg ehIy[eQaHvaltI

ekaNEdlTenkhmhUrkat'cak'cUleTAk~gsmuTenaHfa \ekACh| (Caugigu). BYkedrsMeBACaticam

CaebIkayCa \KutC| rYcmkBYkCbu"nCa \kUQI|. ekaymkVrSgebICa \kUsSg| (Cochin) edaybEnm

Jk \sIun| (Chine) enAxagcug edmIbJak'fa kUsSg EdlenAxagcin (minEmnkMBg'EpenANaeT)

eyIgGaceXIjcas'enAelIEpnTIenHfa kUsSgsuIn enAxagelIbeTscMV". VrSgcLMmYyCan'eTot

edaycglvaltIekaNekambgs' KWvaltIekaNnTenemKgfaCa \kUsSgsIun|.

151

Carte du Tonkin et de l'Annam, par le Pre de Rhodes, 1633.

152

Carte de la pninsule indochinois, par P. du Val, 1686.

Librairie Classique d'Eugne BELIN Paris.

153

L'Inde transgangtique de l'Atlas de Leide (chez Pierre vander Aa.... 1695)

154

EpnTIbgajeQaHTIkug ext PUmi suk EdlyYnVnpas'

eTACayYntSgBIq~S 1838 (KWq~S 1838!) em"H munenHpg.

155

EpnTINcinEdleroberogeLIgedayG~ktMNagrasVrSg hg's&r dLgki_ k~gq~S 1889 ehIy

EdlyklMnStamEpnTInananEp~kksYgPUmisasnkgT&BVrSgenANcin

tamksarCapvkar

nananbeTsGNam PUma f (eBlenaHeQaHesomenAeLIy) nigcin BmTSgtamkarrukrktam

deNIr nigtamebskkmnana EdlVneFIeLIgk~geBlcugekaybMputenACnan'enaH.

156

TMB&rPab' 4

lMdab'eBlnkarBgIkTwkdyYn

CatiyYncab'epmbvtisasxnenAtugkwg ehIymaneQaHfa ya"v-C. CatiyYnCalTpl

nkarbgat'sasn_NeNsIuEyn nig mu"gehal enAsm&ybuBbvtisas. karlaycUlK~aCa

mYycin maneLIgenAeBlekaymkehIyeT.

enAq~S 232 munKisskraC GFiraC tan' nbeTscin VnbJnT&BcMnYn 5Esnnak' Edl

bJaedayemT&BeQaH j"am-ga" nig eTov-Ca mkcSgdeNImyksuk y"av-C. eqt{kask~g

eBlEdlmanclaclenAsukcin eTov-Ca k*bkasxnCaescnraCaNack Nam-eyH (Nam

- evot k~gPasayYn) enAq~S 208 mun Ks. karkan'kab'Twkd nig cinUbnIykm nBYk y"av-C Edl
BImuncincat'TukCaCatisasn_Bp k*VneLIgzan:esInwgcinEdr ehIyGaceFIkar BmTSgGacTTYl

157
EpnTITMB&renH

bgajBIkar

v^vtn_nPUmisasbeTs

NcinBIstvtr_TI 2 dl'

TI 19.

158
zannrskiesInwgcin cab'tSgBIedmstvtr_TI 3 EdlenAekamrCkalesccin suIv-vYg mk. bu"En

suIv-vYg bJa[BYk y"av-C eron BmTSgebIGkrnigPasacin. KWtamrebobenHehIy EdlBYk

y"av-C TTYlTiBlnvbFm nig rebobKit BmTSgreboberobcMsgmeTAtam kug-hyss

(Confucius) nig tavGIu (Taosme) ehIyEdlfekaymk nwgebIGavuFenHsMrab'rMedaHxnecjBIcinv^j.

enAq~S 263 (ekay Ks) eQaH \Gan-Ng'| VntveKebICaelIkTI1 edmIsMKal'Twkd

enAxagtg (sukcin) EdlVnTTYlsniPaB.

enAq~S 353 BYk y"av-C (yYn) tbeTAnwgkarvaylukelITwkdxnBI cam k*vaynKrcMV"Ca

elIkTI1.

Casasn_NeNsIuEyn, CaticamVnmkrs'enAtSgBIyUrmkehIy enAelITwkdEdlCa evot

Nam kNalsBf cab'tSgBI \TarGNam| rhUtdl'eCay va"ErlLa. enAq~S 137 cineQaH CU

elon sMLab'mas'suk lin C (EdlenAekamGMNaccinEdr) ehIybkasxnCaescnsuk lin

C (Lam-Gab k~gPasayYn). KWdUec~HgEdlnKrcMV"ekIteLIg ehIysahab'Nas'.

enAstvtr_TI2 nig TI3 k~geBlEdlxnlatsnwgTwkd nKrcMV"kMBugTTYlTiBly"agxSg

BINa. KWbEhlCatamQUgsmuT j"a tag EdlBYkNabJlxneTAk~gnKrcMV" ehIynScUl

eTA[camnUvBhJsasna nigGkr. xnTTYlTiBlBINaEmn bu"EnedaymkBIbuBehtuxagyuT-

sas cMV"cgsmnK~aCamYycin edmIvayGNam. eKBuMdgfamkBIehtuGIBitVkd EdlbNal

[camvaysukGNameT. k*bu"EneKBuMtvePceTfa cinVnPab'sukrbs'BYk y"av-C eTAnwgsuk

cin. bEhlk~geBleFIdeNIreqaHmkTisxagtgenHehIy EdlcinCan'b"HelITwkdrbs'CatiEdl
manedmkMeNItCasasn_NeNsIuEyn.

edaysarsgamminQb'QrrvagraCvgcinTSgLay

GaNackcink*tvbgxnbnyTi

BlmkelIsukGNam. enAstvtr_TI10 GFiraCcinQb'manGMNacGIBitVkd eTAelIGNam

ehIy. enAq~S 939 karbHeVrmYyVneFI[GNamVnTTYlkraCecjBIcin.

bnab'BIVnsal'GnaFibety Gs'ry:mYystvtr_ raCvg lI VnBggChrnKrGNam

EdllatsnwgxnmkTisxagtg edayelbykTwkdnKrcMV". esccMV" k*elIkraCFanI nbUr:

(dugdYg sBf) eTAenA v^C&y (b^jDij sBf).

sgamexaHQamCamYyyYn BIxageCg VnbgcamEdlxMrkTwkdfsMrab'enA nigciJwmCv^t

CrujdeNIrmkTisxagtg ehIyk*b"HnwgExr. sgamrvagExrnigcammanry:eBlrab'ryq~S. eqt

{kasEdlExrnigExreQaHEbkVk'K~a camTSgkum@ saklgmktSgTIenAelIvalrabndgTenem

Kg. camvayykeq~rsmuT cUlbn'sukPUmiExr BmTSgcab'ykExreFICaTaskrpg. luHmkq~S

1123

k~grCkalBHVTsuriyavr&nTI2

eTIbExrGacedjkMcat'cameTAv^j

rhUtdl'BMEdnnKr

GNam. EtescyYn lI j"g tug (1072-1128) CYyKSJrcamEdlVk'T&Brt'cUleTAk~gnKr

GNam. suriyavr&nTI2 k*bkassgamCamYyyYn. escExrnST&BBIrmWunnak' nigkgnavacrEdlman

TUk 700 eTAvayyYn. CaelIkTI1 EdlsmnPaBExr-cin-cam ekIteLIgedmIvayyYn. bu"EntVn

Q~HeT. enAq~S 1136 esccamC&ynvr&nTI3 k*dkxnecjBIsmnPaBenH ehIyyknKrxneTAdak'

ekamTasPaBescGNam lI fan' tug (1128-1139). suriyavr&nTI2 sffanwgsgswkcam

159
v^j. q~S 1145 ExrvaycMV" deNImykraCFanI v^C&y Vn ehIykan'kab'nKrcamTSgmUlGs'ry:

eBl 5 q~S. eBlBHVTsuriyavr&nTI2 suKt camk*erIbMrHxnrYcv^j. Frninvr&nTI2 (1150-1160)

bnCdUnmYynBHVTsuriyavr&nTI2 EdlesayraCbn k*ecHEtcSgreb"HreV"HteTAeTotCamYynwg

cam.

GnaKtBHVTC&yvr&nTI7

kUnrbs'BHVTFrninvr&nTI2

nST&BeTAvaycamenAcMV"

Ep~k

kNalGs'ry:eBldb'q~S. kMBugEtvayraCFanIv^C&y (q~S1160) C&yvr&nTI7 TTYldNwgfabitaxn

cUlTIvgt ehIy yesavr&nTI2 (1160-1165) eLIgesayraCbn. xkcit C&yvr&nTI7 k*tLb'

mksukv^j ehIyQb'eFIskmPaBGITSgGs'. esayraCVn 5 q~S yesavr&nTI2 k*tv buvN-

Tityvr&n eFIKtehIyeLIgesayraCbn. KWk~graCescenHehIy EdlcamvayykGgrmgeTot

(q~S1177) ehIykan'kab'sukExrGs'ry:eBl 5 q~S.

eBlcamkan'kab'suk C&yvr&nTI7 egbeLIgbegtT&B ehIyrMedaHkmCaecjBInwmcamv^jVn

ehIyk*eLIgesayraC (1182-1201). edaycamenAEtrukKYnExreTot BHVTC&yvr&nTI7 k*vay

kMeTccam ehIyykcMV"CacMNuHmgeTot. BIq~S 1203 dl'q~S 1220 cMV"kayeTACaextmYyrbs'

ExreTAehIy. enAq~S 1201 C&yvr&nTI7 escExrd*BUEklIlajcugekaybgs' cUlTIvgt ehIy

nvr&nTI2 CakUn eLIgesayraCbn (1201- 1243).

CaG~kkan'BHBuTsasnamhayan y"agxab'xndUcbitaxnEdr nvr&nTI2 bkan'GhwgaFm

edaycg'bgajemtaFm k*sab'EtbJaCaketaPaKI [dkkgT&BecjBIsukcMV" (1226) kay

v^karEdleKBuMsUvEdlVneXIjeLIy enAk~gbvtisasnbCaCatiNak*eday. mhnraynwgFak'

mkdl'bCaCatiExredaykayv^karenH. BitdUcenHEmn edayeFI[Vt'rdmYyCaTnab' (Etat tampon)

kayv^karenHebIkpv[yYnk~gdeNIrmkTisxagtg. k~geBlEdl Exr nig cam cSgK~arab'ryq~S

GNamBuMGac BMucg'cUlmklUklan'k~gsgameLIy. eJHekayraCesc lI Gaj'tug (1139-

1176) mk GNamqgkat'GnaFibetyeBjTI edaymkBIcMVMgdeNImraCK~a. eBleXIjGNam

cuHTn'exay nigeXIjCemaHminecHcb'minecHehIy rvagescTSgLaynraCvg lI, cameqt{kas

suM[GNambKl'TwkdEdlyYnVnPab'eTAGNammk[xnv^j.

karbTUsr"ayrvagcamnigyYnk*

cab'epmeLIgv^j. sgambn'lukluyya"gyUr (Cag30q~S) nBYkmu"gehalmkelIGNampg mk

elIcMV"pg Kan'EtmkpakmYyeBlbu"eNaH nUvdeNIrrbs'yYnmkTisxagtg. karlatsnwgTwkd

rbs'yYnk*cab'bneTAeTot enAeBlcb'sgamCamYyBYkmu"gehal. escyYn tan' Gaj'tug (1293

-1314) elIkbutIxn (ehon tan') [erobkarCamYyesccam ec m"an EdlelIkextev" eTA[yYn!.

Dan' jhay raCTUtyYnbcSnKrcMV" dknSehIycak'ruk[ecAhayextcamm~ak' eFIrdbhar ehIy

cab'esccam (Ec C)(R) eTA haNUy (kalenaHeQaH Ek eCa). esccam ec Nag xMsaklg
rMedaHextev"BIyYnmkv^jEdr EtBuMVnsMerc.

k~geBlEdlxnlatsnwgTwkdeTATisxagtg

GaNackGNamk*BMuePcvatTIeTATisxag

(R) eKBMuVndg[VnBitVkdfaeBlNaeT EdlsasnaGuIsamVncUleTAnKrcMV" bu"EnebIeKBinitemIltameQaHesccam

TSgLay

eKGacnwgdgfabhak'bEhlBIeBlEdlmankarpas'brenH BIcMV"Edlkan'BhJsasna eTA cMV"Edlkan'

sasnaGIusam.

160
licEdr. enAekamraC tan' ehontug (1330-1342) T&ByYnEdldknSeday Dan' jhay cab'

lukluybeTslav (G Lav k~gPasayYn) Ettvlav vayrujcanecjmkv^j ehIysmab'em

T&BenH EdlmanKMnitcg'vaydeNImyklav[Vnsin ehIybnab'mkcuHmktamdgTenemKg edmI

vaydeNImykTwkdrbs'BYkm"Uy

deNImyk kmCa !.

(k~gPasayYnJkenHmann&yfa

\BYkBp|)

nigTIbMputvay

enAcugstvtr_TI14 esccam ec b"UNaha (1360-1390) eqt{kasEdlmanTurPikenA

tug kwg bJnT&BeTAlukluyGNam k~gq~S 1361 ehIydkxnmkv^j edaynSTSgeQIysgam

yYnCaecInmkCamYypg. CaG~kcMVMgm~ak'y"agBUEk vrbursncMV" escb"UNaha das'cMV"[ekak

egbeLIg vayGNamkan'EtxSg esIrEtsgb'ykGNamVn. CaecInelIkCaecInsa escb"UNa

ha vayQ~HyYn rhUtdl'eBlmYyEdlmancamm~ak'kt'escxn cglTUkEdlescxnC^HVb'yYn

k~geBlkMBugbyuTK~aCamYyyYnenAelITen h etov.

raCvg tan' VntvbJb'edaynamWunm~ak' EdlmanedmkMeNItCacineQaH eL KI lI. eL KI

lI eLIgesayraC ehIyykeQaHedmxn hU KI lI v^j. dak'raCenAq~S 1402 hU KI lI bKl'

raCeTA[kUncgrbs'xn hU han' FYg (1402-1407) EdlbkassgamCamYycMV". esccam

C&y suImhavr&n edayxacyYnvay k*bJnmarbs'xneQaH bU edon eTAsuMesckIsuxBIyYn edayb

Kl'ext GmvrTI (kagNam sBf) eTA[yYn. EtcamxkcittbmaN yYnenAEtlukluycMV"

eTot.

beTscinnesc mij (raCvgEdlVnkMcat'BYkmu"gehal) k*eFIGnraKmn_CYyxagcMV").

q~S 1406 cinykGNamVnCacMNuH. hU han'FYg tvcincab'CaeQIyehIyk*smab'xngeTA.

cindak'mnIBIrnak'[tttaGNam. ekayq~S 1412 cinbgyYn[bkan'ykTMenomTMlab'rbs'xn

Tuksk'Evg hammin[yYnsak'xn .l. EtyYnBMuBmcuHj"meLIy. dknSeday eL Ly yYn

cab'cSgrMedaH erIxnBIq~S 1418. enAq~S 1422 lavcUldCamYycin ehIybJnT&B 30 000 nak'

eTAcSgTl'nwg eL Ly EttvyYnrujcan[fymkv^j. q~S 1428 eL Ly rMedaHyYnecjputBI

nwmcin ehIybkasxneLIgesayraCenA Ek eCa (haNUy) ehIybreQaH GNam eTACa day

evot. eL Ly EdlbegtraCvgmYyeTot KWraCvg eL k*edaHElgeQIysgamcin[eTAsukv^j
ehIybkassniPaB Qb'bTUsr"ayK~aCamYycin.

enAekamraC eL j"g tug (1443-1460) (ecArbs' eL Ly) GNamvayykVnraCFanI

v^C&y cab'esccam mhav^C&y nig raCvganuvgTSgGs'eTAtugkwg ehIycUllukluynKrcMV". yYn

bnbcamm~ak'Edlkt'elIraCbl&gnKrcMV". eBlevlaVnxitmkdl'Twkbegy EdlyYntvelb

tVk'yknKrcMV"[Gs'. escyYn eL faj' tug (bnrbs' j"n tug) (1460-1498) edayyk

elsfacamvayrukKYnyYnenAext havcav EknT&B 260 000nak' edmIkMeTccMV". q~S 1471 eL

faj'tug vayykraCFanI v^C&y Vn. esccam bnLataTan' tvyYncab'Vn ehIycam 6 mWunnak'

tvyYnsmab' 3 muWnnak'eTotcab'CaeQIy. KWCaGvsankalrbs'nKrcMV". GNamkan'kab'nKr

cMV"TSgmUlrhUtdl'eKatr: (eCayva"ErlLa) ehIydak'TwkdxagtgCaTwkdcMNuH edaybnbesc

camlitelacnana[dknSrdaPiVl. ekaymkesctaj'xagtg (Exegg) BgkGaNackxn

161
rhUtdl'EBk pan'ruSg k~gq~S 1653 ehIycUlkan'kab' pan'rI k~gq~S 1692. enAq~S 1822 GFiraC

yYn mij ma"g bJa[bMVt'BUCesccam pan'Durga. KWrebobenHgehIy EdlnKrcMV"tvyYnelb

ehIylubbMVt'ecjBIEpnTIBiPBelak.

bnab'BIVnedjcinecj smab'bMputBUCcam nig kan'kab'TwkdmYyEp~krbs'lavmk (q~S

1480) nKr day evot TTYlsal'ekalahld*yUr cMVMgk~gsukdeNImraCK~a TurPik BmTSg

sgamsIuv^l EdlmYystvtr_ekaymkbMEbkGNamCaBIr stvnwgK~asuIsac' KW GNamxageCg

nig GNamxagtg. KWk~gsm&yenHnbvtisasyYn EdlemkumnanaekIteLIg ehIyesayraC

dUcesc (k~gPasayYnehAfa \CY (Chua)|). esc vY (Vua) mankitiysFMbMputk~graCaNack. edmI

Kan'EtCanimitrUb kickardaPiVlTSgGs' suTEteFIeLIgk~gnamnesc eTaHbIxnminVncUlrYm

minVndgk*eday. bEnmBIelIenH esck*CaG~kmansmtisksmeTot. esctaj' (CY) v^j Ca

G~kkan'kab'T&B dkhUtBndarGakr EckcaybuNski KWfaCaG~kcat'Ecg KbKg kickarrd.

enAxageCg escnraCvg EL EdlesayraCCamYynwgesctaj'ntkUl Tij rvl'

Cab'dEtnwgbgabkarbHeVr. CagmYystvtr_ raCvg EL edaymanKsarTijCYypg enAEtBMu

GacbgabkarbHeVrVn bu"En[Etman{kasTMenrd k*xMeqtmkvayesctaj'tkUl egg enA

GNamxagtg.

eqt{kasEdlmansgamsuIv^lenAGNamxageCg esctaj'tkUl egg enAGNamxag

tg BgkraCaNackrbs'xn mundbUgenAelITwkdEdlykVnmkBIcam bnab'mk VnmkBIExr. KW

BUC \egg| dEdl EdlxStVk'ykkmCaekam TwkddUntaeyIg EdlsBfkayeTACaevotNam

xagtg. KWBUC \egg| enHeTot Edlsmab'bMputBUCcam CnCatiPaKticenAelIxg'rabnevotNam

kNal BmTSgExrpg. BUCeggenHVntSgraCFanIenA \ev"|. KWesc y"a-Lg (1779-1820)

EdlVnbgbbgmyYnTSgBIr[cUlK~a ehIy[eQaHffa evot-Nam EdlsresrkaymksB

fCa evotNam .

cb'

162

mUlb&N
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P~MeBj 1967.

- Histoire du Cambodge, par A. Dauphin Meunier, Que sais-je, 1960.

- Histoire du Vietnam, par Andr Masson, Que sais-je, 1972.
- L'Indochine,par Henri Gourdon, Larousse Copyright, 1931.
- The Far East, par Nathaniel Tesser, Claude A. Buss Copyright, 1968.
- Histoire de l'Extrme-Orient, par R. Gousset, Librairie Orientaliste
Paul Gauthier, 1929.
- L'Indochine franaise, par Paul Doumer, Vuibert et Nony, 1905.
- L'Indo-chine, par E. Bonhoure, Editeur Augustin Challamel, 1900.
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Payot, Paris, 1938.
- Histoire du Laos, par Paul Lvy, Que sais-je, 1974.
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A.G. Moss et Jonathan Viager Copyright, 1971.
- Les races humaines, par Henri V. Vallois, Que sais-je, 1971.
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Boccard Editeur, Paris, 1948.
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1931.
- Les peuples de la pninsule Indochinoise, par G. Coeds, Dunod.
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gographiques, maritimes et coloniales, tome I et II, 1931.
- French Indochina, par Virginia Thompson, Georges Allen and Unwin Ltd,
Londres, 1937.
- Un Empire Colonial Franais, par Georges Maspero, Les Editions G. Van
Oest, Paris et Bruxelles, 1929.
- Guides Madrolle, Indochine du Sud, Librairie Hachette, 1926.
- Cambodge et Cambodgiens, par Paul Marie Alexandre Collard, Socit d'
Editions Gographiques, maritimes et coloniales, 1925.
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Grandel, Imprimerie C. Ardin, Saigon, 1936.
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Ronde, 1972.
- Politics and Powers in Cambodia, Milton Osborne, Edition Longman,
1973.
- Cambodia, its people, its society, its culture, par David J.
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- Southeast Asia's Chinese minority, par Mary F. Somers Heidhues,
Edition Longman, 1974.

163
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de Paturaya Boonyanant, Universit de Montpellier, 1971.
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Hemery, sous la direction de Jean Chesneaux, Editions Anthropos,
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*
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vayGkrsaeLIgv^j: Xun-BImU"c
EknigGnuJatpay:

Eb"n narv

kaNada, shrdGaemrik, 2004