Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Eap 2
Eap 2
%
&'(
)
* '$
$
%
+'$
%,
-
.'$
/
)0
"
#
$
,%
!"
,)
#
01
$%" &' 0)
(" 0
!"
0-
7
%
* !
)
* !
;!! !
-
<=
9!
/ 8
1-
-
9! ,
,
* !
/>? :
!"
,
#
%1
$%" &' %
(" %%
! #
%
&#=
9!(: )1
*$
*$
!/!
!/!
'
@./:' (!/ )%
'
"'
/ ' $
A /
$!: )0
%
7!(
!/!
)
2 '!(
P
2 '!(
NP
'
/
,
-
.":" ' B! B
9!(: 6
,
B=#"
NP
0
C
1
9!(:
N P 6! -,
!
0
9! >
9! 9!6
#
' ?
10
2
%
!"
)
#
$%" &' 0
(" 1
! #$
%
*$
!/!
'
/ '
%
7!(
!/!
%
B!
%%
'!(
!
%)
.":"$
!
/ ' $ A
/ %
'
/ 6
/ -
P SP ACE 6!
"'
"'
0
/
/ ' B! B
9!(:
%%
!"
%)
$%" &' %
(" %-
%&
%0
)
D: <
#
/ '
/ )
)
C
)
.
=/9
)0
)%
="$ =9
)
B
)
B
)
B
""'
''
9! )-
/
9!
# !"
# !"
)0
%
"># -1
-%
!"
-)
#
-
$%" &' -(" -,
!"
# $ %$
/ =#"
+>
)
*
$
+(>
-
*
,
+(>
0
1
!#
/ /
SL , SR
"#?
/
f (w) = w
"
)
)
/ /
"#?
f (n) = n+1
=/='
*
{an bn cn , n
1
*
%
f (w) = wwR
0}
/
>#? "!
L=
,
*
/
=$
># "! 1
*
/
' "!
%
B
#
=6# %
#
)
'
"">
p 2
%
-
B
E, B
An
,
$
0
$
FGH
1
I /
2
%
/
-0
L=
{wwR uuR , w, u
+(>
+(>
/ ''!
*>$
%
+(>
)
R '
'!(
%
NP
)
=$6
{a, b} }
#
0
>#?
/ 0
{x + y + z}, {x + y + z}
00
/ NMLOPQ 1
/ "(>
/ "
''!
{x + y + z}, {x + y + z}
NMLOPQ 1
1
9!(: >
#
<
# : '!(:
'
/
0
:
-%
M
B!' :
F3
-)
' F9GH
C5JKLM
/
F2
-
A(2, 1)
"
"!
'
!/!
'
%
< # :
!/!
'
0
8
/
TD:#
'
'
/ &!!'
"
.
!$'
X
"
"U
'
/ 9# S /
/
"(
B#
/ '( /
=
/
/
$
$
"!#
/ /
"'
$!
/ '
"
'
/
$
/(?
/ $
"#?
=
$!
$
$
/
(
/
A(?
/
!# $
=
U
$""
!"
'
/
# '
# !W
/ /
/W
=>
/
='
(
' !!(
""
/# =
"# !/#
/
W (
$!
:
' '
'
"
9'
6
!'
W =!=
D:#
/ "
"
#
""
/W
/ :# /
# /
/ 99!#
/
/
"#? = /
'U
W # /
# !'
# 9
W
>
/
="/
/ '(
'$
=
:
W
'
A=$V
"' /=/
/
# /
U
TD!
&
2!6
S $
99!#
=:
' /
' $: :
"
W
#:
/'(
9!
#?
=W
!/
X$
!#
=
$
/(? D:# B
!# #!/
# # /
'(
!
/
''
:
/ '( '(
(!! '
!/!
!
/
$ $
" =/6
* ==
#
$
$
='
# $
9! # /
"
!#
#!/
/
=/'
! '
$
Y:
"
9! (!
9! # /
=#A
W
>
# $ $
:#
#
A
'
W
/W :
# #:
""'
@
(
@ !
W !
:
'
(=
(!!
>
/ $
/ 99!#
$ / !#
"W :
'/
!
" (!!
/ =#
/ >'
">#W '#
6
/
!
W '
=/
!
"S /
)
&' '
'
"
!"#$
%&'( & )*&'&'+
,&'-'( .&/** + , '
-
. /
0
!
"
0*)*&1 ,.2 ,.2 3
1' '
'(1 %&'(1 %&'(1
*+-*&* .4&52** . ,
2
" "
,
{an bn cn , n 0} " '1
'%* ',
345678 ,
" '1
"
,
& 1 "
'
345678 '
" * '
345678 ' '
, "
*
-$ !
: ,
& , ';
< " '
345678 '
&
'%
< '
;
= "
345678
= 345678 "'
= 345678 &
'
"
= 345678 ,
"
= " '
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
=
" % "
,'
345678
'
" '
345678
"
,'
'
%
345678 " "
345678 1 "
'
345678
" " 1 "
'
345678
"
'
&
'!
,'
,
' "
%%
,
' 345678 "'
*
. / -0
< 345678
< "
345678
< 345678 "'
< 345678 &
'
"
< 345678 ,
"
<
345678
< " '
< "
<
!"
%%" &' "' "
*
# " !"
%%" &'
> ?
@ , '
""
'
A* A'
-B ' C"
0 ' &
- . /
B !
/
W
/ :
:
$
0W
/
$!
;""!
"
'
[ /'
$!
( /
=
"
'( '$
"(!
=>
'
678# !"#$
=
A
/
F060)%G ""
#
$
" ,
$
' /
"
"
$
9'$
=
BW ="# $ $
$ ">W
=!=
!
$!
/ '
/
'
"
'$
W $
E
! S /( : $: /
# '6
$!6
#= ' /
9(: /
(:
/
!#
(= !$"
(= !$"
/ #
: /
9
(:
!
$
(
'(
" #
!
' $A
#
#9
W =>
=
!>(9
=
/
S /
$
#
2 # #
:$ $
W
==
$:
a b c d e # #
'>!
121
(=
&!$"
(=
/"''$
$!
/ >#
$ ('
!!" /
/
$!
=A( F =
'>! (":
\"">
'( ==
$
#
' $
=/ =9(
9
('G
/ # $
'#
'( $ ( =A( # .!/' W
'( 9 !
'(
#
/"#
"
(=
!$"
9
/ '
/ A
/"''$
$
#
(":
\"">
F9
* 9(
#
$"
9
E(9
=
=
FG
F9G
# # '>!
/G
'(
(=
!$"
/ '
9
#= $
#
W '
/
/ =(9
W
Y:
' #:
#
W $ ' #:
(:
">
/ 9
/"''$ $'=
!
!
/"#
W
W
('(/ /
!"#$
$"
W =!= H
'
/
* !!"
#
"
/ '
>
'6
#= $
#
W
/ =(9
' ( '# '>! (":6
!
\"">
'( $
#
( =A(U
=(>
/
'
/
# #
D
=
$
=#
#
$!
#
=
6
/9
n /9 !:
n
$
#
( 6
/ !
$
#
#
'( '$
W =!= '( ' $ $
9
/ '
/ !>(9
/
'
"
/ >A
(W $A
/
#
# >
&=
$!
S $ /
"
$!
/
"
#
( *&'+W
/ 6
W
:#
9!(9
"'
W # #= " !
$
' /9
!#?
/ >A
=''$ 9
!
9
R /'
9
h
&#
W
!#?
=
W #
:
/9
/
$
/
6
/W #
!>(9
/
$
/
W '#
/ /(
/
# :
A
H
3 1212
K
!
(*W
(K, , , s, h)W
$ '
' 9
#W !!(
L ' RW
#
#
&'(/ (W
( *&'+W
h K
'
(h, ) = (h, )
2 /( (:
M
B("W (
9#' '(
pK
FG (
$
# #
=A(W #
E=
# /
q K, a
' =9(?
b # 9
L
/ '
RW
'
/"#
(q, a) = (p, b)
9
/
#? !
MW
aW $ '(6
W "(> b $
/
/"#
#
**&'''(/W =6
(p, b)
hW
S
"
(q, a) M
TU
/W 9(
$ =/
T'
"
*&5*'W
)14*' * 3&2
F=!=
&(
=
=
/! '(
(&**'W
#6
/
/
=>
#=
#
H E=
" '(
=#
:#
/ #
==
(
$
#? '
$
/ #
=
('
#
W
/ #: /
/'
$ $ 9
/ /(
^
>$
9
'
(q, ) = (q, ) GW
h
W
T'
!!(U '(
9*
/"#
'( $
/ !"
ij
)(
/ #' =#
/ #
'(
!
M = (K, , , s, h)W
K = {q0 , q1 , h},
= {a, b, #},
s = q0
'
=#
' !
q0
/
(q1 , b)
(q1 , a)
(h, #)
A'(
'
'(
'>!
'
=A(W !!(?
q0 W
#
!
a b ' ! b a
#
'
/"''$W $:
/#
q0
'
q1
#
$
>
(q1 , #) = (q0 , R)
q0
_
q1
(
w = aabbW
bW
/ '(
/
# '
B
= '
(q1 , #)W
>
=
$
' !
$
/ T!
U #
$
#= />
(
$
( F=!=W
=A(
#
/=
#
'
' '6
A'
'>! ' $W #
!
!!(?
9# '(
# ( W >
W $ =
#W
A'( '>!
' >:
9# '(
# $
9#
6#: A : '(:
$
W !!(A !!(?
'>!
q0
8
M = (K, , , s, h)W
K = {q0 , h},
= {a, b, #},
s = q0
'
=#
#'
bW
$ /
#
'>! $
' '>!
$
'(
&( :
'( $
$
('
bW
#
'
M = (K, , , s, h)W
K = {q0 , q1 , h},
= {a, #},
s = q0
' /(
/ =#
'(: #'H
B"(V '(
!
q0 (q1 , #)
(h, #)
q1
(q0 , R)
(q0 , a)
"'(W :
'
/"#
'>! #
/"''$W
('
$
$
$
/9
(
#
W
aaaa '
/
#
#
D
#
/
"(>
=
#
/'( !
/ /
(?
/"#
W
=
!' '(
#
'( 9
/ /
/
A
!$ !(
'
$ $
#
"
/ '(
#
' $
#
\"">
F
=
/9
'
eGW
$ =
#=
( F=
(W 9
W /9
/=/ $
'>!
'
!
( = !
/
'(G <
! #
=
/
(W F=
$:
W " A>!#
/
(G =
$: #
W $
' 9
=A(
!/#
'
$
$
&>
eG (
$
'6
=A(
$
'>!
&!$
# /9
$
'>!
' /9
(=
F/9
/W 6
$:
'
(=
!$"
'
# ' W
H /9
9
W
-1 (*4/G
/ / /9
>!
W
B("W "
#
$
'>!
W
:#?
!
/ !/6
F=!= !
"(V
$
#
$
:#
' W
/
(=" #
w, a, u
(= /
"#?
"(>
/
/
9
wau
=
/9
$
'>!
. = '
( /
A
'!
+
(
"(W
'
./
/9
!#?
/
="#
/
'(:
: /9
: /9
! /9
!
/
!>(9
xy W
FG
F /#
'
/ (
AB
/ FG
/9
!#?
'
/
x A ' y B GH
F]WMM`MG
a a b a # # #
#
'>!
(=
&!$"
F9G
F4WaaaaMG
# # # # a # #
#
'>!
(=
&!$"
F"G
F]WaMaaG
# a # # # # #
#
'>!
(=
&!$"
124
#
3 1242
# $!
[
%
'2
/ 7
"
$
M = (K, , , , h)
K ( ( #) {e}).
[
(?
'2 *&'+:
+ (="W
: '>! (
/ 9
#
:
'
= #
#
'
(:
# "(>
$
b
6
= :
3 1262
(q1 , w1 a1 u1 )
"(>
[:
'
#?
/ $
M = (K, , , s, h)
(q2 , w2 a2 u2 )
M
8 !$
:
A
H
'
$:
6
(q2 , w2 a2 u2 )
'
(q1 , a1 ) = (q2 , b)
'
/ / :
(q1 , w1 a1 u1 ) M (q2 , w2 a2 u2 )
( '
b {L, R}
#
b , w1 = w2 , u1 = u2
a2 = b
b = L, w1 = w2 a2 ' #
FG u2 = a1 u1 W ( a1 # u1 e
F9G
'
u2 = eW
(
a1 = # ' u1 = e
b = R, w2 = w1 a1
FG u1 = a2 u2
F9G
u1 = u2 = e
' #
'
a2 = #.
#: W
#: W
(W $ $
(W
' 9
6
!
#:
/
(:
W $:
B#:
$:
a, b
B(=" "
FGH
B(=" "
F9GH
B#:
w, u
B(=" "
FGH
B(=" "
F9GH
#
B#:
W >
' 9
+ '
B(="H
/
:#
' '>!
9
W
/ !
' A>#?
' /9
$
$
W
b=L
= /(
/
'
w2
w1 = eW
(?
'
a2
(q1 , w1 , a1 , u1 )
$
w1 = w2 a2
'2 (&*
= =#
6
[
. (!!
'(
3 1272
C2
(
C1 M
M
C2
C0 , C1 , . . . , Cn
M W $: M
X$
.)<'2
[
" '(
n 0 $
C1 )&<*'
6
/#
C0 M C1 M C2 M . . . M Cn .
X$
C0 nM
/
/(. n
$
n 3/
' "(>
/
Cn
"
#
[:
(q0 , aaaa)W
/
"
$
:
A
H
./
/
./
M
(q0 , #aaa)
M
(q1 , ##aa)
M
(q0 , ##aa)
M
(q1 , ###a)
M
(q0 , ###a)
M
(q1 , ####)
M
(q0 , #####)
M
(h, #####)
2
(q0 , aab)
!/#
(q0 , e, a, ab)
(q1 , #aaa)
"
$
$ 9
(q0 , aaaa) M
/
/
/ =#"
"
(q0 , aab) M
(q0 , aab)
M
(q0 , aab)
.
G #
'(
#
">#
!:
"
)( (*
<
=W
=
(
*W
+ (="
/ S /
/
/ =#"
/
'(
=
' 9
/
?"
a/b
q
' 9
">$
">
#=
' 9
'
' 9
1 , 2 , . . . /bW
=
'
$
p /=$
/
/(
/
N ' #
"(6
/R
$
?
q1
6
" '
!
!!
W
( =(>
'
$
T
' =/
=
3'(1
'
>$
(6
'( / $
/
# /$
/#
99!
'#
/ =#"
(U (:
'(:W ("
!"
#:
/
'$
/$
126
"#
>
b/a
/
>
/b
> q0
a/b
'
/
/
'$
'
/
' 9
pW ( /(
(:
b {L, R}
/b
bW
"(>
' 9
9'<& (?
# $ /
# $
'//
'
/ !"
!
6
"(
#:
W A'(
$
' !"
.& &/
$
&
'
(
9'$
$
#
9
/ !>(9
'
'>! '(
=
9
ML W
#
$
' $:
( 8/'(W
(s, a) = (h, ) a ).
MR W
W '#
=
A'
$
#
W A(6
L ' R
#?
(, a) = (h, L) a ),
(, a) = (h, R) a ).
$
W
'
:
8
9'$
$
/!
/ =
' $
/ 1. Mh W
/ /'(
/ :
A
H
#
#
W
Mh
=
(s, a) = (h, a) a ),
(h, a) = (h, a) a ).
# A'(W
+ ! "
/
!
/
'
9'$
$
*
$
#
W A( 9
'
'(W '>!
MR
#? :
2 '#
#?
'
A'
'
'(W
9
( ML
$
M W
"">
/9 !
/ = '
M W ML W MR W M>
'
Mh
'!$ " /W
/9
!#?
/ #
W LW RW > ' h
2 /(
# /
(!!
==
$
$
$
/ '
!>(9
A'( "(? :
==
( =
/ #
!
$
$
F=!= A'(
' '( /
G $:
/9
D:
Y '
M0
' '(
M0
==
$
!
GW $
"
B
$
$
# /
# '
/(
'
9
Mj
$
W A'(
(Mi , ) = Mj W
'(
M $ $
#
M0 M
.& &/
#
==
Mj
==
#
hW $
M M {Mh },
!"#$
/ =
'( '#
/$ $
$
=
W $
!'
'
$
/$
./ #
9'$
$
$
M, Mh M,
'9 $
#?
M = (M, , M0 )W
#? :
&'(/ /
(:
&( /(
#?
/ # $
'>!
Mi
$
$
/ S (!!
#
$
'(
9'$
$
!!( (!!
/
/ #
/6
'(
(
' 9
W
/
/ ">
' 9
Mi
="
FW :
#=
/ #?
Mj
Mj G
'(
=
W
' 9
Mi
/ /$
/(
= a
! '(
"#
(Mi , ) = Mj
a
Mj
" !
' "(> #
!"
$
$
' >$
/ # ==
<&4 &/
+>'(W
/ $
W (
a W
#6
#:
A(
/
W =!=
"
= #: /
Mi Mj
'
#6
$
&
'
(
/ ' 9
"
Mi
/
&!$
' '(
/
=#
/
/9
/
#
>
Mn
!#?
/ #:
$
* 9(
/9
! ">
W
'(: '(
/ S !
W !
FGW :
!>(9
= {a, b, c, #}H
FG
.'
#?
/
$
9'$
$
"">
/9 !
' '#
F9G
.'
F"G
#?
#?
a, b, c, #
L ' R
/ $
/ '# =
.'
=
/
/9
!
$
=A( ' (
/ $
$
/ 9#'
/ '$
'$
$
#H
"
(1 )
R#
'>!
$
=A(W '
' 9
#
' .(!
/"# : 6
"
(2 )
R#
$
'>!
"
(3 )
$
'>!
"
(4 )
L#
$
'>!
F=G
.'
#?
/ '# '>!
$:
/ $ '(
=A(
9
$#
= #GW
9
FG
.'
/ 9'
#?
"
/$:
F=!
G
/
$
: ="(: ' W
= {a, b}
() a
a
b
() > R
R >R
a,b,c,#
R R2
R >R
c
#
( )
>R
R#
>R
R#
>L
L#
>L
L#
a La
b
() > R
Lb
>R
/
L#
(2)
$
)W /9
H +>
!'(
&A(?
a
R
127
0- 12:2
>
(1)
!#
' =A(
SL ' SR W
( =
!#
/
(h, w#),
(h, ##w#).
SL W
9!$
/ #
!#
'(
wW =!=
"(>
Lc
# c Lc
()
s#
/ W >
$
&
'
(
$
SL : >L#
s#
SR : > L
s#
R # R#
H *
$
L#
RsL
128
>L#
L sR
!#
s#
SL , SR
#R#2 sL#2 s
R#
129
H +(>
#
#
F' 9
9
!
/9
('
$6$
(
'( $ (W A'
./ "# (!V
/ '>! A(
$!
/ ''!
/9
!/#
/ : ' 9:
(
W
9
'
/ =9(?
/9
/9
(
L#G
$6$
: ' 9:
/9
(
W >
F' 9
'
R#R# G
.#W
RL
SR
A'( >
=A ('
LR
#W
$:
(
@
/ ''!
/ @
( : /9 !:
(!V
/ ''!
= $
#
$$
#
( '( ' 9
/ ">
!#
" /9
'$
9
( =
!$
'(6
: =
/
(:
#ab#
=("
/"#
W '
'$
9
F=!= (
/9
!
(
/
!$
=("
/
/
' 9
( =
= $
#d
(s, #abc#)
B'
( '( ' 9
/ # "'(
#
/
'
/ !6
' '"(>
2 2 , R )
L# , R, #R#
#
#
=6
/ ="(
>
#w#W
/ /9
!'
d B"(V
"'(
%
&
$%
=(>
=
/ T/
"
U :
'
S /
* /9
/9 !:
(
/
:
(" '
#
/ =/='
;!!
=!=
L
' =
W =!= #
/
>/'
! S / : /9
":
/
/9
/ !
Y:
' #: :
$
/9
f : 0 0
(
$
f : N N W
W
(
==
9'
# ' /9
W
=$
/"''$
"
"!:W =!=
N = {0, 1, 2, . . .}
/# 6
:
# /9
!>(9
$: /
$ !>(9
=
/
/#?
#
eGW
/ $
>/'
/9
$ 9
(
=>
In
'
(
>/' # /
/
B("W $
>/'
/
!'
'
/
"$
(
{0, 1}
S !
:
/9
( =
( =
/
(s, #w#)
/
'(:
H
wW (:
#
#
=#
/
*S (!! ! "W
'
(: /9(
$
3 1282
[:
0 0
/(
.)<5*'
!>(9
0 {#}
[:
M = (K, , , s, h)
f (w) = u
#
/ /
>
'( = /
/ /
(
!
/ /
=#
(
=
/
/(
W = =6
$ =
( '
8
/
( #
' $
0 = {a, b}
0 W
f (w) = wW
=
!!(?
/ '( /
/ =
/
FG $
(
=
/ $
w
(
#?
/
'6
' #
>
#
6
>W $ 9#
'
%
/ ">
"(>
=#
-
"(> $
' 9
f : 0 0
# /9
/
/ =#"
('
#
$ ''!
#
a b ' #
/$
' $:
$
/
[:
:
A
H + '(
"#?
#
(
'
$
/9
9&'(/W
"#? /(
=
#
/
W
L, ' R#
=$
>
=
$
#
' 9
T'
=
/"
U
/9
/"#
:
[: / !>(9
# ' $: /( f :
/ = $
R#
' 9
#? :
A
H + '(
w 0 W
%
&
>L
$
s#
12:
H *
f (w) = wwR
8
/
==
'( /9
1, n 2, . . . , 0
!'(
==
'
+
i=0
&# '
=>
"#
"
f (w) = w
"#?
/
#1 n #W
#1 i n n n1 i+1
#1 n n 1 W
R "
/
=
=A( F=#
, 2
1 , , n
"
i = n
# #?
/
''!
'W >
#
/ /
( =
(
#1 n n 1 #
R#
0 W
/
/9
(
#R# L# GW
' 9
'(
/
/
"
$ '!(9
/(
'( 9
!
' '
/
'(:
R
!
/
$
0 W
0 {#}
(0 )k
"#
/(
/9
#
/
k0
*
#
' $:
[: " '(
/
=#
12;
=
s#
0 W
$
/9
!
#6
(
(K, , , s, h)
f (w1 , . . . , wk ) = uW
M .)<5*'
9&'(/
f : N N
/
"#? 6
#R#sL# s
R#
H +(>
/
8 !$
=
/ /
>L
w1 , . . . , wk
!"#$ .)<'
#
B("W $:
'
"
f (w) = wwR
$
f (I n ) = I f (n)
"#? #
n N
( /
f (I n1 , . . . , I nk ) = I f (n1 ,...,nk )
<'
?
/
" '(
Nk
f :
/(
(
.#
=
9&'(/W
/(
f : {I} {I} W
"#? /(
" '(
f
({I} )k
n1 , . . . , nk 0
k6(=
A
"#?
{I} W
* /(
#
!"#$ .)?
/ /
"#6
=/='
(
: >/'
&(
/ /
"#?
'
#
'(
&(
# /
[:
/
=#
" '(
> IR
#
/
0
"(>
!#
*
/ =#
/ =#"
'
*
1
?
0
> L PP
PP
q
# P
f (n) = n + 1
12<
/UH
/ /
/W
SR #
2
-
0
1R#
R# SR L# 1R#
"#?
f (n) = n + 1
=/='
/
"(>
( '( ' 9
B
:
=/='
T
#101#
/ "
'
#111#
'"(>
/U
'
%
&
# $ / W
$
(
/
/ "
"!
"#
6":
>(
!' '(W
"
"!
"# ( =#
(6
TU T U
3 1292
='( 9
!
'
T
UG [: "!
M = (K, , , s, h)
[:
M )45*'
'
F
/
L 0
$
0 {#, Y, N }
"!
LW ( '
' $:
TU '
X$
(
!"#$ )4'
/
( =
wW
=
9&'(/W
(
>#?
$
(: #
= '
[: "!
$ /
/
*S
'
'!
'# '>!
#9
.#
>#? "! :
A
H
dG ==
'!#
'( $
n ''!
/
'( '6
#=
''!
&( '(
F
''!
1
''!
#
!
/#
/ = ":#6
$
W " !(9
1
/
(s, #a...ab...bc...c#) M
c, b, aW
L = {an bn cn , n 0}
# $
( =
('
/ # ("6
$!
#
d
c,d
c
>L
b,d
b
dL
a, #
a, b
dL
dR #
c, #
#
R #L
#
#
R #L
121=
H *
>
an bn cn W
RYR
/
RNR
>#? "!
'!:
''!
L = {an bn cn , n 0}
' (W >
/
/
"(>
: ' 9:
/ '
'
(:
e
$
9
/9
$!
!
==
/"#
'( ' 9
/ # '(
/
'$
="$W :
=
W
$
/
/
>#?
'>(!
#W /$
'>(!
$
/ /
!
/
W =
/ "!
E//
W
:
=
=
#
/#
/
$
6
'(
#
(
E=
/
=
"#?
/
<2&'-.W
%
&
/(?
$"
( =
9!'W = # A
'+*'
'(
# /9
# =$ ":#?
( =
/ ":#?
3 12:2
[:
=W
(
9
'?)45*'
7!
)&'-/'
R (:
w LW
9*
=W /
/
( "
( '
(
"!
/ :
#6
9!Q
#?
>
/
(
>:
/9
(h, uav)
$:
M )91*'
=
(s, #w#)
=
'
9&'(
=$
/"''$ /9
=$ /9
'
'
!"#$ )9*(/
= # '(
F
M = (K, , , s, h)
F=!=
*
'#
#!/
'(
u, v
9!'
!$
#? :
A
H
0 {#}
( =
G
/ "!
(: 9W
=
# "'(
:
!"
8/'( #: /
#
$
"!
( A =
/ ' "!
(:
( =
L
/ = '
"!
$
/
a}
8
[:
L #
='
' /(
#'H
/!( 6
M = (K, , , s, h)W
=#
'(:
%#
>ML
1211
H *
/
./ W A'(
=$
aW
'$
=
'(W
: /9
/
' /
=$
/ =
># "!
" '(
#
[W
w 0 W
&( = 9#
# '9
(
L
:
#
$ A
"!
d 8 ( =#
(s, #w#)
w 0 "
>#
'
:
/
='
!(
/
/$
> $ 1212
!- ) 2
L #
='
B("W
L "#
'
M
( $=:
&(
$ = (
$> 9
F""(>
/ 6
L
M
'>! $ =A( ' ( .#W ( ( #
>#?
LG
YW
M
/
#= $
'#
NW
N GW =!= =
2
(
> $ 1242
f(
L = {w
w L}
# #
>#
"!
!- ) 2
f(
L
?
M
/
M W L
>#6
%
&
!
/"# :
(
%
$ W $
N
> (: #
'
Y
" (6
*( '#
>ML
1214
H *
E//
W #
/
='
"!
dU $
YR
'(
NR
/W :
=
#
'>(!
%$
$ %&
'
2 !
#
/
$!
/
/
/
$
'(
>
" "
"!:
$!
/
9
/ '!'
$
$!
/ "!
'6
/ =6
/ B >$
/ /( (:
/ ='
/
'!'
'!'
/ $
/
$!
/ #
# $
F
/$
[ $ $
Y:
>$ '
W
/
$
/ !!"$
!!
LG
RG
=A( F
S GW =!=
: K K {L, R, S}.
7( / !!"
/ d
'( ":#6
?
"!
$ '!'
d 2 (
# T
UW
= '
!
(q, a)
'>! F=!=
$
q
# =
/
(q, a) =
# S $ 9
'!'
W $ 9
(q, a)
'# '
'
F>
/ =#
='
/(
=
/
"
$
(' $:
'(:G
/
'(
'/
'
/ /
=
/'$
'(
6
'!'
'!' W $
'!' ./$
#
$!
W !!(
" '( $
/ !'(
$!
A
H
=
'/
F6
' $ ( " '# ( =A(W $:
'(6
T=(
U : '(:
.
>$
9
'!'
W $ " "(V #
A"#
!
(p, b), q, p K, a, b )
!!!$
#
' '>! ( #W
%%
!!!$
'>!$
W
!/=( #
[:
K = {q0 , q1 , h},
= {a, b, #},
s = q0
' /(
' !
/
>
/ >$ (:W
/ =#
(q0 , b, L)
(q1 , #, R)
q1 (q1 , b, R) (q1 , a, R)
(h, #, S)
q0 (q0 , a, L)
$! =#
(s, #aabb)
=/#
: (: '(:
'!
W !#"
/= D
'
/
W !
=#A
#
'
:
=/#
W =
!!$
S /$
!
:
*(! =
$
'(
# /!
6
/
#6
#:
2 =A
=/#
# >/'( ' #
)&'*'
' '
#
>
> =AW =6
/ !#
/
%
A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4
G =6#
A2
A3
A0
A1
A4
C
A1 A2 A3 A4
9G =6#
1216
#
=6#
0! , 0 - )0
+ ! "
=
/
/
">#
"(>
2 !
[
/
/9
!
!
#
/"' =>
$
"
A'( :
' '!'
( =
/ '(
#W
/ # A =
'>!
#
N 9'
'
=6#
/ :
=6# # ( '
'/
' =6# (
=6#
=A
/"
/ =6#
B
/ # '
#:
#
'( =
#
=' 9
W
C
/ =#
('
=6#
/
=6#
2
' $"' =
# #
=A( '
'(: #
/"# =
(: #
#
F '>! #
!
/ '#
/"#
$
(
'>!
A0 G
2 '>!
'!'
=6#
'( 9 $
=/ =9(? ' "(6
> ' =
# F=!= =
9
Y =6#
'(: #
=6#
(: #
9
(G Y:
'( >
!9( / V
(:
$ =
! '( >
!W (!
(
#=
%
'# 2
# '#
'>!
$> =6#
!!" !
/ ='
/"#
/9 !
$ #
(!!
'(: #
"# ! 9
C
!!
, ?k/$
@
*
k6
$
!
#
W '(
M = (K, , , s, h)
k
:K
:
' '!'
'
*S !( ! "W J6
9
=(9W
/ !
#
"(> $ 9
! $ /
#
'#
'>!$
2 $
!
#
W $ '( #
'( # $ '(
' '(
('
#
W
T'(U
/
"
A'(
#
W
('
/
=A( (W
'!'
'# '
#?
( {L, R})k
"
9(
K, , s, hW
W
'(
9 =9(?
' (!
k6
>
=6
/9
#w#W
/ !
( =
>
/
wau
!
[
$
#
'$
'
'>!$
N
#:
'!'
"#
:
#:
=6#
/"''$W #
'!'
/ >#
$
W ' #
#
#
$
'>!
#
2
/"
k *'('(1
#:
/
W (
/9
"
k6
/ $
?"
k *'('(1
/
W
9
CW
(!!
/ =
*
/
'>!$
e
k6
:
#
(
=
#
k6
#
'
# W =
%
=
2k
2k
'!'
# '
/W !9( (!V
' !
$
/
(
%
a1 a2 an
C
C
C
1217
H B
"W A'
'( >
#
/ '(
$
=A
'
( '>!
#
=A $
#
!
' T
/ #
$
: '
&
"
(= !$"
(:
'(!!!
'
#
' '>!$
2 $: # " '(
/ $
'
!
9 !
6
/ '!( 9
>
'>!
' $ '
/ =9('
U
'(
'
'>!
G 2
"# $
$
'
(
F=!=
'
'>!
GH
C
/(
(= '>!
'$
# ""> /6
'
'>!
W (!! #
'#
'
'
'>!
( ' / !
#
'#
'
'
'>!
=A(
%
&
> $
'
(!
.>
" /
'( $
("
k6
/ $
!!$
!
'
'>!
' '(6
k6
$
= # ='
# '#
!
''/(
="#
">
#w#
/9
(
=
#w#w#W
#
.
:
/
:
!!6
/ #?
/ :
A
H
*'#
'>!$
'
=
9
#
=A(W "(>
'(
#
= #W $
9# $ '
#
%
*'# A(
'>!$
'
=
"(>
9
#
=A(W / >
(
2
'
>
(1)
L#
(1) #
R(1) R(2)
(2)
%
'
#
(2)
L#
(2) #
R(1) R(2) (1)
1218
*
$
#
'
'
9' W
/9
'
#?
'
$
#
!
# /(
/ =! #
# "#W S !
(!!
%!
#
$
# '
b
'
'!
/ $>
+ (="W
(1)
L#
V(
/ 9W $'=
# :
)
: 6
8 '
/( '!#
C
#
/
$
(: $"
=>
'( 9
#
!(
d
k6
! '
!
|K|
!
=>
||
!
'$
'(
B
/
, !!
"
2 #: / >
/"#
!
' ( '
(!!
/9# =
A
"(V
$
=/
/W #
W '(
'>!$
/ =>
'>!$
=9(?
k6
=
'( 9
! F
(! :#
#
# >
'>!$
$
G
#:
# ' =
$ #
S /
"
k + 1 #
"
/ $ /
'>!
W
/!(
=
>
$
W " =9
!
$
: '>! ' (!! " !!
'
/ $
/
'>!
'
'>!
' (!!
$
:
W
/ A(
'
'
/ #
'!'
k6'>!
+
!
/ 9
'>!$
:#
/"'
!!$
'>!$
#= #W
'>!$
'(
9
!
%"
% 121
2
'$
>
!!! '>!W :
'
$
!
'
'#
'
=
/" $
/
g
W
#
!
#
/
'!'
'
6
B"(V $
/
# 6
!!" 6'>!
">
!!!$
#
W
=#
$ '$
1, 2
'
#
9
!
/ #
"(>
/
#
$
'>!$
--0 !-0 ,
#:
==(
#
W
>
(
'
=
$
'!'
W
>6
/
$
$
# '
=(
.'
!/=(
#
#
/ $
#
!/=( #
!!$
A"
A 99!
' !
">#
/
=
# =#
/ '(
/
/
!
"
=
#
/ $
#9
$
$
#
/
H
/ :
!'( $
R =>
/ =#
/ '$
!!"$
#
* =
%
D '!#
/ / '(
. )&23
=
= {0, 1, #}
>
( !"
2 / /#?
/ !"#$
! $ !'
' /
"6
# $
=/ /
#
9
$
#
F # '
/' =/
'!'
G &#
=$ $ '
:$
W $
/#?
/
/ '
/
# /:/
8$!
!
/
$
= # /
/
" '( $
"
=>
! 8
"?
$
A>"
"
!
!W
"'
'
# /
'!' X
# '
/
G B
='
/
'
/
=/#
/ 99!#
">#
/ =#
/ R
/
( )
&#
#
* ' #: $'
'!'
/ # /
":"
**&''+W
/ A(6
=!=
#:
* ==
#=
W
B
>$
( / = /9# B !
:
" /$
/
/ /'
[: $!
":#?
=
/
>/' W
="
[: "!
L
}
=$
LW
/ '
/
("
(
W
"
# = #
L = {I n , n
# $
/
("
/W
/ ":#?
/ $
W ( /(
LW
./
!
=#
/"#
p, q > 1
' (
!!!
" #6
$!
#I n #I pq #
#I n #I p #I q #
[!"A =
(
/"'
#
#I n #H
b
=>$6
/
+-*
!
/(
/
# "!
W ( /(
:
A
W =# :
#
!
[
'$
!!
=6
/
$ 9
.
! /$
$
/ /$
+ =(
/9
/ W
W (!!
: 'W
=
6
'
$
'$
$
W = $
$
#9
#
/ : #
/ 9
I n = I pq
C/ # '
' / : /9
W >
(?
$
#w#u#
!!!
w, u {I} W
=
/
" $>
/"''$W $:
'!#
/
(
W
/!$V =
#
w = u
>
' $:
[:W "
# "(>
$
W "
='
Im
q
m 2
"!
L
2
GGP E
#
?
#
> RIR IR #
1219
D
$
#
/ "
>/"
'
( '' !
/!
:
!#
9!
p2
=#
=A A
!6
=
6
'
% 124
/$ '
/
' 9
/
# /9
' 6
(
[
/ '( =
'$ /( #
>
'
vv R
F
$A
e LG
8/'(W
( =
=$ "!
' "(>
/
'
/>
9!
!
E
/
K, , s
'
(K, , , s, h)W
# :
' '!'
'
$ F /(
GW
=!= $ /
#
(K ) (K (
{L, R})
[
'
W =>
/
# =
(
#
!!
/
M
'
M
3 12;2
(K, , , s, h)
(!!
/
S $ 9
=
w 0
(
/9
( =
'
L 0
'
T
.#
E#
>#6
8/'( $
/
w LW
( '
wW =!=
(
X$
=
#?
'
>
(s, #w#)
(h, uav)
u, v
/!(
'
/#
=$
"
$
6
UW T
'# /(
"
GW
=$
0 {#}
(!
2 =/ /
(
H
' $: "!
/9
'
H
[:
)91*'
#?
/
'(:
M
$
%
/ = #?
/
/# 9(: F=! $
/
=$ /9
/(
/
!!$
(!!
(
/
T
/W '(
/
/'
"#?:U $
'
/
/
!(?
(
3 12<2
[:
'
(K, , , s, h)
$
0 {#, Y, N }
w
FG
/
TU
'
X$
T UG
'
[:
M )45*'
'(: =
m N W
!
'
/
"!
"!
F6
L 0
/'
H
/ A(
'
w LW ( '
3 121=2
{#}
/(
m N W
/ A(
/
'
.)<5*'
FG
$:
(
M = (K, , , s, h)
'(: =
/'
H
7
/
=
(:
(
()
m 9
* # !
/!(
(!!
( # TU T
UG
!
# /( /
#
"
(:
(
$
=# ( TU FA( ( !
!$ T UeG
&( !
./
./
#
=#
>#?U /9
>
#
/ ( T UW
S W >
(
TU '
T U
$
( $
"
>
= '#
$V
/
$V
#: T/
/
"
L
/
!
/
'
/
/
:
./
=
'
U
/(
' 6
W (! # ( #?W !$
T/
( !
"#?U
/(
" '(
=/
# /
'(
"
# =#
/9
(
wW ( '
'(W =
S !
$
# :eG
>
: =/ 9(:
'
#? $ =$=
'
W ' 9
'( ' 9
/
W
#
# >!!
' 9
W '!=(
'( ' 9
#
A>/
$"
9
/
8 >!!
/ #?
/
' '!=( >/
!
:
/ '
/ >/
6
/
b {L, R}
6
/ $S (
=/ : ?/"
#?
!!''$
[ '!=# '!"
'(
W
W
(p, b)
#
$
.
/ /6
'(6
(q, a, p, b)
(
=$=
/
.#W
(
#
=$=
=$=
/
/ >(
W >S
$
=$=
/
=
$
{1, 2, . . . , r}
/ #
' 9
/ = !
(!!
W # '
Q '
'
=
/
/
="
>!!
/(6
>!!
!
'
(
#
/
#
>!! .#
(
? /
/9
w = 341
9(
#?
(
(
>
/ = $V
!
2 '(69(
/9
?
$W ("
(
$
' /
# '(6!(
/
$W ( '
!>(9
?
: >!!
=
' $ >
?W ==
="
="#
#
'!=# #?W (
' 9
$
"
'!=# 2 /9
M2
/
/
=
=
"
(
{1, 2, . . . , r}
/ 6 '
M1
#
'
M1
?
#
+:#?
6
/ =
M2
FG
$W
!
F9G
(
( =
/ =$=
"
/
/
"
>
(
/
(
C 1,2
= 2
2
M 2,3
"
M2
(
#6
"
=
#:
#? /6
/
#:
# # $
"(
"
/
"(>
E!=W A'
"(> /9
#
'( "#
'( !A'
>
M2
{1, 2, . . . , r}
/
C 1,2
R3
"
9
/'( 6
/ #
">'( /9
e "6
M1
(
!
/
'!=#
"
M2
">'
r G
( =
# #
" =
M1
/ # # #
( =
(
/ ' =
"
:
A
H
(G
*A =
(
!
' /9
/9
=
/
(
( =
F"G
/
/
9 /
!
"
!
'
"
/
M 2,3 W
/ !A'
(
=6
">'(
'$
> C 1,2
G3
6
&
121:
B
#:
?#
(3)
M 2,3 R3
#(3)
'
6
(
M1
!/#
! >
( "'
9
F'!=#G
$ =
(
M2
+ rn
#
/
$
( '
(
I!$
nW
$
/ !
/
M2
$
&#
!
r + r2 + r3 +
#:
9(:
'
# '' "'
F'G 9(:W '(
("
* 9( (: $
> $ 1262
M2
= #
M1
=$
/
=$
% 126
2 '
$
/ =#"
!
=
"(>
#W #
W
%
/
=$
#
B"(V
#
/
'
mN
/ $
'
!
* +
&#
[
!"
/(
/W
=
/ /( A /
:W $
T":#?
#?
$!
:(
:
$ '
' :
/(
$!
(:
/U F#
/
2
" S /
#9
' "' !: />? 6
$
>#?
=: !6
#?
/ "!
=
/$
GW
= "'$
/ "!
T"
U /$
"'$
:#
/ *)*<<&4/
!(
'(
$
: ' :
8/'( $
/
A
H
/
# /9
/!(
'
"
3 12112
%&'(/ F
+ )*<<&4/
G = (V, , R, S)W
V
#
#
/
" '(
:
:
v=
w1 v w2
G
GW
(
*
G
' '(
!#?
*
/9
)&<</
9
(u, v) R
/9
V #
$
$
/
'
&'(2
w1 , w2 V
=!=
G
(
/9 !:W
(2W
:
#
S G w
*&'(
*&'(
u v
(V (V )V ) V
+(>
43W
# $
S V
=W
+(>
/
'
u vW
( '
(
u v , u = w1 u w2
'
!#?
(
/
!: : /9
# '
w <*'1'
L(G)
!
GW
( '
/#
/ "
>
w0 G w1 G G wn .
=#"
'( 9
/ '
!
9
"'
'
$
&#
/9
!#?
'
!
/ (
uAv uwv W
v U F=!=
(
T9(!!
=A(
U
'
V '
A # /9
/G h/'(W
W $
'
A w .4&52*
":"
!$H T '(
'( '
# $!
# $ "'
/9
/ "' ! />? : # "6
V (V )V
$
"'(
/#?
/9
!
/
(
u '
u (
/ '
'
"'
#
#
$
/
"!
/
> '
# !
'
#
/>? U
:#
.4&52*
|u| |v|W
' "!
/>? : F
/
uv
/ '!#
/ "(
<&'(/ *.-
=#A
/"''$
"!
= #6
/#
/>? :W !!( "!
:#
>
' /9
#
U
/
/(?
W 9#?
/
=#A '#
"! # /# />6
"'
'>
":$
=' '(
/ T'(
A
= '( "!
/
uAv uwv W
/ '( '
= #
w eG
( F
/ ""
iQML 34QLjJk
/
/
1W W '
@*&& ABCDEFG
0) '
S /$
"!
@
#
"'$
:#
W
"'$
/#
/>? :W
"'$
!
/>6
? : '
'
'$
"'$
8/'$
+!
U $
=
#
$: /
(: $
( #
(:
* #= $
#9
D %
='
( #
=
='
=/#
'
/ $6
T./ '
$
#
=
# '
: ' /
Z= /
( '
( #
A
! "6
"!
/#
/>? : #
>#
F=!= # =
$
=
'$
GW
#
>
'$
"!
= # /#
/>? :
&#
>$
/
:#
=A "! # /# />? : (
'
"
$ N =A /
/ ' #=
8$!
>$
">#
/ =#
/
/ ' /9
n 0}
=(>
/
=(
/
D:#
/ '>!#
)*&'1*'
/
#
/
A :
/
/
: "!:
: "!:6
'!:#
"(
='
=(>
W
-
V = {S, S , a, b, c, A, B, C, }, = {a, b, c}
/W
"
!/#
# "
/# '
/ =
"!
!: />? :
F=!= : =
=
/
/ '
/
( =
'$
"!
# "
$ =
$!
/
!
W
$
A>"
R =>
"!:
#
34QLjJk '
=' 6
"!
L(G) =
G = (V, , R, S)
$
$
R = {
e,
aBCS ,
S
ABCS ,
S
e,
BA AB,
CA AC,
CB BC,
R
/$ W
/9
'V /9
bB
bb,
bC
bc,
cC
cc }.
c
=
an bn cn , n 1
!
/9
Y
$!
G
'
$
>
F"
Q
an bn cn , n
n 2GW
#
'
# "
&#
= # #
"
#
/ /( $
# / :
!
(
' ( !
/
A
n /9
(
"( ("
(
A, B
'
aBC(ABC)n1
A, B
'
B
/
W "'#
'!:# / :
!: :
/
(W :
'(
$ Q!
(
=
$ "#
=>
A '
'
! '
:#
/(
=/ >
!
#
'!:#
!
0
'
6
:
aA aa
'
A
:
/
$
:
#
#
/9
A, B
'
>
'( 9
7 W
/
'
A
"("
aBC(ABC)n1 , n 1
>
e Fn = 0G
(
aAn1 B n C n
(
A '(W > ?
ab,
'
A
=# (:W
aB
(
aa,
'
"( ' /9
'
"
aA
"
(!!
/ ' (:
=#A
%
/
$
#
' #
"
>
an bn cn , n
$
W
0
/ "'
G = (V, , R, S)
"( !
/9
$
{a2 , n 0}W /
V = {[, ], A, D, S, a},
>
= {a}
'
R = {
[A],
[D,
D]
],
DA AAD,
[
e,
e,
a }.
B"(V !
( >
8 =
$
/ "# '
#
G
"
: ' :
:
='
/
> $ 1272
!- ) 2
='
FG [: "!
D "(V
' "(V
2 #
'
/
=$
G = (V, , R, S)
L(G)
"6
$ /9
#
L(G)
(
( =
w L(G)
GW
' /9
":"
#
$6
$ 2 =
!
W A6
/ "
/9
9
G
|R| + 1
/9
wW
(
( '
(
"$
8
|u| = |v|GW
uv
'
uW
/ !
/ F"#dG
/9
2 ( =/
wW
T"#U #
/9
>W
!
"'
W
>
/
'
W T
!'
= /6
( =
(
wW M
F"#dG
=$=
: =/ ':W
=
"
/ '
'$
G &#
>$
w L(G)
#
"!
D =#A
/
=$
W
:#
9!(9
(
/ A'
#U
(h, #)
(s, #w#)
M
/9
G(L) = L
G =
]W ] K, W
'/(
(
=
/$
":"
F#: >6
(
(h, #)
|R|
:
'
"
M = (K, , , s, h)
#
L {#}
$:
(
9
":"
&( = 9#
$
# =>
F9G .#
FA#
# =/
>
!$ ' =
!$H
/ ' G
#
G
=>
(
#:
$> 9
(|R| + 1)6
=$
uW M
A(
'
$
:
"
'(
S /$
|R|
(
#
( =
$
'
/9
'(
|R| '
"'
' (|R|+1)6
F=>
#
$
#
'( 9
":"
# [:
!
w L(G)
(
#:
!
/9
[
uaqv]W
/ '(
(q, a), q K, a
(
:
A
H
/"#
w L
(q, uav)
M
/ # '>!
'
/(
'
9
M W
'
'
6
# $:
(
G
S W '(W
9
/
(
(
'
abp aqb b
'
a#p] aq]
'
#G
(
%
(
p#b #qb b
'
p] #q]
W
$ '
/
$ '
pa aq
$
F$>
/
' !
>
'
]G
/
'
/ A'
' !
/
#:H
S #h]W
# eW " 9
#s] eW
(
"
/
=$ '
w L(G)W
# (
/9
='
G $
'
=A(
'>!
#
&!$
bp aq
$ $ '
$
!
'
( '
#s]W
w L
(
=
#
/ "(
/
/9
! '#
G
# $
/ '
(
=$ /9
(
w {#}W
( '
(
w L(G)
>#
W
#
>
#
'( '
#
9
'
B
9
>
uAv uwv W
w e
/(
/
#
/ $
T/
"#?:U
"'
3 12142
f :
/(
'
[: "'
G = (V, , R, S)W
w, u
#V
G .)<5*'
' $:
f W (
A'
/9
(
(
u = f (w)
#w#S
"(
f (w) = uG
* /(
f :
> $ 1282
FG [:
"'
:
A
H
'(
f :
[:
rv
#w#W
$
'
"#
/
"#
/ /
#w#
"
f (w)
#w#S
/# ":"
M=
!$"
'
/9
=
'( 9
"#?
#? #
f
' #
"#?
/ /
# /
( '
"#
G = (V, , R, S)
<&'( .)<'W
G = (V, , R, S)
* /(
!- ) 2
'!#
|R|
!
"$
8
(
#
$
#
(
#:
|r| = |v|G
'
/ !
rW
:
9 /
#?W $
"
$ /
"#
'
=' /9
(
G F' /
W = # >
/
F9G .#
>W $:
G = (V, 0 , R, s)
uW ( '
>!
#
# /
"
(s, #w#)
/ '(
(q, a), q K, a
=#A
!#?
/
"
/
$
(
aqb abp b
'
aq] a#p]
/(
"6
#w#s G
/
'(W
#:
!
$
/
'
/"#
(h, #u#)
MW
M
/ #
/
/(
'
#
#=
$ $ '
$
'
F$'
#
=A( '( $ '
(
%
(
#qb p#b b
'
aq bp
#G
:
A
F
(
'
S = sW
'
w
# $:
(
/ :
!
M = (K, , , s, h)W
!'
G
(q, uav)W
'
eGW
#
"#
#UGW
'>!
'
S /
/9
'
9
Y:
' W $
uaqv]W
'
(
*
r W
W T U F'
T
u
'$
!$
D
V = { K {s, ]}
u = f (w)
(
W A'
(
#
='
/(
f : 0 0 , 0 = {#}
'
#q] p] F
G $
$ '
aq pa
$
'
>
#
]
!
&!$
W
$ '
/
' !
/
s s]W "
# eW " 9
/ A'
' !
/
#:H
/
/
'
"#?
9
'
/ /
='
'
M
! (
/9
(
A =
!
#h]W #
! " '
/
u
G
# $
/ '
! '#
(
/
"#? /(
"#
G
f W (
'
(
# "6
"
, -
&# .
&
$
:W F'
#?
"'$
$
/
/
/(
=
!
>
$!
/
'
$!
/ S / W =#
.'
/
9&/W
/
" '#
B
(: "
#=
$: '
!'
# /A'
!
#
"'
(:
: =
#
'!( :
# S / : /
!
! !
'
!!$
' ?: /
' !
/ >
"'( /
# $:
/ /'
(:
!$
> ?
# '!
: =
/ 9(?
"#6
"
:
=' #
$'
'!(
" !(9 !
/
)&2< ?
# $: >"$
!
)&2<
=#'
/
/
'!(
F'(
'
!9(
6
'!(: /6
# /:W :
#
/(
$: '"
B !
!
/9# '
'
3'(
'$
"#: /6
.&'(/ +-*
#
=#
= =/
/:
GW
/6
/ $ (
9&'( .&/*
>"$:
"
('/
"#
/6
/ (: >("
?9&'( .&/*
/
/
' $
='
= $
)**'(+ .)<'+
D
! "
/
!
>$
"
Nn
n 0
+
Q#
W
!6
$
#
/9
$
# ':='
#
/
("
$
6
GW
&!$
/ : "
#W ("
: "
>
3 12162
FG
>/'
pxnn W
W :
=
=
pi
=
6
'$
/
>6
'$
/
+ (:
=6
/=
$ '(!!! 99!
">#
K'(1 .&/*'
#=
#
' !
(:
/ '
/
H
#? '(
n6(=
>/6
#?
/
W =!=W
(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = xi , 1 i n, x1 , x2 , . . . , xn N.
9'9'(/ .&
/#
!
!>(9
px1 1 px2 2
(n)
Cm
(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = m, m N, x1 , x2 , . . . , xn N.
)&3'(/ / .'(/ .& n6 (: / '
Pi
2
9
# =
-*&/ .& n6
'(
FG
='
'
FG
=
"
\
n'( =#
/
6
W $ (
'
=#A '#
' (!!
?
#
(!/
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
#
/ '
/W =!=W
S(x) = x + 1, x N.
/
Q#? 9
>
/
=
"'
# #
'
$: :
"
' !
/
H
/
'
!!
./$
(!!
/
9'$
/
/ $W
/$
'
3 12172
.&'(/ +-*
$ /( :
'
+
n, m 0W$: h
#
/(
"
m6
$
'(6
'V
g1 , g2 , . . . , gm
(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )
$ " '(
:
H
# #:
[:
n6
n6
(: /(
Nn
+-*
' /9
'
!#?
'
g1 , . . . , gm
.&'(/
/ /
f = h (g1 , . . . , gm ).
3 12182
0&2< 9&/
#? =
# #:
/ /(6
(!!
/
W " (
'
:
'
[:
$:
n 0W
$:
(: /(
" '(
"
n6
:
H
[:
(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )
#
Nn
(n + 1)6
'
(n + 2)6
(: /( $
yN
f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , 0) = g(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ),
f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , y + 1) = h(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , y, f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , y)).
8 !$
#
'
2&' 9&/
'
'
#
)&2< 9&/
(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )
#
)&?
#
9'$
/
'
$ =
/
' !
/
H
/
=
'
#
$
3 12192
'$
/
' !
'#
S /$
=
==
'
' : "
&> ?
( /'
/
!!!
(U /'
[: /9
!#?
'
#
/'
=#A
'$
/
!' /(
!' /(
==
g1
/(
h1
/(
' /(
mult(x, y)
&# '
# #
add(x, y)
'
/ /6
(: (A
'
=
add(x, y)
!!!
add
!>
' !
/
X$ T/6
'( /(
/
/
G + /(
(3)
P3
96
/
(:
= #
# !
/
'
(1)
=
":$
6
/
' >
'
P1
/
#
"
=
/
99 '#
H
/ A
'
,
(1)
g1 (x) = P1 (x),
(3)
h1 = S (P3 ),
add(x, 0) = g1 (x)
/(
'
B("W
(1)
'
mult(x, y)
/ A
'
(1)
P1
(3)
P3
!' /(
!' /(
,
,
==
h1
%
' /(
/(
(3)
h1 = S (P3 ),
,
add
/(
(1)
C0
(3)
P1
!' /(
,
(1)
g2
/(
g2 (x) = C0 (x),
h2
/(
h2 = add (P1 , P3 ),
mult
/(
(3)
!!!
(3)
mult(x, 0) = g2 (x)
'
(1)
mult(x, 0) = C0 = 0W =!= x 0 = 0
mult(x, y + 1) = add(x, mult(x, y))
=#" '
=A
W :
' /9
# : "
>
/
!
=
'
/
/
/:
/ $
'$
/
/ $
/
= #
(n)
'$
"
6
=
W '! 8
$:
'$
/
6
":$
/
G 2 /( T
V (m) =
# : "
x(y + 1) = x + (xy)G
F=!=
=
"
(
m = 0W
m1
(
m > 0W
' /(W =
/
#? /'( :
V (0) = 0,
V (m + 1) = m.
G 2 /( T
$ =>
=
nm
(U
monus(n, m)
(
n mW
nm
(
n > mW
!!
nm
=
' /(W =
#? /'( :
n0
= n,
n(m
+ 1) = V (nm).
G 2 /( T
sgW
sg(m) =
# : "
=
(
m = 0W
(
m > 0W
' /(W =
#? /'( :
sg(0) = 0,
sg(m + 1) = 1.
%G 2 T=U
nm
/'(
#? :
n0 = 1,
nm+1 = n nm .
)G 2 /( T"
' UW
n!W /'(
#? :
0! = 1,
(n + 1)! = (n + 1) n!.
2
% 127
i =#A
' !
/
":$
/
# : "
=
'$
/
H
G N /( T
'
:
9G N /( T
"!
:
' !
: "
/
x, y UW min(x, y)
|x y|
=
x, y UW max(x, y)
/
U # #
: "
[:
=
(
/ ("
"6
'$
/
(n + 1)6
(:
: "
=
'
/( 8
(n + 1)6
y
fS (x1 , . . . , xn , y) =
g(x1 , . . . , xn , i)
i=0
fP (x1 , . . . , xn , y) =
g(x1 , . . . , xn , i)
i=0
=
'$
/
W = /'(
x1 , . . . , xn N
A
" '(
'
#?
#
:
y NH
/
#
xy
f (x, y) =
[
9
!'
" $
2x
(
y = xW
(
y > x
( )*&)
'
$ A :
3 121:2
'
[
1 =>
xU
'
x
n6
(:
8/'(W $
'( X$
(
/(
:
(<&/
/
A
+ (="
H
(<2& P (x1 , . . . , xn )
Nn
'
/ /
/ !
(
/
>/6
/ '
)&2< 9&?
=
' /(
/ !(H
#
"># "(>
'(2 (<2&
# $ /
/(
/
f
( y < xW
P (x1 , . . . , xn ) = 1.
=
G 2 $ T#
equal(x, y)
UW
=
x = y # $
#? :
+ (y x)).
equal(x, y) = 1sg((x
y)
G 2
$ T'
=
less(x, y)
=
x < yW
#? :
UW
greater(x, y)
=
#? :
greater(x, y) = sg(xy).
%G 2
$ T# =$UW
#
$ : "
iszero(x)W
=
(
x = 0W
#
#? :
iszero(0) = 1,
2
iszero(x + 1) = 0.
[
= $
'( #:
: "
"
Pi W
/ '"
=
' /(
# !(
: /(
(
=
: "
f (x, y)
gi
'
!
/
=' '#
$:
gi Pi
=
2 /
' '6
!' /(6
=
#? :
'
'
: "
/
=
'
/6
# '>#
=
Q ""
'"
$ '" # /(W
$ /$
(!!W
/W :
W '"
'#
=#
!
"'
PQ
'
# /
1P
'
/
' !
# $
$ W " '(
1W ( '
/
( /(
#:
W
(k + 1)6
!'
/
$6
U !$
=
+?
!>#
'( '"
6
'
B("W (
P QW
'$
/
P + QW
=#'
" ("
H
(k + 1)6
/ #
x1 , . . . , xn N
'
(k+1)6
y N W P (x1 , . . . , xn , y) =
iW 0 i y W $ P (x1 , . . . , xn , i) = 1
">#W
P (x1 , . . . , xn , y)W
B
"'
&# '
=
T!
' '
W >:
&(
# '#
> (:
/
/A'
/
1W /
$
/
'!'
: "
&#
3 121;2
/ /$
& M N
=
=
(: >"$
$ '"
# !$
(: : "
'
'
P Q
#
5*.L M NW 9'5*.L M N
( '
$
( '
(
'
/(
# '#
P (x1 , . . . , xn , y) = 1W
#?
/
=
/
H
y
(x1 , . . . , xn , i))
(1P
i=0
( '
">#W
=
A
: "
P (x1 , . . . , xn , y) = 1
=#A '#
W (
iW 0 i y W P (x1 , . . . , xn , i) = 1
P (x1 , . . . , xn , y)W
(
'
=
'$
!
'
P (x1 , . . . , xn , y) =
y
P (x1 , . . . , xn , i)
i=0
#
/
( # ("'
(n + 1)6
#
#
' $!
=
(: /(
/ A$
g(x1 , , xn , y) = 0
+ (="W $: $
(n + 1)6
" :
#
/
x1 , , xn
"
y[g(x1 , , xn , y) = 0].
&( $!
y 0 y z ' g(x1 , , xn , y) = 0W
$'>
y z[g(x1 , , xn , y) = 0].
8
9
:
$ !
/(
'
$
#
' !
#
(!!
>:
3 121<2
[:
(: /(
(n + 1)6
f (x1 , , xn , z) =
X$
&# !"
: "
=
H
(: /(
g ' $: (n + 1)6
y z[g(x1 , , xn , y) = 0]
(
z+1
=>
!!(
=
#?
'
*')
y zW
'(
4&<1 *')
='
=
' /(
' /(
sg(x)
# # 1 (
# ;W $'>
k
i=0
.
/#
(sg(g(x1 , . . . , xn , i))
#
/ '(
x = 0W
=>
'(
# # (
"
g(x1 , . . . , xn , i) 0 0 i kW
9( / W /(
=>
'( # 1
*
# #
f (x1 , , xn , z) =
k
z
(sg(g(x1 , . . . , xn , i)),
k=0 i=0
=!=
#
'9
g(x1 , . . . , xn , i)
=
!
!=
=
iW
>"$
!
"
:
=
#
0 k yW
0 i k
&#
>$
' /(
# # '(
kW
U /(
=
' /(
gW
=6
hH
$
/
/
g(x1 , , xn , y) = h(x1 , , xn , y)
#
=
= ' !
/ $'>
/
y z[g(x1 , , xn , y)]
:
'"
/ !
/ !(
6
2 /( T!#'
=#
UW
quo(x, y)
F=!=
/( '
'$
$
/ !#'
=
'
#? /'( :
2 /( T/ !
UW
rem(x, y)
=
F=!=
/ !
=#
#? /'( :
quo(x, y).
rem(x, y) = y x
<
=W
#
rem(x, y)
/
:
A
H
rem(x, 0) = 0,
y+1
rem(x, y + 1) =
G
(
x = 0W
rem(x, y) + 1
(
=>
/ # $
'( #:
B
G
/(?
'(W
/ $
/
=
H
2 /( T=#UW
div(x, y) =
# : "
=
div(x, y)W
(
=>
/ # #
x, y > 0
'
rem(x, y) = 0W
'(W
#? /'( :
div(x, y) = (1(rem(x,
y))) sg(y).
<
=W
x|y
=
/(
2 /( T!
: =$:
: "
:
'" 6
div(x, y)
=
(
=UW
xW
!9
m y[mx = y].
ndiv(x)W
$:
ndiv(x) =
x
i=0
/
/ '
#? :
div(i, x).
xW
!
#
"G
2 /( T
#
=
prime(x)W
UW
W =>
/
(
#? :
$
/ $
/
/ N !/# /
=#
(
2 /( T 6
i6
=
/
/ ""
#
/ #
/ # '
nprime(i)W
#
=
=6
/
6
:
A
F'(6
pi ! + 1 = p0 p1 pi + 1 =
/
nprime(i + 1) #
/
# =
'$
("
/
(x 2) z x[z 1 z x z|x].
' !
'
(:H
UW
pi F
="#
p 0 , p 1 , . . . , pi W
'
pi ! + 1 ' #
pi
GH
nprime(0) = 2W
nprime(i + 1) = z (pi ! + 1)[prime(z) z > nprime(i)] 2
E # ='
=#A '#
# /
D:
/9
!
>/'
$
':='
> $ 1292
!
"#
#
' !
#W
/
=
'$
/6
=#
!
$
$
: "
: "
=#
=
m = I m
'$
/
# /
"#
!- ) 2
[: '(
:
#: =#
G 2
9 /9
$
E, B
'
An W
">
,
(
(s, # #w#)W
w
#
# (=
En
#W
B
9G 2
9
E0
"G
!
(s, #u#w#)
An (n 1)
$
'
2 6
/ :#?
(h, #w#)W
/
# #
"(>
n6
(
/9
=A(
'
/9
$
'>!
(
w1 , . . . , wn
#
E!=
'$
# /9
("
#
W $:
(
>!
==
(h, # #)
= h ( $:
n6
$
'
(
'>!
W =!
("
Akn
$
+
k nW
(n + k 1)6
/9
(
$
6
(
/
#W
$
/9
A0n = hW
#
2 S
B : > L# L #R#
L
#
2 S
R#
L
'
#
n+1
Ln+1
An : > Ln# R #R#
#
|
121;
H
$
E, B
n
R#
'
An
=!= 6
'
$6
(
? #
E : > L #
Akn F=!
( $:
'
'6
k = 0W
$
">
(GW
! ">
=
'#
* 9
9'$
/
/
"#?
FG
99 '#
A
$
H
(n)
MCm = E n RI m RW
9
Cm (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = m
/ '
/
"#?
Im
' (
(h, #I m #)
9
!'
(n)
/(
Pi (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = xi
/
E ni
E ni B i1
&=
$
' (
B i1
"#?
/9
(
$
#wi #
FG 2 ==
F%G
#I x #, (x 0)
# #?
/(
h, g1 , . . . , gm
/
Mh , Mg1 , . . . , Mgm
S(x) = x + 1 /
' /(
'
#
#I x+1 #.
$
/ /
/
!
f = h (g1 , . . . , gm )
8 /(
IRW
"#?
/
"#
/6
A
H
[:
h, g1 , . . . , gm W
/
" !
"#
#6
(x1 , . . . , xn ) N n W
Ann Mg1
$
u1 = I g1 (x1 ,...,xn )
B
/ (
#:
W (
wi = I xi
"
i = 1, . . . , nW
Mh
ui = I gi (x1 ,...,xn )
"
i = 1, . . . , m
#v#
Bn
F)G /(
: "
/
=
'
/
# /
"#
/
g '
Mf
'
FG
F2
#
#
> L #L RAn+1
n+1 L
|
F9G
Ann+1
'
F3
$
2 M
> Mg L# L R#
h
|
121<
H
$
FGH
/ /
f (x1 , . . . , xn , m)W
"#?
F2
2 S
R#
L
F3
' F9GH
$ " '(
(x1 , . . . , xn ) N n W
f (x1 , . . . , xn , 0) = g(x1 , . . . , xn )
' " '(
(x1 , . . . , xn ) N k
'
y = 0, . . . , m 1W
Mg
'
/9
'
Im
$
!#? /9
/9
Mh
!
(
(
"
/ /
"#?
(q, $#w#I m #)
#
/$
#?
=
/
w1 #w2 # . . . #wn
n+1
F1 = (SR L2# )n+1 $R#
(s, #w#I m #)
'
:
y
#
(:
[:
# $
9(?
hW
9
'
x1 , . . . , xn
'(
6
' 6
/ #
&A(?
# 9!$
" ==
\
/
/
/
# =
'$
$
"
/ $
#
0FG
/
# =A(
/ " /
=
"
F
==
$
F2 G
'$
$
"6
!9( /$
'(
F3
0F9GW
=("
# '( /
"#?
"
'
/=
=$A
/
F2
/
==
y = 0W
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1
= A(1, 3)
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
= A(0, 4)
1.1
= 5
1.1
124=
H I /
Mg
' (W >
Mh
"
C5JKLM
'$
$
R
;W
Mf
Y:
>$ '
/
=
1.3
A#:
/ /
y W $ y = m 1
#
"#?
/ =>#
A(2, 1)
#
F1 F2 F3 2
#?
'( :
A
H
A(0, y) = y + 1,
FG
FG
9(: /
FG
# '#
/( / # T/
.
:
"#
/6
[ '!' (=" # /( C5JKLM
=
"
A(x, y)
"#6
+ (="
A(2, 1) /
"#? :
>#6
1
: "
=
/(
""
A(4, 0) = 13
+ (="W
=
A(4, 1) = 32765W
'
' /(
=
'
#
f (4, y) =
2f (4,y1)
"(V
=
A(4, 5)G
' /(
/"''$
/( >/'
=
W =!=W
(
'(
#
"
W
/
/ $
$
=":#
=
(i, j)
/
'
!
=
/ # (
/
"#:
/:
'(
!
/
/
[:
'$
/
$
g(x) = fx (x) + 1, x N
fi (j)
#?
[W
: =
/ $ ==(
$
/
gW
#
/
#?6
"#W
A
H [: /(
"
: 6
(
'$
./ #
xN
#
""
/
$
g(x) = fk (x)
="#
=
$
: ="$: : "
'$
$
x=y=k
: "
' /(
[: !
:
8/'(W
/ "
' $: /(
/
f = A 6
: "
9
>
#'
'$
/
("
=
/ !#
' /(
*
/ 99!#
!>(9
: "
=
/
$!
/
"
[ !"
9#?
/
'
'(
f
[
[
="
'
3 124=2
[:
(: /(
f (x1 , , xn ) =
f
X$
/9
!#?
(: >("
' !
/
(n + 1)6
: =
' /6
! !
#6
H
(: /(
' $:
n6
y[g(x1 , , xn , y) = 0],
(
0,
=>
#?
g(x1 , , xn , y) = 0W
'(
'
/ /
BS !
#"
/
(:
!
" /
#
/ =
=
/ #
/
/
/
=
' >
/
=!=
=#? F=>
'$
$
' !
/ >"$
*')'/'W
=#?
'(W
/
gW
=
H
?9&'(1 .&/*'
==
W : "
' !
'#
!' /(
# /( (
3 12412
"#
/(
/( "
$
!"
=# (
# !
9'$
/6
!>
S /$
' !
#
!
:
/:
Y:
' #:
>"$
!
=
G [: /(
#
W
/ !
:6
#? :
8
# /(
f (x) =
9G [: /(
#
x3
(
=>
g(z) "
$
=#
#
!!!(
/ W
'(
#
/ ":#?
#
z
g
[: /(
' $: /(
#? :
=
"
g(z) = 0
!
'(
z
Q
z x "
"G #?
g(z) = 0
x+1 F=!=
BS !
/(W
"(
'
b+2
= 9(
1))
/ ":#?
" (
/ /(
#?
! '
>
#
# "
nN
x+1
/ !
! OQ
"(
! !
g >(A
b + 2W
(b +
OQ
$ /V
"!
#
/
/
$ /(
9(
#
zx
'
# >"$
x #
$
=
/ ' !
/ :
'$
2, x + 1), x, b N W
" ==
#W = = $
=
'
# :
A
H
(b + 2, x + 1) = n[(1geaterorequal((b
+ 2)n , x + 1)) = 0].
OQ
# /
=
=#A '#
'
"#
E=
$
"#? /(
/
:
A
H
'$
/
#
!
/(
# #
/
/ /
6=
'$
/
W '# =
# /(
>"$ !
2
g(x1 , , xn , y)
Mg
'
"#
6
8
f (x1 , , xn ) = y[g(x1 , , xn , y) = 0]
F=!=
/
"# B("W $:
"#? /(
/
#w1 # . . . #wn
=
#I 0 #)W
#w1 # . . . #wn #
/
I0
#
"
'
#
REI
> RAn+1
n+1 Mg L
|
Bn
1241
H 2
y = 0G
'
/9
g
(
An+1
n+1
( =A(
'>!
'
&(
=A ('
/
/9
y "
!9( $
(
'V $
>
"(> ! /
Mg
/
I y
$!
LRE GW
' $
''!
/
"
$! =$W
#
"#? /(6
w1 , . . . , wn
2 =='#
/ = (?
Bn
'
' !
/
H
> $ 12:2
+
6=
'$
/
# /
>
> $ 12;2
!- ) 2
"
/$
/
b:#
(K, , , s, h)
x, y N
/
9!(9
/ /
=#
"#
=
/ '(: :
6
/
/
"#
/
#
"'
W
$:
"#? /(
#
!
6=
'$
y = f (x)W
"
'
9(:
>
C0 M C1 M C2 M . . . M Cn ,
C0
(h, #I y #)
# Q
'
(s, #I x #)
'
Cn
6
!#
D =#A
6=
/
(: /
' /( B
:
=
' /(
b = |K| + || '
/
"
>/'
/
#?
B("W :
=
#?
/
>/'
(e(q), k,
'(
W
#
i=0
e(ai )bi )W
=
B
=
(= "
#
!
e :
'
A$ A
#:
K
/ Q
Q A
/ # '>!
W '
#
n1
#
#
$
# 9(
' =#
'
C0
F A (
C0 = (s, #I x #) = (e(s), x + 1,
#
e(#) = 0
x
/ A
e(I) = 1GH
'
bi ).
i=1
2 (= : '
'(!!!
'
'( 3MPQ
!
! S $
/
= 1, 2, 3
triplet
/
'
#
triplet1
$:
#
(=
>/'
z = triplet(x1 , x2 , x3 )W :
# /
#6
#? '
W
z
> /(
&# '
D /9
/
=
'
#
=#A '#
=
!#
/6
'$
/
E#
:
(' '(:
/ V
(: ':='
# =#A
/
/
"
=# /(
/W
/(
3MPQ ':='
conf iguration
#W
# $
NW
>: '(
#
'
#?
: "
=
!
:
x
bi ),
i=1
/(
length(x)
=#
? >"$ !
'
/ /
"
'
#6
# :
/(
'
next =#
'
# '(: :
: "
=
/# /
"6
' /(
'
%
/(
(
/(
'
=
[:
extract
8
Q >/'
/
>/'
' /(
z = conf iguration(x, i)
Ci
=
/
#
6
'$
/
=#
/ #6
'(
W
$
'>!
'
#
$
/
"
'(
Ci+1
nextstate(z) = nextq(state(z), in(z)),
tape(z),
nexttape(z) =
tape(z)in(z)b
out(z) = in(z)
pos(z)
+ out(z)b
pos(z)
,
!$
/W
in
/
'
out
=#
9
/ #
!
9
/ =9(?
/ / "(> #W
move # 1 ( '>! '# (W (
# #= $ ' ( '# =A( /
=
'$
/
'
in ' out
sg(x)
&# '
=#
/ /
"#? /(
' !
/ = /9
Msg
/
Msg
'$
$
#
$GH
q0
(q1 , L)
q1 (q2 , R) (q3 , #)
q2
(h, #)
q3
(q4 , L)
q4 (q5 , R) (q3 , #)
q5
.
#' $
nextq W output
'
nextq(q, a) =
/
(q5 , I)
(q2 , R)
/
A
'( #:
"
/
moveH
e(q1 )
e(q2 )
e(q3 )
e(q4 )
e(q5 )
e(h)
(
q = e(q0 ) a = e(#)W
(
(
(
q = e(q3 ) a = e(#)W
(
(
q = e(q2 ) a = e(#)W
e(#)
output(q, a) =
e(I)
(
(
q = e(q5 ) a = e(#)W
!%
2
((q
= e(q1 ) q = e(q4 )) a = e(#)) (q = e(q5 ) a = e(I))
next(z) z = conf iguration(x, i)
y
i=1
bi )
extract(z) z
!
f (x)
extract(z) = pos(z)2.
"
#$%&'(
) )
% 128
i
=
#
triplet(x1 , x2 , x3 )
(:
+
: "
=
'
(
?/"
N2
/
='
/
'$
/
/(
'( 3MPQ
6
#
# A
H
(0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (2, 0), (1, 1), (0, 2), (3, 0), (2, 1), . . .
Y:
=
!
"
# (!/
# !
W ("
'>(!
9!
/ #
./
#
(" = (: !
#?
#
=
/
6=
6=
/
="#
6=
/
/$ #
6
'
/(
' /(
'$
/
[
# >
=
#6
!
AB
345678 "
"
* A'
" '
'!
'
345678* (' '!
' 345678 &
" 345678
"
" , * #'! '
'1
%
!
,
"
'
*
&
(
&)
!
A'(
'
'(
=A(W !!(?
!
#
a # '
'
/9 !
/ ' 9
B
/"''$W $:
aW
$
#W
= $
!/#
(?
q0
9# '(
= '
/ '
/9 !
# '
q0
'
#
/#
q1
$
>
/
8
$
W !!(A
' '
'>! =A( S /
#
(q1 , a) = (q0 , a)
9'<&4/
2 !!"
A'( '>!
(
@ #: (
$
!!(?
q0 W #
q1
$ 9# '(
# ( W >
a (
q0
5 1242
[:
9
s1 , s2 , s3 , h
'(
2 L2 , R
L# , R, #R#
#
#
#
abc#
'
'
*(
/
' 9
/
L# W
/ !
/"#
(s1 , #abc#}
/$6
' 9
a
a
2 L2 , R
#R#
#
#
' $
(s2 , #abc#)
/ /9
' 9
"
##bc#
=A( /
/ 9'
Q
' $
/
/ ' $
/$:
"(> '#W !9(
##bc#aW
' 9
2 L2
#R#
#
' 9
LW
/
/ ''!
/ $
/
''!
#
#abc#abcW
/
$
(s3 , #abc#ab)
/ $>
>
#W
##bc#a
$
8
/$:
#
9
;W (
'
9#'
"
=6
##bc## '
#abc#a
(s3 , #abc#a)
' =
/
/
A"(>W
(s3 , #abc#abc)
R#
' 9
/
' 6
$!
' 9
$!
/
/ =6
/ #
' '(
"#
/W
' 9
&= '# =A(W 9#' =A( ' $ ' #?
!
(h, #abc#abc#)
! /# '#
'
(h, #w#w#)
*S (!! ! " =
/
"
'!#
!W
#
5 1262
==
'$
9
!$
#
"
' 9
SL
'
SR
#
A
H
#
' 9
#
'(
#ab#
'(
#ab#
L#
#ab#
#ab#
#ab#
RL
#abb#
LR
aab#
#abb#
aab#
RL
#aab#
LR
abb#
#aab#
abb#
L#
ab#
SL :
SR :
R#R# ##ab#
5 1272
==
'$
>(
T
$
/U #
#101#
#
#111#
' 9
#
' 9
#
#
(
#101#
#111#
#100#
#110#
#100#
#110#
1R#
#111#
#100#
#100#
#000#
' !
R# SR L# 1R# #1000#
/
H
&
(
&)
5 1282
==
=#
'$
'(
#
"
$
=>
'(: B
/
' 9
/
$A =#
L
/"
/
!/#
F#
/ '(
#
:( "
'$
=
9
>#? TU
' T
U
(!!
#aabbcc#
#ac#
#aabbcc#
##
#aabbcc#
#ac#
#abbc#
##
#aabbcd#
#ad#
#abbd#
R#
##
#aabbcd#
#ad#
#abbd#
##
#aabdcd#
R#
#ad#
#abdd#
RY R
#aabdcd#
#adbdcd#
RN R
R#
L
d
d
L
d
L
####
#N #
#Y #
#abdd#
#dbdd#
#adbdcd#
R#
#dbdd#
#adbdcd#
#dbdd#
#adbddd#
R#
#dbdd#
#adbddd#
#addddd#
RN R
####
#N #
#addddd#
#dddddd#
R#
#dddddd#
#dddddd#
R#
#dddddd#
######
RY R
#Y #
5 1292
.'
/
(
' : =(: '(:
#'
'(: $
(q0 , b, L)
(q1 , #, R)
q1 (q1 , b, R) (q1 , a, R)
(h, #, S)
q0 (q0 , a, L)
/ >$
!!
E=
$
/
q0
(q0 , b)
(q1 , #)
q0
(q0 , L) (q0 , L)
q1
(q1 , b)
q1
/ :
'(
!#V
' !
a
(q0 , a)
(q1 , a)
q0
(h, #)
q0
/
6
#'H
q0
q1
(q1 , b)
q1
(q1 , R) (q1 , R)
(q1 , a)
(h, #)
$!
(h, #bbaa#)
5 12:2
2 '!'
/
|K|+||k
/ =(9
k6
'
$
' W
./ # $ $
k6(=
/!(
'(
Y:
/ = '# D $
'( >(
$:
#
'
'>!$
'(
S /$
F=A( (G * !#" '$V /#
/!(
|K| + (||
+ 2)k
/
'(
5 12;2
E'( "'
$:
(
/ '
[Dn A] n
'
('
S [A]
(
/ $
U
/
'
(
"$
(
[A]
/ '
$ "#
D] ], >
8
2n
[A ]
[ e, ] e, ' A $
8
/ >( $
a
F
=A
T
8!'(W
D # T=!$
UW
AW '( A =
n
[A2 Dn ]
S W ("
[ [D
[ !
[Dn A]
'
/"# :
A
H n'
/9
0 >
DA AADG
W /9
>
G !
[ ' ] 9
[
6
G "( !
&
(
&)
/9
$
n
a2
/9
=
$
!!(?
' 9
a2
>
!
'
: F !
D >"
=
G
! # !
A '
/ =A( (: !
'
.
:
(
!
{a} W
(
>
> ?
=
!"
>
'
(
("
/ ("
(
> =(>
=(
[ [D
(
'
D] ]
'$W
]e
>
#
A>
(
('
=A ('
!
W
./
>
#
:
!
/
(
n
a2
5 12<2
E=
$
:
uv
"'
/#
/>? 6
"! ("
' 9
(
w
/ ' #
"'
=(
6
":"$
F' ' ' /9 !:GW '( '
&=
!
: /9
# $
S /
/ FG $
!
!
#
/
=A
# /9
(
!
/ :
%
/ /9
# /9
&( =
'
2
|w|
(
# ("
(
|w|
/9
W '#
'
' "!
/ (" /9
(
( '
"#
CA % *
% 1212
D:
F
/
=#'
'>!$
G 2 ">
9
$
$
#
=
GH
#
F' 9
'
=
'>!$
=A( F' 9
/ =9(?
'>! = #
# #
/
(1)
L#
G
2 #
#1 w#2
*'# /
" =#A
# "# :
A
F=#
*'# '>!
"#
1, 2
#w#1,2 )W
(2) G
R(1) R(2) G
Y
' W #"V$
$!
">
#w#1 w#2
(1)
R# G
#w#w#1,2
'
?
1244
(1) #
R(1) R(2)
(1)
> L#
(2)
#(1)
(1)
R#
% 1242
Y:
#W ! # '
'
=
$
/ =
W =#
/W =>
#
>
vv R
(
(q, #r#t#)
' A
Mst
MvvR
# '(
= /9
/ ">
/
= " /$
(9
Mst
' ' 9
/
M
' 9
/
(
( 6
[:
'( $> 9
MvvR
/
Mst
M
'
"(>
"# (
& * (
"
) Mst
s1 #
RL
R s1L 2
#
#
L#MuuR MuuR
>L
#
h
s2 #
R s2
) MuuR
s1 #
>R $
#
1246
L=
( =
' !
(
=
R1 L2
'
#
Mst
s1 s2
s2
#?
/
/
=
Mst $
R2 W >$
9
(W
e
W
'( ''!
# '
( =
!#
9
/W = =
R ' 9
/
' 9
L
''!:
# /
/ !/#
/ /9 !
!
( # #= 9
$
9
#: '(
W
" ! /9
(
rW
9
: =
=
/9
!
(
! =
A$ / =
$
$!"
!
/
W
( =
$!"
>
vv R
('
/9
1 , 2
/ $>
/ =
/ # A
# =A(W #
LW
/
# '>!
'
A(?
LW
MvvR
=$ "!
{a, b} }
= /9
/9
$L #
{wwR uuR , w, u
/9
s1 = s2
$R # L $
F=#
./ "#
(
G $6
( =
/
#: / #
=# =
MvvR
"$
=
/9
(
=
/
W !
#?
/
= /9
$!"
( =
#
/
% 1262
!!"$
/
/ =#"
% #
A
H
p, q 1 < p, q n
# ("
(
'9
'(
$!
B
>
=
# $
"!
n =#
A
/ '
":'
#?
nW :
G # >(
"'
TU (
# # #
In
W =>
?
!$"
n > 3 F=>
>
p, q
/ #
#">
/
R "
\
=
!!!
'
$!
#I n #I n #
$
>
/
"(>
/ #
/
/
V>
"(6
>#?
/
>#?
%
/ (
!
Mpq P E
( 6
G
#
!!!
C(n) = n(n + 1) F A
(
Mpq
'
C
&# '
# #
! /
F :
'
G B("W $:
"(>
E
/ =#"
( $
#
:
'V
#I n #I p #I q # F=!= n ' (
#?
**&'''(
/ '(
: 9(:
*(W
*
!!"$
# '(
p, q G
#:
/$:
W
/
="#
'
"
Mpq W
/
/=
# $
CW
# Q =
"(>
=A(W $
("
/
"#?
=#
/
C(n)
=
!
G 8
$"
9(6
=!= #
& * (
"%
) Mpq ( PE)
I
>L
R # CIL # R R
I
I
#R R
R #L
#R
#
PE
RNR
) E
$
$
I
>L
#
L#L
$R#
#
$
I
L#
1247
'( '
!
=
n(n + 1)
/
/
>#?
>(" :
: 9(:
9(:
&# '
Y,N
H /
P (p, q)
. (: /#
[:
=
/
E (n, pq)
max(x, y)
#? :
#? :
max(x, y) = (x + y)min(x,
y).
"G N /(
|x y|
#? :
+ (y x).
|x y| = (xy)
m
(n + 1)3
x).
min(x, y) = y (y
9G N /(
R
/
&#
6
!
:
/ >(
% 1272
min(x, y)
n(n+1) 9(:G
!!!
'
>
>(
G N /(
s Y,N
RY
R 2L
RN
/ $
"
% 1282
n'(
/"
#'
=#
/ >
10 15 21 28 36
11 16 22 29 37
12 17 23 30 38
13 18 24 31
5 20 26 33
6 27 34
7 35
8
!
N 2
N2
4 14 19 25 32
R '(:
N
.
=
#
=
/
# =/(=
' /(
>W =
$
>/'
/ !$
!"9'$
'>(
W
$
: "
=
zW
'$
/
:
z
x1 = pair 1 (z, 1) = x z[
x1
'
x2 W
!
/ =
!$
' '6
'(:H
i=0
z
x2 = pair 1 (z, 2) = x z[
i=0
* 9( /(
$W
#
pair
/(
'V
pair
/ '
#? (=
S
:
z = triplet(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = pair(pair(x1 , x2 ), x3 )
' #
>W
++
"
D&",
R
(/A
!
/
9
99!#
$!
/ '>!#
/ $ # "(!
F'/#:
$'=
/ 99!#
/
/ >$
/ $
$ = $'=
/ '(:
'
(
!
G 2 : 6
/ NKK '
/ gQKP
@ +
st
O:P:,)Q
D A
""
, ' " ',
.H
iN
CrQjPQOMPQjW 0-,
st
&!!(=
."6
&@ E *
st
st
Z:[XEJ"Q
vQjPQW gMjjH
qwx
q`Oj4KjW 00-
st
T7K5MU4VK6M7 KM QMJR4KSX6H6KP
b:A:RJ##JQ
yKMm gMjjH
CmmjQ wKjOKkW
0--
s)t
c:Z:C"JYQ
yKMm gMjjH
CmmjQ wKjOKkW
00,
st
R:SC$J"EQ \":Q
s-t
R:RJ"DJEQ
{KOMW 00
iKp zQJH
xrK
"
3- !
*
R =>
99!#
"
\
/=
/ COM
# ""
' !
/
A :
/
$!
0
Z:`8dEQ JI:Q
X
$
"
'!'
' }OOLM
#=
99!#
?
9
99!#
: NQr5Q|P
99!#
/
' / / '
$
/:
$
=
' /( W :
' ! (/A
'(
lQmKO '
'( 3MPQ #
1
)
&' ' ,
"
345678
1
%
" E * ,
!"'
" , E 345678
'
"
-1 AB!"^B? !"#$* ^
'
"!
$
-$ !
: ,
& , ';
< '
, " ,
<
,
QO45VO345678 !"
"' ' ,
,
< ' ,
%
'1 345678 "
&
<
%
'! '
, "'
< " , 345678 !"
345678
< ' "
% " 345678 '
'!
""
<
%
"
"" '
< '
M
' dMLK " ""
'
< "
' ' '
<
'!
34
5678 &
'
345678
"
<
,
Y6VI !"
< '!
,
'
eHII7I
" & " ' "
< ' % '
" " ,
& 1 "'*
. / -0
< " ,
< ,
QO45VO345678
< , 345678
< "'
< &
<
< % .
< "" %
%
<
' dMLK
< %
< 345678 ,
"
< !" & 345678 ,
"
<
"
<
'
""
##
$
!$
" ='#:
"#
W
/
='
!"
/
:
&# "'(
W =!= $
$
/ / !
/
'!
W ("
'(
W =!= '(
!"
/ $=:
#
=# '
! !"
/ '
$
COQ~Q 3454
=
' =
'(
/ (!!
!6!
/
> /( (:
/W
"#?
!"
(" ==
" ./
(/
=/
! #
'(
"(6
: =>
'
W
$
!#"
/
=$
/
>#?
/
6
/
/ "!
#
"!
= # !" 6
# '
$
">' (G
./ #
$
/ /
'
$
F :
=
6
'( $
!
COM
/
$ # ' ">
/
!'(
!$
/
/'
&#
W
9(:
# $
!$ $
/ $ /#
0W A(
!'
/ #
/"#
# ! '
" /
! $
!$
$ # >#
W
!"
/
!"
!
/ (" S(
$ ==
/
/
!9 6
=' '(
!'
W =!= (" /(
! S(
&#
# "'(
/
W :
# #: !"
=' $
/
#
"
="#
$ $ ">
!$
= $
= #
$
#
/ !"
$
$
9!
/
#
/ E=
/
$
/
!!$
(
"
/
#
34546
E=
$
/ $
'$
'
$
6=
/ !"
/ !"
9!(:
:
/ =#A
'$
/
W $ ' /
/ [
!
/ # $
#
/ = #W #
/
W '
>#
B("W :
=
:
(: ' : /
(6
/ /(
/ "!
F
='$
$
W
/
/ = #6
/ "(>
;/W /
W $
/ '(
"!:
(!!
#
/
=$ "!GW
; /(
/ # '(
/
$:
'(:W '(
"!
S
$
W
'(
'$
!
/>? :
!
$6
;!
" =
# /(
#:
=#A
=#A
#: : $: /
#9
"!
=/#
"6
/
"!
= #
>#
#$
$
' =>
$
/
!
/
' '
/
" .(!
':='
':='
B("W
(K, , , s, h)
Y!
'
/
[:
#
/
#
/ '(
#
$
'
#?
':='
$
"
#
/
2 /9
/
/
/ '
!W
O ' I W
/
'
/$
/
'(6
$ &#
9
# "
!
{1, 2, . . . , |K|}W
=#
#?
/
! '#
|| + 1
'
=#
i = 2, . . . , |K|, j = 1, . . . , ||
'
(
$
9
!>(9
/ /9 !
i = 1
#:
W
/ #
# ':='
#
#
$
9
'(
F=
=
9
# :
=
:
c()
':='
/
' /( (:
#?
=(>
'(:
$:
/(?
=#
:
2
(:
{1, 2, . . . , ||}W
'>!
|| + 2
'
/ =
/ :
!
#
"'
/
W
" $
'(
W
=
=#
=/ $
/ "(>
2 $
" ':='
=
" #:
"
"?
#
'
GW
' #
ci,j = c(p)Oc(b).
2 ':='
#
!
/(
# /9
(
c()
>
=
O A =>
/ $
#?
"
/
$$
'
# "'#
#%
:
/(
# '
":#?
8$!
':='
#
c(M )
# /9
(
c(M ) = c(s)OOOc(),
c(s)
# ':='
W
#
'
'(
M = (K, , , s, h)
'
/ B6
=#
q0
(q1 , b)
(q1 , a)
(h, #)
#
/ /
$
/ ' !
/
#
/9 !:H
N ':='
#
q0
I2
q1
I3
I2
I3
I4
I5
c(M ) = c(s)OOOc()
#
c()
# /
#
/ :
,W
' !
/
Msg W
/
/(
#
$
q0
(q1 , L)
q1 (q2 , R) (q3 , #)
q2
(h, #)
q3
(q4 , L)
q4 (q5 , R) (q3 , #)
q5
z
' !
N ':='
#
(q5 , I)
/
(q2 , R)
# /9 !:H
q0
I2
q1
I3
q2
I4
q3
I5
q4
I6
q5
I7
I2
I3
I4
c(M ) = c(s)OOOc()
c()
#
# /
#
'$
#
!
8
'
>
=!= 9
$
/9
#=
/"#
(:
/
=
!
':='
(
#
=
"
1 2 n
':='
c(w)
6
$$
'
/ /9
c(w)
#
!#?
#
c(M )
':='
#
'
3 4212
'$
A =
$
' 9(6
M GW
(
c(M, w)
(
("
c(M, w) =
# =
# ':='
#
w
#
$
/
' !
/
!'
H
(-'(/ /
/9
$: ' F :
'( ' "
[:
/
9(!!
:
/9
2 /9
c(w)
(: #
c(M )OOOOc(#)Oc(w)Oc(#)
'
c(M, w)W
/
A =
'
!"#$
=# #=
( '
U = (KU , U , U , sU , h)
!$
MW
M
8/'(W $ #
(" ==
'!#6
=
M W =!= # #6
':='
'( ':='
$
$
==
(
(
qU
'
q # #
'
'(
":"
==
' A =:
M
/ "(>
$
M
#
$
'( >
( ':='
$
=/
M W =!=
2
8$!
':='
!
c(s)
#
(
"
/ /9 !
#
'
#c(M, w)#
(
c(M ) '
/ !
#
':='
':='
/ 9#'
#
=
#?
'( 9
/$
M
#:
W
'(
9(
' !A'
'(
(i, j)W
">' (
/ /
G
' (!
"
2 =='# / 6
#
c(h) = 1G
$
W :
# " (6
">$
=> : !!"
'
/ '
=/='
!
B
$
"># "
/
!
!'
/$
">$
=#
/
! >'
F
>
':='
>
9
!9(
/ 9#' $:
(
'>!
="
"
'
'(
#c(#)Oc(w)Oc(#)#
/ /
#
'$
/$
W >$ = #
$ #
c(M )
'
(!!
=
/9
U
> '(
=6
#
6
$
S
/
#
# :
U
9(
$%
#
5 6
. 5
B
!!$
>
$
'( >( (/A
' =
$ S'
!!S '(
#
W $ (!!
=
"(
T'
#:
'(
"W
'(
!
( '(
!"
"
#:
"#
# #
$ ! 8
:W =!= "
.
=
2 =A 9#?6
# #
=
X
#
!"
"#
6
9!
# '#
9!
=
=
/
=#A
9!
/ !$ iCu
=
"
8
I8$C#87FX GW
I8$C#87FP G
UB7J B87YEMP, P N
!$ i.<
IC
5H
/ 6
='
/
=
/
"
"(V
#
9!
B87YEMP, X N
J#IW
"(
wd
/"''$ #
E//
'
=
9!
8#? =
#
/
"(:
#? /'( :
A
H
# #
=">$
/
& AF
=
/
$!" (
#? =
9!
#?
" =
"(
=#
"(
"
! !
/
/
$!" ( /(
#:
/>$ >:
/$
/ "#
D
'
$
'
'(:
#!
$
W
B87YE
>#?
'(
I8$C#87 "
"
I8$C#87FdiagonalG
/
/ !
j
! "
/
LH = {c(M, w) :
/
c(M, w)
LH
= {wH
LH
=
# ="
wj
!
9!
Mi W
'(
(i, j) #
.#
W
/ ./
#
#?
'
=":
/
9!
#
/
># "!
#
LH
>#
/9
#
(
w
w},
[:
/9
(
c(M )}.
># '
&#
W 9(
LH
'
#? :
#
#
c(M )
=
# '(
/9
=# '#
"!
! =
#
.
/ =A
!/
#
# ':='
B87YEFP, P G
#
LH
>#?
=#A '#
(
/
/
#
LH
Mi
LH
LH = {c(M ) :
&# '
=#A
# ':='
"!
B87YE
"
/ '>!#
/
B87YEFdiagonal, diagonalG
(
# $
#
=":#
'>(?
wj '
" (
/ #
9!
/ "
I8$C#87FP G
"
# #
/
B
/ '(
#
#'
W =>
="# (
"
LH
(
c(M )}.
>#
='W
B("W $:
LH
$%
#
'
#"
#
c(M )
LH
c(M ) LH
LH d
*#
/
="# (
W =
'
( '
/
c(M ) LH
M
(
( '
=
=$
(
=$ #
LH
c(M ),
'
=$ #
c(M ).
E!=W
=$
="' (
># [
> $ 4212
W = /
9!
LH
#
#
"
"
' '
/9
"! 8
/ "
'
=#A
=$
I8$C#87FM G
/
LH
"
B87YEFM, wGW
U W =!= U
LH
c(M ).
#
# !
#
B87YEFM, M G
/ '
=
/
$
/ /
(
;
LH
LH
LH
6
#
=6
LH
"
='
W W :
=#A (: =
#=
' " L
H
/!:'
L
H #
' /!:6
LH W
LH
9(
D -
>#
/ =
.
(:
> $ 4242
2 "!
'!( :
:
LH
='
'(:W $
' !
LH
:
=' "!:
/ =
LH W
/
'!(6
#
$
> $ 4262
2 '!( :
'
LH
LH
#
#
i //#
"!
MH W
>#
/ /
='$
/
#9
'
=
/
"!
!6
/>? : = # '!$
'(: /!:'
=(>
- =#A
=
/
/
"!
:#
='$
"!
F' /
'
>#
"!
F' /
'
GW :
#
'
/
"!
/#
OKKK
% 421
=A
/
[
9!
>
/ :
=#A !/ W
=#A "!
/
W
9!
/ >
/ =
./
/
9!
<<'(2
#?
9!
: >
( !/ 6
/
# =
=
>
$
'
"6
<</
S $ (!!
#
/=#
>#
>#W =!=
=W
/(
LH
$
/
#
!
'$
># E#AW :
(
'(
#
/
9!
!
'(
'"
> (
$
2 ":" #
Y
/ !
/
#
/
'
9!
/
9!(6
!/!
' 6
A ("
$%
BW
9!
!
/ # !
/
!/ W (
'
#
<<'
":"
#
>#
<
'
/
=
'
=W (
#
A
("
#
>#
>
>#
#
! 6
(
W
>#
'
./ =
>
/ !/ 6
#? :
A
H
3 4242
L2
x L1
( '
(
(:
"# /(
L1
/
FG &(
$
L1
"
=#
>#
!!( '
"!:
$
> $ 4272
":"
/ ":#?
L2
r:
/ "!
"
<</
*
r(x) L2
># $ 9
L1 , L2
"!
* 9(
[:
L2
[:
L1
"!
L2
L1 , L2
8
#
/ A
H
>#W '
L1
#
>#6
F9G &(
L1
#
>#W '
L2
#
>#
F"G &(
L2
#
F=G &(
L1
#
='W '
L1
='W '
#
L2
='
#
='
!- ) 2
M2
' $:
FG [:
L2
#
w L1 W ( '
(
r(w) L2
/ /
r
E!=
RM2
>#?
"#? ":"
/
$
$
L1
L1
#
.
='
"
"
L2
#
==
/ $
/ $!
M2
FG ' F9G #
=$ #
/ (: :
>#W
/
"
/ =#A
$
>#6
/
W
L1
" =#A
/
/$:
=#A #
L1
/$:
=#A #
$A ":"
LH
L2
>#?
(!! "!
L1
>#
'
/
>#W (" (
(
#:
$
>#
#: >
LH
='
/ $
/
L1 L2 '
# /'
!6
=(>
>#
/(?
/
(
'(
$
&
+
%
> $ 4282
8 ' !
/
=A
>#H
/
wW
FG E
#
' =
=$
wd
# !
#
(
ed
F=G E
#
#
9!
F"G E
#
MW
MW
=$
/( '(
' /9
#
#
=$ d
FG E
#
FG E
=
M W
M1
=$
'
M2 W
'( #
=$
/$
#=
"!d
F?G E
#
# '
M W "! L(M )
!- ) 2
FG ./
9! #
/
9!
# $
/ =#A
LH
/
/9
!
' F=!=
>#
Le
c(Mw )W
B
B("W
/
/
=#A '
!'
/ "!
"# /(
(
9!
/"''$
Le = {c(M ) : M
"!
=$
>#Gd
F9G =A
/
Mw
#?
#
=#A
'
/ '
e}
/ /(
":"
=#
#? /9
'#
/"#
' # F
'
(
/(6
c(M, w)
/ A'6
(s, ##)W
"(>
$
/9
(
#?
w = a1 a2 . . . an
(
F=G D$!
'
Le W
c(M )W
># B
=
#
/9
M
/9
=
(
iW
'(
=#A
/9
( '
/9
(
L
B("W #
"# /(
!
(q, ##)
(
c(M )
/ '
/9
/W A' !
' ( #?
ERM W
( =
/W ( '
(
(
/"#
!
(
e
#:
F=G
#?
/9
(
'
c(M )
/9
#
M>
i ( '
c(M ) = c(M )
W
6
>#
#:
/ /
:
A'W #?
8/'(W "!
(" "!
$6
(" "!
(
>#
!
' : =
9! /
9!
#
Le
8/'(W "!
L = {c(M ) : M
'
(
#6
/ ( '
>#W
!
i F
'
(s, #i#)W 9 /9
/ :
!
# F
/ = =#A #
=
w
=# '#
/(
/
? "
Mw
' (
/ "!
L = {c(M ) : M
"!
M
Mw
&# >
/ =#A
(q, #w#)
#W F
a1 Ra2 R . . . Ran RM
"#
/(
":"
$
&
+
/ "!
L = {c(M ) : L(M ) = }
= #
"!
"!:
=$
"!
'
'$
G &( !
'
LR , LCF , LT D
"!
Le W
/ $
=#A
/
M W
/ = #
'
GW ( '
# #
Sw GW
#
Rw G
"!
:
/ #
>#6
>#W
/ / "("
/
M W
LH
S w M Rw U
eW
(
'( #
LH
=' '
$
"
/9
/ #
#
w LH
$
/$
=
#
Le
F
wW
F/#
$
F 6
/ '
LH
#
' (
W = = (
'W
(
+ =#A
/
'
#
F
# "
/ !
$
= #
"!
'$
W !
/>? :W
F=
'
LR , LCF , LT D
L(M ) # #
/ '
LH
[
/
L 2
=('
/ /
"
' =
9!
# #
=
wW ( M
$ #
# '#
"
# '(
$
% 424
B
( '(:
d E'
FG E
"
MW
#
'(
'(
' =
A' #
wW
9#
'
'(d
F9G E
#
' =
'(
pW
F"G E
F=G E
#
9
' /9 !
6
pd
aW "(>
a
M W "(> M
$ # '(
'
A' ' #d
#
'>!
( $
F?G E
pW /( '(
A' ' #d
FG E
FG E
'
'(
/( '(6
Md
#
# $
q, pW
#
'(:
' /9
(
A' #
#
MW
wW
'#
wd
/
=$ 6
d
FG E
=
"!
FG E
/
=
#?
/d
W
=$
(!!d
W /(
#
"
# '
=/
$
"'$
2 =A
!/ (
9! '(
/
9#?
%
# (!
"
9!
/
/
''/
(
> $ 4292
8 ' !
/ =# =A
L(G)
/ :
/
:
FG E
9!
w
/ '
/
#
"'
.(!
/ '(: :
>
/ :
='
M
"
#
' /9
GH
(
"
F"G E
#
"'
GW
e L(G)d
F=G E
#
"'
GW
L(G) = d
G1
'
G2 W "
=(
wW
#
w L(G)d
9!
/ ''
!
#= "!d
9!
/
/
"
( '
"'
w L(G)W
":"$
: (!!:
# !
(
% "
L(G)
=
/
/#
FG E
( #
,
/6
/
/ #?
/
"!:
!
$
=(>
$
/ >$
/ =
/ #
99!
'!'( !
">#
=>
"
?@ G !& !*
8
9!
!' :
$"'
/
/ ( ?"
?
&!$
(=
#
9!
' !'=#:W
!
6
=(
(":
W !!( $
#? :
A
d0 D
?" !'=#:
!'
/
/
8 #= : !6
/
#
#
/
T = {D, d0 , H, V }W
)(2&
/
/
8/'(
# $
/W $
#:
' '$:
A
/ $=
(
#
[
!'#=
/ (?
+ )(2&
W
/ #
H, V D D
?
!
#
=>
=
#?
#:
' '$:
t : N N D
6
/
*
H
t(0, 0) = d0 ,
(t(m, n), t(m + 1, n)) H m, n N,
(t(m, n), t(m, n + 1)) V
8
LT = {c(T ) : T
':='
>#
/ /
># "!
t}
/
m, n N.
" $ =
/#
#
c(M )
#
T W (!
9!
"
' /9
!' :
W =!= "(" '#
"!
=$ # ''/( '#
"
=
2 =A
!
"(" '#
=
(
=
9!
(
e
Le LT
/ 6
9!
2 9'
$
& +
"
C8
C7
C6
C5
C4
C3
C2
C1
C0
d0
421
$ !' :
: $ /
'
#
/ ==
T W $
/ '
/
'(
W 9
'
'
=(>
#?
#
#
" #
/(
(:
'(
H B!' :
!
M
/ !>(9
'
$
!'#=
2 ' # $6
==
'$
?
$
!' :
W (: (!! F=
G /$ /
":"
# /(
!' :
( '
#
eW
9! !
R =>
#
"
$ 99!
"># "
!
$6
":"
[
="$:
P + +
[
" '(
?/"
&'
n > 0
/
(ui , vi )
' '(
#
P CS W
'
W
(
=!=
p +
$6
'(W ?"
$#
$
p = u1 u2 un = v1 v2 vn .
+ (="W (
/9
p = abcaaabc
(
P CS
# $
==
$
/ (
$
# #
/9
(
/
'
abcaaabcH
{(a, ab), (b, ca), (ca, a), ((a, ab), (abc, c)}
Q 9!
/ (
#
qQjP 8/'(
#
># "!
9! =/
LP W
LP = {c(P ) : P CS P
.
c(P )
='
9!
/"''$
$
/
?"
/9
":"
=#
$!
9!
/
X
/ '>!#
#
"
#
LH
(uk , vk )
P W (!
$ #
=
/9
'
(
>#
LP W
/
==
(
#
P
B'(: '">
# 9
99!
">#
/
$
p $
'
#
pW
#
LP
7 /
M
=
=
PW
#
qQjP
: $ /
/ $ =
6
"
wW 9!
=
PW
(
= #
#
:#?
c(M )
>#
2 9' =$
":"
# ''/( '#
"
#
(
(
$
$
$ #
/ (
==
/H
$'=
C0
'
>
#
' /
'
b:#
9!(9
"'
=$ #
wW
9
(s, #w#)
'
& =6
#
Cn
:
Q
/
#
$
& +
(h, uav)
$
(q, uav)
:
(
(&, &#w#s&)W
FG
# ' !
/ ?"
FG "
FG "
(q&, #p&)
(q, a) = (p, R)
>
9#'6
#
>
/H
(, )W
(q, a) = (p, b)
/ (
s
' '(
M
/ ''/(?
{&}
' ?"
9
/ ?"
/ ?"
(aq, bp)W
(aq, pa)
' ?"
'#
'>!
=A( $ '
#W
F%G "
?"
(#q&, p&)
(q, a) = (p, L)
$
(qa, pa)
/ ?"
'
'#
'>!
( $A:
' #
&#
'
=#
'#
p = & = &#w#s&
?/"
?"
/
/ FG
/ F%G
&#w#s&#wqi &
'
?"
#
p = &#w = &#w#s&#w
( =
?"
(#s&, qi &)W
' (
p = &#w#s& =
# ' '>! ( " S # A(? /9
S $ /
"#
*
":"
"
='
>
(
#
/ = (:
$$
$
, 9:
;
"7 &
:&
! 73
[
/
'!(
:
=' "!:
'$
' "'#
/'
'(:
>#
8
=(>
#
/ =#
='$
"!
' '
"'# /'
> $ 42:2
* "!
L #
!- ) 2
FG [:
W
F9G C#
6W ==
' $
M1
'
#
$
M2
M
M1
># 8 W >:
#
8
L
D "(V
( =
M1
.>
#
M2
M1 M2 W !!( '
$
/"#
M2
w LG
:
w '
=
#
/ /
"
M1
/ '>!#
=
W $
# #
9 !
=
/"#
w LGW
= $
Y /9# /
#? $
/
"(>:
=
/
/9
='$
#
'>!$
=A( (' : =
#
wW M
'
>#?
/
A'(
/$
='$
=' &#
W ' /!:'
>#W >:
>W $:
MW
(
='
$
#
L #
L #
/ !"
=
/ /#?
(" ==
'(
$
'( $
/
/
/ /
"#?
=$
"!
W !"
>#?
:
!"
#
=' "!
.
=
!
!#"
/ "!
W !!( '
$
'!$
$
$
$%
"#
/ '!#
)&'-/
$
/ '
/ !'( /W
V
#:
(W =#A
S $ /'
#
'(
/ "!
=
A # /!!
A6
" : /9
$
'( !A'
">'
># .
A'
/
!$
/"''$
/ # $
A '/
/9
6
/ #
./ 6
3 4262
'
)&'-*
"!
( )&- q
LW
(
2
!"#$ )&'-/'W
AW
"!
A'
' #W '( >
L
A
$
' !V
(
/ >(
/ #
/"''$ '(
L
( '
qW
=
(
='(
w
/"#
' $!
(" (!! /9
(
( ":"
: !
='
'
"!
/ '
LW
:
$
$
> $ 42;2
!- ) 2
# ": :
M
>(
=
!
!A'
#
'
/9
>(
!
$
">' (
/9
!
!
/ $ "("
7( >
(
/ 9#'
$
"
(
(
L
"!
L
/ !#"
B("
=# "
A
$
(
BH
A W
7( >
A
/"# :
(
=
'
!!
M
/ '
(
:(W = =>
'(!
"
/9
/#
=$
A 6
2
/(
6
/'
=
'
'( ! #
(
/ = #
8
w
=$6
L /"'#
L
( =
/
$
$
=='#
!=
2 ("' /
/ # "!
L
/ '
wi
!$"A
. >:
W $:
/9
= '(
9 (:
/9
'
!>(6
$
W # >(
/9
(6
( W =
#:
/9
$
M
/ # 2 '
'( 6
/9
$
W '
/ > ?
=' F =
[: "!
8 =#A
='
/ :
$
3 4272
LW
A
#
$
( '
(
(
wi
"# !A'
: / !$ "!
wj
">'(
#6
'
* 9( /
> $ 42<2
=
$
' !
/
H
!- ) 2
/
[:
># F
$
:(W 9
MW
6
>#?
=W
!>(9
L
'
S/$
'
"!
8
"6
/
LW
/$
. >:
W $: $ "!
=A ==
( #
$
/
! $ /9
'(
!#
=$ =
'( $
/ !!"
W
L
(
$
/
A
A W
#
/ $ !A'
#
>#
">'(
">'(
=
#
#
W
>#?
>#? b<
"(!
=/'
L # '
'
">'( #
>#G 8 ' !
=
L !A'
/ /(
=# $ $
># '#
( "!
=
W
>#
='
$
$
> $ 421=2
/
!
/
'!(
:
9! #
>#
TA
[:
='
H E
$
"
"!:
8
#
'
' 6
M W
L(M ) T Ad
!- ) 2
"
. '(
TA
/
/( "!
Lt T A
/ =#A
$
/
T A F=>
/G &#
W =
/ #
'( #6
Mt
># "!
W =
LH GW
(
#
c(MM,w ) LT A GW
xW MM,w
Mt
#
MM,w
= # /9
x
(
2 "!
L=
2 =A /
Mt
"!
LH
/ A$
G
&# '
=/#
=
L=
L1
L2
#
*
=
(
MM,w
=
=# '#
w
/ "!
='$
='$
'( #
=
F/9
":"
MM,w
L(MM,w ) =
#
B("6
c(M, w)
(
=$ /9
/
#
LT A
/ :
":"
/"''$W
L1
> $ 42112
!- ) 2
=$ "!
/$
(
F/9
L(MM,w ) = Lt
LH
#
/ #?
(
#
c(M, w)
wGW
=#A
/("
/ D:
%
$
L1
L2
&( $
L1 = LH
/
/
LH
$
L2
/
L2
D =#A
/
LH
L=
W "!
=' B
M1
#
=A
F9G
wW
= #
LH
=>
#
=
(
M2 W
#
wW
ERGW
L=
wW
F=!=
M2
M1 = M
( '
(
(
L=
/ '( =
=$ /9
(
/ /
=(>
wW
(
w
=
;
wW =>
Mw
' (
M1 , M2
(
M1 , M2
'( #
":"
#
$
W
c(M, w) LH
M1
/ =$ '( #
#
=
=$
wW
=
(
=
/
c(M, w) LH
A(?
;
=>
9 '(
(
B("W =
=' =#
!!( '
=$ '( #
=$ /9
''/(?
/ '(
M2 = ERMw W :
' (:W =$
'( #
M
/ '
M2 = ERMw
=
c(M1 , M2 ) L=
=>
''/(?
/
/ "!
M1 = M
'
#
/ :
=
/
D =#A
"("
=# F
=$
M2 W
'
=$ '( #
'(W =!=
#
$
W
/ =
=
'!
: 6
: S /$
"!: /#: />? : ' "!:
:#
[
' /"''$
=#A
/
' !
/
$!
$
> $ 42142
/
"!
/#
/>? :GW :
#
'
G # '!$
'(: $:W
M1
'
M1
&(
M1
(
M1
M
'
&( '(
B
>
L1
M2
#
8 # '
>#? "!
M1
&(
NW
'
L2
'
9 #
M2 W
M1
M1
$
'
A'( "(? :
N
&(
(
92 G [:
$
M1
M1
"!
M1
M
'
L2
&(
'
M2
#
/ #? :
M2
#w#
>#6
='$
#
/ :
A
#
M1
YW
L2
#w#
( /
>#
#
''/(
#?
W ( '
L1 L2
>#
/ :
A
#
#?
/ #? :
M2
#w#
>#6
M2
#
8 # '
&(
#
=$ "!
M1
/ :
A
#?
L1 L2
>#? "!
/ =#
L1
''/(
8 # '
>#
M2
/
A'( "(? :
M2
/
'
L1 L2
= #
H
L1
''/(
#
"!
=$ "!
M1
>#
8 # '
9G 7! '(:
>#
#
#
"!:
91 G [:
' $: : =
/
"!
M2
/ =#
/
L2
>#
"!
$
'
M2
/
A'( "(? :
2 G [:
L1
"!
$
Y
=
1 G [:
OKKK
!- ) 2
>#
"!
F' /
' 6
='$
"!
F' /
'
:#
#'
M1
='$
#
''/(
L1 L2
#W
/ :
A
#
#w#
/ #? :
$
M2
B
>
/ '
#
: =
= #
$"
W ( '
(
"!:
"!
L1
'
L2
#
'$
$
M1
'
M2
>#
#
8 # '
'/(
/ :
A
'
"!
L1 L2
D:
( : =
#
M1
>
w = uv
M1
A'( "(? :
/
> #
NW
( =
'
/
#? :
"2 G [:
/9
M1
'(
(
"!
L1
'
L2
M2 W Y
N
'
( : =
#
M1
"!:W #
#w#
M2
=
M2
> #
A$
M1 W
/
/9#
M1
M1
"
M2 >
'(
>#
'6
/
=$
'
'
u L2
9 !
(
M2
= "#
!
$W
M2 W M
= 6
/ #? :
/
/ =
$
'
=' ./
(
=
(
W = ' "!
/ # :
/"#
= A'
M
(
=
/ '$
/9
$
'
'
/9
/
v L1
wW >
"(?
M2
$W =!= #
#:
#:
'
w = uv
/9
!9
>
FG
/"#
>
/
8 # '
( =
A'( "(? :
u L2
>#
='$
#
L1 L2
'
"!
/9
'
/ #? :
/ :
A
'
D:
>#?
#:
#
M1
'6
9 !
'/(
v L1
(
=
M2 W
/
wW >
'$
$
=
M1
"!:W #
#w#
/9
L1
= # #
/W 6
W (
#
L1
OKKKH
#
%#
$
M1
8 # '
( =
u L1
9 !
>#
#
"
/
>
'
/ #? :
M1
L1
M1
( =
u L1
!
/"#
wW
#
/
>
M1 >
/
N
w = u
M1
'(
FG
!
(
(
NW
>#
#:
N W # '
M
''/(
/ :
A
6
=$ "!
'
L1 W
L1
#
A'( "(? :
/
M1
D:
>
w = u
'(
M1 W =>
M1
'(
/W !9
L1
9
!
= #
$W =!= #
#:
(
6
= #
=' ./ /9#
(
=
#?
/9
>
= "#
'(
M1 W Y
#w#
#
=
=
=>
8 # '
/
=2 G [: "!
A'( "(? :
M1 W (
#
D:
M1 W
L1 W
L1
=
M1
/ :
A
6
>#? "!
'
#w#
''/(
/
>
M1
/"#
=
wW
$
=
/ '$
$
'
'
/9
(
GW
$!
%
# '
!
9!
>#!
"
#9
Y:
= (W
/ '(
! "
'' !
/ $
/ /$
"!:
> $ 42162
FG E
9! 6
8 ' !
/
#
"'
!
/>? :
GW L(G) =
d
F9G E
=
G1
G2 W
'
"6
/$
#= "!d
F"G E
$: =
/
(:
#9
M1
#9
M W /(
'
M2 W
=$
/( #=
"!d
F=G E
$
/
(
/
=
/
!(6
!- ) 2
"'#
!
FG 2 =A
$
W
/ =#
?
9'$
=$
/ "!
LH W
/ #
6
#
#?
>#W
"!
LCF = {c(G) : G # "' ! />? : ' L(G) = }
+ =
(
(
MW
=
G = "(
!
#
w ''/(?
/ "( !
=/$
/9
=$ #
$ /9
/
#
9
/
w
[W
$
&
"
= :#?
(
Q=$
( /"''$
!
wW
= "(
/
A
%$
$
/
&#
:
/9
$
uaqv W
(
# '>!
!
/9
M W =!=
FG = #?
$
/9
8
"
9
#
=
C1 = #w#s
=# '#
Cn = uahv
Ci+1
9(
"' #
=
' /
M
!
G ''/(?
#9
/ /$6
''/(? $
$
/
"
/ #
G
(
'
/
Ci
/ = # /
(q, uav)
M
# $:
(
E!=
$
/
FG /(
/ '(
=$ '( /9
w M
(
G
/ = #
'(
>#6
? !$"A : : FG FG ' FG &='( " #: FGW
! #
=!=
''/
# :
/ $
/
"6
3.&492W
>
CiR
# #
> /9
# /"'# 9
# '
(
Ci W
#9
#9 9"# #
FG
R
Ci M Ci+1
FG
CiR M Ci+1
!
"
9
P
"
i (
=# '#
/9
A :
='#
Ci
# 6
$
9
/
>=
W
$
'
/
FG ' FG '
'
$ $
==
#9
i W
FG ' FG "(>
!$"
/ ( =
">
[ #: FG (" =/
&# '
/
W
/
6
(!!
! !$"
/
PW
#6
:
A
7S
'
=9(?
/ /(
Ci W
/
'6
$!
Ci M z W
M
$
!/#
h/'( /
9
#
69
$!"
/9
> *
&
9
/9
'( #:
(
? : "
"'
(
Ci
(
z
(
z '
/ #
/>
#9
/
W /"'#6
/ $
=$ #
'(
G2
$
/
/
/
"
/
$
"(
'(
:
:
=
=
"'$
#9
( =
9! '(
&# '
F9G #?
" !
9
$
'( '
"'$
!
/>6
#
/
: '(:
#9
W :
/(
" #: : $: /6
(:W
W ("
G1
/ "(
9! ("
=(
/
=
#= "!W
F"G S /
/ = :#?
/GW /9
M
F9G &(
/ F$:
/(
!$" /9
9
#9
%%
(
=$
$ /
$ /
!
$
#9
'(
=$
!
/9
=$
/
W = #
=# '#
/
W ( '
#9
'(
#9
(
!
#6
>#
=$
! /
$
'
%
$
'(:
E'
"
GW # L(G) = d
FG E
#
!
/>? : "'
F9G E
!
/>? : "'
'
"!
F"G E
'
'
'
'
!
/>? : "'
'
"!
RW # L(G) Rd
&# = ": /
"!
!
/>? : = # '!$
'(: /!:6
' '
Q
9! >
'(
> $ 42172
'
G2
F"G 2
F=G 2
!- ) 2
":"
FG [:
'
9!H
=A
/
' "! d
9!
!
(
:
9!(:
/
/ "#
#
qQjPW
'$ S /(
P + +
$
K = {a1 , a2 , . . . , ak }
/
/
G1
L(G1 ) L(G2 ) = d
L(G1 ) L(G2 )
P CS GW
/!: / : "!:
#
"'$
!
/>? :
F9G 2
[:
'
FG &#
+ =
' $: =
P CS
'9
$
$ 9
!
k
SA
?"
(ui , vi )
='
'
SB
i = 1, . . . , k
#:
[:
GA = ({SA } K, K, RA , SA ),
GB = ({SB } K, K, RB , SB ),
/ = 6
!
$!
:
#:
'
#?
#
%
:
=# '#
"'$
/$
"
#
"!6
' #
9! !
P CS P
F9G [:
9
( '
(
P CS P
= $ #W
'
c K
#?
KW
:
FG (:
[: #
/
"!
L1 = {wcwR : w K }
'
L2 = {xcy R : x LA , y LB },
LA W LB
"!
/$
# 6
'$
"!
!
/>? : ' '
'/(
#
"'$
L1 L2 = {wcwR : w
L1 L2
=!=
#
&A(?
# ='
'
#
G1
'
G2
L1 L2
L12
/ /
(
P CS P
= $ !
= $
L1 L2
=
G ' /
W ( '
(
# :
#
(
>
"!
P },
"
$A 99!
L12 = L1 L2
W ( '
# '#
'6
.!!(
# #
'
=#A '#
!
G1
/ "( "!
L1 L2 ' >:
(
L12 = W
F9G #
%
$
F=G [:
L12
8
G1
#:
F"G 2
L12
# '
/ /
w L(G)
/ "( "!
(
(
L12 =
9! ( =
i //#6
/ $ =
> $ 42182
=>
/9
=
&# !
!- ) 2
"!
P + +
[:
LA ' LB
:
[: "'
$
P CS W
"'$
/ FG
GA W GB
/ :
'
%
G
G = ({S, SA , SB } K, K, RA RB {S SA , S SB }, S),
=>
$ $
9
B("W (
=>
( $ =
"'
(
GA
w LA
=>
'
(
L(G) = LA LB
D =#A
/
(
w LB W ==
/
#
$ $ #
' $
8
$
L(G) =
/
GA
=>
'
GB
/9
'
. >:
W
GB
# '
=/
:(
.!!(
i1 , . . . , in , n 1 ' /
/9
(
&
0
AB
,
QO45VO345678 '1
,
" , 345678 ' "'1
&
'1 "
*
, , '
345678
, 345678
345678
345678 '
* ^ '
1
345678
" ,
%
"
%
%!
$
[: "!
LH
8 "!
#
#
$!"
( =
/
MH
MH
H
$
'
MH
h/'( A ( $
H
/
5 4242
[:
#
>#
Mk
9!W (
>#
/
" =
9!
(
#
/
Mk
:
A
H
w
Mk
&(
#
$:
/ #
Mk
/ '
!(9 '(
$ $ 9
c(M, w)W
. '(
b<W > # b<W =!=
#
!'
F >
b<G
5 4262
FG E
8
#
!
/>? : "'
9! / #
*)'+'
' !
K/ e
K/ e
&(!9 $:
/ = =
!
K/ e
&(
=>
F9G E
/ ! 9
' 9
'(
!
!"
/
'
'
u1 , u2 , . . . , uk
#
G
!H
A u1 u2 uk
/ = =/#
>( b<W
>( i.<
!
/>? : "'
"!
/
GW # L(G) = d
L(G) = Rd
&#
R L(G)d
G '
'
./(
'
9! #
&
(
&)
*)'+'W
= ( $:
# !
F"G E
9! # (
L(G) R
#
L(G) Rd
( '
(
./
9! #
L(G) R =
? : "!
'
'
G '
'
*)'+'
==
$
/
!
/>6
'
"!
W :
# /!:'
L(G) R
'
.!!(
# ":
RW RW # '
L(G) = W
!
/>? : "'
"!
/
R =
%"
# !
9!
'
#
$
CA % *
% 4212
LH
[: "!
D =#A
#
># B("W $: =
L(M )
L(M )
8
:
A
H
#c(M, w)#
. '(
/
#? #
' ( =#
># (
=(
MH
$!"
MH
=$ /9
=$
"!
/
>#?
#
(
# A /
#w#
$:
w
% 4242
/ =#
# (/
$V /'
!"
/
#!/
#
!
FG E
#
'(
&#
*)'+'
#:
F9G E
># '
/
' =
9!
9! #
!"
/
#!/
#
/
w
pW
#!/
'
/
#
F 9! F=G
'
'(
(q, a) = (p, b)
M
" '(
' /9 !
/
#!/
># '
/ D:6
p = h
A' ' #d &#
!"
q, pW /( '(
q=s
#
'(
wW 9#
'(
/( '(
=>
'(
pW /( '(
# $
/
#
w
'
'(d
9!
" '(
#
9!W =
F=G E
!"
)G #:
$
q = h
'(
9!
F"G E
= =>
" (
M W '(
q ' =
9!W = =>
#
'9
":"$
(!
A' #
'(
> R "
/
'
aW
pd
&#
6
*)'+'
6
'
"(>
b {L, R}
$
*)'+'
9!W =
># '
>#?
6
& * (
M = Ma
#
9
=>
'(
9!
"
MW
!"
"(>
/
M
#!/
$ # '(
*)'+'
/
= Ma
#:
"
#
A' ' #d &#
(
FG E
/ A'
' #W "(>
=
' 9
'(
'
9!W =
># '
a W
' 9
#
>#?
MW
:
6
=>
#
'(W
> # A
b<
FG E
>!
( $
==
#
$
' /9
A' #
/ # $
: 9(:
/
$"
(
wW
'#
'6
=>
' ==
'
'>!
( F=!= # '>! $ #= $W "(>
'(
9
# #
/(
9 !
(q, a) = (p, b)
/"#
$
$ '(
#
9
#
&#
*)'+'
xW
FG E
Ma
=
"!
'(
#
/
!"
MW
*$W !
'$
$
!
>#?
>#?
'(
9!
!"
/
M
#
/
#
#:
/
=
c(M, w) '
=
L = {a}
=$ (!!d &#
*)'+'
9!W = =>
#!/
># '
/
/ =
/ '( #6
=$ $ "!
W
!
' : =
=$ d
#!/
/
xW
r+1
! 9
># '
'
/ '
9!W = =>
b {R}
W ("
r+1
"
=/$
=>
F?G E
=$ '( #
6
9!
/ (!!
F=!= '
!!(
$
$
'
'(W
FG E
=
#?
!/
/
"(>
Me
"
#
' : =
/d &#
Me G
># '
'(
9!
=$
2
!"
/
/
# '
' /9
=/
#6
'
/ (!! #
(
F=
++
%
D&",
R
(/A
!
/
/ '>!#
/ $ # "(!
G F9G
# S / F
:
9!(:
99!#
$
&='(
$
/ '
/ =/='
$
"
/ 6
/ >$
/(
!' :
'
/ '(:
/ >$
/ (
/
9!W :
#
qQjPW
" !
9!
@ +
st
O:P:,)Q
D A
""
B ' " ',
.H
iN
CrQjPQOMPQjW 0-,
st
&!!(=
."6
st
S: WJ#"CEJQ
/ 99!#
.H
/
&'=
+'
9 W
00-
R|Qm
}^KjPk qKjjG
&@ E *
st
st
Z:[XEJ"Q
vQjPQW gMjjH
qwx
q`Oj4KjW 00-
st
$
/
'(
=#A
!:
3- !
*
B$ : (:
9!(:W
'
' !
/ >$
=>
/
Z:`8dEQ JI:Q
PMmW 0),
99!#
"
\
/=
>#
q5KPQW iH
9!
{M iQj6
2
%%'
1 P*& 0.)(2?
'
!
% "
' '
* ^
'
!
'
, '1 '
).)(2 &2. ).)(2 ?
&.* )
&' '
& '
%*
' !
& %
' '
* i
1 &
! %
"
*
1 %
P
N P EXP % &
P N P ' ' * A "
N P
" ,
N P %
1 "
!
%
&
&
A!1 '
% %
'
1
'1 '
% &
*
.
1 ' % &
'
N P *
-$ !
: ,
& , ';
< '
" % '
"
< ' ' ' %
, !
!
' '
< '
"
, '
%
< '
345678
345678
< '
'1 ! &
"
345678
< '
"
DT IM E
N T IM E
P N P EXP
< '
N P
,
< '
'
% ' '1
%
%
, ""
< '! ' N P %
SAT
&
&
. / -0
<
" %
<
'
%
'
<
<
%
' "
<
<
< ""
%
<
P > ?
< ,
<
N P >
?
<
EXP >, ?
<
%
< N P
< ,
QMMj %
SAT
<
P N P
"
#
%
&
&
*&
!
>
#
= ":
'<'2.)
/
9!
S0
N
=' (
( =
=>
$
'
'
# '
S0
9!
/
#
W ==
"#
W
#
(":
/"''$
'
$
/W !!(
=
=
>
T SP
!F
+$ F
8
#
# /'(
'
$
!
/
/ !
/ "'
/"''$
S0
&#
/
" :
T SP
FM^KOO
==
/
!
# (
/ '
/ '
# ": :
9! #
& :
$
/ (
= #
W !9
/
#6
)*&'&'2
G E=
$
/
# :
A
H
n>1
A=
/
[
'
9!
'
/
?( 9
( '( ! =
! S
9! # #":
(
#?
S $
SW
>
xMOKjLM qQ`OKLGW
:
Q 9! / #
S $
B
#
S0
"'(
!:W
S
/W '!
/
!''
/ /"''$
$
W
9! >
/
#
/ =
>"
' $
9! /
=' #:
)&1&
/:
!9( $ ' !
(:
(
$
=#
/ / !
n1
i=1
!
/ ='
(dij )W
dij
#
j
{1, 2, . . . , n}
/ !6
d(i)(i+1) + d(n)(1) d
"
!F
[
'$ ?
'G '$:
/G
v : S N
%
* + (
B N
+$ F
( /
S S
B W =!
'$: $
xS
:
/
Q
9! # #>
(
v(x) = B d
*'( bJ"D8Y
!
/ =:
+(!!
#
6
'
qKK mK KLMP F16))GH
+$ F
'
(x, y, z)
B
= $
$
yk
!/#
k3
zk d
/ 9!W #
/
' $ $
SubsetSum
xk
$ " /
" /
!
" /
.
=
SubsetSum
9!
/ " /
=
./
$
Q 9!
$
/ '(
7
#
=/ #!/
'(
&#
:
( =>$ " /
"
/ # ": :
9!
;( f'>
H
!F
[
> : A F W '$ : W )W )W 1W )1 = G ' $
+$ F
*
S /
9!
/ =(>
#
d
":# '#
/
9!
<*'
'(: V!(
/
[
'(
#
/
$
!#
/ #
!#
#=
9!(: (!
/'(
/ =
(!!
9! #
!/!
<</
>
D
'
"
#=
(
$
%
9!(:
:
(dij )
=(>
=#
9!(:
: '
/
0&3/ )24
"(>
G /(
# '(
/ (!
&# /(
0&3/ 5/
/ !
'
(="
&# /(
'
j
.
=
' 9
#
(
!!( '
/
'(
==
(
!
# '(
' 9
(
: =
(
' 9
' 9
'(
' 9
' 9
'(
i
/
/
#
:
(
B
#
jd
/
:
(
' 9
/ 9!
#
' 9
&# /(
/ !
:
(
jd
&# /(
/ !
0&3/ -&'
/
0&3/ )&-
jd
:
( =
&# /(
!
/ #W
' 9
0&3/ 3*')
jd
' 9
!
/
#
/
(
/ [: #
"
"(>
B
!# !: : =
FG
(
A : ' 9:
i
F=G
/ =#
#=
F"G
/ '
B
F9G
G = (V, E)W
: ' 9:
$ #
FG
/ $
&
&
B
!6
# !
jd
=# '#
/(
>/'
#!/
A : (: : =
=/'
9!(: !
!#
#: >
W ( #: ?
W /$
#6
: 9!
(
#
' $!
#: #
# '(:
=' &(
!:W
'
!
$
$ $
#
#?:
!
: =
9!
' :
.))&23
6
9! >
F'#
!
W
2 #:
#
!
/
/ =
/"6
/
%
* + (
/
#=
9!
'(: '
=
/ /
9!
(W
9 =/'
/
'(!!!
/
!W =>
#=
)*&'&'2
=(>
9!
#=
9 =/'
#
!#
' '(
!#
!!( #:
'
=
9!
/ (
W # / $
"'
>
( ":#?: !: $
9
=/'
/"
$ #
9! =
/!(
!#
#!/
(!!
/
=
9! B
'
/
"(>
/
#:
/A(
# !
/
('/'!
9!
9!
%
%
&
&
)#
. &
> -.
7
&
' .
2 $
&.-2 +L
/
/
/=
#=
9!
!/!
=(>
D:
=
=#
(
!/!
!/!
N
'
"$
E'#
/>
.
=
/ =/
( #=
=
! $
n0 N
!
/
/ /
/
#=
#
6
/ '6
( #=
)*&
( # !
/(
W =!
(
/(
n n0
>
(W
!/!
'
=>$ '/#:
$:
'(: 9#?
(
9(
/ A
"!
/ #
#?
A
/:
B=
$ #= />
$
/ "6
#
/G
/(
F
" !
/( '(
=
/ F :
=
n
n N
/ "$
#
/ #?6
$
/ ( :
'
#:
/
( #: #= />
/
/ /
'
!"
: >/'
./ "#
/ !"
/ !"
'
!"
/
' (
(
'!(
/>
!/!
./ A(
/
.)'(/ .
!"
/
(
n $
/
!
GW =!
/(
n
#
=
#= /6
/ ' :#
.)'( .3'
=
#= />
(
#6
%$
3 6212
[:
'
g =
/
f, g : N R+ ' n N
D !$
f (n)
#
$
*< 2'(&
g(n)
c, n0 N
' /9
( /(
!#?
/ /
/ >/'
#
f (n) cg(n) n n0 .
/(
>/'
!#?
/ / $
n0 N
c>0
(
limn f (n)/g(n) = 0.
f (n) = (g(n))W
( '
!#?
/ / $
(
2
( '
!#?
/ / $
!#?
/ / $
(
2
( '
( /
f (n) = O(g(n))
7
/(
()
n
# /9
R /9
!
f (n) = (g(n)).
#
!
!
'
'
>
"
/ A
O()
=# $ (: >("
()
$ '9$
R /9
!
%
f = o(g)
!$
f = (g)
'
/(
#
:
/W =!
!$
f (n) = (n2 )
n2
'
g
"!
/ 9
8$
'
/ '#?
[:
:#
8 $
!//
/!
n2 W
f (n) = O(n2 )
/!(
$
""
/
>$
=/
!$
&# :
' !
$ /(
&
&
/
2n + 1 = O(2n ) !!(
Y
/ ?#
(: '
>'
W =! '9
B
'(:
/9
W
/
()
!
/
"(V
(:
$
>'(
= #
'
#
/
E=
$
/ !!" 9(
!!(?
"(>
"#
/
/
f (n) = O(log n)
/
/ !
"#
/
6
:#
!$
9(
6
/
&#
logk n = O(n)
" '(
k N
E=
2cn
$
2O(n)
nc = 2c log
'
n
nc
nO(1)
&#
p(n)
(cn )
c = O(1)
!!( '
nc
"(V:
2O(log n) W
==
&# '
!//
&(
!$"A
n = o(n)
/
!//
# 9
dW
(nd )
%
$
/
' !
/
$
H
c > 1
p(n) =
%$
n log n = o(n2 )
n2 = o(n3 )
2 :#
!/!
f (n) #
#:
/
( #=
/>
/
# '/#:
9!
/
O(log
9!
O(1)
'#?
#
'
G
'
6
* !( ! "
(
!"
/ "$
$"
O()
/
9!
h/'( $
#:
/
'!
#
!/!
$"6
/ "(! "$
/ 6
" "$
A
' :
=
'!(
"#
(A #:
O(2O(n) )
n '
/
'
(A
# A'( "(!
*(-*'(+
/ #
#=
(
/ '/#:
=>$
n), O(nO(1) )
)..'(+
= >#?
9!
'(
W
# /!$
\'
/
( >(W
F=!
(:
(
!"
o(f (n))
'
=>$ ":#?
>
<&'-'(+Q
'
=#A "
O()
&(
/
' !
/
=
H
f (n) = O(g(n))
'
g(n) = O(h(n))
f (n) = O(h(n))
<=
#
&(
'
<= "
$
/H &(
'
!
%
&
&
% 621
+(V V/=
#
/$
/
=
'(?
#
!
(: '
/
/
'(:
#
6
=$
/ !
/
/
: =
'
%%
"
)#
. &
. &
#
.
?
. !
&
# 7
Y:
#:
!/!
'
W
#
$
!/
>
W $ ' #:
/
9'
/
/ '$!
!"
!!( 9(:
.(!
/ >:
3 6242
M T GW
t(n)
M T GW
/ '(
#
'
[:
=
#
"
#=
!/!
/ (
'
H
2
t(n)
#
'
!/!
'
$"
n
#
9(:
8
'!#
t : N N W
"
n
B
/ =
"
t : N N W
"
# /(
/
=
$!
M T
3 6262
/
/ '(
/
' !
[:
# /(
"'
/ 2 $ / = "#
=
8
2
t(n)
#
'!=# /
'!#
'
=>
!/!
$"
"
t(n)
$
'
9(:
"
/
#
=
M T
!/!
'
6
/ A
'
'
'
7
=
W
M T
#:
!9(
M T
$
$ #?
/ / V
:
'
=A '
#?
"
& 6
/ # #
#?
(!!
!!"$
'!=# /
/
/ #=d 8 ' !
/ / $ " =
!/!
'
/ :
/ /
/ =#
9'$
!!"$
/ :#
#
%
> $ 6212
&( "!
=6#W
M T
'
t2 (n) =
/9
(
=
/
> $ 6242
&(
"!
M T k6W
t1 (n) M T
>#?
>#? '!'
6t1 (n) + 3n + 8 n N W
/
W
L
&
&
>#?
>#? '!'
+ 3)t1 (n) + 5n + 15 n N W
t2 (n) =
/ /
W
M T
/
t1 (n)
t2 (n) =
'
/9
O(t21 (n))
/ #=
(A
!!!$
#
$
=
'
M T
"
7(
t(n)
/ '!'
"'(
=
#? $
M T
$! #
M T
$
M T
+'(
)..?
!/!
'
2O(t(n))
=
.'!$
=A
=$=
M T
$
/
E=
$
$
!
!
bt(n)
/
W $ /
#
M T W
#
'
' 9
t(n)
'!6
M T
!- ) 2
/ W
O(t2 (n))
/ A
'
'
'
> $ 6262
'
'( '9+
!/!
!
"
=( F
M T
!'(
#
' /
#
2O(t(n))
M T
$ '
'( '
#:
/ '!'
'!'
M T
!
/> '(
M T
M T
/ =$=
b = |K|(|| + 2G
#
/ '( ' 9
=/#
A
/
M T
/ /
* 9(
!
t(n)
6
;
2bt(n) = O(bt(n) )
>!!
t(n) 96
=
M T
$
(2O(t(n)) )2 W
=!
#
M T
%
&
&
='#
!/!
/
' !
M T
'
/
=
'
/
#
"'$
'!(
!/!
"
'
=(6
/
M T H
=# '#
/
' !
/
'!(
!/!
'
/H
( P H P = k DT IM E(nk )W
( N P H N P = k N T IM E(nk )W
N '!(
F !$A
'
O(nO(1) )
#?
WC7G#CD87G
/ ' !9( !
"!
M T
*S (!! ! "
9! >
/ !
)..'(/
# '!(
/
>#?
!9(
!/!
/'( !
!/:/'
3 )&?
W =!
3/
2 '!(
NP
**&'''( )..'(/
'!(
!9( !
"!
Y:
=
!
*)/-*.
2 '!(
' =(>
!/:/'
!
EXP
'
O(2
/
9! >
nO(1)
OC#IJYJ"D#EY^ WC7G#CD87G
>#?
!/!
'(:
NP
M T
''
/ ' 6
!9(
M T
/'(
#!/
W !!(
/ $
/
!/:/'
# '!(
*(-*'(/
/
F !$A
O(nO(1) )
]VWC#J#Y87G
/ ' !9( !
"!
)
'
#
/'(
#!/
W =!
EXP
/
>#?
!9(
9+3 )&3/
!/!
9! >6
$
%
Y:
=
/
/ !
EXP
P N P EXP
/ # "
9(
'>(!
NPW
/
==
#
:
' A
E/9
/
$
/!(
$
/
=/
/
/ =
/ !
N '!(
&
&
EXP
$
="$
$
'!(
A(?
'
7>(!
P
%
%
(
9!
'!(
!/:/'
/
n100
!$ $
' =9
'#
!/:/'
$
!/:/'
!/!
/
* (!/
/ !"
$
9!
/(?
/
/
/ '
/ '!(
#!/
/ !"
B
/:
' !
/
/ /
>
' >
$ #
'(
#?
=#
!
$"
/ $ >
$
/ !"
Pd
#"
/
/ ''(
!/:/'
/ B
/
+ "#
W ">
#
/W ==
$! 8
/
!/:/'
$
=
/
$"
P W $
/
'
/
9!6
':='
#
#
/ "#
/ ' /
= # '(!!! 8
/ !
$!
("
!/!
96
"'
9!
!/:/'
O(nk )
9!6
/
"# /(
9( "! #
(" >
=
/
# S /( #?
$
/
/!$
#
" $ 9!
$
W ("
A 96
(A ==
B ! /(
( >#?
(!/
/ !"
n100
(A:
W / #
>:
:' =
/ !"
&#
$
# $ ' 9# $
'
# ":#?
/
#!/
#
#
/ ''
'$
' '
!"
("
#=
$
/ !"
9! #
$A: !#
9!
/ /:
'
!/:/'
!/:/'( W :
/
''
/
!
#!/
W :
# #:
/ # (!!
9( $
/
: 9(:
=
#
#
/ '!
/
'
%
99
/
R /=/
: =
/
(
P
=
/ ' $
:
# /
#
#:
=#
/ !"
=#A
/ #?
/
/ '$!
!/:/'
/
!'
6
!/:/'
/
":" ' !
&
&
9! '
=#A
/ '
/
/(
/
/ '!(
P
8
>
(
t
9!
>$ S $
8/'(
( $ ' 9
G(V, E)
"(>
'
s $ ' 9
># "!
c(G, s, t)
" (="
i, j V }W
* $
|3 )
O(|V
'
$
[
!
!(
!/!
!
'
!"
' ==
$
!"
' !
$
#
W
/
/ "(>
P AT H
/W ("
/
: '
R "(>
E = {(i, j) :
/ #
>(
9!
$
!/:/'
/
( #
(A:
O(|V
/
||V | )
sW
/
9 $:
/ =
'
W
'$
t $
i
/ "(>
'$
jW
'(
=' $
#!/
A$ !
'$
9!
(!9
% (
/
/ =/(
' 9
' 9
: ' 9:
/ "(>
'(
(!!
/ # ':='
/
! ':='
?
.#W
# $ '
#
' 9
':='
' !
/
!/:/'
!/!
(i, j)
/ "#
jW
'( b<W
'
/ ' /
W
P
%
> $ 6272
!- ) 2
'!
P AT H P
'$
!/#
'( '(
9
=
/
/ "(>
'(
' 9
/'
>
' 9
"(>
$
W = '( (!V !
/ "(>
/
; '!
'
=
!/!
8
'
!"
$
GW
!/!
>
(
$
'
/ &/'!#= F
/ 9#'
9! !
RELP RIM E
!/:6
2
/
/
# #
A
!/:/6
/ ' /
! #= : 9(:
$! #
RELP RIM E W
9!W
/ #
/
!"
2|V | + 2
/
\' !$"A (
!/:/'
=
|V |
>
'(
?
!
'
=$
!/:/'
R /
6
/
7
/ .#W
$"
=6
/ ":
gcd(x, y)
=
!'
!"
$
:
A
H
':='
c(x, y)
#
/ &/'!#=
x, y
=/='
gcd(x, y)
'$!
!"
&(
:
'( b<
/
(!9 $:
(x, y)
=/='
y=0
x := x mod y
(!!A
% E :
[
x ' y
A
$!
' !
/
=A
" '(:
/ =# :
= 6
%
> $ 6282
8
#
CF GW
>? :
n = |w| 2
>
RELP RIM E P
(="W
:
G = (V, , R, S) "( =
8
# /9
9! / #
9.'(+ )&<&'+
#
" '( /
(
>#
w = w1 w2 wn
F '
!/:/'
/ /: !
'
./ ' 8/'$
+!
" /#
!6
!/:/'
!/:/'
/
w
+ '(
R !"
w L(G)
(
i ' j
CF G
/9
(
/ =#
!
1 i i + j nW
V
> R "
$
&
&
wi wj
R !"
! A'
'$
/9
/ '(:
!
/
#?
/
=
$
F'
#
' 9
/9
$
"("
#? /(
jG
>
>#?
T [i, i + j] :
'
'
T [i, i + j]
/
6
:
!
T [1, n]
n2
>
$
'
"'
,<2&'- CF G
* #
T [i, j] := F=!
"
i, j := 1, ..., n
"
i := 1, ..., n
"
j := 1, ..., n 1 '(
$
$
i := 1, ..., n j
)+
k := i, ..., i + j 1 '(
A BC R
C T [k + 1, i + j]W
.!
9
>
B T [i, k]
&# '
'
A T [i, i + j]
!"
$
$
'(
S T [1, n]W
'
T [i, i] := {wi }
%+
- &(
'( b<
#
=# '#
'
P
%
!"
)W
9
>
$
'
/ #
>:!$
#
A BC
/
A
=
#
$"
(
/
$
8
B T [i, k]
T [i, i+j]
/ '
; /
/(
/
./
:=
( '
/
!/!
$
= #
(
' !
'
(!
/ #
'
/9
9!
'!(
/ = '
="$ $
P
/
/
!/!
"! '!(
/
9 #
/
: ' :
'
>
/
"
/'(
/ !"
' :
CF G P
9!
9!
C T [k + 1, i + j]
'
!'(
O(n3 )
!9
"'
/
$
=# '(
/
>
W !V
: 9(: W % '
$ A(
!/:/' ' :
> $ 6292
'
!
/
"'
W =!
'
9
P
'
EXP
7>(!
/
' (!!
./( !/#
!
# = A$
/
/ =
) " E/9
% 624
.
=#A
)
!
%
&
&
/$:
:
'!(
!/:/'
"# $
!/!
/
/# $
/
!"
":#?
/
>#!
9! $
""
"
9!
NP
/ 8
''
#!/
W
!/!
#!/
'
!"
/
/
9!
'!(
9!
'
=#A $
":#?
/ !
M T W
/
(
9
NPW
/
'
!/:/'
&'#
:
!/:/'
!/:/'
/
W =!
'(6
P = N P EXP
[ =
/
>#6
= $
!/!
=
!/:/'
!"
'( S !
/ ' !
9!
/"''$
!
#
+ ! /(
/
# $
'
NP
/ #
M T
#: :
("
"
9!
( =
NP
NP
#
# (
!/:/'
'
!/
"#
9!
'!(
>
'!(
*)-*+.*
# !
/ ":#?
#
)..'(+ *)-*.1
!/:/'
* (!! ! "
)..'( *)-*+'W
8/'( $
/
' !
/
=W $
H
/
NP
%
"
3 6272
[
L = {w : E
2 /9
(
(
*)-*./
'!#
-*./
/ '
"! #
N
!
/ $
!/!
c(w, e)
)')''(2
/
/9
# /
w ' "! L
/
" '(
)29*'L
e}.
/ /9
'
!/ $
(
wW
!/:/'
)..'( *)-*+'
)..'(2 *)?
$ $
!/!
'
( $ $
/
*
!/:/' 6
!/
* !( ! "W
:
/
'(
9!
L
8
'
#
" /
= '
9!
/W #
L
L
>
W
!/
F
/ (!
/ #:
' /(
(:
=
' !
(G
/ =
$
=
9!
$
!/
/ /
HC = {c(G(V, E)) :
>/'
G(V, E)W
CN = {x : x = yz
9!
" b<
/(
$
''!
/ "(>
(=
Gd
:
A
H
y, z N
'
y, z > 1}
/d
W # /
> "!: #
/
>#?
9!H
( '( ' 9
"(>
/ #=
$
E
>#? i.<
9! /( $
"(>
/
" /GW
F'!
# (!!
8
$ " /
'
# /9#
("
" /
!/
e /
b< =/
/ '
#
%
7
=
:
9!(: >
$!
!
/9
$ ''!
'(
$
A ==
( >
G
#=
/
/ =
$
9
''!
!/!
!/:/'
/
=
=$
/ $
#
"(>
/
$
"(>
$ $
!/:/'
!W =!
/
/
/ '
#: /
'
NMLOPQ
>#?
( =
'
/
/
G
(=" %W
/
9!
( =
$ :
W '(
HC
"(>:
/ =#
!/:/'
=
'
& !
2 "!
O(|V |)
$A
$
/ # ':='
( '( ' 9
CN
+ "!
/ #
CN
'
.#W #:
2 ! =='# #
#?
$
HC
!/:/'
!"
NMLOPQ i //#
''!
''!
"!
&
&
' /
#
#
/W #
#
! '
#: /
$
!
(
=
/
/
$
' #
#
=$
HC
'#
# " !
'$ ''!
#!/
/
9!
W
/
#=
" !
HC Gd
/
#=
/
X#" '$V
9!
= $
=#" '
CN
/
F
/
HC
/ :
# ''$
= $
!"
=#
!
>/6
!/
' $
!/:/' '
'!
!
9!
!/:/' '
!/:/'
+ )')''(
/
G E!=
' #?
!/
$' (:
. (: =
'
/ # :
''
'( !
$
!
'(
=
F=!
W =>
B
!/:/6
'(
'(
NP
%
9
/
/
!/:/'
!/
NP
$: !/ #
' =#A
=
#
/
/
/ $
/ =
M T G
3 6282
NP
/ $
/
!/:/'
!/$
NP
" /
NP
!/:/'
/
p(|x|)
/
&(
/ =
M T
'
'
/
/ 8
' /
/ '
* "!
>#?
/
:
'!=# /
> $ 62:2
(
#
ME
'
9!
' GW
eW
(
'!(6
! F=!
W
"
/#
#
/ /
NPW
NPW
=
/ (!!
!/
='
=' /
' '!(
NP
= !/
/
#
'!(
!/:/'
' $
M T
9!
9!
/
:
'
EG
!
= $
#
$ " /
( '
p(x)
/
/
/
"!
i.<
F
p(x)W $
!//
'
ME
=/#
( '
(
!- ) 2
$
' !
!/!
/
[: "!
'
!/:/'
O(nk )
$ $
D =#A
/
>#?
MH
$
%
*
#
'
&'$!
&(
!/
#
!/
EH
#
nk
:
'
>#?
8
" /
$
!/:/'
' !
/
/
9!
'
!/:/'
'
B
c(w, e)W
M
e '
(
c(w, e)
L
. >:
W $: "!
&
&
#:
/
=
&( /
=>
#
#?
( /
'
'
e
"
/
( /
"
&# '
P NP
=# '#
!/:/'
W :
$
' !
/
> $ 62;2
!- ) 2
X
$!"
" /
'(W
W $:
# X#"
$
9!
/
9!
/ #
X NP
/
>
EW
/GW
/
# =#A
8 /(
$
/
!/:/'
!>(9
!/
!/
'
/
/ $
/
$
'(
/ $
'( F
=>
'$ !$"
!/:/6
||p(|x|) W
='
!/
$
p(|x|)W
/
=# '(
N P EXP
/
(!!
>#? $ 9!
'!(
iCu\Ru !/
(
/
# '#
:
[: $ 9!
'
!/
B("
!/:/'
/
p(|x|)
!/:/'
'
#
/
'(G
'W
!6
NP
%
%
''
;
p(|x|)||p(|x|)
=!
O(2q(|x|) W
( !/(
=>$
!
!!(
>
/
W
9!
#
A
/ !:W
( B
#=
":#?
'
!!$
>
=(>
!/!
!
A:W
'
>$
/
# $
/ 8
#
/ !
/
9!
/
!
/ (!!
/
" '/#:
A "!: 99!
# '(
"
/(?
6
"
$
=
!/:/6
/ '(:
(=
W
9! ">
9!(: R !
!/!
NP
E=
$
/
W !#"
=(>
/ $
#6
'$
9!(: '
A'(6
'
(
6 :'(
/
=
#: A>" :
/
/
">#W
9!
( "(6
9! = $
/
$W $
/ :
/
(? !
/
9'( 9!W :
! :
/ !
# :
$
9!6
/ !:W A
''
(W (!!
>
/
/ :
'
' A
/6
9!
/ = >$
/ A:W
':$
#=
E#
$
" !
W '9
9! >
' '(
NP
=>$
$
=> "
'
/ :
/ "
9!
'$:W
= "W =
'$
9! '
!//
'
(A
/ :#?
9! ?
!/!
NP
$
:'
!/(
!!( /(
' !
NP
# '!(
:
( ' =>
(?
=#
'(!!!
X EXP
A
'
!/
!: "
#: /
NP
/ 99!#
">#
9!(:
/ R => 6
/ $
/
9! /( >
"'(
'()''2
$: FA6
%
&
&
: :G
SAT
F
$
vQQOKM
&#
/ '
)'*d
=!=
$
(:
NP
3SAT H
&#
>d 8
=
monotone SAT
# $
1in3SAT
/
N AE3SAT
M ax2SAT
SF 6REI H
#
'*
SAT
&*' *31
[
!!$
/ '( (
B!!"
6
/ #6
9!$
# !
!
=(>
)G
3SAT
( '
/ #
/
'( B!!"
9!
'(
positive N AE3SAT
9!$
'
/!(
=(>
$: =
'
3SAT
2SAT
$
k
' '!(
/ =# #
$ =
! 9!
#
=#
=(>
=
'(:H
9!
'( $ =
9! !
=>
'
B!!"
!
'(?
positive1in3SAT
/ #
3SAT W
/
9!$
# !
!
( '
!
"
(:
=>
/
9! / #
> !
/!:'
positive 3SAT W
$
"' $'>
W :
#
'()''2?
"' 9!
> "
"#W
!!"$
'
'
9!
/
(:
F"#d (
)G
'
'$
"!
#?
/d 2 /
OKKKW
">#
$6
%
NP
aij
/!$
#
'
bi , i = 1, . . . , m
j=1 aij xj
:
'
bi
F9G
B W /( !
n6(=
$: FG
9!$
' '$
C = (c1 , . . . , cn )
'#:
# !
xj
m
/
' F"G
9!$
# #
Bd
j=1 cj xj
cN 0&3/ <&4
2 '"
/
# / :
!
:'
:
'/#:
=>$
=!
"(>
/ "(>
b< $'=
''!
$
$
$ !
&#
d : E N
G(V, E)
/ :
"(>
(
GW
/ E
F
$
d(i, j)
NMLOPQ /
"(>
(
' 9:
CLIQU E H
$
#
'
'
!' '
/(
(i, j) E
(+(
( '(
GW
/( $
)'
( '( ' 9
9# '#
#
$
(i, j) C
"(>
|C| k
$
"
GW /(
/
"
/!(
Bd
'
'$
|C| k
k 2W
/
d
/(
' 9:
/
d
"(>
'
'$
(. (23 C V
$
' 9
F
"(>
/( $
"(>
(( (23 C V
j W (i, j) E G
' 9
(i, j) C
)
9! 6
/d
Y /N T SP H
!!(
9!
/d
HAM ILT ON P AT H H
%
$ '!
/ "(>
R8D7YC#W =!
9! "(>:W :
'
' 9
W '
( ( !$ # '//
R8D7YC#W
9!(: !9(
G '
'$
|C| k
$
('
F' 9
#
'( '
G
Cd
%
-
/(
iV
,
'(
M AXIM U M CU T H
()*
#
"(>
$
=
/
&'+
/
#=
k
"
#
Cd
' 9
$
'( ' 9
'
'$
/ =
#
=
"(>
GW
'
#
kd
' 9
# ' 9
d
CHROM AT IC N U M BERH
#
G '
'$
"(>
W =!
'$
A : =
|C| k
'
GRAP H 36COLORIN GH
1
$
(. ( C E
# ('
kW
0
&
&
'
' 9
# ' 9
/
$
"(>
G '
'#
&'+ k
$
/
#=
! $
d
9! /( >
'/#:
$
A
P ART IT ION H
(
# /
'$:
9'*&'*
#
/
t 1 , t 2 , . . . , tn W
#
'
TW
/
'$!
=
BIN P ACKIN GH
a1 , a2 , . . . , an
$
: #
=
:
KN AP SACK H
"$
$
a1 , a2 , . . . , an
'#:
/GW
/ $
/
('9.G '
(!!
S n
v1 , v2 , ..., vn W
/ '$
'
!
/d
"
'
#
/d
'$: #
F!
/
/ $
'#
/ !
' A#
=
#
&)&<&'+
/
/ !
/
/ !
' =
$
"#
$
=
: '$:
"$
%
/ !
" : #
'!
$
a1 , a2 , . . . , an
"$
#
)(*&'+W
!W
'$ (
! #
Cd
'$: #
'$
F :' 6
%
NP
'$:
ai P
P S
vi V W =!
$
ai P
ai K W
/ /
=!
&+
'#=
/
#
'
/ A
Vd
)
/ #
(
/
'
-
$
/ !:
"$
"$
'
!" /
$
/ '
A, B, C n 6
:
$
S
/
"$
/ !
#: $:
$
/ !:
#
:
'
SW
(=
kW
/(
/(
/
/
'
"$
!
S W =! (+)*' S d
S
/ A$ A
/
/
(+)*' (&'3
Sd
"$
$
'9$
'(!/
'$:W
#: $:
9!
3n '#W
/ !
/
/
F'( (=
(?
'
'$
$6
(=:
$
/( $ /
&'*&1 &'
R A B CW
=>
/
$
6
!
B!6
! '$6
n '9
/
!
!
%
&
&
9!
' ='
>
S $ =
/
9!
$
#
$
$V
#
'
=
.
=
/
/
/
=
/'
!
/
!
/
=>
/
$
' !
'$:
!/!
9!
'
W :
# ("
!
=
B = |V |
Y /N T ST
Y /N T SP
:!
!: : '
/
' $: ":#6
Y /N T SP
/ "(>
/
/ # W =!
"
#
9!
9!
P ART IT ION
NMLOPQW
/ (
/
!
B dU
*
/
"$ '
'$ (
!
/
/ : '$:
N U M BER OF SU BSET S
/
'
B = T W
n1
#=
.
'( !$"
/
/
P ART IT ION
'( '!
'$: '
/
#
R !/
$> :
(
(!
' /
$> (
: /
#
" :
P ART IT ION
N U M BER OF SU BSET S :
A
H
/ / !
/
N U M BER OF SU BSET S
/ '$:
'(
/
' $: ":#?
&( = # ( b< ' ( E>
!/
#
'
2
'
":"
'
: "
#= "$
/
!/!
/
'
#!/
'!(
/
! '$: /(
/ !/
(
# (
/
/ !
B W /
(
'
=#A
=#" ":"
' /$
&#
$
: ' 9:W =!
" /
"
'( b<
!
!/!
!/!
[:
=#
TE
":
9!
d(i, j) = 1 (i, j) E
#
9!
G(V, E)
"(>
>#
(!!
'( =
[:
=#
?
="$
/
(!!
'
":"
":"
=
n2
!/
B
>
=>
(
B = T
(
n1 n2
: " :
%
( + (
. NP 1
'$:
/ =
T
P ART IT ION
(
+'( $
/
&(W /
W =>
:
# /
/
F:
'(:
9! >
#
9!
( # =$
#= ":"
>:
:
"
"!
XW
/'(
/ $ !
$
'(
&#
/ !>(9
9!(:
G
3 6292
!"#$
!"
*
F=! $ /
.&'(/ <</H
#!/
x XW
( '
)..'(/ <</W
/'
!/!
!"
(
Y
X
/
'
p(|x|)W
!"
/
Y
(
#
Y
$ /6
' /9
!#?
/ /
f (x) Y,
#?
$
:#
G
p '(
T/
#!/
[ " /
$
!//
!/:6
/#U !
'!#
(6
9! >
/
( /(
#!/
F' /9
( '
/ /
#!/
G "
(
!#?
'
"' $
?
[ 9! >
$
' /9
[ 9!
X T Y W
$
<&'-'(/ <</H
!"
f (x)
/
#!/
/
9!
/
9!
'
Y W (
!#
%
/ /
#
:#
!!" ' :
(
X T Y
# !
'
" $A
'
>$
/
"!
> $ 62<2
/
X f1 Y
&(
X f Y W
/ " /
|y| p(|x|)W
'
==
/ =
: 9(:
/ ' !
N U M BER
'
y = f (x)W
$
/
# "(6
/ '( $
/ :
Y f2 Z
# =
!/:/'$
6
f1 f2
!#?
' /9
. ":"
#? " /
!/:/'
|y| p1 (|x|)
y Y
!/:/'
X f1 Y
y = f1 (x) Y
B
'
p2 (|y|)
xX
(
'
Y f2 Z
f2 (y) Z
M1
/ " /
#
M2
M1 M2 #?
z = f2 (f1 (x)) Z
$:
9'
" /
/ #
>
!/:/'
#?
B("
'
>
#:
W ":"
x X
*$ =#A
/
p1 (|x|)
X f1 f2 Z
$ " /
$ " /
'
/
'
":"
":"$
W #
!- ) 2
!/!
B
>$
:
(
X
P ART IT ION
"' &#
&#
#
OF SU BSET S
&
&
Z ' b<
/'
":"
$
f1 (x) Y
(
b<
/
x XW
Z
(
%
( + (
. NP 1
> $ 621=2
[:
(
Y P
(
Y NP
(
Y EXP
!- ) 2
X f Y
$ '
" /
|f (x)| p(|x|)
&#
.
Y PW
.
qW
.
xX
>#?
'
6
'
'
q(|y|)
;
q(|y|)
!/:/'
'
y
M
;
!/:/'
'
X NP
$ $ " /
O(2
yY
!/:/'
$
x X
Y EXP W
|x|m
p(|x|)
!/:/'
!
xX
/ A
H
!
/
X P
Y NPW
!//
X f Y
f (x) Y
>#?
' /
X EXP
q W $
!//
X NPW
$ '
. ":"
!/:/'( ":" 8 W
X PW
$ '
#?
#
!
xX
), m N W =!
>#?
''
y Y
!/!
k
2|y| ,
>#?
k N
k
2|f (x)|
'
;
k
2p (|x|)
/
$ '
X f Y
Y EXP
#
X EXP
!$
%
.
'!$
'(:
=
#
/ '#9
:
=
NP
'!(
A
(
/ (!!
A :
FG ' FG
!/!
'
/ F
/
!/!
O(n3 )
O(|x|2 )
":"
#:
'
9!(:
W $!
/
/ ":"
(
!
$ #
"#
/ :
O(n2 )
X f Y
#=
#=
'( #:
=
#
'
3 62:2
*.(
[: '!(
D !$ $ 9!
#?
/
'
/
X f Y
./ #
W :
# FG
#
='
!
' $
/
&'#
)&2W
/
>
":"
t
(
AK
B K
&( "
Q #
B t A.
9!
K ?(&2
/
'
#
8$!
A
$ 9!
= $ !$
#
t S $ K 6!
9!
/ $ '(
2 /' FG
/
' !
!$
/
"'$
H
9!
9! /
9!(:
xX
#
!# #!/
=(A
$ '!( ./ "#
$
(&2
$ /
/
!$ W
'
' =#
H 9'
":"
/ (" 9!
!/:/'
/
/ A
!
EXP W $
#
9!
XW
/ $ 9!
EXP
'
P
'
9!(: ' /
/
A
:#
'!#
P N P EXP G
'!#
!/!
9!
PW NP
'!(
!/:/'$
":"$
./ 9
$:
":"
:
/
&
&
A #
=/'
!
%
( + (
. NP 1
'!(
7(
K
K 6!
9! $ (" '( (!! K 6!
'
/
K 6!
":"
E $
&( /(
/ !
'!(
/ !
/
=$
'#?
/
# /
"'
/ $
9!
'!(
'( !
&( $ $
!
N
9!
'(
#G !
/
!"
9!
6
H
'(W !
=6
!
W / = ' '!( /
'!(
#
/ $=A =/'
/# >/'
'
/
#=
=/#
/
9!
!/!
9! !/#
=/9
'
!
/
'!(GW /( !
N ! " '(
!/!
9!
/ '!(
/ /
'!(
/ ' !
'
9! #?
t
!%
/
N P GW
9!
/
9!
/
F'
!#
EXP G
#
/>#!
[
K 6'! K 6'
K
c
<
!
9! F==
'!(
$
$
/
K 6!
("
'!
' /'
K6
9!6
K G
9! (!!
9!
K 6'!
!#
#
!
"
9! >
W :
#
9!
#
' ?
+ (=" $ 9! >
# (
#
#
/ 9! 9!
#
!
%
&( !
9! >
#
#
#
("
K 6'
K 6'!
#
F=#
.#
=
#
P 6!
/W ("
/
/(
/
EXP 6! W
#?
G
! ":
'!#
"
/ ''
=(>
9!(: !/
'
!
#
99!#
/
.#
'>(!
/
#
!!
/
/ =$=
A NP
" '( 9!
.'9
:
$
9!
/
/6
.# '!(
"(!
/ $
.
=#A
EXP 6
N P 6!:
'
9!W
/
SAT W
[ 9! >
NP
'(
'!:$
N P 6!
3 62;2
6
/ !# /
N P 6!
6
!/:/'$
":"$
: (!!: S / =(
/ 2 ! =='# #
9!
9!
/
NP6
='( 2
( 2 '!(
!/:/'
'( !#
9!(: :
#?
/ $
'
A>"
"'
=A
EXP 6!
=#A
NP
/ A=#6
EXP
N P 6! =>$
==
/ '
'
'(:
S /(
:
PW NP
EXP
/ ":"$
:
' $
=>
(
#
K 6!
W / #
!
"
'!(
! W :
'
/ #
0G
* 9(
(:
'/
$
K 6!
W /
9!
/ >
=(>
&
&
'
B NP
!/:/' ":"
>
"!
/
/(
LH
B f A
/
9!6
>
:
N P 6!
9! '
%
( + (
. NP 1
'!(
:
'
> $ 62112
'
(
!- ) 2
A NP
[:
$
[:
/
'
' !
N P 6!
P = NP
9!
M2
p2 (|b|)
Q "
=!
aA
B NP
/ /
M21
/ #
M1
" /
>#?
&(
bB
:
/
'
!/:/'
;
N P 6!
!/:/'
|f (b)| p2 (|b|)
!'
|b|
p1 (|a|)
f (b) A $
'
bB
PW
A # N P 6!
$
AW B f AW
("
#
N P 6!
;
NP = P
9! 2 =A
' /(
'
0- $=A
= #
#
!/:/' 6
N P 6!
SAT
9! #
!/:/'
":"
>:
N P 6!
#
!/:/'
B N P W
$
(
&=
'
R xPKr4K 3QQJ
P = NP
>
A f B
N P 6!
8
N P 6!
#
>#?
> $ 62142
":"
!/:/'
' W
9!
# '
9!
N P 6!
/
( #
A P
'( (!!
=
N =>
A P
. >:
W $:
P = NP
(
!
NP
(: %11
#
N P 6!
9!
$
./ /:
"#
!/:/'
!/
"
!
%
!/:/' ":"
(" '( ='
"("
N P 6!
9! Y W ("
'( '
#: :
2 "'
/
! !
/ '
/# =#
!
SAT
/
# !
# '(
>
!(
!- ) 2
=
(
" /
$
!/
SAT
RyG !
(:
"' 9!
!#?
x
'
/
{ }
/ "'!
N P 6!
#
6
F
=W
P = N P G
( /9
$
/
/9
SAT
NP
/ F=! CiG
=# '#
s SAT
'
!/!
(
'
eW
B("6
/ #
1, 0G : vQQOKM 6
/ ':='
'
SAT N P
=
N P 6!
=$
="$
SAT
h/'(W "
F=!
> F
7S # '
$
=
XW
"
#
F3QQJG Q 9!
(!!
Y NP
9!
'!(
"'
/
G '
'!#
> $ 62162
x xW
$
i /#
"' $'> !
7( #
'(
/
/
9!
/"#
!/'
'
M T GW
F
9!
!/:/' ":"
SAT
&
&
/ (!
s
#
"
=!=
/ '
6
|s|
;
SAT N P
2 9' =$
"'
!/'
M T
'$W =#A
#
/ W =
'
$
'
!/:/'
" /
xX
" /
/
#? '( 9!
'!(
:
'
!/:/'
":"
#
9!
$ " /
" /
' !
x =# :
#
SAT
/ '
/
/"'6
NPW
p(|x|)GW
/ '
M T T
M T T
/
#
#
9!
/H
#:
NP
'!(
!/:/' >("
(
( + (
. NP 1
%
'
/ # '
=
9
(":
'
e
" /
$!
#:
# $
( i.<
!/
2
Y:
O(p2 (|x|))
#:
!9(H
H
#
W
=#A
/
(
#
!/:/'
!/:/'
'
O(p3 (|x|))
vQQOKM 9!$
'
/
#:
(
#
#
9!6
/
W ":" = / " /
B("W $:
M T T = (K, , , s0 )W
!>(9
A
'
: K K {L, R}
'(
'(:
s0 = 1
hW
1 /9
!#?
' " /
'
# ' d 9
$
/ '
W $
'>!
'
/ '
/ "(>
/W
!9
'
/( (:
= {1, 2, ..., d}
=
:
#=
>!
'
#:
#:
!9( =A(
'>!
SAT
$ S
#
#
e
!
'
6
iW 0 i p(|x|)W
/ '(
6
#
&( :
j = 0
#
W
/
!!
%
p(|x|) j p(|x|)
$
=
:
/
dW
9
$:
'
1 $
$
9!
F$:
p(|x|)
' / !
j s
j
N 9!
9
!
'
eW
' 6
$:
p(|x|)
0W
!
q(i, j)
q(i, j)
$
/ " /
# '$
O(p2 (|x|))H
" '(
0 i p(|x|)
# !
/"#
$
!'
*9!$
'(
/ ">
2G
#
$
|x| + 1
$
A
vQQOKM 9!$
/
|x|
$:
/
&
&
Q !
' '(
# '(
: 9! / #
s(p(|x|) + 1) = O(p(|x|))
*9!$
$
'>!
p(|x|) j p(|x|)
!
# $
N 9!
!
h(i, j)
#
t(i, j, k)
: 9! / #
# !
'>!
9
!
(
W
!
/ '>(?
/"#
T
/
=(>
9
/'
W =#
'(
'
/
#
!
/'
X
/ $
"#?
'
/
":"
/
!
$
X f SAT W
SAT
6
=(>
:
/ /
"'$
/ '(
/ " /
"'$
A
/
>
99:
/
#
'
!/!
(: '
"#
Q
O(p2 (|x|))
B'(:
!
T
/"#
(p(|x|)+1)(2p(|x|)+1)d =
(
/$
# !'( /$
(" /
Q
t(i, j, k) # !
$
T
/"#
N 9!
!
' '(
" '(
9
0 i p(|x|)
" '(
: 9! / #
*9!$
#
h(i, j)
!/:/' ":"
9
i #
/!(
/' '>(? !
'(
K
./
%
( + (
. NP 1
W =! $
/
!"
(
H
/ !
(:
n = p(|x|) + 1W
'
#
sW
=!
m = O(1)
(
9
#
'(
/
>
#
: $
'(:
/
k, l K
K
=!=
<
=W
(
H
/ !
(:
'
#
2W =! m = O(1)
2 '>!
9
p(|x|) j p(|x|)
#
=!= $
/!(
/
$
#
(
H
%
/ !
2 '>!
?"
9
$:
n = p(|x|) + 1W
(:
k, l
i #
/
'
m = O(p(|x|))
(
H
!
O(p3 (|x|))W
)
9
'
(:
m = O(1)
i '( $ j
#
$
p(|x|) j p(|x|)
=!= $
/!(
/
$ 9
(
H
/ !
m = O(1)
(:
'
"#
%
9
&
&
i '( $ j
#
$
$
j p(|x|)
/9 !:
9
k, l
p(|x|)
/
(6
H
/ !
-
(:
m = O(1)
i = 0G
' F
1H
' '(
' $
'>!
'
$
0H
/
A
/'
H
{q(0, 1)}
{h(0, 0)}
#
H
0 $
$
$:
|x|
=
:H
$
/
{t(0, 0, d)}W
x = x1 x2 x|x| H
" /
(
$
|x| + 1 $:
p(|x|)
# '$
H
(
,
(:
n = p(|x|) + 1W
i = p(|x|)G
!' F
sH
!' '(
!' $
'>!
$
0H
'
/
m = O(1)
A
/'
H
{q(p(|x|), 1)}
{h(p(|x|), 0)}
#
H
$
(
i.<
2GH
{t(p(|x|), 0, 2)}W
@
/ !
$
# '$
H
(
(:
n = 2p(|x|) + 1W '
m = O(1)
( + (
. NP 1
%
0
.
9
i+1
9
= !!(?
h(i, j)
'
/
"
$
#
t(i, j, k)W
t(i + 1, j, k)
# H
1
(:
6
m = O(1)
.
9
i
9
i+1 !!(?
j
>
2 (: / !$H
$
/
$
9
9
k
&(
' =9(?
"(> #:
/
' !
# '(
kW
' '>!
"# '(
/
(
"
l W
j 1
0 i p(|x|), p(|x|)
j p(|x|), 1 l s, 1 k dH
c
(
(
(
!
#
(:
:
(: '
!/:/' (A
i.< " /
xX
O(p3 (|x|)
'
/ /#
&#
9"#
/(
'
'
6
m = O(1)
.
'
: vQQOKM
" ==
$
M T
#
( i.<W ( '
/ ":"
2 A
6
# A
(
"$
%
&
&
F!
W V/=
G
vQQOKM 9!$
Y:
>
#
/ (?
W $ '
!
>
#
!/
e # !
!/:/'
#
(
'>!
#
9!$
!/:/'
:
A
H E
'
9!
$
M axSAT
" /
#
N P 6!
SAT
Q
M axSAT
'
'$
/ '
#?6
kW /(6
#
/!( 6
(
d
% 626
&A" !
$
'
/
(
'(
W
"">
# ' $
$
'>!
=A
3QQJ F#: 1 :
(:G
/ :
* + (
NP
%!
"%
< @
:"!
6 '
7 NP
=(>
/ '(
NP
/ =
/ $
!
/ 9
#
/
"
'
/(
9!
'!(
# =#A
/
/ #
'$
'$
":"
9! S !
=A $ 9!
!
#?
'!(
NP
#?
X f Y
W ( '
" /
3SAT
(
#
9!
># #
> $ 62172
SAT
9!
FG D =#A
/
!
$ '(
(!
"
/ '
"#
$V
!#?
xi
=
/ $
D:
/ :
/ (
9!(: :
#
/G
" /
=#A
3SAT N P
(
/ " /
# i.<
# i.<
N P 6!
N P 6!
$
B("W = $
/ =#A
2 "#
3SAT
/
W ("
#
/ "#
3SAT
!/:/'
/
SAT
B("W /
/ = $
/ # # !
#
N P 6!:
/ $
'9
F9G /
N P 6!
/ '(
' !
7(
%
3SAT
SAT f 3SAT
/
/9
!/:/'
!/
" #:
F9G D =#A
S $
f (x)
NP6
N P 6!
9! X
!/:/'
!/:/'
/
!- ) 2
#
/ / '
" /
=#A
!/:/'
#
NP6
"' 9!
/
x
i
/
H
SAT
3SAT
{
x}
#
=
' !
z1 , z2 H
{
x + z1 + z2 }, {
x + z1 + z2 }, {
x + z1 + z2 }, {
x + z1 + z2 }
/
"
%
B
(?
=
/ '
7(
!
/
$
9!$
# !
: $:
SAT
(
&
&
=
:
3SAT
(?
/
' = 6
(:
{
x1 + x
2 }
#
=
' 6
":"
$
9!
zH
{
x1 + x
2 + z}, {
x1 + x
2 + z}.
7 = $ 9! !
: $:
B
%
7(
6
=
(:
(
: : $
k2
' !
/
9!
z1 , z2 , ..., zk3 H
(
/ :
$
3SAT
/
":"
k3
$:
{
x1 + x
2 + z1 }, {z1 + x
3 + z2 }, {z2 + x
4 + z3 }, ...,
k2 + zk3 }, {zk3 + x
k1 + x
k }.
{zk4 + x
#: /W (
'
/(
'
"#
$
x
i = 1
/!(
!W $
zj = 0 " '( j i 1
/ $
(: !
'
SAT
'
: $:
D$
SAT
#
.#
x
i = 0
x
i = 1
; '
>W $: !
8
$
(
H
#
= $
z2 = 1W
/ !
$$
/
'
zk3 = 1W
$
#W =
zk3 = 0W
=!
z1 = 1W
$
= !
!/#
. (: /#
'
(
#
" /
3SAT
SAT
3SAT
O(|x|)
F'(
"'
G
SAT
#?
!/:/'
(
%!
* + (
NP
""
$
'(
=
'
/ '(!!!
=
=
3SAT
'
/$
!
!
!
/
!
/
/
+S /
/
N AE3SAT
N AE3SAT
./
!W
# !
9!
/ $
=#A
9!
SAT
=#A
N P 6 !
> $ 62182
!- ) 2
1in3SAT
9!
1in3SAT
#
$ /
F9G D =#A
/ " /
/
'(
3SAT
3SAT GW
/
$
/!:
i.<
.
=
!
N P 6!
/ $ '(
1in3SAT
!/
# !$"A
3SAT f 1in3SAT
{
x1 + x
2 + x
3 }
F'
/
/
'(
# !
W ("
/ '
a, b, c, d
N P 6!
!
# #
i.< !W =!= /(
/#
/W =
/
# '
#
$ =
$
/ # /#
/ #
1in3SAT
# '(
'$
'
"
" ":"
1in3SAT
3SAT
$
/ "#
;
1in3SAT N P
!/:/'
(!
/
/
"
B("W
#? % $
9!$
(
{
x1 + a + b}, {b + x
2 + c}, {c + d + x
3 }.
D =#A
/ /
(!
!
8 ='#
&(
x
2 = 1W
/
' !
$
(
!
f(
# /' ":" '
/
H
b, c = 0W a = x
1
/ ' (!
x
2 = 0 ' x
1 , x
3 = 1W $
(
!
{
x1 + x
2 + x
3 } #
/ ' (!
'
$
d = x
3 W
/
# !
b, d = 0 ' a, c = 1W
$
/
$
$
# !
"
%
&(
%
x
1 = 1 ' x
2 , x
3 = 0W $
(
!
&(
/ ' (!
x
3 = 1 ' x
1 , x
2 = 0W $
(
!
=#A
/ =
$
/
>
/ ' (!
!
x
1 = 1
.
' ":"W
!/:/'
> $ 62192
(!
FG
9!
D
$
(
x
3 = 1
(
/
# /6
3SAT n
9! '
(:
N AE3SAT
9!
"#
/
3SAT
#
$
N P 6!
'(
!/
# !$"A
/ " /
N AE3SAT
3SAT f N AE3SAT
3SAT
=
;
/!(
N AE3SAT N P
x1 , x2
(
x = 1W
#
x1 = 1
'
x2 = 0 x1 = 0 ' x2 = 1W
(
x = 0W
#
x1 = 0
'
x2 = 0 x1 = 1 ' x2 = 1W
{
x + y + z}
3SAT
#
/ "#
!/:/'
9!$
$
+ '(
N AE3SAT
$ H
7(
(6
/
'(
# V/=
W ("
/
{
x1 + a + b} $ a, b = 0W
{c + d + x
3 } $ c, d = 0 >
/
$ S /
/ '
F9G D =#A
= !
/
"
# !
{
x1 + x
2 + x
3 }
/ '
/ $ " /
/
$
/
. (: /#
N AE3SAT
$
$
# !
{b + x
2 + c} # V/=
' /
'
!- ) 2
/
c = 1 ' a, b, d = 0W
! B("W
;
b = 1 ' a, c, d = 0W
$
. >:
W $:
'
&
&
=
{
x1 x
2 + x
1 x
2 + y1 y2 + y1 y2 + z1 z2 + z1 z2 },
%!
* + (
NP
#
> "
'
$
/
(:
"
(:
=/#
' !
/6
(
: : $'H
{
x1 + x
2 + y1 + y2 + z1 + z2 }, {
x1 + x
2 + y1 + y2 + z1 + z2 },
2 + y1 + y2 + z1 + z2 }, {
x1 + x
2 + y1 + y2 + z1 + z2 },
{
x1 + x
x1 + x
2 + y1 + y2 + z1 + z2 }, {
x1 + x
2 + y1 + y2 + z1 + z2 }.
{
x1 + x
2 + y1 + y2 + z1 + z2 }, {
x1 + x
2 + y1 + y2 + z1 + z2 }.
{
7( /$
:
1in3SAT
9! '
9! '
&# '
N AE3SAT
A :#
!/:/'
# #
/
/
1 1 '
/ !
/ ;
1
" /
#
1 11 G
=
!
d *
# =(>
> $ 621:2
" /
$:
V>
'
: ' 9:
/W
/
! "
3SAT
./ #
/ "
':='
N AE3SAT
#
n 9! '
9!$
# # 9!
9!
FG D =#A
vQQOKM : ("
/
/ '
F/
# '
=#A
: : :(: =#
!- ) 2
6
N AE3SAT N P
(: /$
9!$
W
=
'(
N AE3SAT 2n + 24k
=# '#
:
$ 9! =$
E
/
3SAT
#
(
: 9!
'
(: " /
(:
(
:
32k
(
$ /$
%
/ :
9! '
#
N P 6!
M AXIM U M CU T N P
/
A(
6
M AXIM U M CU T
/ "(>
B("W =
#6
"!
%
/ ' 9
$"
=
/ #
$"
:
!# : '
' /
$
$"
$"
O(log k)
/
(
/ "(>
(i, j) E W
" /
/ '
i, j V W
&
&
$
R "(>
=/='
#
k
Q
=#6
O(|E|)W =!=
2 =='# !/
#
!/:/'
F9G &!$"
/
M AXIM U M CU T
#
=
/(
9! #
9! '
N AE3SAT
"(>
N AE3SAT
9!
=
/ /
!/:/'
/'(
: '
M AXIM U M CU T
" =#A
"
! "
'
9! =$
W
/ "(>
$
:
/
#
:
R
$! =
/"#
G :
A
H
7( 9!
'!
N AE3SAT
(x, x) E
# =
A /
(23.?*31 '
A
' 9
x
/
#
/
' 9
/
'$
x, x
/
/
' 9
(1?*31
$
!
' V/=
9!
'
69!
A>!#? /$ A
9!
'
/!:'
7(
/
"(>
G
A
' 9
Ci = {
xi + yi + zi }
6
> "
/
/ "
' 9
69!
=!
N AE3SAT
/ ' 9
/
F'!
/
'$
6
/ /=$
/
/
'$
/ "
'$
/ #
'$
; '(
# /=$
#
' 9
(
= $ " /
'
n + 6k '$
+ (="
Xi , Yi , Zi V
6
GW /=$6
# 9!
/
' 9
/
/ #=
/ :
' 9
=>
69!
/
' $A '$
N AE3SAT
M AXIM U M CU T
" /
/
W
7
#=
&#
W
(Xi , x
i ), (Yi , yi ), (Zi , zi ) E
(
= !
# S $
9!$
'
2n+3k ' 9
k
/
* + (
NP
%!
621
B
H +(>
x = 1, y = 1, z = 1W
i.< !
#
i.< !
:
$
/
' 9
(:
: 9!
= =
"
/>$
Ci
'
"
'$
N AE3SAT
/
9(?
/
!#
/
/ !
/
[
n '$
69!$
(x, x)W
N AE3SAT
#
#":
/ ' 9 /
/ "
/
=
>$
W ' 9
/
'
= :#?
'
/
/>$
$A
:'(
$
$A '$
'
(!!
# =
M AXIM U M CU T
= #
' 9 $
(Xi , x
i ), (Yi , yi ), (Zi , zi ) E
(="
!
'$
6
/
#
GW
/
'$
G * $
!/:/'
#
/ B
N AE3SAT
"(>
&#
W = '(
' 9
{x + y + z}, {x + y + z}
/ "(>
N AE3SAT
/ "(>
/ " /
""
#?
>
/ ''/
( !
"(>
' 9
/
/
'
"(>
N AE3SAT
n + 5k
#
i.<
!
#
"(>
'!!#
n+5k #
/
#
$"
=/
N AE3SAT
E
/
#
:
' V: !
'$
A /!:' ' 9:
&( 9(!:
'
/>$
"
/ #= (
$##
%
'
W ' 9
M AXIM U M CU T
&
&
'$
$A '$
; !
'
n + 5k
# '
!
#
9!(:
(="
NP6
!
'
='
$:
36COLORIN G
COV ER
'
9!
":"
"
/(?
> $ 621;2
!- ) 2
/
":"
# ''!
/
"># "
!
/ =A
G(V, E)
G
7( 9!
9:
/ /=$
1in3SAT
A
$
!
W V/=
/
=
/
' 9:W
:
/
/ /=$
/ '
B("W
O(|V |)
/ '
/G
!/:/'
/
1in3SAT
G ''/(? :
A
H
# $ /
"(>
'$
'$
=
' 6
:
/
'$
1in3SAT
A
/
/
i.< " /
# S $ /
/
'$
/
2 /
''!
'$
!$" $ ''!
N P 6!
#
!
/ !/#
NMLOPQ R "(>
9!
/
'
:
/ $ ''!
$
/(
' A '( ' 9
/
#
#
B("W / "#
"(>
NMLOPQ A(?
F9G D =#A
/ "(>
"
3SAT f N ODE
/
[
N AE3SAT f GRAP H
9!
FG D =#A
6
"(>:
GRAP H 36COLORIN G
9!
!/:/'
#=
R "
$ 99!
!" :
N AE3SAT
2
#
"(>
'$
6
'
h/'(
NMLOPQ
* + (
NP
%!
$#
624
H +(>
/
"(>
*
NMLOPQ
/
(: /=$
''!
/ !$"
/
$'/V !
1in3SAT
'$
/ !$"
=#? !
"
' : =
/
=#
/
/
>W
XOR A
=/
' 9
/
/ >
(a, b)
(x, y)
XOR
'
/(
F9G $
(:
FG $
' 6
(x, y)
/
=
"(>
GW =!= #
''!
y
!'
/ 8
NMLOPQW
# /(6
(
'$
8
/ 6
'
6>$
=(6
* $
=# /9
/
/ "(>
(
$:
/ !
' >:
F"G ' F=G $ =#
NMLOPQ
'
/
!$ W ( '
S $ ''!
(:
)(*''( gQ XORW
"(>
&41'
$
#
xW
/ '( ! 9!
>:
./ # $ /(
=(A #
"# $
''!
9!
'
'
'(
./ /
# /9$
F=$
NMLOPQ
/ "(>
/ NMLOPQ
$ ''!
/ ''!
: 9! ' :
9
!
/
#
W
/9#6
$#$
%
()
&
&
()
()
()
b
y3
x1
y1
x2
x3
y2
()
626
H *>$
/ "(>
/ "
''!
' 9
/ >
xi
=
xi
yi
yi
=
!!$
'$
:W =
./ ># /9
=
#
# '$
>$W
$
''!
" /
!'(
(
(
$
'$
"(>
/
' 9
(
/
(
>$
/
# 6
>$
'$
'$
#
FG
'$
/ '9
>
'$
! >$ (W
A
(
"(>
(
#
/ $ /=
!!$
=$
>#?
NMLOPQ
/
/
#
* + (
NP
%!
{x+y+z}
627
H +(>
{x+y+z}
/
{x + y + z}, {x + y + z}
k
'
(
W (" $ "(>
* '
9!
G 3n + 39k
$#%
1in3SAT
' 9
#
/
'
n 9!$
4n + 63k
'$
# /
'
":"
HAM ILT ON P AT H
N P 6!
=' '
F=$
= 1
'(:G
/
1in3SAT
3n + 39k
' 9
9!$
'
/
'
4n + 5k
(
' (" $ "(>
'$
' F9G #
!/:/'
":"
>$
9!
N P 6!
9!
N P 6!
' (!!:
> $ 621<2
9!
$
/
9!(:
P ART IT ION
#
N P 6!
:
!# 9(
$#
%
!- ) 2
FG D =#A
/
=$
W !(
A
/
./
8
/
"#
F9G D =#A
P ART IT ION N P
# "#
:
!#"
/
#?
&
&
B("W =
#
/
' /"'#
'
/
(!
"
: /9
/ "$ F (!
"
/( #= "$
'(:G
!/:/'
./
"# :
A
H
8 =
$
=$
#? " /
/ " /
1in3SAT W
P ART IT ION W
= :#?
/
!#
V/=#
9!$
W
'( 9!
1in3SAT
'( '#
#
=
F=!
!
:
xG
=#
wi = 1, i = 1, ..., kW
( '
/ '
/#
(
x
#
n
$"
w $ #
Y:
=
A"'
A"'(?
' / : /
'( (
#: =
'(
' /
(
/
!
=$
#
/
/ $
!#
iW
'
(
/ '6
(="
: :
'$ $6
>"
/ '6
/(
B !
2n + 1
eW
$
'6
/ " /
*(! "
# ':='
44..422...2
x
# j 6 9!
(
(
k ' n #
$"
$
!# A"'
'
x ' x
'#
1in3SAT W $
B
P ART IT ION W
>$
%
"6
'$:
22...211...1
A"' $
#
(
i.< " /
/
1in3SAT
/
/ #
* + (
NP
%!
[: " (="
k = 3
'
i.< !
(
W
#
" /
"$
1 0 0 0
w1
1 0 0 0
w2
0 1 0 0
w3
0 1 0 0
w4
0 0 1 0
w5
0 0 1 0
w6
0 0 0 1
w7
0 0 0 1
w8
0 0 0 0
we
2 2 2 2
1in3SAT
''/
2n + 1
#
'
9!$
'
1in3SAT
A"' ' !
1in3SAT
V/=$
$
=
!
$
/
(
$
!$
$
=#
'#
$
" 6
(
"# " /
/
/
O(|x|2 )
*$
[ '( $
#
$ $
V>#
$
$ '#
/
V>#
22...211...1
/
#
#
#
/
=$W $
( '
; ' =
# # W
$'/V " /
/
#
22...211...1W
"
: 9
$
=$6
'( $
. >:
W $: $
: i.< !
/
(!!
$ ' =
'# (
=$6
/ # !#
FG '
=$
$
V/=
(
=$
$
$ '#
P ART IT ION
'#
8 $
/
/ # V/=#
F1G
$"
# ":" B("W $:
/ '#
/
H
/ /
/
/ ' !
$
8 $
n = 4 9!$
x, y, z, t
/
P ART IT ION
x y z
(:
1in3SAT
c1 c2 c3
x = 0, y = 1, z = 1, t = 0
.
=#A
$#
'#
1in3SAT
/ " 6
&=
$ $
/ ""/( /$
$
!
'
A"'
$
9(
$#
%
11...100...0 #
!$
$
&
&
=$
$
$
!$
$
= {x, y, z, t, e},
/
!
1in3SAT
V/=$
$
/H
= {x, y, z, t}
2
/ /$
' $"
S $ " /
'>(: 9(
=#
FMkGW
$: $ " /
P ART T ION
{x1 , x2 , ..., xn }
#
P ART IT ION
8
=
9(
P ART IT ION
/ $
NP
&(
B("W
N =
' $:
/ '6
9! '!#
'
{w1 , w2 , ..., wn }
"'(W
#:
n
i=1 wi
(6
f (0, 0) = 1,
f (0, j) = 0
j = 0,
"
f (i, M )
:
i
i.< (
O(nN )
#: (
/ #
O(nN )W
/ 9( '>(?
9 #
= " /
!
"#
" /
M
8
!/!
:
P ART IT ION
#
'
$:
P ART IT ION
&(W :
9( '>(?
$"
#
$"
=#
$"
=!
9 9!
$6
' 6
/
/
$"
!/!
W
O(nN )W
#' :
/ $W
O(n log N )
#
/ /
/ #' E=
'# /
" /
1 =#
f (m, N/2) = 1, m n
&# '
!"
#
9!
$"
!/!
9!
;
/
'
' /6
9!
* + (
NP
%!
P ART IT ION
"$
G(V, E)
=# ':='
'
"(>
$"
9!
'
#
' "
>
' =A
+ (="
Sn
'
(!!
ai P
/ /
i //#
' A#
/ '$
ai K
/
'
/ '
6
=#
O(|E||V |)
/ "
B !
=/='W # !
6
'
N P 6!
ai P
'$
P ART IT ION
A
/ 9! # #
=!
#
Vd
$
('9.G
'$:
"$
'#=
B("W
' =
F :'
&+
/ A
$
#
'(G #
/( /
vi V W
/
N P 6!
9! #
KN AP SACK H
/ '=#
P ART IT ION
9!
V F2&' L'GW
' ' /
9! $
"'
9!
v1 , v2 , ..., vn W
/
S $ = ":
KN AP SACK
(
$"
a1 , a2 , . . . , an
#
/ !
9!
"(>
!/:/' /( $
KN AP SACK
.#
"(>
R
N P 6 !
# "$
#
' /
=# ':='
N P 6!
$
# = #
=/='
':='
M AXIM U M CU T
+ (="
=/='
k = O(|E|)
=# ':='
=#
' (
=
'#6
k |E|
"$
$#
# $ 9
!!" A
NP
? !
NP
(2m )
./
'
#?
" /
/
/
'
:'
KN AP SACK
/
#
#
N P 6!
$#!
%
&
&
#
=#A $
/
'(:
N P 6! :
:
":( N P 6!
=
=#AW :
' Q 9!
BIN P ACKIN GW
CHROM AT IC N U M BER
9!
9!
/ $
GRAP H 36COLORIN G
% 627
i =#A
9!
HAM ILT ON P AT H
#
N P 6!
/
%"
$#"
'
R ! "
#
9! >
' ":"$
'!(
#
W "
!$ !
' = '
/
/
F(!
3 62<2
"
9! #
!/:/'
N P ?'9+
B
(
!/!
9! ?
' 9!
>
'(
'
#
[ 9! #
9!
'!(
/ '!(
9! >
.
'( '#
N P 6'
# =
=#
9!
/
'
W :
NP
/
N P 6'! W
N P 6'!
N P 6!
'
NP
9!
[ 9! '!#
N P 6'
9! # '
( '(
!/:/'
( #
9!(:H [
P = NPW
N P 6
"6
N P 6!
$:
N P 6'! 9! !
' !
[
N P 6
=
#
#
=
"
=
#
9! !
/ 9! 9!
/ B
=
#
W "
#=
(
7(!/ / !
(
!/:/'
P = NP
# (6
#
W ("
#
/ 6
N P 6'! W :
" (6
T SP GW
B:! F
*$"
7
/ FxKP 3Q^KG
'=
/
9! >
W ?
'9!
$ 9! >
N P 6!
W #
M AXIM U M CU T G '
:
=(>
9! 9!
9!
!
!/:/'
9! >
#
="
N P 6'
N P 6'!
( '
(" S /
N P 6'
#
("
$:
":"
N P 6
# /$
.#W =#A
'
'
# '!$
'(:
":"$
W ":" =/
?
' 9!
!/!
/ 6
'=
?
' 9!
#
Q
#
/ :
/
6
$#
%
9!(:
9! $
#
9! >
#
G ' F9G ( ''/(? =
' !
'( !
/ ":"
/ >
'
> $ 624=2
'
A#
" '!
FG B !
9!
KN AP SACK n
/
K
/
=
>
#
#
#
2
NP6
# $
>
'
'
'
" /
8
nvmax /2
0 < Vopt
>
( " / !
= B w1
n
wi W
"(>
9$!
'#
!9( "
'# =#
V = Vopt v2
/ " /
'!
n1
A#
Vopt
/W
=
!"
F "6
./ "# :
6
!"
V = Vopt v1
'#
/ i.< !
:
( / !
:'
B = B w2 '
' '#
n2
A#
#
i=1 vi G
'
$"
[W
B
'$: "$
=/='
?
(6
0 < V nvmax
#
'
!"
KN AP SACK
KN AP SACK
9!
[: " /
"$
!
#
'#
9! 9!6
>(
":"
#
"
9$!
!
'
9! >
#?
=
!- ) 2
'
+
$:
=/='
?
F9 "'#
'
&
&
'#
'#
# / $
:( "
%"
=
'#
'#
V opt v1 v2 W '
:'
/
!'( $
/
!
= B w1 w2
n '!
"# =$G
!/:/'
B
/ !"
'
n2
V =
/ >
F#6
W ( $
!/:/'
'!
/W =!
/
!"
/
B 0W
;W
>
' 6
'#
=(
(A
B
'
? (A
#
:
( /(
i.< ! " / !
2 ! =='# #
$
#
9!
KN AP SACK
/ 9! >
#
?
6
F9G >(
":
9! 9!
9! >
#
T SP
T SP
#
#
N P 6'
N P 6!
D:
$$
%
&
&
$
A
9!(: >
":"$
# / A
E # #
'!(
P GW
NP
/!:
F'
( >/'(
= '$
'( R ! "
#
3 621=2
NP
2 '!(
9!
9!
NP
A'
"
/ #
./ =#:
coN P
coN P
NP
/ $ #
9!
coN P
P = N P
F=>
GW
N P =
_
/:
W '(?
$
'(W ( #
/
$
/
/
P = NPW
N P =
'
N P = coN P
'
P = N P
NP
coNP
coNP
628
(" (
/#
/
NP
/("
# #
= $
9! # #
' '!(
coN P
/
[ " '( 9!
#=
'
!
/ '!(
9!
'!(
9!
/
H R '
NP
P
:
NP
9!(: >
# '!(
NP
%#
&(
&
&# '
=
coN P 6!
&!$
N P 6!
9!
8
$%
/!:
N P 6!
'
N P = coN P W
!' ' :
/ '
N P coN P
#: #
!
9!
'!(
/ >#
# $
/ "'
P
NP
N P coN P
=
'
#
! $ 9!
=
#
9!(: >
' $
9!
coN P
/
P
"
'
W =/'
coN P W
/ :
!'(
$
%
&
&
AB
" '
& %
& 1
" %* #
'
&
* A
'
P N P EXP !
%* ( '
,
""
'*
'! ,
QMMj '
N P %
SAT ' %
"
'! !
N P %
"" * .
'
&
(
&)
$
. $
f = O(g)
$
. $
g = O(h)
$
n0 = max{n1 , n2 }
D$:
c = c1 c2 W
'
(:
$
'H
f = O(h)
=!
. $
f1 = O(g1 )
$
. $
f2 = O(g2 )
$
.
#?
$
/H
B
#:
/
#
/H
c = c1 c2
5 6242
&( #
/
'
Y PW
9(
X P W (" (
FG $
/ :
1 $
5 6262
FG &#
F9G D =#A
'/
>$
/
SAT W
M axSAT N P
SAT f M axSAT
$
/ " /
'( " /
M axSAT
:
" /
$
/
(
M axSAT
k # m
( '
(
B("W
/ (
SAT
SAT
>
W
#
" /
M axSAT
SAT
# #
# $
'9
#=
B
M axSAT
!
M axSAT
(
W / (" "6
(
SAT
" /
SAT
' !$
5 6272
FG [: $ " /
1in3SAT
n 9!$
' k
(
8
$
%
/ A
H
$
/ '
=(
FG 7(
'
5k
3n
' 9
/
' ) '$
/
!96
'
4n
'$
3k
' 9
'$
W
XOR
FG 7(
; $
'
# ' 9
/ ' % '$
# ' 9
&
&
/
4n + 63k
$
' 9
!
/
' , '$
36k ' 9
/
'
54k '$
:
+'
XOR
#
3k
3n+39k ' 9
'$
O(n + k)
5 6282
FG B
#?
/
" /
#
F9G B
P ART IT ION
$
'
!
: '9:#:
#?
/
" /
"$ :
/ '
F"G B
(
=/
'=#
BIN P ACKIN G
'$:W
#?
#
/
#:
cj
#
n
j=1 aj xj
A#
AW
KN AP SACK
/
W
j=1 cj xj
bW
/
aj
#
# :'
B
$
" /
:(: #
GRAP H
5 6292
.
'( 9#'
'
=
=
/
9$!
/ !"
=
'(?
! ''/(?
T SP
Y /N T SP
/ '
$: =/='
?6
(6'
( '( =/ ' !/# !
==
/ >
'
/ :
#
1
!"
>
"
>#6
& * (
$
CA % *
% 6212
R ' !
/
!"
'(? :
$:
":' #?
/ =
=$
!
$
/
n
=$
H
(!9
=$
H =$
(
n mod
=$
1W ( ( b<
( F=$
$!
(!V
&#
"
=$
nG ( ( i.<
>$
/
=
=
n0
O( n)
# =//
$ >:
'(:
#
' /
W $
(:
'(:
!"
$
9 ==
/
$
'$
'
(1)
' '(:
'
>#!
(
n)
!
==
$
/ /(
/ =
$
(
(A
/ (
./
6
n=
'$
.#
#:
/
( #= /:' (!/ $ =!
!6
/ $
#
% 6242
D =#A
F! #:
>
W (
9
>
x<y
9
#
(
x > y
! ":
'
$
:
9 W
>
( ;
'
'
$"
:
/ !"
/!(
x > y
(!
/
./
!!"
/!(
A
'$
$
(
A
!!(
x
9
'
>
/
' /
/ '!
!
6
x/2 < y
/ '!#
'(
"(
!
&(
(
/!(
*(
x/2 y W
/!(
gcd(x, y)
mod
;
&(
/
'( >
B("6
! ":
>
/(
/ A'!#
(GW
/ 9
# (!
: 9(:
"
/ '
/ '!
$!
%
#
(A:
/ !"
!"
O(n)
/ '
RELP RIM E
$
/
=
/ E=
A'(
!/:/'
!/!
$
'
&
&
/ 9 '
!/:/'
/ W
/
% 6262
[: (:
8 $
/
A
(
H
"'
{a + b + c + d}
'
/
>
abc d
(
#
=
/ =
% 6272
* ! # ":"
":"
''!
/ "(>
/ S $ =(
' 9
>
:
'
++
$"
D&",
R
(/A
!
/
9
99!#
/ '>!#
/ $ # "(!
/ xrjK '/#:
W >
/ gQKP '/#:
W >
(
=#A
( =
N P 6!
st
Z:[XEJ"Q
W
99!#
'
99!#
=#A
W =#" '
A "!:
vQjPQW gMjjH
qwx
q`Oj4KjW 00-
st
c:Z:C"JYQ
yKMm gMjjH
CmmjQ wKjOKkW
00,
st
s%t
A:R: W8X8IDY"C!Q
$$#
%
&
&
3- !
*
R =>
"
\
99!#
/=
=#A
N P 6!
/ gQKP '
99!#
!!$
=>
'(!
'$
/ qMrMmLPQG
9!(6
&#
99!#
!! (!!:
:
"
$
KKmLMW 0-0W
(: 11
N P 6!
9!
23
)
&' ' !
'
%
> ?
' " , '
* : ,
-$ !
: ,
& , ';
< ' ' %
<
'
" "
"
$$$
& (&
'
" ,
L, Lk , N L, N Lk P OLY L
. / -0
< s(n)
345678
< s(n)
345678
< ,
mSZ6KVO
<
!
<
<
& (&
< '
< "" " ,
<
P SP ACE >
?
<
EXP SP ACE >,
?
<
HM8
>" ,
?
< P SP ACE
< N L
< P
$$%
$$
& (&
$ )#
. &
. &
#
? .
&
.
Y:
#:
!/!
$!
'
!/!
" $
"
=
/
!/!
M T GW
/
#
/
3 7242
M T GW
=
M T
2
/
' !
s(n) #
=
!/!
/
#
.(6
/
=
'
$"
[:
H
#
#
$: #
'
n
8
'!#
s : N N W
/
#
#
'
2
s(n)
"
n
8
=
#
k6
!/!
#
'
$"
'!=# /
"
!/!
#
'
"
M T
W
=
/ :
/ /9# "
#
$:
s(n)
'!#
# '!'
"
/
M T
# /(
#
s : N N W
s(n)
#
[:
"'
/ '$!
!"
/ >:
/(
/
$:
#
'
3 7212
9'
/
#=
/ $ ' #:
$ / "# !
!
'
!/!
'
/ 2 =A >
"
> $ 7212
M T W
&(
"!
>#?
s(n)
s(n)
/ '!'
"'
!/!
k6
M T
'
6
/W :
(":
' $
F9G #
/
/
'
/
*&<
/
/
9!
"
=
$!
#!/ " /
(":
' "">
W
"
. /$
!/!
'
/ # !
=# '#
W $
/ V
W :
' '( (!!
/A(
"' /
/ '(
&#
W # >
/
=>
|K|
'
#
>!
W # =>
"
/
#
9!6
# "
"">
"(?
"' $
# #
s(n)
=>
$!
W
("'
9 =
n $
#
"
'$
$
"'
= O(
)
s(n)
/
:
/
'(:
/W
/
=
/
# "#
!
/W
/
' F"G # A =
$$
#
!
& (&
|K|s(n)||s(n)
s(n)
O(cs(n) )W
/
'
c>1
# $
: =/
/
#
./
/
"'(
* 9( $
>
='#
!/!
/
' !
M T
= O(c*
).
'
/
=
'
/
#
"'$
'!(
!/!
"
'
=(6
/
M T H
=# '#
''
' !
/ ("'
/
"S
$$
/
#: # !
(":
& (&
W =!= $
!/:/6
'
> $ 7242
FxM^P54G
log n
!- ) 2
s(n)
*
ns(n)||s(n) ) =/
F( i.<G +
/
#
/
O(s(n))
"
=(
O(s(n))
S /
E=
M T
C2
Ci
$
2k
/
' 9
V>
n
V>
/ #
/ =$=
M T
/
>/!(
( $
'
=
/
(
O(s(n))W
#:
/
! 9W !$"
"#
$ $!"
6
C0
/ $
; $
/
/
$>
$ #
:
C1
! 9 B
2k1
Ca
Ci
>
2k1
9(:
' '!
C1 S $
/
V>
O(s(n))
M T
*
#?
!
$ '$
#
O(2s(n) )
/ $:
$ >!!
O(2s(n) ) /
#
'
/ =$=
# $
Ci C2 2k1
"
(!!
/
#?
/
2 9'
'
" !$"A
M T
?
$
'
/ # ' /
/
' 9
=(
W
9 /
#
s(n) log n
M T
O(2s(n) )
!
=$=
M T
! 9 '
/
#6
;)&2?
" '(
$
& (&
$$
"' '!(:
/
'!(
'
"
=(>
#?
/
/H
( N LH N L = N SP ACE(log n)
( N Lk H N Lk = N SP ACE(log k n)
P SP ACE
'(/
!/!
F
!$A
'
#
N '!(
!/!
O(nO(1) )
/ ' !9( !
"!
M T
. "' $
/
>#6
= O(
)
'
P P SP ACE.
&!$
W (!! "' $
= O(c*
)
'
P SP ACE EXP.
2 '!(
N P SP ACE
'!(
F
!$A
**&'''( )..'(/
!9( !
"!
Y:
W 9(
/'
/
>#?
!/!
'
O(nO(1) )
N P SP ACE = P SP ACE.
&#
"'
$
= O(
)
/ ' 6
M T
'!(
/W =!W
'
N P N P SP ACE = P SP ACE.
#6
!/:6
$$!
EXP SP ACE
2 '!(
-*'(/
?
!/!
F
!$A
'
O(1)
O(2n )
& (&
]VWC#J#Y87 [W6A]G
# '!(
/ ' !9( !
"!
M T
. "' $
/
*(?
>#6
= O(
)
'
EXP SP ACE
''
/ #!/
W =!
"
#
=!( =9
9! >
9!
* $
!9( =9
=
'!(
P SP ACE
'6
'
# "
/
E6
:
'9
' A
$: "# 9
'>(!
"'
/ V
'
'
!/!
"
'!(
L, Lk
EXP
2 /' =A / :
/ =
/ #
#
" /
"#
./
#
'
!/!
!/
'
'!(
/ :
! "
:
/
/
9!
W (
/ #: !
"'
$!
/
"6
'
N L ' N Lk
'!(
/$
A(
/ '
!"
/ [
#?
/
/
$
=(>
' !
/
$
T$
6
'
* 9( $
9!
#
W ' :
/
'
'!(
>
/
'
( & . P SP ACE 1
%
$$"
$ @
. 3 P SP ACE 3
2 ! "
'!(
"
'!(
=>$
!/!
!/:/'
B
Y:
'
P SP ACE W
9(
'
+:#?
P = P SP ACE
# /
("
=
/
7 =
S /
#
9! !
!
'
'
N P 6!
P = P SP ACE
#
P =
(!
9!
$ =9
/ '!(
#?
$
/
!"
/
P SP ACE 6 !
3 7262
P = N P W
A :#
/
#
P P SP ACE
/ #
/ ( /
P = NP
! /
'!(
/
#?
P SP ACE
2 '!(
>
(
P SP ACE 6!
&= !
/
= ! =>$
'
'
/
'!(
!/:/'
!/!
A P SP ACE
" '( 9!
P SP ACE W
!/:/' ":"
N P 6!
/
=$
E!= ":"
/
'!(
P SP ACE
[ 9! >
'
B P SP ACE
/(
!/:/' ":"
B f A
&( "
9!
A
= $W !$
A #
P SP ACE ?(&2
B
>
' =
/ : (!
"
9!
9!
'
:
QBF
$'=
'
/ =#A
/ #
F
/
SAT
=#'
/ '( !
#
P SP ACE 6!
' 9!W
/A'(
='
F
6
":
QSAT W
!'(
=#'
#
=6
G
$%#
& (&
!$
V/=$
(!
" /
SAT W
9!
QSAT
# (
$
/
> $ 7262
!- ) 2
'(
QSAT
(
"#
/
/
>#!
p(|x|)
|K|
QBF
=
='
!
B("W '#
/
(
B
9!
n = |x|
/
/ :
W
[
Cj
9!$
"
O(p(n))
Cj
#
/ '
A P SP ACE
'
/
||
" /
AW
>#?
#
Cj
'
QSAT
/
QSAT
:
'9
/H
p(n)
!>(9
9!$
" $
/
' !
>#?
M W p(n)
#
" /
9!$
"
/
>
3QQJ D:
#
9!$
"(>
(
/
9!$
"
'(
'>!
/W $
QSAT
d!
W
#:
$ '(!!!
[:W !
A
/=
p(n)W
!/:/'
"# $:
""
QSAT P SP ACE
/
!/:/'
# (
P SP ACE 6!
#
#
/
/
FG D =#A
/ #
AW
/ 6 !
=/$
$
vQQOKM 9!$
' /
# !$
F( i.<G V/=$
(="
> # i.<
$
/ !
9!$
W # !
=/$
$: :
=
$ " /
' $!
||p(n)
!
/
/
#
: 9!
"(>G
# '(
!
c > 1 6
( & . P SP ACE 1
%
( &=
!
$%
'(
''(
"(>
!
#
9#
2j
c
QBF Fl (C1 , C2 )W
/ $
( '
"> =
(
C1 , C2
#
:
2j
C1
6
0 j p(n) log c
$
+
Fl (C1 , C2 ) =
C1 , C2
C2
'
#
9
;
QBF
/ "(>
#
x #
>
H
C0 , Ca
PMO
(C0 )
(Ca )
|MO
#
99
B
>
#
x
.
'
Qx
# !
W ( '
!
9!W
!'
$ =#A
j =0
+
#
='
#
'
F( i.<G
/ :
''/(?
C1 = C2
C1 C2
:
vQQOKM
(
/
>#? i.<
/
Fl (C1 , C2 )
:
A
H
#
/'
'>(?
C0
Ca
M
/A'(
F=!
/ :
$ 9G
'
./$
/ 6
3QQJ
>$
":"' 9
="# =!
(:
2 !
9! #
=
'(
/ '
'( 9
!/:/'
! 9!
K, L
/
jW
/ =$
Fj1
:
/
M
/#
/
QBF
$%$
.
/
"#
/
/
=#
/
Fj
/ "(>
O(jp(n))
!'(
*$ $
=
' 8
= #
# $
"
(
"
'#
=
=
9! "
'#
!/:/'
/ #' WW $
/
QBF
/W
"
$
/
= #
/ #' W
/ #' W
=
#' dU
P SP ACE 6'!
P SP ACE 6!
$
!# $'!A
9!
/ #
#"
: "#:
E
P SP ACE W ("
/
='
"
#'
$
"' #'
#
!!( #"
''/(?
=#'
!!(
> (
Qx
"#
/ " '(
>
T.! /(
'#
'#
$
Fj
#
#'
$
"' #'
Fj
&":"'(W
9!(: #
>
'
9!$
Fj1
/ #' W '(
='
O(p(n))
./ #
&#
$
+
:
9!$
/
W ! ''/
=!= $
/
!/:/'
/
":"
&#=
/ /$
=>$
O(p(n))
9!$
7( 9! # " ':='
!//
#=
' /
$
/
$ /
!/:/'
'(
"(>
& (&
EXP 6!
">#
/ =#
#
:#
6
R =>
/ "
$ /
$%%
"
! /$
[
=(>
/ $
"("
'!(
/
/ !
"' $
"'
$"
#
' !9(
/ / V
/
/ ' (6
9!
/
#
(
/ ("
!!( =>$
W $ /
/ '!9(
O(log |x|)
/!(
9!
log n
/ !
/ =
L2 , L3 , ...
!#"
6
/W " !
/
2 !
'!( #
L
/ $6
/ /$
' "'(
'!(
'!(
/$
#?
/
" /
./A
9! : '!(:
#
9!
'>(!
Lk
. :
'
N Lk W
/ #
#?
'!(
N L, N L2 , ...
#
$
/
'
$
Lk N Lk k N.
&#
$
'
xM^P54
'
N Lk L2k k N.
* ' '!( #
!/!
log |x|
B
"'
>
'!(
P OLY L
/ >(
# $
!
!/:/' /(6
9
!//
$%
$
'!(
'(
kN
'
Lk
'
N Lk
&#
#
Lk P OLY L P SP ACE
* '
$W
/
'
""
/
& (&
logk n = O(n)
"
'
N Lk P OLY L P SP ACE.
='
=(>
W #
NL P
EXPSPACE
EXP
PSPACE
POLYL
NL4
L4
NL3
L3
NL2
L2
NL
721
H < # : '!(:
* 9(
$
$
/ $
!/!
'
/ >$W
' '
#
: '!(:
A =
"
$ /
9"#
L2
/ !
/ .# '(
/ / #
= #
.2& O(log n)
/(
/ =
$
!"
A :
NL
!
#
# !"
/
/
"
/ ' =''
NL P
'
/ (!!
F' #:
NL
!/:/'
'$
='(
!/:/'
$
/(
+ (="
9!
/ '
/ /
/ '
'
/ $
/ *
#
!/:/'
'
(!!
G
#
O(log2 n)
'
N P G
'# #
# (
=
F' #:
$
#
/ #
NP
& $
!!(
/
$
# " /
PW
/
A(?
/
! ;!!
L2
' 9!
(
'
E
Lk , k 2
L NL
!/:/'
: '!(:
(
# #
P SP ACE
$
$
A '(
":#?
F'
$%
# #
=(>
L = {0k 1k , k 0}
' '!(
L
$%
& (&
7
2 /#
=
:#
/ A
="#
":"$
!
"'
NL
N L !
'
#?
!/:/'
/ A
'!(
/ 8
#=
/(
/ $
NL
'!(
P
'
/
'!(
L ' P
=!= ?
&.
/
P 6!
9!
"6
/ A
!#"
&#
W "
P OLY L6!
Y:
=
[ 9! >
S $ 9! >
"#
' A =
+ /
/
9!
'(:W =
":"
!
/ "
"'
f :
$
' /9
!#?
x XW
<</ <&'-'(+
X log Y W
/ /
( '
(
/GW
log
":"
O(log |x|)
'!
!(
log <</
!
9!(:
>/!(A
/
log
f2 log ":"$
"
X f Z
$!
X f1 Y
f = f1 f2
/W 6
# "#
f (x) Y,
9!
LW =!= ":"$
!
/
/
3 7272
?
N L
/
"'
W !
9!
/ # '!(
.
=
' /
? !"
/
"'
P OLY L
/W = W :
=
/ A
!
N L6!
$ '(
'(: ":"$
!
'
!
'(: 6
!/:/'
!/:/'
P OLY LW
'
L, N LWP
/ '
/
" A
:#
= :#
/ $
'$
W
!
/ '
/
'!(
'
f (x)
!/:/'
>
W =
Y f2 Z
f1
'
(
' & (& + (
=(
s(n)
:
s(n) = log n
/ "
$! (
$!
A#
'( >
#
":"
$
f1 log ":"
=
!
*
'(
&(
9!
B C W =!
/"#
#
9$
log
3 7282
W =!
#
W =!=
f1 (x) 9
/ =#
"
=
":"W A'
/
9W
2 ! "
$!
f2 log
*
log
( $
/
X f1 Y
Y f2 Z
'
' '(
9!
'!(
B log
#?
log
log
# =
CW
f1 f2
":"$
W
&!$
/$
("
* 9( (:
W
f1 (x)
$ '
(
/'(
> $ 7272
log
=#A
#
/
" 9
$
/9
9
O(n2 )
!/:/' '
9! # !!(A
/
ns(n)2O(s(n))
# '(
n log n2O(log n)
W :
/(
(? =
(
":"
# "#
.
/
/
f1 log
9
log
$%
/ $
AW B log AW
W (
/ =#
'
":"$
/ !
'!(
N LW P
'
P OLY L
":"
[
9!
>
'!#
N L?)/&*W
#6
A N LW #
" '( 9!
W
A P W A P OLY L '
B N LW
#
B P W B P OLY LW
B log A
D =#A
/
# ='
log
'!(
=
":"$
NL
'
'!(
/ !
P OLY L
B("W $:
9!
= $ !
9!
#
.#W =
9! '(:
P OLY L6!
$%!
8
E=
$
/ '( (!!
P OLY L
9!
& (&
Lk
" '(
k
'
9' : log ":"W $ L
(
W =
# '!(
/
$
# =>
/ !
("
k N
log
= P OLY LW ("
[ (
'
'!(
/$ /
NPH
'
'
=
P OLY L
$
/ '!(
/
P d
P = kN DT IM E(nk ) "#
P OLY L
=
P SP ACE =
#:
W "#
' " '!(
kN DSP ACE(nk )d
8
9!
=#A
9!
"(>
=(>
$
> $ 7282
!- ) 2
N L6!
/ #
P AT H = (G, s, t) >$
G(V, E)
/ =#A
(
P AT H
FG D =#A
#
P
#
i //#
' 9
$
' 9
(
R
/ >(
F9G D =#A
$:
#
' 9
s
t
' 9
tW
/
t
P AT H N L
B("W
M T
log
P AT H
/
M T
'"(>
log |V |
#
"#
'
!
' 9
./ !9(
/ $
/ '( 9!
M T
' 9
/ =#
|V | 9W
'(
/ '( 9
A /
$:
N L6!
' 9
/ '(
A
H N
A'(
P AT H
/
$ " /
>#?
a A
A N L log (" P AT H
9!
''/(?
A O(log n)
B("W
* =
#
c(G, s, t)
(
' & (& + (
P AT H
/ $ $
+ =
#
C1 W C2
/ "(>
(
'
'
( '
(
G #
C1 C2
tW
Q "(>
tQ
$%"
#
#
G $ ' (C1 , C2 ) E s
='
i.< >
c(G, s, t)
# "#
O(log |a|)
2 !# : ' 9: "# =
'( !
/9
'
'
/9
C1
&'#
/ /9
( /9
?"
log
(
(
/ "(>
GW =
" =
C2
C1
'(?
'(
" =
:#W
; '( 9!
' =
(
log
/ =
C2 H
$
#
a
/ 2 #= =='#
$
' 9( /
/
!/:/'
!/:/'
7( /$
='
("
"
/ :
'
P AT H P W $ A P
$
A NL
! =/( ?"
$
'>!
Y:
=#A !#"
9#'
==
'"(> # A =
'(?
7(
a
M
'
P AT H
=(>
N L P.
2 "
N L6!:
'!(
/ B
' :
P6
# /
log
/ :
'W =
=>$W ==
$
"
A
/ :
%% #
A # P @ !
' ' #
'!( Lk W
Lk
' /
'
!
9! '
=>$
W ( $ 9!
(
'!(
' $ 9! !#"
'( #:
'!(
9!(: 9
N L LW = # :
(A
=
#!/
=#A
LW
'
N P 6!
W
3QQJW >
P OLY L
L = P
!9
!/:/'
$
'
=6
/ ":"$
/ #
$#
/
'
Lk
=
# /
' 9
4*&W
T V
#
' 9
1&W
#
/(
/
9(
W
#
/
' 9
#
#
' !
9(
/
'
9(
' =
e T
/
#
(x, y, v) R
9(
B("W
$
9(
W
(a, a, b)
9(
!- ) 2
(c, d, e)
P SA P
FG
/
' 9
aS
9(6
i.< "6
#
9(
e, hG
'
P 6!
/
/ ==
g T
(: S !
=/$
(=
" 9 $
/
'
'
$
a, b, c, d, f, g
P SA
/
( # i.<W =
> $ 7292
' 9
#
R = {(a, b, c), (a, b, f ), (c, c, d), (d, e, f ), (d, e, g), (d, f, g), (e, f, h)}W
'( #
>6
(a, b, c)
W
$
' !
$ '(
(a, b, d)
#
P SA
)&3'W
)&3'2
$
!$" #
' 9:W
#
vV
#
SV
Lk W (" (!!
[
' 9
log !
9!
N P
9! #
RV V V
'(
P SA = (V, S, T, R)
V
NP
P SA
": :
/
":"$
&( !
P 6!
W
log
'
& (&
$
/ $ !
$ (:
/
$
:
/
9(6
9(
/
' 9
/
= =#
(
' & (& + (
(!!
9(
==
$
F9G D =#A
=!
' 9
/
B
!
>
/ =='# #
: !V: #
(, K, , s0 )
B("W
/
E!=
#?
|V |
!
!/:/'
/ !
Y:
' =A
"'
/ :
$ S
W =
3QQJ :
M =
8 9 /(
!/:/'
/ '( 9!
A log P SA
p(|x|)
$
#=
7'/(?
/
$ !
/
=/
E=
$
/
6
t #
q
'
/ /
"
W
9
' !
/ /
x = x1 x2 x|x| W
; $
"
p(|x|)
!'(
#
H
$
/
/ ' :
(t, i, c, h, q)W
M W p(|x|) i p(|x|)W
c W
p(|x|) h p(|x|)W
M W q K
W :
A 6
0 t p(|x|)W
$
'>!
#W
#
" $ /
$
#
W
(=
O(p3 (|x|)
!:
' 9
"(>
:
=/
/
2p(|x|) + 1
/
t = 0G
' F
A
/'
H
' '(
c=1
/
$
#
(
P SA
6
# (=
# '(
' 9
[
/
i # i6
h #
'>(
9 /
c #
/ :
/(
$
''
=/
MW
/
/
s0 = 1W
' $
'>!
h = 0W
$
$:
|x|
$
/
" /
p(|x|) $:
0 ' |x| + 1 $:
p(|x|) # '$
W
/
' !
/
/
/
6
H
$$
(0, i, 1, 0, 1)
& (&
p(|x| i 0W '$
$
W
|x| + 1 i p(|x|)W
(=
$
RV V V
xW
'$
$
(q, c) = (q , c , L/R)
+ '( (:
#
' !
/
P SAH
/ =#
/ !!"
9
t + 1W
0 t p(|x|)
'
p(|x|) h p(|x|)
c
+ $
#
/ = !!(?
/ '( (:
(=
!'
'(
6
!'
#W #
'
!
' 9
2p(|x|) + 1
/"
/
9
!'
/
9(
P SA
' 9
P SA :
!
sG (
6
W =!= '
TW
2p(|x|) + 1 ' 9
=
/
9(
/ /
/ =(
/
' 9
/
W (=
'
!
#
/
' 9
/ # '
/ #?
/ =$=
#
H
9(
W !'
' 9
/
9(
/
:
>!!
=$=
/
2 !
"
/ !
/ 9(!
/ #
'(
""/
2p(|x|) + 1 >!!
' ' / !
/
$: : (=:
$
*
=#
(p(|x|), i, 0, 0, s), i = 0
9! #
/
'
&= :
=
./ "(>
(p(|x|), 0, 2, 0, s)
P SA
jW
t + 1
#
/
' 9
7
i = h
:
' 9
/W
/
$
( !
(
' & (& + (
'!=#
!
''/
#
$
M
'( 9
2p(|x|) + 1
' 9
$
V
E=
W ! ''/
$
/ " /
/
/
P SA
/
!
$
P SA
* 9(
(!!
#
W " ! 9
9!
yKjQOPQGH E
$
>W
/ # $
=#
(!/
'
/ !
/ !
{x + y1 + y2 + + yn }
$
/=/'
(
A =
''!: =#
# #
$A
an
/ #
!
Ry =
' 9: /
'( 9(
u, v
$
'>
?
CV log DF S
P 6!
'
/
{ }W $:
{
y1 + y2 + + yn }.
'/'!
/#
a1 , a2 , ..., an W
!
Ci =
aj , ak
N $A
"(>
"(>
#
#
$
=
/ '(
=:
/ '/'!
/
ai
#
aj , ak
#
P SA log CV
Q 9!
M
/
$
" =
=:
"
P SA log U R
>
'
F 1G $A
V>'
log
'V ' W
'/ (.( CV
Q 9!
log
"'
#
{MOKGH
{x}
=
/ !>(9
":"$
# =/
9' . U R
log
9! B$
" 99!
!
(!!
p(|x|)
# "#
'>!
' " !
'(
'
9(
$
$%
/ #? ' =
(
/"''$:
=
'
$
& (&
AB
'
* A'
'1
345678
* ( '
E "'
,
* A
'
" ,
"
'
* ( '
P SP ACE %
""
"
N L P
"" " ,
*
'! % "E
'
& ,
%
&
! *
&
(
&)
$
/
#
'
/ (?
/W
W /
! #
"#
' A =
W
/GW
log n
' !
(
"' 2
( =
W
$
=#
"! /9
'(!!! i.< b< E//6
# "'
/
#?
" (
('
/9
#
/W
/ 6
# "#
W
'( ='( ' !
#
W !!( =
=
>#?
{0k 1k , k 0}
># "!
$
#
{0, 1}
#
>#?
i.<
* #= '
># #
!
log
0 ' 1
5 7242
/
'!(
log ":"$
==
/'
'!(
$
&( !
DT IM E(nk )
'!(
P
/
$
DT IM E(nk )W
log ":"
/ $
P 6!
9! '(
/ = #
=
DT IM E(nj )
j > k
'!(
/ ":"$
:
#=
/#
/
'!(
log ":"$
' $ ' P SP ACE W
9! '(:
9! /("
NPd
P SP ACE
":"$
8
!
P SP ACE
!/:6
log
(6
#
P SP ACE
log
D
/
9!
DSP ACE(nk )
/
/6
!/:/'
!/:/'
6
# '!$
'(:
P OLY LW =
'!(
'
# $
NP
/
$
& (&
D&",
R
"(!
9!#
(/A
!
/
9
Z:[XEJ"Q
/ '>!#
/ $
#
#
/ xrjK '/#:
W >
/ gQKP '/#:
W >
!
2 99!
st
99!#
(
=#A
( =
W
P SP ACE 6!
96
'
P6
A "!:H
vQjPQW gMjjH
qwx
q`Oj4KjW 00-
st
c:Z:C"JYQ
00,
yKMm gMjjH
CmmjQ wKjOKkW
$
3- !
*
R =>
xrjK '
9
"
\
=#A
99!#
P SP ACE 6!
9!(: F'/#:
9
/=
99!#
P SP ACE 6!
'
P 6!
/
#
6
"
: "#:W :
#
"#=
+:">#
A:R: W8X8IDY"C!Q
!! (!!:
/ qMrMmLPQG 99!# /(
9!
99!#
45
)
&' '
&
% % % ,
"
" ,*
^
% ' & " ,
' ,
* / " %
'
%
%
""
" ',
,
" ',* .
'
'
%
& "
, " &'
*
$#
*& +
-$ !
: ,
& , ';
< ' '
<
'! , '
< '
' , '
< '
% '
%
<
"
' !
%
, '
< & "
% %
EXP EXP SP ACE
< ' '
""
" ,
< ' '
""
" ,
%
% ,
""
< ' ' , 345678 ,
'1
< ' '
,
" ',
hM7KI QS5HM WSL oI8SL
< ' '
!'
" &'*
*& +
. / -0
<
%
% %
<
<
< ,
'
< ,
'
<
%
<
%
<
""
" ,
< , " ,
< " , hM7KI QS5HM
< " , WSL oI8SL
<
< " &'
$
$$
*& +
( D7
9
"
. &
.
E'(
O(n2 )
"!
'(: '(
/(
O(n)
S W
/'
/ $
#
/ =
/(
==
$
9!(:
((*./
/
/
/'
/
3 8212
/G
/W
!
f (n)
'
'
$
"#
$:
/( #
# '9
/W "#
# 6
"
#
f (n) $
"#
'
nW
f (n)
'!#
)/& &?((*.'
3 8242
'
#
W '(
n /( #
!
# FG A'
f (n)
'
n "
#
f (n) 9
'
nW
f (n)
'!#
)/& &?((*.'
R ! "
/
# "#
/
>#!
/ # /
$!
/ !(9
"'$
W :
log n
/ :
6''/(
#:
log n
"#
!
$:
$%
'!9(
# "#
=/=' (
log n)
$
"#
''/(
==
$
"#
/ "
= #
/
=#
$
9 "
f (n) = cW
#
! ''/(?
#=
6''/(
/!(
# #
#
log n
log n
.#W /(
#
W
/
:
&!$
/
$
W
% 821
E#A
'(
R !
:
!/:/'
6''/
#
' !
=
$
g(n)
$
/
W
! '
/ =
/
g(n)
f (n)
:
/ '
g(n)
'
/#
f (n)
#
#
g(n)
A(
f (n)
/
'(
"#W
# :
(:
W # =$
6''/(W
>" /
.6
'#=/
'
=' !
[:
f (n)
'
g(n)
!:
:
6''/(
/6
lim inf
f (n)
= 0,
g(n)
f (n)
"# /
> $ 8212
/
/ '( &(
Y:
W (
/ # ='
#
=#
#
/(
6''/(
''
>#
g(n)
!!(
$
!- ) 2
#:
! "
=":
(
|L "
2 =A
$
#
'( ''/'
=
f (n)
. '(W
#
|x| = n
Mx
Mx
f (n)W
( k &( M
f (n)
/ >(
/!(
/
#
x
/ >(
"
'(
=
x # ':='
=
# '(
#
#
W
#
"#
x
&(
kf (|x|)
!
#:
A( 9
cg(n) , c = (W
! /
Mx
F=!
i.<
#:
Mi
[:
8 /(
"(!
W $
= A /
$:
/
W
/ "(?
g(n)
/ >(
=
':='
$ $ '
$> >
b<
/ 6
Mx W
g(n)
# '9
=('
6''/( ./
W :
#
M
"(?
" '(
g(n) # :
F(
/
g(|x|) $
# "#
W ("
8
'(
'(W =
$
'
/ =#
> 7'/(?
/ "(?
/ "(?
/
W
#
!!$
'$
!
# #?
f (n)/g(n)
i = n, n + 1, n + 2, ...}G
"
'(: !#
=$
*& +
./ ':='
#
>#?
g(n)
Mj
'
"!
'(
# /( (
f (n)
;
># (
/ =
W
=
>#?
f (n)
g(n)
' "
= A(
# !(9
$:
!!
'( W =
/ / V
/ 9(: ./
# '
$ 9(/
99:
! "
log g(n)
9 "
/
#:
/$
#:
'
#
# (!
g(n)log g(n)
" ' $
> $ 8242
[:
' !(
'
f (n)
' !
'
g(n)
$
g(n)
/
#
!:
/H
6''/(
/6
lim inf
n
8 /(
"!
f (n)
= 0.
g(n)
>#
f (n)
. (: =
: '
! /("
' !
/ /(6
H
.)1& h::
o(f2 (n))
'
[: =
f2 (n) # :
/
f1 , f2 : N N W
f1 (n) =
6''/( 8
.)1& h::
&( " =
"'
0 e1 < e2 W
.)1& h: :
[: =
/
'
f1 , f2 : N N
f2 (n)
#
"
#
6''/(
8
.)1& h: :
&( " =
"'
0 e1 < e2 W
DT IM E(ne1 ) DT IM E(ne2 )
2 >
$
!/!
'
$
/ $
/ = $
/
#W
/ >$
*& +
="#
'(:
$
"
"
'>(!
$
*
*&
+ +
$
/
9! '
!- ) 2
B
*'
W /
=#A
=/9
9#?
> $ 8262
9!
!/!
A # C 6'! W
/
""
H
$ =9
A # =9
&=
t AW =! B t A
'( (!!
#
GW
>#!
' !
'
9! '!(
=9
9!
9 '
B W $ B
("
8 '
# =9
$
# $
W =>
'(
A
/ ("
B :
W (
'! W $
C
E=
=' $ 9!
N P = P SP ACE = EXP W
A NP
# '
(" (!!
EXP 6
#
&# '
EXP
EXP SP ACE
'
9!
/
!
$
/ =9
/ ! /(
EXP 6'! d
9! '!(
9!
/ >
=
(
!"
2.
..
EXP SP ACE
E
b6
>
='
$
/ =
(A
U FpKMJ
/ #
:#
EXP
/
'!(
8 !(
!
9!
9! !
"'
:#
W
!"
T:#
# '
A P SP ACE
!/!
!!
'
'
=
/
2
'
'$W ("
$!
9!(:
'W :
/ = #
/ ''
k
N T IM E(2n )
EXP = N EXP ;
8
.
'
'
#
=
#?
":"
/d 8
3SAT
/ #'
!
' '$
">$
/
'
A'
/
/
'
#
/
"(>
[ (!!
">#
=>$
=>
'
8$!
.#W
'
!"
/ 99!
'$
'>(
>
/
$
GW
/
!$"
OKKKW
'$
6
/
!
'>(
2 =A / : 6
/ 99!#
/ ' $
/
"
:#
: "6
xy[y = x + 1]
x
#
"'
# V/=
W = " '( "6
$
"!
"'
P SP ACE 6
=='# >
" "'
$:
6
/ '( #:
yx[x < y x = y]
/( (
'$
"!6
x+1
'
E k = EE E W k
'
$: =/
9! #
9! #
!
W = ("
9! +
E
N P 6!
/
'$
"!
#
9!
SF 6REI H
EXP 6!
/ '
/ '
='( !
9!
= #
='
9! "#
="
N EXP
#
N P 6!
'
9!
'>(
W
P SP ACE
N EXP 6!
OKKKW
9! / $
S /
# '
/ '!(
P = N P ;
.)'( P 6!
#
# "'/$
P = N P
'
EXP 6!
:
# /
/ '!(
EXP = N EXP W
#
'
EXP 6!
'
(
W
=' W (
NP
"# '!(
/ $
!
#
*& +
*
='
%
(
*&
+
$"
( -
:.6
2 =A $ 9! # =9
!!''
/
#!/
9! # "(!
''
#
8$
NP
9!
'!(
""
!
"
!/'
'
/# :
99!#
">#
/ =#
/
9!
W
/ # :$
"(!
/ /
# /
/ ' #=
=>
8
6=(> 2 6
/
W # :
# "
"
$A 99!
/
/
A
/W
6
/
/
$
(
/$
A(?
/
!/ $!
!
!
"'(? ?
$
#
/ >#?
=/9
#!/
#
/
9! '$
='$
#:
'
!"
#
/
9! # $
" /
[
(!!
M ax2SAT
'!(
P
A
H
/ #
.!"
/ #
9!
N P 6!
'( " /
/ #=
/
2SAT
/
'( '
SAT
!
#
>
/
W
positiveSAT
9!
# i.<
#
/
9! F /"
$
N P 6!
G
B("W $
!"
'
9!
/W /$
!/!
/ '( $
'9
=
!/:/'
9!$
>#?
# !
W =!
positiveSAT W
/
9!6
2SAT W
2SAT
=' '
!/:/'
!/!
' 6
2SAT
xi ' !
(
2SAT
'( ' !
/
$#
*& +
9H
D$
xi =
!
' '(! /
/# E7<*2 F
2SAT W xi W
(6
G
&( (
E7<*2 # i.<W $
6
9!
xi =
!9
" =
%
!
" =
' (6
xi =
V/=
'
2SAT W xi W (G
/# E7<*2F
&( (
E7<*2 # i.<W $
6
!9
'
&( (
E7<*2 # b<W $
9!
'(! /
)
/
$
xi = V/=
/
$
'
' $6
&( (
E7<*2 # RuW ( b<
x
k W (G
(
W
2SAT
." '(
.># '(
/ $
2SAT
/ # =
x
k
x
k
(
{xj }
'
{xj }W
%
&( = $
/ #
(
$
i.<
)
/# E7<*2
x
j
(
/ $
/
'( /
# "
x
j =
!
B /
/# E7<*2 =
=' '
!
2SAT
N =
' '(
%
(
*&
+
$
O(n)W
9!
#
:
2SAT
2 /
/# '!#
[#
'!(
3SAT H
FG
!/:/'
#
>
:
(6
$
" '( 9!
2SAT P
;
/ #
Odd3SAT W
! =
=' '
Strong3SAT W
/ '
/!(
' !
=
/
/
!
/
! '(
#
9!(:
/
W #:
/ ''!
/ "#
"(>
'
= $ ''!
$
/
=
=/'
SET
'
"
V ERT EX COV ER
! # /
(
/ >
/
&#
9!
(
=
#
='
IN DEP EN DEN T
P
/ '!(
9!(: 9!
9$!
!
W !!( !
/
""#?
(
9$!
h/'(W = $
!( "
NP
#
!/!
#
'
9!
/ ""/$
# :6
&#
= $
!( " $
!/:/'
9(? (" (A
#
W #
$"" !
"
9! >
W = b< ( =
$""
i.< (
/ '
!/!
'
9! 9!
9! >
#
/ R ' !
N P 6!W
#
:
=!=
/
?
#:
N P 6'!(
$$
3 8262
/
/
9!
opt(x) > 0
9!
/9
RA (x) =
|opt(x) A(x)|
,
opt(x)
(
' $: $
#!/
/ :
#
)&*<<''(2 <2&'- A
'
#?
[:
*& +
!/:/6
A(x)
=# !
# (
# 9! "
#
(
RA (x) =
R !"
|opt(x) A(x)|
,
A(x)
(
# 9! !
xX
(
/
#
9!
XW
$
RA (x)
# '(
'
"'
#:
7(: /
1/2W
' !(
/ !"
$
'9
!"
""'
$
! "
" (="W
!$
100%
[
! "
A
$ ! "
A 1 '
!"
#
/ >( (:
=
!$
$""
[
! "
#
!"
=#
/# ''$
!
[
=#A $ 9! 9!
W
>
'
P = N P
6
# #
#
#
""'
6
# !"
"S /
8 : /( $
N P 6'!(
7 (
/ >/'(
9!
A
'"
N P 6'! W
/
""'
!"
SCHEDU LIN GW
"#
'!
/
&# /( "
9! 9!
$!
/
=/
>0
#
#
#
H
/(
=
6
26M ACHIN E
%
(
*&
+
$%
6
/
""'
:
$
$
:
# !"
9!
M axSAT W
9!
"
9!(: # $'=
/ '
9! "
" $ '(
=$W :
&#
/ ?
/ ?
#
# /(6
!(
9!
!(
#
B=#"6
#
/
9!6
$"
W
=/
"'
(:
SAT
)&*<<' )&3/
6
"(!
""'
!"
B=#"
9!(:
T SP W CLIQU E
1/26
[
!
&#
9! "
"
=
'=
9!
""'
!"
/ =# :
! $ '(!/ ' 9:
! =!(
9$!
W
=
#
:
'
# = /(6
W #
' !
/ "(>
/
N ODE COV ER
G(V, E)
$"
C :=
/
' 9
/ (' /
/ $
/ "(>
Copt
/
/
Copt
!"
SET
W
' =("V /
"(>
/ $ '(
' !
'$
G
/ $!A
('
F' 9
! =!(
$"
/ '
# '
1/26
:
!
/W
C W #
/
G
;
' 9
F' 9
=# =
./$
9$!
'$
W
/
' '( S
G
|C| |Copt |
""'
!"
9!(:
$
('
# $
$"
""'
!"
= $
/!(
/ "(>
#
/ !$"
/$
$ $
.
/ "(>
=' :
A
H 8
: '
! ":
vi
!"
'(!/
'
C W :
/ ''/(?W # $ '(!/ ' 9:
= !$ '
ui
9(!
= '( '
(ui , vi ) E
Copt
==
$
' /
$
GW
( '
' 9:
>
/#
' 9:
(
CV
V C
$
/
#=
"(>
'
""/$
! "
#
=
/
=#=/
/ #W
""'
!"
/!(
/
=
/ >(
# #
W =!= $
"6
/W $:
/
A(
/
W
/
/ !
/ $
$ !(
N ODE COV ER
2n 2 ' 9
B !
=
2n ' 9
N ODE
/
9!(:
1/26
$
'(6
n + 1 ' 9:GW
=# $ '(6
# $ A(6
! "
$""
"
9! / = ># # $
""#
W :
' ("
=' #
./
=
!/
1/2W
$""
N ODE COV ER
*& +
""#
$""
#
!/:/'$
":"$
= =
='
! $ ' $
/# :
=" $
=$
''
!"
'( =('
'$!
( '$!
/ />
/'( #
>
T
/!(
pU
# '(
/ [W />
/W !!( :
!"
(
/ #
=
#
9!$6
/
/
(
%
(
*&
+
!"
#
' '
/ '# ==
:
"
$ =
/"
/ ! 9
""'$
!
=9
>
/ =
9! 9!
''
9!(:W
(
A(
'!$
9! # /( #
#
[
.
=
=
'
!"
"
$
>!!
''(
/ /
/ "(? $
':$
'
"
# !"
[
6
(
'(
W ( /( $
/# $ / #
!/:/'
gQPK 3MOQ
!/!
( F
(
'(6
<2&'-
#
'
1/2G
/W !!(
[
?
''
!"
" /
''
1/2W
/ /
''
!"
'
(
W
/ =$=
2)*.&
'( ' 9
/ '!=
=
ZC#YJ A8"7C
R !"
"
: !
/
/ 9
!#"
!"
#
W
9! 6
''
!"
/ !"
# !"
$ 9! >
$> i.< b<
'6
!(:
/W
$
9!
W ! >!!
/ =$=
(
/!(
"
# b<
>!!
/ =$=
R !"
oMj {KMj
!/:/'
n #
t(x)W
$'>
$
D
=
!//
'
2n t(x)W
!
B("
W =!= /
9!
$
.S /
!/:/'
! " / "$
>
" $ " /
"$
nW
x #
>(
n
/ $
/ $ / #
NP
9! A
' '
!
/
$
/"
(
# =$W =
x
"
&=
i.< " /
=
=
(" #
3 8272
(1 2|x| )
>(" / A(
# $
$!
2k
/
>#?
>(
''$
=
!
!"#$
!/!
'
1/2
W (
!
!$A T#9
2
V
/
/"#
$
=
=
/
''
''$
'!(
/ '( ' 9
#
)..'(+
/ =$=
!/:/' /(
"$
/ /
/ "$
|x|
"6
x
(:
6
.
/
'#
'
" /
$"
9!(: >
'W :
(: =='#W #
*
2|x|
$
/
# "(! /"''$W =
'( '#
/
>(
/W =
*& +
&#
W (
#
=# '#
>(6
S $ ' 9
!/:/'
9(
/
# #
"
#? ( $
!/:/'
!/:/'( >"$
FmQSP 5MKG
#
#=
/ =$=
b:#
#=
* 9(
' !
p(|x|)
"
/
" /
My
2p(|x|) W
!$
!/:/'
"'
W /
/ '(
!/!
/ ! >!!
8
My
#
/ ' "
=
/
''$
'!(
x
$
!
(!!
: i.<
#?
/
%
(
*&
+
$
3 8282
c
2 '!(
)'-(&'( )..'(/ P P
# /(
W $
F9G (
2 '!(
"
FG (
/
" /
1/2W
!/:/'
9! >
W (
1/2
F '(
"
# /(
!/:/'
FG (
1/2W
'
2 '!(
!/:/'
RP
#
.#
9!(: "
'!(
coRP
/
oMj {KMjW =!=
(
/
&# '
/
''
"
N '!(
# /(
RP coRP
/
!/ (
9! >
1
/
1/2 +
'
1/2 +
. )'-(&'(/ RP
# /(
#?
RP coRP
!/
#
!"
#
!"
9!
/
/
/
gQPK 3MOQ
/ $
/ !" 6
$ = >(!
/
RP coRP W
$!
( '
1W
!/:/'
$
=$ Fi.<G
/
*& +
FG
=$ Fi.<G
'
' F9G
# Fb<G
.
/
(:
' #
coRP
W
N P coN P
8$!
!/:/'
#
/
&!$
V
>$
coN P
/
"
"!
1/2
'(
1/2
&#
RP
='
> $ 8272
!- ) 2
=#A
/
8
/"'#
BP P
NP
'
/
$V
/
RP
# /
$
'
coRP
"
# 6
"!
"!
1/2
=
'
#6
$
/
W
(
$
!
BP P
PP
NP
'
PPW
$
NPW
>
: '!(:
/ =
!!(
"!
=$=
M
'(
# :#
>!!
RP
coN P
/
>#? $ 9!
2
' #
W $
' !
#?
/ >!!
coRP
6
= # $ !
/
!'( $ /"''$
'
# /
NP
$
S !
/$
'!(
'
"
P SP ACE
!9( M
./ (!!: #
#
$'=
RP coRP
&#
'!(
$
:
i.< >!! " $ i.< " /
# /
W = ! =$= /
/
!
/$
RP
=
2p(|x|) G
MW
"!6
(
F(
W
i.< " /
$
"#
B$ /
%
(
*&
+
$"
PSPACE
PP
BPP
coNP
NP coNP
coRP
NP
RP
RP coRP
P
821
H < # :
'(
/ "!
T#V
" /
' :
$:W (
'
1/2 +
" /
9! # '(
#
T'
A(
/ / H 2
pa = 1/2 2p(|x|)1
i.<G
$
/
p(|x|)
1W
"#
'
T#9
U
U
#
./
/!(
p(|x|)
2p(|x|)
= 1/2 +
'( :
"(!
$:
2 !
=
/ ! T"(UW
"#
2p(|x|)1
(
=' F(
1pa = 1/2+2p(|x|)1
W ( '
# /6
$
&!$
W
!/:/'
'!(
pa = 1/2
1 pa = 1/2
1/2W
!/:/'
=
V
Fb<G
b<
pa
1/2
" '
$:
=$ ' :
pa +
'
= T'
!/!
PP
i.< " /
/
/
:
Y:
/
/ '#
pa + 2p(|x|)
:
/9#
=='# ("
2p(|x|)
1/2W
!/!
'
'
$
:
! (:
/ #?
/
'!(
/
P, N P
'
''$
P SP ACE W
$ #
*& +
($ %.
:.6
3 4.
!
;"
B=
'(W $
=
!
/
/>:
/
=
"(>
W #
'
'
D(d, y)
>
EW
h/'(W
#
'/
$
/
'
:#
":#?
#
#=
'
'!=#
/ &!$
./ $
d
W ( $
:'
'(
/ =/'
2 "
"(
!$
#
=
/
!!$
>
'!=#
?"
/ =/(
/ " /
$
'
$
Y:
'
'!=#
# #
' /
!/!
'
"#
x
'
=
: /9
!"
!
W =!
((x e) e) = xW
# #
>
$
$
x y W
'!
(
W
'
!$
'
6
/W
'$W =
#
e
AW /
[
x
Q 9' #
/"''$
'!=# R !6
:#
' =
'#
/
(e, d)
y = E(e, x)
e = x y
# ":
'!=
/ '
("
!"
!
S /
AW
|x|
# /
2
!$
$!
!/:/'
/
W
'/
!
'!=#
$ =A
&!$
=
'/6
"#? /9
'#
/
$
'!=# '/
/
/ /
!"
XORW : #
E=
">$
'
/ '
'!=(W
/
e = d
#
D:
[
D(e, y) = e y
'!=# = /
!
9'+
'/
$ $
'!' ZW
/ # ":#?
d
=!=
'!=#
"(>
'
":
{0, 1} W
D '/
'
./
(
D(d, y) = xW
!"
"#?
:
8 '!=( # $
E(e, x) = e x
'/
"(>
$
!
# !$A
'
x W
$!
(
!"
'!=#
/
#
:#
A>!#? =
!$
$! '/
!"
/'
'
"(>
=
AW 6
y = E(e, x)
/
'
# # /
x y
'
/
'!
y
"># =
(
!/:/'( '
/
/(
#?
/
P = N P
"#? '
$
$
x =
/
'
# #
( '#
>(!
/ '!=
&!$
# $
W '#
!W = #
NP
9!
/ # #
>
D /
=
"#?
/
:
A
H
#
.
/9
!#
/
"#
/
FP
'
FNP
'!(
!/:/'
'!#
29& .&W
(
/ $
/
f :
* /(
/ ' !
/H
# $6
=!
= /(
/
"#? $
/( $
'#
f (x)W
=
Y:
/ =
' ' (
!/:/'
!"
f (x) = y
W
/ =
$
x
yW
E=
/ =/(
3 8292
'
= $ =A
!$"A
"># =
>
E /
E(e, x) = y
>$ '/
$ =9
='
/ '!=
2 >(!(
#? =/'
[ ' / "#W
d
(" '#
d
:#
":#?
E//
W '/
$
# $6
'(?
6$W
#
" (="W !
# "#
P = N P W
!/:/'
'(!!!
#6
/
/
*
/(
!!
/
#
6
$ $
=
#
/
(1&'. ))'+
'( !/
/( $6
?
/
p, q
"
'
' '$
#?
x < p
#
FP
/
/(
mod p)W
1 mod p
N
fmult W
# 2
fmult
#
=!= 9#'
#:
=
#
c(p)
W
1<r<p
fexp
>
# '
/
F=!
:
/ $>
(!!
(p, c(p), r x
/W
/
" "(!
*
p, q
=
*& +
'
6
r p1 = 1 mod pG
# #
":
NP P
2
9!
fmult
R /=/
: /:
"># /(
CmOKLM
fexp
'
"># =
/ '!=
GW
B!#
/ #
:
RSA
'$
'$
/
?"
p, q
x y
!$
:
'
p, q F
:
' /
'6
G '
(pq) = (p1)(q1)
=
# (A
' =
(pq, e)
! R
e
$
/$
=
:
[
!
":#?
#
$ /( fOK
"#
/(
W
=
e6 =
"#?
pq : =
"
eW
#
">$
#
#
=
"
=
'!=#
/
'!=#
pq W
:
/"''$
6
">#
:
H
y = xe mod pq.
R !
":#? #
$ '$
pq 1GW $
#
>
(pq)W
/ &/'!#=
d / !
='!
/( '
LQmOQ
# '
mod pq W F=! 0 d
'$
(pq)
k
&=
! /
E!=
d #
#
"#
!"
R !
"
'!=#
(pq, d)
' /V
'/
$ %
yW
">
=
#
dW '
$
=:'
xW
$
/
2 "
x(pq) = 1 mod pq
d
!W
>:
=
/(
/(
9
KLMP
/ ='
!
fRSA
!
>
!
#
W :
#
=
d
$
*& +
AB
, '
'
!
"
!
* &
'" "
% %
'!
" &'
*
&
(
&)
$
A P SP ACE
F=# =(>
)G
EXP 6
(" (
$
*& +
CA % *
% 8212
*
# :
/ # /=/
=
k
p(n)
!/:/' /(
!!!
=
(
/
!!!
G R (!!
# ':='
>
$
#
=
$ : >
#
"#
=
'$
+ #:
=
/
/ !$
="W
+
9
kn
=
/
"#
/
'( #:
#">
/W
'(
#=
/
/ 9
$:
'(
=6
(
!(
$6
/ $
/
(?
9
+ (6
==
"#
$
/
' :
'$
9
' /
kn
9
!//
''/(
/
/
#
=
/
=(>
$!"
/
=
/ "(> #
!( '(
/ #
W ("
!
$
F
# "#
W
(=
=
=
/ # "(!
$
#
nW
/
/
+ "!
=/(
' ''
'
6''/
#"
'
(
"!
!$"
$
/ "
B
9
$
k>
= # '
/ # "#
2 / "(>
$:
/ $
++
D&",
R
"(!
(/A
!
/
9
99!#
/ gQKP '/#:
W >
/ '>!#
/ $
#
#
/ xrjK '/#:
W >
(
( =
=(>
=/9
$A
99!#
st
Z:[XEJ"Q
99!#
99!#
=#A
: :(:
#
+
/ gQKP '
W
/ qMrMmLPQ
2 99!
99!#
/ xrjKW
A "!:
vQjPQW gMjjH
qwx
q`Oj4KjW 00-
st
c:Z:C"JYQ
yKMm gMjjH
CmmjQ wKjOKkW
00,
st
A:R: W8X8IDY"C!Q
$ !
*& +
3- !
*
R =>
xrjK '
'!(
99!#
'
"
\
99!#
'
''
qMrMmLPQ
F
=
=$
'
!"
#:W
!#
/ ' #=
[ $
!/!
/ "#
' :
!
!/!
!"
/ '(
#
:'
"
SIZE
COM M
'
/ '!=
/ '
!/!
/ 99!#
/ '
/
#?
/6
/
#
/W !!(
(
/ $
"#
"
#6
/
'!(
'!(
'
!/!
:'
#
!/!
/ 99!#
# '(
:
'
/ !$"
/
=#
)'-?
'
R /=/
: =
IP
'
P CP
R =>
6
/ gQKP '
' ":"W =
( 99!#
99!#
/ $
N COM M
$
""6
!/!
DEP T H W
'
"'
$ "#
*)'9&'(1 )9*L*'
'>(!
/ gQKP '
">#
=
/ $ '
/ =A
'
!"
$
/
/
#: # /
"
#
9'( $
'
!"
/
!"
!
#
"
/ /
! ":
/ $
'
/
/
)& <&-
: # =
>
99!#
# '#
= ! '
:#
' ! ":
=/'
(!!!
/
G !"
/(? (!/
'/
EXP SP ACE
= / #
99!#
=#A
!
"
'
2 /
/=
# '#
'
=$'
=
/
/
'>(!
/$
/ 99!#
$
":#?
/
/
'( (
#
/ $
/ S /
/ $
B( $
/
/ !#
D:#
&!!'
"#
#
!
"
. 2
) (
":"
=$
='
W 6W 6
>"$
W 6W 6
'!=#
'( !(
W 6W 6
$""
7
"
!(
/
'
W 6W
/:'
W 6W 6
/
:'
'!(
'
!>(9
=>
>("
!"
'(:
(:
$:
'!#'
9' /(
>
/(W
/(
#
=/='
W 6W 6
/!:
!
W 6
9(
'
$!%
'(
!
!/!
'
/
"
$!
3
/
/
"#
W 6W 6
"' 7.<G
!
'( 9(
":"
/#
#>
'
W 6W 6
''!
'/
=":
(
">#
#
A$ A
>#
=(?/A F!
'
W 6W 6
"' 2G
=#
=#
W 6W 6
='='
W 6W 6
>
':='
!
=='#
!=
=>
#
''
W 6W 6
'
W
"(>
/$
'#
6W 6 W
/>? :
"(>
W
/>? :
'/
/$W
">
":"
/(
(
'/
"
A/A F!
/'
'
!#
W 6W 6
/(
. 2
) (
'W !/(
'(!/ '
':='
'/
">
'/
/(
'
W 6W 6
$!
>$W
"'
"(>
"'( /
W 6W
"(>
"#
W 6W 6
"(>
/( :
/A'
W 6W 6
''
W 6W 6
$'
'
=("
"(>
/'
W 6W 6
'!
'>!
:
V
#
W 6W 6
'!
W 6W 6
!' '(
$
'$
V/=
W 6$
9!
'(
=/#
'9$
'(!/
#
"
'
A(
":"
$!
3
":"'
/
(
W 6W 6
W 6W 6
' '(
$
$
'$
>
W 6W 6
W 6W 6
>
&
"(
"'
W 6W 6
#
$
/
=W $:
/ !
' 9
'#=
OKKK
'(
#
!!!
#'
!
%
=/9
=9
%
!''
$
6W 6
#
">'
W
" /
!A'
6W 6
/(
#
' /(
'
(\=A(
!
$
"!
>!!
'
$
. 2
) (
/9
$!
!
=
+ +
$
$
+ +
$
+ +
#W >
=
$A
'"
# /(
9!
?"
W 6W 6
''
W 6W
9!
":"
=
="$
'
W 6W 6
#
: "
W 6W 6
=(A
=/
6 W
/(
!//
!/:/'
W 6W 6
$ /(
'!=#
(!
?"
!#=
(
W 6W 6
":'
W 6W 6
(=
=$
(":
#9
'(
/
'
='
#
=#'
W 6W
$!!
3
'
(=
.
/ #
=#
'
'
/ # 9
?
(":\"">
=
'
W 6W 6
=
'
!$
#:
!/
#
":"
'!'
W 6W 6
"
'(!/ / !
=
#W =(V/
'
'
":' #?
#9
'(
$'>
'
'
=("
'(:
"!
!
W 6W 6
#?
#'
'(:
$
/ !
"">
/9
=!:
/
(
. 2
) (
$!"
>
==
'
W 6W 6
#
W 6W 6
>
'
"
$ #
=#
>"$
/
#
>#
6W 6
!(=
0
9
#'
!
/'
W 6W 6
W 6W 6
0
$
!
W 6$
9
!
W 6$
#
/(
=$=
/(
=:
:!
>#
!' :
#
(:
'(:
9
W 6W 6
"(>
'
!'
W 6W 6
:#
(:
\(9
!/
/(
9'
W 6W 6
$:
9!
$"#
3
!/
'
/>W ' 9
3
":#
4
(":W
':W
":"
5
=$
/(
='
90
S /
&/
FG I'
/ !(9H
' 9'$
'$
$
'/#:
=#
">
F9G 8
'/
$
99!#
'
' >$
D:# +(>: + '(
/ :
' =
/
/ $
/
">
: E' *6
/ 99!#
/
/ .""!'
/( S /
=#=
/ '(
#
$
.""!'
/
/(
&
$"%
9!
/(
}H
[ $ ">
11
!
/
''
!"
!/:/'
/ /
6
"#?
#!/
/ = >(!
{!#=
}H
%
[
6
!/:/'
/
{!#=
/
}H
%
B
43
FMOr4M`KPGH
/:
/9
' /9
"(
/
/9 !:
[ $
'
*
/9
/9
!#?
/
" /
'#
/
!/#
:
{e}W
}H
/
/
9!
9!(: >
{!#=
-,
" /
/ =
}H
2
(!!
!/!
'
E6
[ /
:=
' 9:
=/
/ "(>
' 9:
/
)2 )'
#=
6
(
(!!
/ !
FrQ`OKL Km5PQG
/
/ =
=
(!!
/ =/
!#?
<</ )&3/
/9 !:
(
"!
/9
&# $
(
*
FjLrOK rMP4G
' 9
/ ' 9
<&4.H
(
[
(
/ = !9(6
/
/ '
$"
4
)2 (+(
'
FjLrOK 5k5OKG
!/#
&/ 9'<)
' 9
=#A
/
/ / !
#
/
FPMO jPMPKG
&'(2 '2
*&( FjPMGH
{!#=
'
#: &
..H
}H
-
*$
'( (!!
'
6
3MPQ "
2 '(
#
{!#=
}H
)
+'( #'
*&( j7JJ#J
"!
W
!#?
/
=/='
$
W
$
/9 !: $ !>(9
L
R W /9
'!6
R
$!
'V
/ #
/9
!
L
'
/ /
/9
!
'
"!
}H
)%
B
f = o(g)
{!#=
'
!$
f = (g)
!
O()
=#
() $ '9$
g
#9
(G /9
#?
=
A
/: /9
/"#
>
/ =>
FPMO 5Q|MPQG
( #=
&'(/ (
[ !
FmMQMO~MPQ r5rOKG
''/
="
#
<&4.H
#
$
#
/
>
8 /
[ $
#9
='#
6
(.(
FM5k5O5G
<&4H
[
"(>
2 /(W
:#
''!
/
{!#=
1
}H
' /(
&
32 )&23
'
<
/ !
FPM5PM`OK rQ`OKLG
'
'(
}H
9!
/9
!>(9
/ # /
{!#=
}H
)
/( "
<&'(/
FMLLMGH
[
'
/ /
'
9
E'#
/
'$
"'$
W "'$
!
/>? :W "6
'$
/#
/>? : ' "'$
:#
!/:/6
/
{!#=
!/!
$"
'
$
9
'
'
=A
#
$
/
=
/9
$
'
{!#=
}H
%0
!!(
# "!
=
/ =A
/
F5QPKP
/
$
>
/
/
"'
:#
{!#=
}H
%,
MLLMG
/
"'
:#
'
$
jKjP^K
W
:#
}H
%,
[
/
<&4 &/
F|OQp Mr4G
{!#=
}H
,
"(>
/ "(>
<&4
9:
9
<&4
!#?
FMr4GH * =
!
'
G(V, E)W
!
/ /=$
/ ' 9
/
A
' 6
/
/6
$"
4
'#
!
" (
'$
=#
#:
/
' '//
FPKKGH [
/==$
/
('/'!
9'9'( *'9.&
/
/
9'<& (*
"(> !
'
!/!
/ $ =/
{!#=
9!
{!#=
/ "(>
}H
%
/
E=6
/ '(
#: '(
{!#=
}H
+(>
/ "(>
/ 6
/ #
/
}H
{!#=
}H
B 9! '6
/
!/
# $
!"
/
$ !
=>
%0
FPM5PM`OK rQ`OKLG
'
9!
FPM5PM`OPkG
9+3 )&23
'
/6
:
/ !
'$
=#
(
" #!/
/
' 9
/"#
' 9
# /( /9
9.32
/ / !
FjPMPK mMMLG
9'4&+* <&'(/
! $: :
'(
'
[ /
FmQ^KPMO rQ5KmKG
"(>
'# #
$
'$
# A
919&
/ "(>
/
(6
==$
/
"(>
{!#=
/ ! =
=
#?
}H
0
$ " /
$
'
{!#=
}H
*
$
# # ( =A( ' (
#
' '>!$
'
*& P 1' N P
FP4K ]KjPQ
P = NP
!/=( #
^Kjj
P NP
NP
{!#=
}H
,)
&
$"
-*&
/ $
/
FrLr P4KQKLGH
$
'
=
#?
'$
"!
'
='
"!
!
/>? :
=
#? $
=
-*& ACCF
SAT
F3QQJSj P4KQKLG
#
-*& [8dY^B
'!(:
{!#=
}H
,
FxM^P54S P4KQKLG
{!#=
.
#
}H
!/:/'
$
/ !"
!/!
!/!
.
'
6
{!#=
%
}H
2 $
!
/ /
/
}H
11
2
F4KM54k Q| 5QL6
/
1W W '
)1
}H
7(A : "!:6
#
"'$
:#
W
"'$
/#
/>? :W
"'$
"(>
' 9:
(":
%
!
/>? : '
'
='
{!#=
/
'
E#
6
'
!/!
}H
)
='
$
' 6
rOKPk 5OMjjKjG
}H
N P 6!
=!= $
!/!
{!#=
'!(:
))
/
{!#=
PLK 4KM54kG
/
9!
Q|
/ $ A =/
FP4KQKL
'$
"'$
/(
( A
[
'//6
:=
=/
/
+ =/
#
!W #
'
$"!
4
'
=
#
(-'(/ /
!"#$
/
$!
/9
/ '
/
/9 !
/ "(>
(. (23
'( '
<
2 "!
( P
<&4.H
'$
'>(
!
'
/
[ /
$
('
' $
'
* /9
Lk W
LW
N LW
PW NP
/ '!
(
' 9: $
'(!/
/ = $ '$
N Lk
/9
!#?6
{!#=
'
F5OMjj
!/!
F5OMjj
}H
}H
-
}H
EXP
Q| rQOkQLMO PLKG
!/:/'
P OLY L
( EXP
/ "( 6
' =A(
'!(
/ '( '6
('
/ $
'!(
*
/ #
/ "(>
}H
1
e
'!(
(
/ $ !>(9
F^KPK 5Q^KG
{!#=
' $'>
FKOM MLLMGH
$
( $
#
('(/ <&'(/
"(>
=
!
{!#=
'
EXP
!/!
P OLY L
2 '!(
9!(:
/
Q| KrQKPMO PLKG
9!(: ''
}H
'
'
{!#=
/
}H
2 '!(
&
( N P
$""
F5OMjj
2 '!(
NP
9!(: '
{!#=
!/:/'
!/:/'
}H
/ #!/
/ !/
=
#
!
{!#=
c
}H
-
=$
'!(
/ / !
{!#=
-
}H
# /
2 '!(
/
#
F=!W
(+( ]!7J"
!(
/
/
P SP ACE
F5OMjj
!/:/'
/ #=
# !
<&4.H
'
[
!/#
FfOK 5k5OKGH
( '( ' A
(+( R8D7YC#
/
=/#
!/!
/ / !
Q| rQOkQLMO
'
/ $
/
/ '(
/ > ?
/
' 9
*L'(<&4'(
M`OK OMMKG
:=
' 9:
/ "(>
/ /
/ $
/ !
{!#=
/
}H
-1
/
(
' 9
[
''!
/ "(>
/ $>
/
/ "(>
{!#=
)
}H
# #
G
/
' ' 9
/ !9( '9
/ !9(
/
' 9:
/ '(
$
$ =:' /' '!=# ' $
=
F5k5OKG
">#
(+(
>
[ /
(!!
/
7/
'
Q| KrQKPMO jrM5KG
=/#
$
#?
/ '( /
(*'2 F5OQjKGH
(A
("
EXP
#? $
!/!
F5OMjj
FOK5QMr45MOOk KLK6
">' (
%##
4
<&'-'(/ <</
/ "# !
FOQ Km5PQG
"'
{!#=
}H
!
--
#
'
FLKMjKj
: 9(:
9!6
}H
/(
'
/(6
/(
{!#=
|5PQG
.":"
}H
Q|
PLK
5QLrOKPkG
{!#=
/ =/
$W (!
}H
%
!
FLKMjKj
: $: #
E'#
Q|
jrM5K
5QLrOKPkG
/
/ =/
{!#=
"W
}H
0-
W
/
*)'.'2
FjQO^M`OPkG
}H
0-
Y
//
>
**&''2
FQmKPKLjLGH
!
$
{!#=
/ /
(
%
}H
/ 6
"$
" '# (:
6
/
**&'''(/ /
{!#=
2 =/ /(
!"#$
FQmKPKLjP5
/"#
LM54KG
#
"(>6
/"#
$
!
"$
"
.)<''2
F5QLrPM`OPkG
>
{!#=
0-
}H
Y
//
&
%#
/(
9( #
}H
--
*$6
# (!!
/
!"#$
!#
F LM54KG
(=
{!#=
!$"
}H
B /
/
"
2 !
/"#
"(6
/( .3*'&
/9
(
)'
FrMP4G
w
"#
''
* '
!
"'
/ "(>
{!#=
!!(
/ $
}H
-
/ $
/#
* /(
/ #
>
#
"#
: /9 !:
!/:/'
!
!
|w|
FQK6pMk |5PQG
/ " /
9!
'!(
!#?
A ==
29& .&
/
/9
<&4.H
/( ' A
FjP OKP4GH
("
}H
-
! (!!
NL
9!
10
}H
+#'/
$
}H
N P 6!
$: ":"
c
NP
("
!/:/'( ! (!!
NP
9!
**&''2
'# (:
$
,%
P ?)&2 FP
5QLrOKPKKjjG
9!
'!(
F!
"'
{!#=
("
/ /
}H
-
(
"
" 6
/
! (!!
"' ":"G
!
9!
%#$
4
/'( ! (!!
P SP ACE
>
{!#=
}H
0
("
/# /9
b6
!/:6
9!
P SP ACE
5QLrOKPKKjjG
* '
'
"
"
'
"'
)&<</
{!#=
FrQm5PQG
'(
'
}H
%0
"
* '
/# /9
>
"
'
"'
)*)*&1 .2
(!
'(:
" #
/"#
$
9!
/
'
}H
)0
$
/
}H
'!(
P P W BP P
)'-(&'(2 <2&'-
}H
%
[
!"
'
RP
#!/
)-&'-
$
S
F5MmMOPkG
/9
9!
/(
(:
[
{!#=
#:
'(
F|PK jKPGH
" /:
/
)*)*&1 +
F|PK MPQLMPQGH
{!#=
}H
B#'
/ =#
$
.2.H
!#?
|S|
!
:
#:
/ $
&
{!#=
}H
,
'!(
(!
"
'(
9!
/
{!#=
}H
!/:/'
!/:/'
FjKM54 rQ`OKLjG
}H
%-
{!#=
!/!
{!#=
0
'
{!#=
/ !
}H
-,
.":"
FrQOkQLMO ^K|KG
9!(:
/
# '(
FKLKMPQ rQ`OKLjG
}H
)
}H
&!6
/
B
9!
{!#=
:
( !# !: : =
}H
)
B
/ !
/
FmK5jQ rQ`OKLjG
{!#=
)
}H
B
9!
{!#=
)
}H
B
9!
)&3/ -&'
9!
:
( =
)&3/ )24
/ "#
)&3/ )&-
9!
9!
{!#=
FrQOkQLMO Km5PQG
)&3/ 5/
/
!#
#!/
FjrM5K 5QLrOKPkG
" #!/
9!
'(A :
FPLK 5QLrOKPkG
)..'(2 *)-*./
" #!/
/
/ 9
9 =/'
)..'(/ <</
).)(2 &.
[
).)(2 &2.
%#%
/
F5QP rQ`OKLjG
:
(
!
: =
/ !
'(
)
9!
!
/
:
( =
!!( '
/ 9!
# '(
/
==
}H
B
# '(6
$ '6
' /(
)&*<<''(2 <2&'-
FMrrQLMPQ MOQP4LG
"
9!
#!/
!
""/$
{!#=
}H
.!6
$""
9$!6
%#
4
)&23 '()''2 [6
.>
( =/ '
/
#
vQQOKM
(A
(
/ $=
/W $
> " 6
"'$
9!$
?
# #
/
/
!$ ( =
}H
* /(
=
"
/
==
' : "
/
}H
1-
/
9!
}H
2 #:
(!!
/
W " (
#
#? =/
$:
9!
#:
' '$:
A
}H
,
!'
#? " =
}H
=(
":'(
# $
/ ( ?"
-%
/
{!#=
/ F
!' :
$"'
FjMPj|M`OPk rQ`OKLG
'( #
{!#=
# !>#
9'$
/
' >
=
}H
)
7"
=
'
/(
'<'2.) )&3/
FrQ`OKL jPM5KG
{!#=
9! /"''$
$
: $:
.3*'&
FjPGH
}H
)1
#?
[ 6
/
$6
(
.&'(/ +-*
:
/
F|5PQMO 5QLrQjPQG
#
/(
#?
{!#=
}H
2 #6
(!!
/
&
.&
/ !
%#
F|5PQGH
/ F
=#
[
'
#GW
(!!
GW $
/ / !
/ F
.& 4'/
=#
#
.& *)
'(
#
W ' F
#
/
6
G
''
#
'(
$
/ =#
/
#
/ =#
/ =>
'(
#
/ =#
$
*
/ =>
6
'$
'
.& *)
/ '
#? !
}H
2 /(
/"#
:=
/(
.('(2 919&
!
/9
9
!
+
FjKPGH
(
'
=
#?
!W
' 9:
/
/
=(
/
' 9
/
'(
#:W '$:
E'#6
{!#=
}H
-1
[
# $
!"
9!
!
$ !
/
/
6
'
"(>
"'
W >!! #
Fj555P 5KP|5MPKG
$ " /
" ='
!/:/' '
! =
=/
(
"' #?
* /!!
'
+ )')''(2
( A
9
[
'//
#
{!#=
":"
/9
FPMjPQ |5PQG
[ #
{!#=
}H
0
( $
%#
4
#
+ *)*<<&4/
(
1 FKOMPQGH
[ /
#
{!#=
FKpPK jkjPKLG
"'
:#
/
=
}H
%,
Y
=
* $
/ '
"
$
/ =/
6
* $
/ # /
O( )
c
'
'2
{!#=
F5Q|MPQG
$
=
/ !$"
}H
* /9
(
/ 6
/W
'2 *&'+
}H
)
= O(c )
{!#=
FK6
#
' $ '>!
G
F4MOP 5Q|MPQG
/ "(> /
{!#=
}H
6
!' '(
#?
&'
'
FLMP54GH
/ = $
/ '
*'(/ (
F|MO jPMPKG
1*' &'
!
$
/
' 9
$!
/9
= # /9
FrK|K5P LMP54GH
/
/ "(>
* '(
/
(
=
W $ /
#9
G
/ /
$
(
/ >(6
/W #
(
[ #
/ !9(
/
/
G
..H
/
"(>
}H
#
(" 6 #
&
!"#$ )9*(/
%#
/9
{!#=
0
}H
+!W "
( =
#
!"#$ )4'
F M55KrPM`OK
K5j^K OMMKG
/
9&'(/ <
{!#=
}H
-
+!W "
# /(
# /9
( '
"!
9&'(/ .&
{!#=
/ /
}H
%
F 5QL6
/(W "
/#
.)<'2
{!#=
F5QLrPMPQG
}H
)
* '
/#
&'(2 &'-2
:(:
"(>
/
/ $ '(
(' F' 9
F54QLMP5 L`KG
!(
:#
/ ' $ =>
/
6
/
' 9
/
G
&'(2 9*(
F54QLMP5 mKG
:(:
/
>
/ ' 9
/ $ '(
'
<&4.H
<&4.H
!(
:#
# ('
/
'$
"(6
=>