Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TTVT 2
TTVT 2
H NI - 2007
Bin son :
LI NI U
Thng tin v tinh tr thnh mt phng tin thng tin rt ph bin v a dng. N
th hin t cc cho anten truyn hnh gia nh cho n cc h thng thng tin ton cu truyn cc
khi lng s liu v lu lng thoi ln cng vi cc chng trnh truyn hnh.
V mt v tinh c th ph sng cho mt vng rng ln trn tri t, nn mt b pht p
trn v tnh c th cho php ni mng nhiu trm mt t t cc vng a l cch xa nhau trn tri
t. Cc v tinh m bo ng truyn thng tin cho cc cho cc vng dn c xa xi ho lnh khi
m cc phng tin thng tin khc kh t n.
T nghin cu cc s liu quan trc hn 20 nm ca nh thin vn Tycho Brahe, Johannes
Kepler chng minh rng cc hnh tinh quay quanh mt tri trn cc qu o elip ch khng
phi trn. ng tng kt cc nghin cu ca mnh trong ba nh lut chuyn ng hnh tinh. Hai
nh lut u c cng b trong tp ch New Astromy vo nm 1609 v nh lut th ba c
cng b trong cun sch Harmony of The World vo nm 1619. Ba nh lut ny c trnh by
nh sau.
nh lut 1. Qu o cu mt hnh tinh c dng elip vi mt tri nm ti tiu im
nh lut 2. Bn knh ca vect ni hnh tinh v mt tri qut cc din tch bng nhau trong
khong thi gian bng nhau
nh lut 3. Bnh phng chu k quay quanh qu o ca hnh tinh t l vi lp phng bn
trc chnh ca elip
Ba nh lut ny l c s m t qu o ca v tinh quay quanh tri t trong v tinh
ng vai tr hnh tinh cn tri t ng vai tr mt tri.
n nay nhiu h thng thng tin v tinh c thit lp vi cc qu o v tinh khc
nhau, trong ch c v tinh Molnya ca Lin x c l s dng qu o elip, cn cc v tinh cn
li u s dng qu o trn. Hin nay khng ch c cc h thng thng tin v tinh cho cc i
tng c nh m cc h thng thng tin v tinh di ng cng c thit lp v a vo khai
thc. Ngy cng c xu th tch hp thng tin v tinh vi thng tin mt t.
Ti liu ny bao gm cc bi ging v mn hc "Thng tin v tinh" c bin son theo
chng trnh i hc cng ngh vin thng ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng. Mc
ch ca ti liu l cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc cn bn nht v thng tin v tinh.
Ti liu ny c xy dng trn c s sinh vin hc cc mn: Anten v truyn sng,
Truyn dn v tuyn s, L thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp v tuyn.
Do hn ch ca thi lng nn ti liu ny ch bao gm cc phn cn bn lin quan n
cc kin thc cn bn v thng tin v tinh. Tuy nhin hc k ti liu ny sinh vin c th hon
chnh thm kin thc cu mn hc bng cch c cc ti liu tham kho dn ra cui ti liu ny.
Ti liu ny c chia lm by chng. c kt cu hp l sinh vin c th t hc.
Mi chng u c phn gii thiu chung, ni dung, tng kt, cu hi vi bi tp. Cui ti liu l
p n cho cc bi tp.
CHNG 1
TNG QUAN CC H THNG THNG TIN V TINH
1.1. GII THIU CHUNG
1.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng
Tng quan cc qu o v tinh trong thng tin v tinh
Phn b tn s
Cc v tinh ca INTELSAT
Cc v tinh DOMSAT
Cc h thng thng tin di ng v tinh
1.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng
Tham kho thm [1] v [2]
Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp
1.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c cc loi qu o v ng dng ca chng trong thng tin v tinh
Hiu c t chc ca cc h thng thng tin v tinh
Hiu c quy hoch tn s cho thng tin v tinh
MEO
HEO
40.000 km
10.000 km
1.000 km
GEO
36.000km
LEO
K hiu bng tn
VHF
UHF
L
S
C
X
Ku
K
Ka
V
W
mm
m
0,1-0,3
0,3-1,0
1,0-2,0
2,0-4,0
4,0-8,0
8,0-12,0
12,0-18,0
18,0-27,0
27,0-40,0
40,0-75
75-110
110-300
300-3000
1.4. INTELSAT
INTELSAT (International Telecommunications Satellite) l mt t chc c thnh lp
vo nm 1964 bao gm 140 nc thnh vin v c u t bi 40 t chc. Cc h thng v tinh
INTELSAT u s dng qu o a tnh. H thng v tinh INTELSAT ph ba vng chnh: vng
i Ty Dng (AOR: Atlanthic Ocean Region), vng n Dng (IOR: Indian Ocean
Region) v vng Thi Bnh Dng (POR: Pacific Ocean Region). INTELSAT VI cung cp lu
lng trong AOR gp ba ln trong IOR v hai ln trong IOR. v POR cng li. Nh vy h thng
v tinh ny ch yu m bo lu lng cho AOR. Thng 5/1999 c ba v tinh INTELSAT VI
phc v trong AOR v hai trong IOR.
Cc v tinh INTELSAT VII-VII/A c phng trong khong thi gian t 11/1993 n
6/1996 vi thi hn phc v t 10 n 15 nm. Cc v tinh ny c thit k ch yu phc v
POR v mt phn AOR. Cc v tinh ny c dung lng 22.500 knh thoi hai chiu v 3 knh
TV. Nu s dng nhn knh s c th nng s knh thoi ln 112.500 knh hai chiu.
3
Anten SHF
(tia c to dng)
1
1
Cc dn anten L v S
Hnh 1.5. Cu trc v tinh Globalstar
v cho php ni cho v tinh chuyn tip ting v s liu n cc qu o khc hoc n v tin
ln cn. Tt c cc v tinh u s dng anten dn phng (bng L hoc bng S) cho ng dch v
(bp hp). Cc ng nui s dng anten loa bng Ka hoc anten dn bng C. Cu trc ca v
tinh Globalstar c cho hnh 1.5.
Dch v
Vng ph
Ton cu
Ton cu
Ton cu
Ton cu
Kiu qu o
cao/chu k
MEO
10.354 km/<6gi
LEO
1414km/114 pht
LEO
785 km/100 pht
S v tinh
(d tr)
12(2 d tr)
48(8 d tr)
66(6 d tr)
LEO
1018
pht
48
S mt/nghing
3/520
8/520
6/86,40
4/900
Trng lng v
tinh
1917 kg
426 kg
700 kg
<500 kg
15 nm
15 nm
15 nm
Tn s: trm
cng
Ln/xung, GHz
Ngi s dung
Ln/xung, GHz
19,4-19,6/
29,1-25,25
1,610-1,62135/
2,4835-2500
5,091-5,250/
6,875-7,055
1,610-1,62135/
2,4835-2500
19,3-19,6/29,129,4
1,62135-1,6265
Kiu pht p
ng cong
ng cong
c x l
S bp hp trn
v tinh
S knh trn v
tinh
S ng ni
cho v tinh,
GHz
61
16
48
>3000
2800
2300
khng
khng
4/v tinh
25 Mbit/s
23,18-23,38
khng
iu ch
a thm nhp
Tri ph QPSK
CDMA
Tri ph QPSK
CDMA
QPSK
TDMA
CDMA
Thi gian kt ni
v tinh
1-2 gi
10-12 pht
9 pht
Gc ngng cc
tiu
Tc s liu
(my cm tay)
Kbps
220
100-200
820
4,2 (ting)
1,2-9,6 (s liu)
1,2-9,6 (ting)
2,4-9,6 (s liu)
4,8 (ting
2,4 (s liu)
10
km/105
Bng C
1,610-1,62135/
2,4835-2500
32
1/95
1/95
1/95
khng
Ngy phng u
tin
1998
1997
1997
1997
1999
1998 (4)
1998 (4)
Anten v tinh
dn
dn
dn
1.7. TNG KT
Chng ny xt tng quan cc qu o v tinh c s dng trong cc h thng thng
tin v tin. Phn b tn s cho cc h thng thng tin di ng cng c xt trong chng ny. Cc
tn s ng ln v ng xung ca h thng thng tin v tinh khng ging nhau. Trong hai u
thng tin pha no c cng sut pht ln hn s s dng tn s cao hn c th b tr tt hn
suy hao ng truyn. Chng hn trong INTELSAT, trm mt t c cng sut ln ln s s dng
tn s ng ln cao hn cn trm pht p c cng sut nh hn nn s s dng tn s ng
xung thp hn. iu ny hon ton ngc li i vi h thng thng tin di ng trong my
u cui do ch c th pht cng sut nh nn s s dng tn s ng ln thp hn so vi tn s
pht xung t v tinh. Cc qu o a tnh c s dng nhiu nht cho thng tin v tinh v v tr
ca n c nh tng i so vi mt t v v mt v tinh c th ph sng cho 1/3 din tch tri
t. Cc h thng INTELSAT v DOMSAT s dng cc qu o ny cho cc dch v c nh nh
thoi, s liu v truyn hnh. Cc qu o a tnh cng c th s dng cung cp dch v thng
tin di ng, tuy nhin anten trn v tinh phi c kch thc ln (anten d m) c EIRP cao
v h s phm cht trm v tinh (G/Ts) cng phi cao. Cc qu o LEO v MEO thng c s
dng cho cc dch v di ng c nhn v khong cch ca cc v tinh khng xa mt t. Cc thng
s cho cc h thng thng tin v tinh LEO ln c cho trong bng 1.3.
1.8. CU HI V BI TP
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
11
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
CHNG 2
CC QU O V TINH
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
2.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng
Cc nh lut Keppler
Cc thut ng lin quan n qu o v tinh
Cc phn t qu o
Cc lc nhiu dn n thay di v tr v tinh trn qu o
Cc qu o nghing
Qu o a tnh
2.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng
Tham kho thm [1]
Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng
2.1.3. Mc ich chng
12
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
b
F2
F1
Tm Elip
Trc chnh
e=
(2.1)
A2
Qu t
S2
A1
S1
V tinh
13
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
(2.2)
trong n l chuyn ng trung bnh ca v tinh o bng radian trn giy v l hng s hp
dn a tm qu t. Vi a o bng mt, gi tr ny l:
= 3,9860051014m3/sec2
(2.3)
Phng trnh 2.2 ch p dng cho trng hp l tng khi mt v tinh quay quanh mt
qu t cu l tng c khi lng ng u v khng b tc ng nhiu chng hn s ko tri
ca kh quyn.
Vi n o bng radian trn giy, chu k qu o o bng giy c xc nh nh sau:
P=
(2.4)
2.
1 ngy
i vo rad/sec ta c
n = 7,272.10-5 rad/sec
Hng s hp dn qu t l:
= 3,986005.1014 m3.sec-2
Theo nh lut Kepler th ba ta c:
a=
( )
1
2
= 42241. km
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
N
ng di
v tinh
ha
Lat. iN
La
i
hp
Xch o
Lat.iS
Lat.iN= v Bc
Lat.iS= v Nam
15
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
Cn
im
ng
cc nt
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
chun c chn l im u tin ca cung Bch dng hay im xun phn. im xun phn
xy ra khi mt tri ct xch o t Nam qua Bc v mt ng o c v t im ct xch o
xuyn tm ca mt tri hng n im th nht ca chm Bch dng (k hiu l Y). y l
ng ca cung Bch dng. Gc ln ng ca nt ln khi ny l gc c o trong mt phng
xich o quay theo hng ng t ng Y sang nt ln (hnh 2.5).
d thng trung bnh (Mean anomaly). d thng trung bnh M cho thy gi tr trung
bnh v tr gc ca v tinh vi tham chun l cn im. i vi qu o trn M cho thy v tr gc
ca v tinh trn qu o. i vi qu o elip, tnh ton v tr ny kh hn nhiu v M c s
dng lm bc trung gian trong qu trnh tnh ton.
d thng tht s (True anomaly). d thng thc s l gc t cn im n v tinh c
o ti tm tri t. N cho thy v tr gc ca anten trn qu o ph thuc vo thi gian.
2.4. CC PHN T QU O
Cc v tinh nhn to c nh ngha bng su phn t c gi l tp phn t Kepler.
Hai trong s cc phn t ny l bn trc chnh a v lch tm e nh ni trn. Phn t th ba
l d thng trung bnh M0 cho thy v tr ca v tinh trn qu o ca chng ti thi gian tham
chun c gi l k nguyn (epoch). Phn t th t l agumen cn im cho thy s quay cn
im ca qu o so vi ng cc nt ca qu o. Hai phn t cn li l gc nghing i v gc
ln ng ca nt ln lin h v tr ca mt phng qu o vi qu t.
Do s li xch o lm cho v thay i chm v do cc lc gy nhiu khc c th lm
cc phn t qu o hi thay i, ta cn c t cc gi tr cho tham kho thi gian hay k nguyn.
Th d v thng s ca v tinh c cho bng 2.1.
Bng 2.1. Th d v thng s v tinh (theo cng b ca NASA)
S v tinh: 25338
Nm k nguyn (hai ch s cui cng ca nm): 00
Ngy k nguyn (ngy v ngy phn on ca nm): 223,79688452
o hm thi gian bc nht ca chuyn ng trung bnh (vng quay trung bnh/ngy2):
0,000000307
Gc nghing (): 98,6328
Gc ln ng ca nt ln (): 251,5324
lch tm: 0,0011501
Agumen cn im () : 113,5534
d thng trung bnh (): 246,6853
Chuyn ng trung bnh (vng/ngy): 14,23304826
S vng quay ti k nguyn (vng quay/ngy): 11663
Ta s thy rng mc d bn trc chnh khng c c t, nhng ta c th tnh n t bng
thng s. Th d tnh ton c trnh by th d 2.2.
Th d 2.2 Tnh bn trc chnh cho cc thng s v tinh bng 2.1.
Gii. Chuyn ng trung bnh c cho bng 2.1 l:
NN= 14,23304826.ngy17
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
Ta c th chuyn n vo rad/sec
n0 = NN.2/(243600)= 1,64734.10-4rad/sec
T phng trnh (2.3) ta c:
= 3,986005.1014.m3.sec-2
T nh lut Kepler th ba ta c:
a =
n
1/ 3
= 7192.3 km
Th d 2.3. Tnh cao vin im v cn im cho cc thng s qu o bng 2.1. Coi rng
bn knh trung bnh tri t R=6371km.
Gii. T bng 2.1 ta c e=0,0011501, thng s a = 7192,3 tnh c t th d trn.
Vy cao vin im bng:
ha = a(1+e) - R = 829,6 km
v cao cn im bng:
hp = a(1-e) - R = 813,1 km
2.6. CC LC NHIU QU O
Cc qu o c xt t trc n nay l qu o Kepler c dng elip cho trng hp v
tinh nhn to quay quanh tri t. y l qu o l tng v ta coi rng qu t l mt khi lng
hnh cu phn b u v th lc tc dng duy nht l lc li tm gy ra do s chuyn ng v tinh
cn bng lc ht ca qu t. Trong thc t cn c cc lc khc nh cc lc ht cu mt tri,
mt trng v ko ca kh quyn. Cc lc ht ca mt tri v mt trng t nh hng ln cc v tinh
qu o thp nhng chng tc dng ln qu o a tnh. Lc ko ca kh quyn tri li t nh
hng ln cc v tinh a tnh nhng li nh hng ln cc v tinh tm thp di 1000 km.
(2.7)
18
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
n = n0
1 + K (1 1, 5 sin
a (1 e )
i)
1,5
(2.8)
PA =
(2.9)
sec
1 +
3
a
K 1 (1 1, 5 sin i )
2
a (1 e )
2
1,5
=0
(2.10)
e=0,002
K1 = 66063,704 km2.
P =12 gi
aE= 6378,1414. km
= 3,986005.1014.m3.sec-2
Chuyn ng trung bnh l:
n=
2
P
19
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
a = 2
n
1/ 2
a= 26597.km
K 1 (1 1, 5 sin 1)
a= nghim n 3 1 +
=
0
2
2 1,5
a
a (1 e )
a= 26598,5km.
S dt ca qu t gy ra hai s quay ca mt phng qu o. Quay th nht c gi l
s dch li (regression of nodes) cc nt, trong dng nh cc nt trt dc xch o. Kt qu
l ng cc im nt trong mt xch o b quay xung quanh tm tri t. Nh vy gc ln ng
nt ln b dch.
Nu qu o l ng hng th cc nt trt sang ty v nu qu o l ngc hng th
chng trt sang ng. Nu nhn t nt ln, v tinh trong qu o ng hng bay sang ng v
trong qu o ngc hng bay sang ty. Nh vy cc nt di chuyn ngc chiu chuyn ng v
tinh, v th ta c thut ng dch li. i vi qu o cc (i=900) dch li bng khng.
nh hng th hai l s quay ca ng gia cc im cc trong mt phng qu o,
di y ta s xt nh hng ny. C hai nh hng u ph thuc vo chuyn ng trung bnh n,
bn trc chnh a v lch tm e. Cc thng s ny c nhm chung v mt h s K xc nh
nh sau:
K=
nK 1
a (1 e )
2
(2.11)
d
dt
(2.12)
= K cos i
trong i l gc nghing
Tc dch li cc nt s c cng n v nh n.
Khi tc thay i xc nh theo phng trnh (2.12) c gi tr m, dch li v pha ty
cn khi tc ny dng dch li v pha ng. V th i vi dch li v pha ng, i phi ln
hn 900 hay qu o phi ngc hng. Ta c th chn gi tr a, e v i sao cho tc quay l
0,98560/ngy v pha ng. Qu o ny c gi l qu o ng b mt tri.
Mt trong s cc nh hng gy ra do s phnh xch o l s quay ng cc im cc,
dn n s thay i agumen cn im xc nh theo cng thc sau:
d
dt
(2.13)
= K(2 2, 5 sin i)
2
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
(t t 0 )
(2.14)
(t t 0 )
(2.15)
dt
d
dt
n.K 1
a (1 e )
2
d
dt
d
dt
K=6,5440/ngy
= K cos i = 0,9820/ngy
21
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
d
dt
= 0,9820/ngy
dt
T bng 2.1:
n= 14,23304826/ngy 0=113,55340
= -2,9030/ngy
0=251,53240
Chu k s l:
PA =
= 0 +
= 0 +
d
dt
d
dt
1
n
=251,6010
PA
=113,3940
PA
Ngoi vic phnh ra ca xch o, trong mt phng xch o tri t khng hon ton l
hnh trn, n c mt lch tm rt nh bc 10-5. lch ny c gi l tnh elip xch o
(equatorial ellipcity). nh hng ca tnh elip xch o l n s to ra mt gradien hp dn gy
nh hng ng k ln cc v tinh trn qu o a tnh. Ni mt cc ngn gn, l tng v tinh
trn qu o a tnh phi c nh so vi tri t. Gradien hp dn gy ra do tnh elip xch o s
lm cho cc v tinh trn qu o a tnh tri n mt im n nh, im ny trng vi trc ph
ca elip xch o. Hai im ny phn cch nhau bi mt gc 1800 trn xch o nm vo khong
kinh 750E v 1050W. trnh cho cc v tinh ang phc v b tri cc thao tc gi trm c
thc hin (Station Keeping Maneuvers). V cc v tinh c dn dn b tri vo cc im ny nn
chng c gi l "ngha trang v tinh".
Lu rng nh hng tnh elip xch o l khng ng k i vi hu ht cc qu o v
tinh khc.
2.6.2. S ko kh quyn
i vi cc v tinh gn tri t, nh hng ca s ko kh quyn (Atmospheric Drag) l
ng k. Do lc ko ln nht ti cn im v s ko ny lm gim tc v tinh ti im ny nn
v tinh khng t n cng cao vin im cc vng tip theo. Kt qu l bn trc chnh v
lch tm gim. S ko hu nh khng thay i cc thng s khc ca qu o bao gm c cao
cn im. Biu thc gn ng xc nh s thay i bn trc chnh nh sau:
n0
a = a0
n 0 + n 0 (t t 0 )
2/3
(2.16)
n0
2
(t t 0 )
(2.17)
22
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
T bng 2.1 ta thy o hm theo thi gian bc nht ca chuyn ng trung bnh (n0') l
mt s rt nh bng 0,00000307 vng/ngy. Nh vy s thay i gy ra do s ko ch ng k
i vi khong thi gian di v v th i vi mc ch hin thi ta c th b qua n.
2.7. CC QU O NGHING
Vic nghin cc tng qut mt v tinh trn mt qu o nghing rt phc tp v cn tham
kho cc thng s khc nhau t cc khung tham kho khc nhau. Cc phn t qu o c cho
vi tham chun theo mt phng qu o c v tr c nh trong khng gian, trong khi v tr ca
trm mt t li c xc nh theo cc ta a l a phng quay cng vi qu t. H to
vung gc thng c s dng tnh ton v tr v tinh v tc ca n trong khng gian
trong khi cc thng s trm mt t cn tm l gc phng v, gc ngng v c ly. V th cn
c chuyn i gia cc h to .
minh ha phng php tnh cc qu o elip nghing, ta s xt vn tm gc nhn
cu trm mt t v c ly. Cn nh rng i vi cc qu o nghing, v tinh khng c nh so
vi mt t v v th gc nhn v c ly s thay i theo thi gian.
Vic xc nh gc nhn v c ly bao gm cc gi tr v cc khi nim sau:
1. Cc phn t v tinh c ng ti trong thng bo ca NASA (nh bng 2.1)
2. Cc phng php o thi gian khc nhau
3. H to perifocal xy dng trn mt phng qu o
4. H to xch o a tm xy dng trn mt phng xch o
5. H to chn tri tm topo xy dng trn mt phng chn tri ca quan st vin
Ta cn s dng hai chuyn i to chnh sau:
2.8. QY O A TNH
2.8.1. nh ngha qu o a tnh
Mt v tinh qu o a tnh s tr nn bt ng so vi mt t v th n dc gi l v
tinh a tnh. C ba iu kin qu o l a tnh:
1. V tinh phi quay theo hng ng vi tc quay bng tc quay ca qu t
2. Qu o l ng trn
3. Gc nghing ca qu o bng 0
iu kin u rt r rng. Nu v tinh l tnh, n phi quay cng tc vi qu t. iu kin th
hai c rt ra t nh lut Kepler th hai. Tc khng i c ngha l v tinh phi qut cc
din tch nh nhau trong cc khong thi gian nh nhau v iu ny ch xy ra vi qu o trn.
iu kin th ba, gc nghing bng khng, da trn iu kin rng mi s nghing u dn n
v tinh chuyn ng theo hng Bc v Nam v v th n khng phi l a tnh. Ch c gc
23
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
nghing bng khng mi trnh khi vic v tinh chuyn ng sang Bc hoc Nam v iu ny c
ngha l qu o nm trong mt phng qua xch o ca qu t.
C th s dng nh lut Kepler th ba tm bn knh qu o. Nu k hiu bn knh
ny l aGSO, th n c xc nh nh sau:
1
a GSO
P 2 3
=
4 2
(2.18)
(2.19)
(2.20)
(2.21)
24
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
anten s dng cho thu gia nh, rng bp hng anten kh rng v th khng cn bm. V th
cc anten TV c th lp c nh cc mi nh.
Tn ti ba thng s cn thit xc nh gc nhn ca qu o a tnh:
1. V trm mt t k hiu E
2. Kinh trm mt t k hiu l E
3. Kinh im di v tinh (gi tt l kinh v tinh ) k hiu l SS
Theo quy nh cc v bc c s dng nh l cc gc dng v cc v nam c s dng
l cc gc m. Cc kinh ng c coi l cc gc dng v cc kinh ty c coi l cc gc
m. Chng hn nu v c xc nh l 400S th ta ly gi tr -400 v nu kinh c xc nh
l 350W th ta ly gi tr -350.
i vi qu o a tnh ta c th b qua s thay i bn knh qu t khi tnh cc gc
nhn v s dng bn knh trung bnh ca qu t R nh sau:
R = 6371 km
(2.22)
Hnh hc biu din cc i lng trn c cho hnh 2.6. hnh ny ES k hiu cho
trm mt t, SS k hiu cho im di v tinh, S cho v tinh v d cho khong cch t v tinh n
trm mt t. Gc l gc cn xc nh.
N
ES
R
E
aE
aE
d
SS
h
s
ss
Hnh 2.7. a) Hnh cu lin quan n hnh 2.6; b) tam gic phng
nhn c t hnh 2.6
25
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
C hai dng tam gic hnh 2.6, tam gic cu c v nt m hnh 2.7a v tam gic
phng c v hnh 2.7b. Trc ht ta xt tam gic cu c cc cnh l cc cung ca cc ng
trn ln v cc cc cnh ny c nh ngha bng cc gc i din vi chng ti tm ca qu t.
Cnh a l cung gia bn knh n cc Bc v bn knh n im di v tinh: a=900. Tam gic
cu c mt cnh 900 c gi l tam gic gc phn t. Cnh b l cung gia bn knh n trm mt
t v bn knh n im di v tinh. Cnh c l cung gia bn knh n trm mt t v bn knh
n cc Bc. T hnh 2.7a ta thy c=900-E..
Mt tam gic cu c xc dnh bng su gc. Ba gc A, B v C l cc gc gia cc mt
phng. Gc A l gc gia mt phng cha c v mt phng cha b. Gc B l gc gia mt phng
cha c v mt phng cha a. T hnh 2.7a ta thy B=E - SS. Ta s ch ra rng gi tr cc i ca
B l 81,30. Gc C l gc gia mt phng cha b v mt phng cha a.
n y ta c cc thng tin v tam gic cu nh sau:
a = 900
(2.23)
0
(2.24)
c = 90 -E
(2.25)
B = E - SS
Lu rng khi trm mt t nm pha ty ca im di v tinh, B m v khi pha
ng, B dng. Khi v trm mt t l bc, c nh hn 900 v khi l nam, c ln hn 900. Cc
quy tc c bit c gi l cc quy tc Napier c s dng cho tam gic cu v cc quy tc ny
c ci tin xt n cc gc B v E c du. y ta ch dn ra cc kt qu. Cc quy tc
Naplier xc nh gc b nh sau:
(2.26)
b = arccos (cosB cosE)
v gc A nh sau:
sin B
(2.27)
A = arcsin
sin
b
Az,
a
b
c
d
A
3600-A
1800-A
1800+A
<0
<0
>0
>0
<0
>0
<0
>0
26
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
N
a)
b)
SS
SS
ES
ES
c)
d)
ES
Ad
ES
SS
SS
(2.28)
S dng quy tc sine cho cc tam gic phng i vi tam gic hnh 2.7b ta c th xc
nh gc ngng nh sau
a
(2.29)
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
aGSO
aGSO
aE
a GSO
6378
= arccos
42164
= arccos
(2.30)
= 81,30
Vy i vi trng hp ny trm mt t c th nhn thy cc v tinh a tnh trn mt
cung c gii hn bi 81,30 xung quang kinh ca trm mt t.
Trong thc t trnh thu qu nhiu tp m t mt t, ngi ta s dng gi tr ti thiu cho gc
ngng vi k hiu ELmin. Gi tr in hnh l 50. Cc gii hn tm nhn cng ph thuc vo v
ca trm mt t. Ta xt hnh 2.7b, gi s S l gc ca tam gic ti ti im t v tinh khi
min=900+ELmin. S dng quy tc sine ta c:
R
S = arcsin
sin min
a
GSO
(2.31)
(2.32)
28
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
cos b
B = arccos
cos E min
(2.33)
2.9. TNG KT
Chng ny xt cc vn chnh lin quan n qu o. Cc nh lut Keppler m t
s chuyn ng ca hnh tinh c p dng m t qu o ca v tinh bay quanh tri t.
nh lut th nht cho thy tng qut qu o ca v tinh l mt hnh elip, trng hp c bit n
l ng trn. nh lut th hai ch ra rng t tri t ta nhn thy v tinh lu nht ti nhng im
m v tinh cch xa tri t nht v v th trn on qu o ny ta c th duy tr thng tin lu nht
vi v tinh. nh lut th ba cho php ta xc nh bn trc chnh ca ca qu o v tinh d trn
chu k quay ca v tinh xung quang tri t. Chng ny cng xt cc thut ng thng dng i
vi v tin.. V ti qu o a tnh v tr tng i ca v tinh khng thay i so vi mt t, nn
qu o a tnh l qu o c s dng nhiu nht cho thng tin v tinh. Chng ny xt cc
cng thc cho php tnh ton v tr ca v tinh so vi trm mt t hay gc nhn v tinh t anten
mt t. Ba thng s c xc nh trong chng ny cho v tinh bay trn qu o a tnh l gc
phng v, khong cch t trm mt t n v tinh v gc ngng. y l cc thng s cn thit
thit k mt ng truyn v tinh.
2.10. CU HI V BI TP
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
8.
9.
10.
11.
30
CHNG 3
PHN CC SNG V ANTEN TRONG THNG TIN V TINH
3.1. GII THIU CHUNG
3.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng
Cc dng phn cc sng c s dng trong thng tin v tinh
Cc anten loa c s dng lm anten thng tin v tinh hay lm cc b tip sng cho cc
b phn x
Cc anten parabol s dng b phn x n v b phn x kp trong cc h thng thng tin
v tinh
Dn loa tip sng
3.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k t liu c trnh by trong chng
Tham kho thm [1], [2]
Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng
3.1.3. Mc ch chng
Nm c cc dng phn cc s dng trong thng tin v tinh
Nm c cc dng anten s dng trong thng tin v tinh
31
G
E x = xExsint
(3.2)
32
+E y
|E| = E 2x +E y2
y
-E x
+E x
Trc z hng
ra ngoi
-E y
G
G
Ni mt cch cht ch hn, cc vect E x v Ey c gi l cc vect trc giao (vung
gc).
By gi ta i xt trng hp trong hai trng c bin bng nhau ( k hiu l E)
nhng mt trng nhanh pha hn 900. Cc phng trnh th hin chng trong trng hp ny nh
sau:
G
Ey =yEsint
(3.4a)
G
Ex =xEcost
(3.4b)
p dng phng trnh (3.3) cho trng hp ny ta c =t. Bin vect tng l E.
u mt ca vect trng in v ln ng trn (hnh 3.3a) v sng tng hp c gi l phn
cc trn. Hng ca phn cc trn c nh ngha bi phng quay ca vect in nhng iu
ny i hi ta phi quan st c chiu quay ca vect. Theo nh ngha ca IEEE th phn cc trn
tay phi (RHC: right-hand circular) l phn cc quay theo chiu kim ng h khi nhn dc theo
phng truyn sng (3.3b), cn phn cc trn tay tri (LHC: left-hand circular) l phn cc quay
ngc chiu kim ng h khi nhn dc theo phng truyn sng (hnh 3.3c). Cc phn cc LHC
v RHC trc giao vi nhau. Phng truyn sng dc theo trc z dng.
Cn lu rng dnh ngha quang hc c in cho phn cc trn ngc vi nh ngha ca
IEEE. Trong ti liu ny ta s s dng nh ngha ca IEEE.
Trong trng hp tng qut hn sng in t c th c phn cc elip. iu ny xy ra khi
hai thnh phn tuyn tnh l:
Ey = yEysint
Ex = xExcos(t+)
(3.5a)
(3.5b)
33
t = 180 0
t = 0 0
t = 270 0
RHC
im nhn theo
quang hc c in
im nhn theo
IEEE
LHC
im nhn theo
quang hc c in
im nhn theo
IEEE
Ey ( t)
-1
-0,4
0,4
Ex ( t)
34
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 3.6. Trng mt m trong anten loa hnh nn: a) vch nhn; c) vch gp np v
thit din loa vch gp np b)
35
36
b)
Tiu im
37
(3.6)
= cos2
2
Hm suy hao khng gian (SAF) l t s gia cng sut n im P vi cng sut n im
A v v mt cng sut t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch nn t s ny c xc nh
nh sau:
2
SAF = = cos 4
2
(3.7)
f
(3.8)
= 0,25 cot ang 0
D
2
V tr ca tiu im so vi b phn x i vi cc gi tr f/D khc nhau c cho hnh
3.10. i vi f/D<0,25, anten s cp (tip sng) nm trong khng gian gia b phn x v mt m
v chiu x gim mnh bin ca b phn x . i vi f/D>0,25, anten s cp nm ngoi mt
m v th chiu x tr nn ng u hn, nhng mt phn b trn ra ngoi b phn x. ch
pht s trn ny l s pht x ca anten s cp hng n b phn x nhng vt ra ngoi gc
20.
Trong cc ng dng v tinh, anten s cp thng l anten loa (hay mt dn loa) hng v
phi b phn x. b tr suy hao trong khng gian nh ni trn, c th b sung thm cc
ch bc cao hn cho phi loa mu pht x gn nh nghch o vi hm suy hao khng
gian.
Pht x t loa s l sng cu c bit v tm pha s nm tm ng cong ca mt sng.
Khi c s dng lm anten s cp cho b phn x parabol, loa c t ti tm pha nm tiu
im.
f <0,25
D
f =0,25
D
f >0,25
D
38
=
G=
I S
I
(3.9)
Hnh 3.11. a) Cc tia phn x t b phn x lch tm. b) Tip sng lch tm cho b phn x
parabol trn xoay.
39
eh + 1
(3.10)
f
eh 1
trong eh l lch tm ca hnh hyperbol trn xoay v f l tiu c ca b phn x chnh.
lch tm ca hyperbol trn xoay lun lun ln hn mt v nm trong gii t 1,4 n 3. V th tiu
c tng ng ln hn tiu c ca b phn x chnh. ng knh ca parabol trn xoay ging
nh ng knh b phn x chnh v v th t s f/D tng. Nh thy hnh 3.10, t s f/D tng
dn n chiu x ng u hn v i vi Cassegrain iu ny t c nhng khng lm trn
sng nh trng hp anten b phn x n. T s f/D ln hn cng lm cho phn cc vung
gc nh hn. H thng Cassegrain c s dng rng ri cho cc trm mt t.
fe =
40
3.6. ANTEN DN
Ta c th t c s to hnh bp bng cch s dng dn cc phn t c s. Cc phn t
ny c b tr sao cho cc mu pht x ca chng m bo tng cng pht x v mt s hng
nht nh v loi tr s pht x cc hng khc. Hu ht cc dn anten s dng trong thng tin
v tinh l dn loa. Cng c th s dng cc dn lm cc phi cho cc anten phn x nh dn loa
hnh 3.15.
41
42
3.7. TNG KT
Loa l mt dng anten c s dng ph bin trong thng tin v tinh. Loa c th c s
dng nh mt anten c lp hay thng xuyn hn n c s dng nh l cc b tip sng cho
cc anten phn x parabol. gim pht x ti cc bp ph cng nh ti phn cc vung gc cc
loa nn c th s dng cc vch trong gp np. Cc anten parabol c ng dng rng ri trong
thng tin v tinh. Tip sng cho cc anten ny c th l cc loa c t ti chnh tm hoc lch
tm. Trng hp th hai cho php trnh c hin tng che ti nhng i hi phi c cc bin
php to phn b trng chiu x u hn trn mt m ca parabol v gi b phn x cng
phc tp hn. Cc anten v tinh cng c th s dng b phn x kp. Cc anten phn x kp cho
php t tip sng ngay ti tm ca cho phn x chnh v th bo dng v quay anten tin hn.
Ngoi ra b phn x con cng cho php phn b trng chiu x trn b phn x chnh u hn v
gim hiu ng che ti. Anten Cassegrain bao gm hai b phn x: b phn x con c hnh
hyperbol trn xoay v b phn x chnh l parabol trn xoay. Anten Gregorian cng c b phn
x chnh l parabol trn xoay nhng b phn x con l elip trn xoay.
S dng dn anten cho php d dng iu chnh dng bp sng v li bp sng n mc
tiu yu cu. Dn anten loa thng c s dng lm dn tip sng cho cc b phn x.
3.8. CU HI V BI TP
1. Gi s phng truyn sng trng vi trc z, cc phng trnh sau
Ey = yEysint, Ex = -xExcost
biu th phn cc no di y ?
(a) Tuyn tnh; (b) LHC; (b) RHC
2. Cng sut u ra ca my pht l 600W, tn hao phi l 1dB, h s phn x in p ti
anten l 0,01. Tnh cng sut pht x.
(a) 25,8 dB; (b) 26,78 dB; (c) 27,78dB
3. Gii thch v sao loa nn vch nhn pht x phn cc vung gc v gii php loi phn
cc ny
4. Phng trnh mt ct ca b phn x parabol l y2=4fx. Gi s ymax=2,5m ti xmax=0,5m.
Tm t s f/D.
(a) 0,31; (b) 0,41; (c) 0,51; (d) 0,61
5. Mt cho anten ng knh 3 m c su l 1 m. tm tiu c.
(a) 4,62m; (b)5,62m; (c) 6,62m; (d) 7,62m
6. Mt anten parabol ng knh 5m c hiu sut chiu x 0,65 lm vic ti tn s 6GHz.
Tm din tch mt m hiu dng ca anten
(a) 12,76 m2; (b) 13,76m2; (c) 14,76m2; (d) 15,75m2
7. (tip) Tm h s khuych i ca anten trong bi 6.
a )45,1dB; (b) 46,1dB; (c)47,1dB; (d) 48,1dB
8. Trnh by ngn gn tip sng lch tm v cc u im v nhc im ca n
9. Gii thch v sao cc anten phn x kp thng c s dng ti cc trm mt t ln.
10. Trnh by ngha ca vic s dng dn anten.
43
CHNG 4
PHN KHNG GIAN CA H
THNG THNG TIN V TINH
4.1. GII THIU CHUNG
4.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng
T chc knh ca pht p
Cc thit b ca b pht p: my thu bng rng, b phn knh, khuych i v b ghp
knh
Phn h anten
Phn h thng tin
Phn h TT&C
4.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu trong chng
Tham kho [1], [2]
Tr li cu hi v bi tp
4.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c cu trc chung ca b pht ap
Hiu c nguyn hot ng cc phn t ca b pht p
Hiu c t chc ca phn h anten v thng tin
4.2. B PHT P
B pht p bao gm tp hp cc khi ni vi nhau to nn mt knh thng tin duy
nht gia anten thu v anten pht trn v tinh thng tin. Mt s khi trong b pht p c th c
dng chung cho nhiu b pht p khc.
Trc khi trnh by chi tit cc khi khc nhau cu b pht p, ta s xt ngn gn t chc
tn s cho thng tin v tinh bng C. Bng thng n nh cho dch v bng C l 500 MHz v bng
thng ny c chia thnh cc bng con, mi bng con dnh cho mt b pht p. rng bng
tn thng thng ca b pht p l 36 MHz vi on bng bo v gia cc b pht p l 4MHz.
V th bng tn 500 MHz c th m bo cho 12 b pht p. Bng cch ly phn cc, ta c th
tng s b pht p ln hai ln. Cch ly phn cc cho php s dng cng mt tn s nhng vi
phn cc ngc chiu nhau cho hai b pht p. thu c knh ca mnh, cc anten thu phi
c phn cc trng vi phn cc pht ca knh tng ng. i vi phn cc tuyn tnh, ta c th
cch ly phn cc bng phn cc ng v phn cc ngang. i vi phn cc trn, cch l phn cc
nhn c bng cch s dng phn cc trn tay phi v phn cc trn tay tri. V cc sng mang
vi phn cc i nhau c th chng ln ln nhau, nn k thut ny c gi l ti s dng tn s.
Hnh 4.1 cho thy quy hoch tn s v phn cc cho v tinh thng tin bng C.
44
36
6105
6085
Phn cc ng
6145
6185
6125
6165
Phn cc ngang
Hnh 4.1. Quy hoch tn s v phn cc. Tn s trn hnh v o bng MHz.
Cng c th ti s dng tn s bng cc anten bp hp, v phng thc ny c th kt hp
vi ti s dng theo phn cc cung cp rng bng tn hiu dng 2000 MHz trn c s
rng thc t 500 MHz.
i vi mt trong s cc nhm phn cc, hnh 4.2 cho thy chi tit hn s phn knh
cho 12 b pht p. Di tn thu hay di tn ng ln l 5,925 n 6,425 GHz. Cc sng mang c
th c thu trn mt hay nhiu anten ng phn cc. B lc vo cho qua ton b bng tn 500
MHz n my thu chung v loi b tp m cng vi nhiu ngoi bng (nhiu ny c th gy ra do
cc tn hiu nh). Trong di thng 500 MHz ny c th c rt nhiu sng mang c iu ch v
tt cc cc sng mang ny u c khuych i, bin i tn s trong my thu chung. Bin i
tn s chuyn cc sng mang ny vo bng tn s ng xung 3,7 n 4,2 MHz vi rng
500 MHz. Sau cc tn hiu c phn knh vo cc rng bng tn ca tng b pht p.
Thng thng rng bng tn cp cho mi b pht p l 36 MHz vi on bng bo v 4 MHz,
v th 500MHz c th m bo knh cho 12 b pht p. B pht p c th x l mt sng mang
c iu ch nh tn hiu TV chng hn hay c th x l nhiu sng mang ng thi vi mi
sng mang c iu ch bi tn hiu in thoi hay knh bng gc no .
B phn
knh vo
B lc
bng thng
T cc anten thu
My thu
bng rng
5,9256,425 GHz
3,74,2 GHz
45
Cc khi
khuych i
cng sut
3,720
2
3
3,760
3,800
4
5
3,840
3,880
6
7
3,920
3,960
8
9
4,000
4,040
10
4,080
11
12
4,120
4,160
B ghp
knh ra
n anten
pht
3,7-4,2 GHz
T b lc vo
B tin
khuych i
-1,5dB
B khuych
i
B trn
28,5 dB
23 dB
60 dB
B giao ng
2,225 GHz
46
n b phn
knh
Ghp 3 dB
My thu
cng tc
9
10
11
12
Kt cui
phi khng
47
48
49
Pin
50
Pin
Hnh 4.8. c tuyn pha ca TWT. l dch pha vo-ra v S l gi tr ti bo ho.
ng cong AM/PM c rt ra t dc cu ng cong dch pha.
TWT cng c th c s dng khuch i hai hay nhiu sng mang ng thi, trng
hp ny c gi l khai thc nhiu sng mang. Khi ny bin i AM/PM s l mt hm phc tp
ca cc bin sng mang, ngoi ra c tuyn truyn t phi tuyn cng gy ra mo iu ch giao
thoa. Ta c th biu din c tuyn truyn t phi tuyn vo chui Taylor th hin quan h gia
in p vo v in p ra nh sau:
eo=aei+bei2+cei2+....
(4.1)
51
f
(2f1 f2 ) f1
f2
(2f2 f1 )
Pin
Hnh 4.10. ng cong truyn t cho mt sng mang v cho nhiu sng mang. li khi
khai thc nhiu sng mang so vi bo ho i vi mt sng mang
52
D
G = I
(4.2)
3dB 70
(4.3)
53
54
im di v tinh
V tr v tinh: 335,50E
Bn cu 6/4 GHz
Vng rng 6/4GHz phn cc vung gc
Vng hp 14/11 GHz phn cc n
Hnh 4.12. Cc kh nng ph sng ca v tinh Atlantic INTELSAT VI (lu : cc bp sng
hp 14/11GHz c th khai thc v chuyn dch theo yu cu)
55
TWTA
TWTA
Cc b ghp
knh ra
Chuyn mch d phng
6 knh
ng
(36 MHz)
B pht p bng c
Khuych i n
sng chy 2W
B suy gim
tng nc
Cc b ghp
knh vo
TWTA
TWTA
TWTA
TWTA
TWTA
TWTA
6 knh
ng
(36 MHz)
6 knh
ng
(36 MHz)
Tip sng
bng C
Cc b ghp
knh vo
TWTA
TWTA
6 knh
ng
(36 MHz)
TWTA
TWTA
TWTA
TWTA
Tip sng
bng C
Khuych i n
sng chy 10,5W
3 knh
ngang
(72 MHz)
iu khin
v bm
TWTA
TWTA
Chuyn mch d
phng
TWTA
TWTA
Cc b ghp
knh ra
Chuyn mch d
phng
Cc my
thu d
phng
4 cho 2
3 knh
ngang
(72 MHz)
4 knh
ngang
(108 MHz)
TWTA
TWTA
TWTA
3 knh
ngang
(72 MHz)
Khuych i
n sng
chy 20W
Khuych i
knh
A
TWTA
TWTA
TWTA
TWTA
TWTA
TWTA
Cc b ghp
knh ra
Chuyn mch d phng
Cc my
thu d
phng
2 cho 1
Cc b ghp
knh vo
B pht p bng K
TWTA
Chuyn mch d
phng
3 knh
ngang
(72 MHz)
Chuyn mch d
phng
4 knh
ngang
(108 MHz)
56
57
4.9. TNG KT
Chng ny xt cu trc chung ca b pht p trn v tinh. Mi b pht p bao gm
ba phn h: phn h anten, phn h thng tin v phn h TT&C. H thng anten trn v tinh bao
gm cc anten ph sng na bn cu, ph sng vng rng, ph sng vng hp v TT&C. Phn h
thng tin gm cc my thu bng rng, cc b phn knh vo, cc b khuych i v cc b ghp
knh ra. Cc thit b ny thng c d phng tng tin cy. Ngoi ra, phn h ny cng c
th cha cc b lc phn cc ng (V) v ngang (H). Phn h TT&C (o, bm v iu khin) cho
php o t xa cc thng s v tinh bo co v trm iu khin di mt t nhn c cc lnh
iu khin tng ng. Phn h ny pht i tn hiu hi ng thng bo v v tr b x dch ca n
m bo bm t trm mt t. Ngoi ra, da trn tn hiu ny trm iu khin di mt t
cng pht lnh iu khin v tr v tinh.
4.10. CU HI V BI TP
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
58
CHNG 5
PHN MT T CA H THNG THNG TIN V TINH
5.1. GII THIU CHUNG
5.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng
Cc h thng my thu truyn hnh v tinh gia nh (TVRO)
Cc trm mt t pht thu
5.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k t liu trong chng
c thm ti liu tham kho [1], [2]
Tr li cu hi v bi tp
5.1.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c t chc v hot ng ca cc h thng my thu truyn hnh v tinh gia nh
Hiu c cu trc v hot ng ca trm thu pht v tinh mt t
5.2. M U
Phn mt t ca mt h thng thng tin v tinh bao gm cc trm pht v thu. Trm n
gin nht l h thng ch thu truyn hnh gia nh (TVRO) v phc tp nht l cc trm u cui
s dng cho cc mng thng tin quc t. Ngoi ra on u cui c th l cc trm di ng trn
tu b, thng mi, qun s v hng khng.
59
60
61
62
63
K LNA
B chia
B kt hp
Cc b bin
i nng
tn
Cc b
iu ch
Cc sng
mang vi ba s
Cc b bin
i h tn
IF (trung tn)
Cc bng gc
c lp khun
li
Cc b ghp/phn knh bao gm c x l
s
Cc b gii
iu ch
Thit b kt ni n trm mt t
Cc u vo ra bng gc ca mng mt t
64
5.5. TNG KT
Trm mt t v tinh bao gm phn pht v phn thu. My thu truyn hnh v tinh TVRO
l trm mt t n gin nht. N ch c phn thu. Theo quy nh cc my thu gia nh ch lm
vic ti bng Ku. Tuy nhin hin ny nhiu gia nh c th s dng cc cho kh to (ng knh
khong 3m) thu cc tn hiu TV ng xung trong bng C (GHz) dng cho chuyn i mng
n cc mng phn phi truyn hnh (cc i pht VHF, UHF v cp truyn hnh). Cc ta nh ln
c th s dng h thng TV anten ch (MATV: Master- Antena TV) hoc h thng TV anten tp
th (CATV: Community Atenna TV) cung cp chng trnh v tinh ng thi cho nhiu ngi
s dng. Trm mt t thu pht thng l cc trm u cui s dng cho cc mng thng tin quc
65
5.7. CU HI V BI TP
1. Gii thch ngha ca dch v v tinh qung b TV trc tip (DBS). Dch v ny khc g
vi vic thu tn hiu TV bng C cho my thu gia nh
2. Gii thch ngha ca an xen phn cc. V phn b tn s cho 32 knh TV bng Ku s
dng an xen phn cc
3. V sao li cn bin i h tn tn hiu TV thu c t anten
4. Gii thch v sao LNA trong h thng thu h thng thu v tinh li c t ti u ni tip
sng vi anten
5. Gii thch ngn gn chc nng ca khi thu trong nh ca my thu v tinh TV/FM
6. Trong hu ht mt thu TV v tinh, bng IF th nht c bin i vo IF th hai. Vi sao
cn bin i tn s th hai ny?
7. V sao cn khi iu ch/gii iu ch trong my thu v tinh TV/FM cho my thu TV gia
nh tiu chun
8. So snh h thng anten TV ch v anten TV tp th
9. Gii thch thut ngha trm mt t d phng
10. Trnh by hot ng ca trm mt t pht thu cho lu lng thoi.
66
CHNG 6
CC CNG NGH A TRUY NHP
TRONG THNG TIN V TINH
6.1. GII THIU CHUNG
6.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng
1. Cc nh lut v nh tuyn lu lng
2. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s, FDMA, trong thng tin v tinh
3. a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian, TDMA, trong thng tin v tinh
4. a truy nhp phn chia theo m trong thng tin v tinh
6.1.2. Hng dn
1. Hc k cc t liu trong chng
2. Tham kho [1], [3]
3. Tr li cu hi v bi tp
6.1.3. Mc ch
1. Hiu c cc phng php nh tuyn trong thng tin v tinh
2. Hiu c cc cng ngh a truy nhp trong thng tin v tinh
6.2. M U
Cc trm mt t trong h thng thng tin v tinh trao i vi nhau qua mt im nt do
v tinh m nhim. V tinh cha mt trm lp hay thng c gi l b pht p. Mt b pht
p bao gm mt hay nhiu knh lm vic ng thi trn nhiu bng tn con ca ton b rng
bng tn c s dng. truyn tin gia cc trm mt t cn thit lp nhiu ng truyn ng
thi gia cc trm trn cng mt knh v tinh. Ph thuc vo gii php c la chn knh v
tinh khuch i mt hay nhiu sng mang.
Chng ny s kho st cc k thut a truy nhp FDMA v TDMA cho php nhiu trm
mt t ng thi truy nhp n b pht p ca v tinh trao i thng tin vi nhau.
67
E n (A) = (A n / n !) / (A k / k!)
(6.2)
k=0
n trm
B
A
A
B
C
--CBA
CCA
CAB
---CCB
C
CAC
CBC
----
68
mt sng mang trn trm pht, trm Y phi ly ra lu lng 't X n Y' trong s tng lu lng
pht t X trn sng mang thu c.
a)
Tx
A
t AB
V tinh
Rx
t AC
t BC
t BA
t CA
t CB
b)
Tx
t AB + t AC
V tinh
Rx
t CA+ t CB
t BA+ t BC
6.4.1. Cc s truyn dn
69
6.4.1.1. FDM/FM/FDMA
cu hnh ghp knh theo tn s, iu tn (FM) v a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s
(FDM/FM/FDMA trn hnh 6.2a) cc tn hiu bng tn gc ca ngi s dng l tn hiu tng
t. Chng c kt hp to thnh mt tn hiu ghp knh phn chia theo tn s (FDM). Tn s
tn hiu tng t c ghp knh ni trn s iu ch tn s (FM) cho mt sng mang, sng mang
ny s truy nhp n v tinh mt tn s nht nh ng thi cng vi cc tn s khc t cc
trm khc. gim thiu iu ch giao thoa, s lng ca cc sng mang nh tuyn lu lng
c thc hin theo nguyn l 'mt sng mang trn mt trm pht'. Nh vy tn hiu ghp knh
FDM bao gm tt c cc tn s dnh cho cc trm khc. Hnh 6.3 cho ta thy th d v mt mng
c ba trm.
6.4.1.2. TDM/PSK/FDMA
cu hnh ghp knh theo thi gian, iu ch kho chuyn pha (PSK) v a truy nhp
phn chia theo tn s (TDM/PSK/FDMA hnh 6.2b) tn hiu bng gc ca ngi s dng l tn
hiu s. Chng c kt hp to ra mt tn hiu ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM).
Lung bit th hin tn hiu c ghp ny iu ch mt sng mang theo phng php iu ch
pha PSK , tn hiu ny truy nhp n v tinh mt tn s nht nh ng thi cng vi cc sng
mang t cc trm khc cc tn s khc. gim ti thiu cc sn phm ca iu ch giao thoa
s lng cc tn s mang nh tuyn lu lng c thc hin theo phng php 'mt sng mang
trn mt trm pht'. Nh vy tn hiu ghp knh TDM bao gm tt c cc tn hiu ph thuc thi
gian cho cc trm khc. Hnh 6.3 cho thy th d ca mt mng c ba trm.
6.4.1.3. SCPC/FDMA
cu hnh mt knh trn mt sng mang (SCPC: Single Channel per Carrier) v a truy
nhp phn chia theo tn s (SCPC/FDMA hnh 6.2c) tng tn tn hiu bng gc ca ngi s
s iu ch trc tip mt sng mang dng s (PSK) hoc tng t (FM) tu theo tn hiu c
s dng. Mi sng mang truy nhp n v tinh tn s ring ca mnh ng thi vi cc sng
mang t cng trm ny hay t cc trm khc cc tn s khc. Nh vy nh tuyn c thc
hin trn nguyn l 'mt sng mang trn mt ng truyn'.
70
a) FDM/FM/FDMA
Cc
ngi s
dng
Ghp knh
theo tn s
Tx
iu ch tn s
Cc
trm
khc
b) TDM/PSK/FDMA
A/D
NSD
NSD (s)
Tx
iu ch PSK
A/D
NSD
VT
c) SCPC/FDMA
Tx
iu ch tn s
NSD
NSD
SCPC/FM/FDMA
A/D
NSD
Tx
iu ch PSK
Tx
iu ch PSK
SCPC/PSK/FDMA
n B
n C
n A
n C
n A
n B
A
Trc thi gian nu TDM
Trc tn s nu FDM
C
c) S khi trm mt t A
Cc knh
Ghp knh
ting
n cc
ngi s
dng
Phn knh v
chn knh
iu ch
My pht
B
My thu
C
Hnh 6.3. Th d v mt h thng FDMA ba trm s dng nh tuyn "mt sng mang trn
mt trm"
71
rng bng
my thu
BIF
Nhiu knh ln cn
rng bng b pht p v tinh
(6.3)
(6.4)
72
Sn phm bc nm
Sn phm bc ba
Cc tn hiu
3f1 2f2
2f1 f2
f1
f2
2f2 f1
3f2 2f1
3f1 2f2
2f1 f2
f1
f2
2f2 f1
3f2 2f1
3f1 2f2
2f1 f2
f1
f2
2f2 f1
3f2 2f1
Tn s
Tn s
Tn s
Hnh 6.5. Sn phm iu ch giao thoa bi hai tn hiu (cc sng mang khng
b iu ch). a) c bin bng nhau; b) v c) c bin khc nhau.
Ta nhn thy rng trong trng hp cc sng mang khng iu ch c bin khc nhau
cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa ln hn cc tn s cao nu sng mang c bin ln hn nm
tn s cao v cc tn s thp hn nu sng mang c bin cao hn nm vng tn s thp.
iu ny cho thy u im ca vic t cc sng mang c cng sut ln nht cc bin ca bng
thng.
6.4.4. c tnh truyn t ca b khuch i phi tuyn ch a sng mang
Hnh 6.6 cho ta thy c tuyn truyn t cng sut ca knh lp v tinh ch sng
mang n (n=1).
73
OBO,
dB
n=1
0
n>1
-10
-20
-10
IOB, dB
(6.5)
trong IBO ( Input Back off = u vo im li c tuyn), OBO (Out put back off = u ra
im li c tuyn), k hiu sat = bo ha.
Tng t cng sut u vo v u ra ch a sng mang c chun ha n gi tr
bo ha ca c tuyn truyn t c xc nh nh sau:
IBO = ( Pi n )/( Pi 1 )sat
74
(6.6)
(PoIMX ) /B, trong ( PoIMX ) l cng sut ca sn phm iu ch giao thoa v B l rng ph
ca sng mang c iu ch.
T cc phn xt trn ta thy a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s c c trng bi s truy
nhp lin tc n v tinh mt bng tn cho trc v k thut ny c u im l n gin v da
trn k thut c kim nghim. Tuy vy chng c mt s khuyt im sau:
Thiu s linh hot khi cn lp li cu hnh: m bo cc thay i v dung lng cn
thay i quy hoch tn s v iu ny c ngha l thay i cc tn s pht, cc tn s thu,
bng thng ca cc b lc cc trm mt t
Mt dung lng khi s lng truy nhp tng do s to ra cc sn phm iu ch giao
thoa v s cn thit phi lm vic cng sut pht ca v tinh gim (li xa im bo
ha)
Cn iu khin cng sut pht ca cc trm mt t sao cho cc cng sut sng mang
u vo ca v tinh nh nhau trnh hin tng ln p. S iu chnh ny phi c
thc hin thi gian thc v phi thch ng c vi s suy hao do ma cc ng
ln.
y l k thut truy nhp c nht v c s dng rng ri nht mc d chu cc nhc
im trn. N cn tn ti lu di v c u t trong qu kh v cc u im khai thc quen
thuc ca n bao gm c vic khng cn ng b.
75
C1
B1
A1
R2
A2
B2
C2
R3
A3
R1
A1
B1
C1
R2
A2
B2
A3
C2
R3
Trm
chun
Hnh 6.7. TDMA s dng mt trm chun ng b thi gian
6.5.1. Truyn dn cm
Cm tng ng vi s truyn lu lng t mt trm c xt. C th thc hin s truyn
ny theo phng php 'mt sng mang trn mt ng truyn'; trong trng hp ny trm pht i
N-1 cm trong mt khung, trong N l s lng trm ca mng v s cm P trong mt khung l
P=N(N-1). phng php 'mt sng mang trn mt trm' trm pht i mt cm trn mt khung
v s cm P trong mt khung l N. Nh vy mi cm c truyn i dng cc cm con lu
lng t trm ny n trm khc. Do s gim lu lng ca cc knh khi s cm tng phng
php 'mt mt sng mang trn mt trm' thng c s dng.
Hnh 6.8 m t nguyn l truyn dn cm cho mt knh. Trm mt t nhn thng tin
dng lung nh phn lin tc c tc Rb t giao tip mng hay giao tip ngi s dng. Thng
tin ny phi c lu gi b nh m trong thi gian i pht cm. Khi xut hin thi gian ny
ni dung ca b nh m c pht di trong khong thi gian TB. V khong thi gian gia hai
cm l di khung TF nn dung lng cn thit ca b nh m l:
M = RbTF
(6.7)
76
TF
TB
t
Rb
R TDMA
B nh
m M bit
t
Rb
B nh
m M bit
[bps]
(6.8)
77
n C
Ghp
knh
iu ch pha
Tx
Pht cm
B to tin t
n X
T B
B pht hin
tin t
T C
Phn
knh
Rx
Thu khung
T X
Cc modul giao din
thu mt t (TIM)
6.5.2.1. Cm chun
Cm chun nh mc khi u ca mt khung. Cm ny c chia thnh cc khi chc
nng hay cc knh khc nhau nh sau:
Khi phc sng mang v nh thi bit: CBR.
1. Cho php b gii iu ch ca trm mt t thu khi phc li sng mang c to ra t b
dao ng ni my pht gii iu ch nht qun. Cho mc ch ny on u cha
mt chui bit cung cp pha sng mang khng i.
78
79
trm lu lng, vic pht hin t m cm (hay t duy nht) trong cm chun s thng bo khi
u khung thu (SORF: start of recieve frame), mc ny trng vi bit cui cng ca t duy nht.
ng h c n nh cao l ng h m v tinh thu li t trm chun mt t.
Mng hot ng da trn k hoch nh thi cm l bn sao c lu gi ti cc trm
mt t. K hoch nh thi cm ch ra cho mi trm mt t khong cch ca cm m n nh
thu so vi im mc SORF (hnh 6.11).
ng h v tinh
SORF
A
tA
TA
SORF
B
tB
TB
80
y l phng php pht nh thi n gin nht. Trm s pht sau mt khong thi gian
c nh k t khi thu c cc mc nh thi theo k hoch nh thi cm, khong thi gian ny
phi m bo thi gian bo v b tr cc thay i ca tr truyn lan. Nhc im ca
phng php ny l sai s v tr cm c th rt ln v cc khong thi gian phng v di lm gim
hiu sut khung. khc phc nhc im ny phng php nh thi vng thch ng c s
dng. phng php ny trm mt t tnh ton c ly n v tinh trn c s s liu qu o v
tinh hay tn hiu o c sau a ra hiu chnh nh thi. Cn lu rng phng php nh
thi vng h khng cn th tc bt c bit
81
C
ng h v tinh
A B
SORF
SOTF A
tA
tA
DA
SORF
SOTF
tB
B
tB
DB
Hnh 6.12. Quan h nh thi trong h thng TDMA. SORF: khi u khung thu; SOTF:
khi u khung pht
Mc SORT c s dng cho im tham kho pht cm. Tuy nhin im tham kho pht
(SOTF) phi tr mt khong thi gian DA v DB cho cc trm A v B cc cm lu lng do
chng pht n b pht p v tinh ng vo khe thi gian dnh cho cc cm ny (xem hnh 6.12)
Tng thi gian tr C gia xung ng h v tinh bt k v SOTF tng ng lun l mt hng s: C
bng 2tA+DA v bng 2tB+DB cho trm A v trm B. Tng qut i vi trm i, tr Di, tng tr ny
xc nh nh sau:
C = 2ti + Di
(6.9)
82
F = 1
B OH
Bt
(6.11)
trong BOH l s bit (hay s k hiu) b sung bao gm: cc bit on u, on cui, cc khong
bo v v cc cm chun trong khung.
Nu phn b sung l c nh th phng trnh 6.10) cho thy khung cng di (hay tng s
bit trong khung cnh ln) th hiu sut s dng khung cng cao. Tuy nhin cc khung di i hi
b nh m ln v tng tr truyn lan, ngoi ra ng b cng tr nn kh khn hn do v tr ca
v tinh thay i. Tt nhin gim phn b sung cng cho hiu sut cao hn, tuy nhin gim cc
bit ng b v cc khong bo v i hi phi c thit b phc tp hn.
Dung lng knh ting ca mt khung ng thi cng l dung lng ca b pht p
c xc nh trn c s hiu sut khung v tc bit Rb nh sau:
nRb = FRTDMA
hay
n=
F R TDMA
Rb
(6.12)
F = 1
6144
= 0,949
120.832
Th d 6.2
Tnh ton dung lng knh ting cho khung th d 6.1 khi tc bit Rb=64 kbps v iu ch
QPSK. Chu k khungl 2 ms.
Gii
Tc cm bng: 120.832/(2 ms) = 60,416 Msps (Mega k hiu trn giy). V iu ch QPSK
mi ln pht 2 k hiu, nn tc cm truyn dn l: RTDMA= 60,4162=120,833 Msps.
S dng phng trnh (6.12) ta c n=0,949120,832103/(64) = 1792
83
84
Khung INTELSAT gm 120832 k hiu hay 241664 bit. Chu k khung l 2ms v v th
tc bit cm l 120832 Mbps.
Nh ni rn cc knh ting c n nh trc hay n nh theo yu cu c th c
t trong cng mt khun dng khung INTELSAT. Cc knh n nh theo yu cu s dng mt
k thut c gi l ni suy ting s (DSI), Cc knh c n nh trc c gi l cc knh s
khng ni suy (DNI)
Khung 2ms
Cm lu lng
Cc knh v
tinh (SC)
on u
S T.T bit
3 5
7 1
4 6
8 2
Mu 1
3 5
4 6
7 1
3 5
3 5
7 1
3 5
8 2
4 6
4 6
8 2
4 6
Mu 2
Cc knh
mt t
(TC)
Mu 16
125s
S T.T
mu
2 3
4 5
6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
2 ms
85
c gi c nh bng 13,5ms. Khe thi gian cm c s bng 62,5 s v cc trm trong mng
pht cc cm thng tin vi cc bc ri rc trong di 0,5 ms (8 cm c s) n 4,5 ms (72 cm c
s) trn khung. n nh cc knh ting theo yu cu li dng c tnh cht gin on ca ting,
vn ny s c trnh by phn di y.
6.7.2. TASI s
Khun dng cm lu lng mt cm INTELSAT mang cc knh c n nh theo yu
cu v cc knh n nh trc c cho hnh 6.15.
Nh ni trn cc knh c n nh theo yu cu s dng TASI s hay cn gi l
DSI (ni suy ting s). Cc knh ny c ch ra trn hnh v bng khi c gi l "ni suy".
Knh v tinh u tin (knh 0) trong khi ny l knh n nh c nh nhn l DSI-AC. Knh
ny khng mang lu lng. N c s dng truyn thng tin v n nh knh m ta s xt
ngn gn di y.
CBTR
UW
TTY
VOW
SC
n nh trc
khng ni suy
Ni suy
VOW
N knh v tinh
DSI-AC
N-1
128 bit
10
11
86
12
13
14
15
16
Mi su mu
8 bit cho mi
knh v tinh
Hnh 6.16, cho ta thy h thng DSI. Thng thng h thng cho php N knh mt t
c mang bi M knh v tinh, trong N>M. Chng hn trong INTELSAT, N=240 v M=127.
Ti mi knh mt t vo, mt b pht hin tch cc s pht hin khi c ting, cc tn hiu
ting gin on c gi l cc on ting (Spurt). on ting c di trung bnh l 1,5 giy.
Tn hiu iu khin c gi n khi iu khin n nh knh, khi ny tm kim mt b m
rng. Nu tm c mt b m rng, knh mt t c n nh s dng knh v tinh ny v
on ting c lu gi vo b m ny v sn sng truyn dn trong cc cm con DSI. Nh
thy hnh 6.16, tr c a thm vo cc knh ting b tr tr do n nh. Tuy nhin s b
tr ny khng c hon ho, nn phn khi u ca on ting c th b mt, V s kin ny
c gi l s xn bt (clip) kt ni.
Khi xt trn ta gi thit rng i vi mi on ting lun tm c knh ri, nhng trong
thc t c th xy ra vi mt xc sut no tt c cc knh b chim v on ting s b mt.
S mt on ting trong trng hp ny c gi Freeze-out.
Cc knh
mt t
1
iu khin
n nh
Tr
2
B pht
hin ting
Bn tin
n nh
240
Cc b m
Knh n nh
TDMA
S.C.1
Knh n nh
S.C.1
DSI
S.C.126
S.C.126
DNI
Cm TDMA
Hnh 6.16. Ni suy ting; DSI= ni suy ting s; DNI= khng ni suy
87
S.C.127
S.C.127
S khi cho h thng SPEC c cho hnh 6.17. Trong phng php ny tn hiu
ting vo c bin i thnh tn hiu ghp knh PCM vi 8 bit cho mt mu lng t. Vi 64
u vo v ly mu theo chu k 125 s, tc bit u ra ca b ghp knh l 864/125 = 4096
Mbps.
B chuyn mch ting s ng sau b ghp knh PCM thc hin phn chia thi gian cho
cc tn hiu u vo. B ny c kch hot theo ting trnh truyn dn tp m trong cc
khong im lng. Khi b d bo bc khng nhn c mt mu mi, n thc hin so snh vi mu
trc ca knh ting ny ( c lu gi li) v ch pht i mu mi ny nu n khc vi
mu trc mt lng c quy nh trc. Cc mu ny c gi l cc mu PCM khng d
on c (hnh 6.17a).
Mt t n nh 64 bit cng c pht i cho 64 knh. Logic 1 t n nh knh knh i
vi mt knh c ngha l mt mu mi c pht i cho knh ny, ngc li mc logic 0 c
ngha l mu khng thay i. Ti b thu, t n nh hoc hng dn mu mi (mu khng d bo
c) vo ng khe thi gian knh hoc dn n vic ti to li mu trc b gii m kt cu
li. u ra ca khi gii m kt cu li l tn hiu ghp knh PCM c tc 4,096 Mbps, tn hiu
ny c phn knh vo cc b gii m PCM.
Bng cch loi b cc mu ting d tha v cc khong thi gian im lng ra khi ng
truyn dn, dung lng knh c tng gp i. Nh thy hnh v, truyn dn c thc hin
ti tc 2,048 Mbps i tc u vo v u ra 4,096 Mbps.
B m
ho
PCM/
ghp
knh
Chuyn
4,096 mch
Mbps ting s
ng b
khung
Cc mu PCM
khng th d bo
B d
bo bc
khng
Khi
kim
sot li
Khi lun
chuyn n
nh
64
B ghp
knh theo
thi gian
u ra
T n nh mu
ng b chui n nh
b)
B ng b
khung
4,096
2,048 Mbps
B phn
knh u
vo
2,048 Mbps
B pht
hin li
B ng b
chui n nh
1
2
3
B gii m kt Mbps
B gii
cu li
m PCM
Cc u ra tng t
Cc u vo tng t
a)
1
2
3
64
88
tm m lng t. Tuy nhin nh hng ca tng nhiu lng t ln thnh gic vn d chu hn
freeze out.
iu khin phn b
o
c
t
xa
iu
khi
n
B1
B2
Bp B
A1
A2
C1
Bp A
C2
Bp C
Ch 1
A
B
Ch 2
A
C
u ra
Ch 3
Ch 4
B
A
C
A
89
Ch 5
B
C
Ch 6
C
B
14 MHz
70 MHz
70 MHz
Ma trn
chuyn mch
3x3
6.9. CDMA
6.9.1. S h thng thng tin v tinh CDMA
90
12 MHz
Vi CDMA cc sng mang khc nhau c th cng tn s nhng mi sng mang phi c
mt m duy nht c th phn bit vi cc sng mang khc. Hnh 6.20 cho thy s thng tin
di ng CDMA c s s dng tri ph chui trc tip v iu ch BPSK.
c(t)d(t)cos( D t)
c(t+ )
VT
B tng
quan
Vavg>VT
Cho php bm
BPF
Tch sng
ng bao
Tch sng
theo ngng
Dch
To m
PN
Vavg<VT
Vavg
BPF: b lc bng thng
91
Rc(-d). Sau b cng ta c c tuyn li e(t) trn nh trn hnh 6.22b. Trng hp =0 li bng
khng, trng hp 0, e(t) khc khng. Qua b lc vng in p li ny s iu chnh cho ng
h kha pha bng in p (VCC) chnh =0.
b)
a)
e(t) = Rc (+d ) Rc (d )
BPF
c(t)d(t)cos( D t) c(t+ ) c(t+
|
c
c(t+
d)
d)
To m
PN
BPF
Tch sng
ng bao
Lc
vng
VCC
e(t)
Tc d
Tc + d
Tch sng
ng bao
(6.14)
6.10. Tng kt
Chng ny xt cc kiu nh tuyn lu lng: mt sng mang trn mt ng truyn,
mt sng mang trn mt trm pht. Chng ny cng xt cc cng ngh a truy nhp khc
nhau nh FDMA, TDMA v CDMA. Hin nay hai cng ngh FDMA v TDMA ang c s
dng ph bin. Trong tng lai cng ngh CDMA s c p dng ngy cng ph bin. Cng
ngh CDMA c mt s u im sau:
1. Do bp sng ca cc anten VSAT kh rng nn d b nhiu bi cc v tinh ln cn.
Thuc tnh tri ph ca CDMA cho php loi c nhiu ny
2. C th trnh c nhiu a ng nu tr tn hiu phn x ln hn chu k chip v my
thu kha n sng trc tip
3. Khng nh TDMA, CDMA khng i hi ng b gia cc trm trong h thng. iu
ny c ngha rng mt trm c th truy nhp h thng ti mi thi im
92
4. Khi tng thm knh cho lu lng nu Eb/N0 gim mc chp thun, h thng vn
hot ng.
6.11. CU HI V BI TP
1. Gii thch s khc nhau gia a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s v ghp knh phn chia
theo tn s
2. Gii thch ngha ca SCPC (mt knh trn mt sng mang)
3. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng tng qut ca h thng thng tin v tinh TDMA. Ch ra
quan h gia tc bit truyn dn v tc bit vo
4. Gii thch chc nng ca tin t trong cm lu lng TDMA. Trnh by v so snh cc
knh c mang trong tin t vi cc knh c mang trong cm tham chun.
5. nh ngha v gii thch hiu sut khung lin quan n khai thc TDMA.
6. Trong mt mng TDMA cm tham chun v tin t i hi 560 bit cho tng cm, khong
bo v gia cc cm l 120 bit. Gi s c 8 cm lu lng , mt cm tham chun trn mt
khung v tng chiu di khung l 40800 bit, hy tnh hiu sut khung.
7. (tip). D liu nh bi 6. Gi s khung di 2ms v tc bit knh thoai l 64kbps. Hy
tnh s knh thoi tiu chun tng tng c th c truyn bi mng TDMA
8. Gii thch v sao chu k khung trong h thng TDMA thng c chn l s nguyn ln
125 s
9. Mt mng TDMA s dng iu ch QPSK v sp xp cc k hiu nh sau: khe bo v
32, khi phc sng mang v ng h 180, t m cm (t duy nht) 24, knh nhn dng
trm 8, knh nghip v 32, knh qun l (ch c cc cm tham chun) 12, knh dch v (l
cc cm lu lng) 8. Tng s k hiu trn khung l 115010 v khung gm hai cm tham
chun, 14 cm lu lng. Chu k khung 2ms. u vo l cc knh PCM 64 kbps. Tnh
ton hiu sut khung v s knh thoi c th truyn c.
10. TDMA c u im g so vi FDMA v mt n nh theo yu cu
11. nh ngha v gii thch tha s tch cc ti thoi v ni suy ting s. u im ca vic s
dng tha s tch cc ti thoi thc hin ni suy ting s l g?
12. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca h thng truyn tin c m ha theo d bo ting
(SPEC) v so snh n vi ni suy ting.
13. Xc nh tc bit c th truyn qua mt b pht p, coi rng tha s dc b lc l 0,2
v iu ch QPSK
14. Trnh by nguyn l bt v bm m trong CDMA
15. Bng thng trung tn ca mt h thng CDMA l 3MHz, tha s dc b lc l 0,2. Tc
bit thng tin l 2Mbps v Eb/N0 yu cu cho tng knh khi truy nhp h thng CDMA l
11 dB. Tnh s knh truy nht c php cc i
93
CHNG 7
THIT K NG TRUYN THNG TIN V TINH
7.1. GII THIU CHUNG
7.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng
Tn hao ng truyn v cng sut tn hiu thu
Phng trnh qu ng truyn
Tnh ton cc thng s tp m nhit: cng sut, mt ph cng sut, h s tp m v
nhit tp m
Tnh ton t s tn hiu trn tp m ng ln, ng xung, iu ch giao thoa
Tnh ton t s tn hiu trn tp m kt hp
7.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng
Tham kho thm [1], [2]
Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng
7.2.3. Mc ch chng
Hiu c cch tnh ton cc lai tn hao do ng truyn gy ra
Hiu c cc cng thc tnh ton qu ng truyn
Hiu c cc tnh ton cc thng s tp m v nh hng ca chng ln cht lng
ng truyn
Bit cc thit k ng truyn thng tin v tinh khi cho trc cht lng ng truyn:
BER v SNR tng ng.
7.2. M U
Chng ny s trnh by phng php tnh ton qu ng truyn thng tin v tinh v
thit k ng truyn thng tin v tinh. Vic tnh ton qu ng truyn cho php ta cn i cc
tn hao v li trong qu trnh truyn dn m bo trong iu kin truyn dn khng thun
li vn m bo yu cu cht lng ng truyn. Thit k ng truyn thng tin v tinh m
bo cht lng ng truyn m c th l t s tn hiu trn tp m khi BER cho trc. Cc i
lng s dng trong khi tnh ton qu ng truyn thng c biu din dng decibel.
95
(7.2)
(7.3)
trong f l tn s sng mang [GHz], D l ng knh gng phn x [m] v l hiu sut mt
m. Thng thng =0,55-0,73.
Trong khng gian t do tn hao ng truyn c xc nh nh sau c xc nh nh sau:
2
(
4d )
FSL =
2
trong : d l khong cch gia an ten pht v anten thu, l bc sng.
T phng trnh (7.4) ta c th biu din cng sut thu nh sau:
P G G 2 EIRPG r
Pr = t t r2 =
FSL
(4d )
(7.4)
(7.5)
(7.6)
trong : EIRP l cng sut pht ng hng tng ng, FSL= 10lg (4d ) l suy hao trong
2
khng gian t do, thng c xc nh dB nh sau:
2
(7.7)
(7.8)
hay:
96
b)
Gc lch chnh
trm mt t
Gc mt na rng
bp i vi ng vin
vt ph ca v tinh
(7.9)
97
N
= kT , W/Hz
f
(7.11)
7.5.1. Tp m anten
Cc anten thu a tp m vo cc ng truyn v tinh. Nh vy tp m do cc anten v
tinh v anten trm mt t a vo. Mc d nguyn nhn vt l nh nhau, nhng mc nh
hng rt khc nhau.
C th phn chia tp m do anten a vo thnh hai nhm: tp m xut s t tn hao
anten v tp m bu tri. Tp m bu tri l thut ng miu t pht x vi ba t v tr do cc
phn t c lm nng trong v tr gy ra. S pht x ny trong thc t bao ph ph rng hn
ph vi ba. Nhit tp m tng ng ca bu tri nhn t anten mt t c cho hnh 7.2.
th pha di dnh cho anten hng thng nh u (thin nh) cn th cao hn dnh cho
anten hng ngay trn ng chn tri. S tng nhit tp m trong trng hp th hai l do s
pht x nhit ca tri t v y l l do thit lp gii hn di ca gc ngng anten bng 50
bng C v 100 bng Ku.
Cc th cho thy ti u tn s thp ca ph, tp m gim khi tng tn s. Khi anten
hng thin nh, nhit tp m gim xung cn 3 K ti cc tn s nm trong khong t 1 n
10 Ghz. Pha trn 10 GH c hai nh nhit .
Mi c ch tn hao hp th u to ra tp m nhit v tn ti lin quan trc tip gia tn
hao v tp m nhit. Ma a vo tn hao v v th gy ra gim cp theo hai cch: gim tn hiu
v a vo tp m. nh hng ca ma bng Ku ti t hn nhiu so vi bng C.
Hnh 7.2 p dng cho cc anten mt t. Cc anten v tinh thng thng hng xung mt
t v v th chng thu pht x nhit t mt t. Trong trng hp ny nhit tp m nhit
tng ng ca anten ngoi tr cc tn hao ca anten vo khong 2900K.
98
Vng tp m thin h
1000
Nhit tp m anten, K
100
Cng hng xy
60 GHz
100
10
Cng hng hi
nc 22,2 GHz
1
0,1
10
100
Tn s, GHz
7.5.2.1. H s tp m
H s tp m c nh ngha l t s gia t s tn hiu trn tp m u vo vi t s
ny u ra phn t thu nh sau:
NF =
SNR in
SNR out
(7.12)
N
Pr / N i
= 1 + ai
Ni
APr / A(N i + N ai )
(7.13)
99
(7.14)
hay dB l:
N0 = -204 dBW/Hz
(7.15)
7.5.2.2. Nhit tp m
Bin i phng trnh (7.13) ta c:
Nai = (NF-1)Ni
(7.16)
Nu thay Ni = kTif v Nai = kTrf, trong Ti l nhit ngun tham kho cn Tr l nhit tp
m hiu dng ca my thu, ta c th vit:
kTr f =(NF-1)kTif
Tr = (NF-1)Ti
V ta chn Ti = 290 K, nn:
Tr = (NF-1)290K
(7.17)
100
Ni = kTg f
Ngout = AkTg f
N out = kTg f
kTg f
(7.20)
v u ra ca mng ch l thun tr ti nhit Tg. Tng cng sut ngc v mng phi cng bng
Nout m bo cn bng nhit. Nhc li rng cng sut tp m c th kTgf ch ph thuc vo
nhit , bng thng v phi hp tr khng. C th coi rng Nout gm hai thnh phn, Ngo v ANLi
nh sau:
Nout = kTgf = Ngout + ANLi
(7.21)
trong :
Ngout = AkTgf
(7.22)
l thnh phn cng sut tp m u ra do ngun tp m gy ra v ANLi l thnh phn cng sut tp
m do mng tn hao gy ra, trong NLi l l tp m ca mng quy i u vo. Kt hp hai
phng trnh (7.21), (7.22) ta c th vit:
kTgf = A kTgf + ANLi
(7.23)
Gii phng trnh(24) trn tm NLi ta c:
1 A
(7.24)
N Li =
kTg f = kTL f
A
Vy nhit tp m hiu dng ca ng ny s l:
1 A
TL =
Tg = ( L 1)Tg
A
Chn nhit tham kho Tg = 290 k, ta c th vit:
101
(7.25)
(7.26)
290
=L
(7.27)
Ttol = T1 +
T2
T3
Tm
+
+ .... +
A p1 A p1 A p 2
A p1A p 2 ....A m 1
(7.29)
Hnh 7.5 cho thy mt t chc mch in hnh trong ng phi tn hao L c ni
vi b khuch i c h s tp m NF.
(7.30)
(7.31)
102
(7.34)
(7.35)
(7.36)
(7.37)
(7.38)
trong : Pr l cng sut thu sng mang (C), Rb l tc bit v Eb l nng lng bit = PrTb= Pr/Rb, f
l rng bng tn.
C/N0 v Eb/N0 khng ph thuc vo tn s thng c s dng so snh hiu sut ca
cc h thng khc nhau. C/N ph thuc vo rng bng tn ca mt h thng cho trc (chng
hn b lc my thu).
S dng phng trnh (7.1) v (7.11) v ta c th vit:
103
(7.39)
(7.40)
M =
EIRP
4r 2
(7.42)
104
1
2
4r
FSL = 10 lg
10 lg
= 10 lg
4r 2
4
hay:
10 lg
1
2
= FSL 10 lg
4r 2
4
(7.44)
(7.45)
Thnh phn 2/4 c kch thc ca din tch, trong thc t n l din tch hiu dng ca mt
anten ng hng. Ta k hiu n l A0 nh sau:
2
(7.46)
A 0 = 10 lg
4
(7.47)
dBW
(7.48)
(7.50)
7.7.3. li u vo
Khi nhiu sng mang c a vo cng mt b khuch i s dng n sng chy, im
cng tc phi c t li n phn tuyn tnh ca c tuyn truyn t gim nh hng do
105
(7.51)
Pr
G
, dBHz
N = S + A 0 BO i + T k RFL
U
0 U
(7.52)
(7.53)
trong EIRP c xc nh theo phng trnh (7.52) bao gm c li cn thit cho v tinh.
Bn thn trm mt t c th phi pht nhiu sng mang v u ra ca n cng i hi
li (k hiu l BOHPA). B khuch i cng sut ln trm mt t phi c thit k theo cng
sut bo ho u ra nh sau:
PHPA, S=PHPA + BOHPA
(7.54)
106
0 D
D
(7.55)
u ra dBW
5dB
im
bo ho
BOo
Mt sng mang
Nhiu sng mang
im cng
tc li
BO i
Pr
G
, dB.Hz
N = EIRPS ,D BO o + T [L P ]D k
0 D
D
107
(7.57)
(7.58)
(7.59)
7.9. NH HNG CA MA
T trc n nay ta ch tnh ton ng truyn cho iu kin bu tri quang ngha l
khng xt n cc nh hng ca cc hin tng kh hu thi tit ln cng tn hiu. Trong
bng C v c bit l trong bng Ku ma l nguyn nhn ng k nht gy ra phainh. Ma lm
yu sng in t do tn x v hp th chng. Suy hao do ma tng khi tn s tng v tnh trng
ny ti hn bng Ku so vi bng C. Cc nghin cu cho thy suy hao ma i vi phn cc
ngang ln hn nhiu so vi phn cc ng.
Cc s liu v suy hao ma thng c cung cp dng cc ng cong hoc bng
trong ch ra s phn trm thi gian mt suy hao no b vt qu hay tng ng vi xc
sut m suy hao ny b vt qu. Th d v cc gi tr trung bnh bng Ku c cho bng 7.1
(da trn s liu cho mt s vng ti Canada). Cc s phn trm u ra ba ct trong bng cho
thy phn trm thi gian tnh trung bnh trong mt nm m suy hao vt qu cc gi tr dB
trong ct. Chng hn ti Thunder Bay, suy hao ma tnh trung bnh trong nm vt qu 0,2 dB
trong thi gian 1% ca nm, 0,3 dB trong thi gian 0,5% ca nm v 1,3 dB trong thi gian 0,1
phn trm ca nm. Mt cch khc ta c th ni rng 99% thi gian ca nm suy hao s bng
hoc thp hn 0,2 dB; 99,5% ca thi gian ca nm suy hao s bng hoc thp hn 0,3 v 99,9%
ca nm suy hao s bng hoc thp hn 1,3 dB.
Suy hao ma i km vi vic to ra tp m v c suy hao ln tp m u nh hng xu
ln cht lng ng truyn v tinh.
V ma i qua kh quyn, nn cc ht ma thng c dng dt v tr nn c hnh elip thay
v hnh cu. Khi mt sng in c c phn cc nht nh i qua cc rt ma, thnh phn trng
song song vi trc chnh ca rt ma s b tc ng khc vi thnh phn song song vi trc ph
ca rt ma. iu ny dn n s lch phn cc ca sng v kt qu l sng tr nn phn cc
elp. iu ny ng cho c phn cc tuyn tnh v phn cc trn, song nh hng nghim trng
hn i vi phn cc trn. Khi ch c mt phn cc, nh hng khng nghim trng, tuy nhin
khi p dng ti s dng tn s bng cc phn cc trc giao, cn phi s dng cc thit b trit
phn cc cho b tr s lch phn cc do ma.
Khi anten mt t s dng v che, cn xt n nh hng ca ma ln v che. Ma ri ln
v che hnh bn cu s to thnh lp nc c dy khng i. Lp ny gy nn tn hao do hp
th v phn x sng. Kt qa nghin cu cho thy suy hao vo khong 14 dB i vi lp nc
108
Cat Lake
Fort Severn
Geraldton
Kingston
London
North Bay
Ogoki
Ottawa
Sault Ste. Marie
Sioux Lookout
Sudbury
Thunder Bay
Timmins
Toronto
Windsor
0,2
0,0
0,1
0,4
0,3
0,3
0,1
0,3
0,3
0,2
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,1
0,2
0,7
0,5
0,4
0,2
0,5
0,5
0,4
0,6
0,3
0,3
0,6
0,6
0,12%
1,4
0,4
0,9
1,9
1,9
1,9
0,9
1,9
1,8
1,3
2,0
1,3
1,4
1,8
2,1
7.9.1. D tr phainh ma ng ln
Ma dn n suy hao tn hiu, tng nhit tp m v gim t s Pr/N0 tai v tinh theo hai
cch. Tuy nhin tng tp m khng thng xuyn l yu t chnh i vi ng ln v anten v
tinh hng n mt t "c lm nng" v mt t b sung nhit tp m n my thu v tinh
dn n che lp nh hng tng tp m do suy hao ma gy ra. iu quan trng y l cn duy
tr cng sut sng ng ln trong cc gii hn i vi mt s ch hot ng v cn s dng
iu khin cng sut ng ln b tr phainh cho ma. Cng sut pht v tinh phi c
gim st bng mt trm iu khin trung tm hay trong mt s trng hp bng trm mt t v
cng sut pht t trm mt t c th c iu khin tng b tr phainh. Nh vy b khuch
i cng sut cao ca trm mt t phi c d tr cng sut p ng yu cu d tr phainh.
Mt s d tr phainh in hnh c cho bng 7.1. Th d, i vi Ottawa, suy hao
ma vt qu 1,9 dB trong 0,1% thi gian. iu ny c ngha rng p ng yu cu cng sut
ti u vo v tinh cho 99,9% thi gian trm mt t cn c kh nng cung cp d tr phainh 1,9
dB so vi iu kin bu tri quang.
7.9.2. D tr phainh ma ng xung
109
(7.60)
(7.61)
Train = 1
Ta
L rain
Nhit tp m bu tri bng nhit tp m tri quang cng vi nhit tp m ma:
Tsky = TCS + Train
(7.62)
Nh vy ma gim t s Pr/N0 theo hai cch: gim cng sut sng mamg v tng nhit
tp m bu tri.
Tng qut ta c th xc nh quan h gia t s Pr/N khi ma v khi tri quang nh sau:
Ta
N
N
= L rain + (L rain 1)
TS ,CS
Pr rain Pr CS
(7.63)
trong : rain k hiu cho tri ma, CS k hiu cho tri quang v S,CS k hiu cho nhit tp
m h thng khi tri quang.
i vi cc tn s thp (6/4 GHz) v tc ma thp (di 1mm/h) suy hao ma hon
ton mang tnh hp th. Ti tc ma cao, tn x tr nn ng k c bit cc tn s cao. Khi
tn x v hp th u ng k, cn s dng tng suy hao tnh ton gim cng sut sng mang
v suy hao hp th tnh tng nhit tp m.
i vi cc tn hiu s t s Pr/N0 c xc nh theo BER cho php khng c vt
qu s phn trm thi gian quy nh. Hnh 7.8 cho thy s ph thuc BER vo t s Eb/N0.
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
10
-7
10
-8
10
10
11
12
E b/N0 , dB
110
7.10. D TR NG TRUYN VI BA S
Vic phn tch qu ng truyn cho php cn i cc tn hao v li cng sut trong
qu trnh truyn dn c th a ra mt lng d tr cng sut cn thit m bo truyn dn
trong iu kin khng thun li (pha inh) m vn m bo cht lng truyn dn yu cu. Lng
cng sut d tr ny c gi l d tr ng truyn hay d tr phaing v c xc nh nh
sau:
E
E
M = b b , dB
N 0 r N 0 req
(7.64)
Eb
Gr
(dB) - Rb(dB-bit/s)
(dB / K ) -
N
T
0 req
- k(dBW/K-Hz) - LP(dB)
(7.65)
Eb
(dB) - Rb(dB-bit/s)
N
0 req
(7.66)
Eb
(dB)
N
0 req
(7.67)
trong : Pt, Gt, L1 l cng sut, h s khuch i v suy hao cc phn t ni anten pht. Gr, L2
l h s khuch i v suy hao cc phn t ni anten thu. -kTR = 204(dBW/Hz), NF l h s tp
m.
111
a)
PrU
ND0
Pr + GS NU0
GS
b)
NU0
ND0
Pr = GS PrU
N = GS NU0 + ND 0
PrU
Cng sut sng mang ti cui ng truyn v tinh c k hiu l Pr tt nhin y cng
l cng sut sng mang thu c ng xung. N bng GS ln cng sut sng mang ti u
vo v tinh, trong GS l khuch i cng sut h thng t u vo v tinh n u vo trm mt
t nh thy hnh 7.9a. N bao gm khuch i ca b pht p v anten pht, tn hao ng
xung v khuch i anten thu cng vi tn hao phi.
Tp m ti u vo v tinh cng xut hin ti u vo trm mt t v c nhn vi GS,
ngoi ra trm mt t cng a vo tp m ca chnh n (k hiu l ND0). Nh vy tp m u
cui ng truyn l: GSNU0+ND0.
T s n hiu trn tp m cho mt mnh ng xung khng xt n ng gp ca GSNU0
l Pr/ND0 v Pr/N0 kt hp ti my thu mt t l Pr/(GSNU0+ND0). Lu dng cng sut c
cho hnh 7.9b. T s sng mang trn tp m kt hp c th c xc nh theo cc gi tr ring
ca tng ng. chng minh iu ny tin hn c l ta s dng t s tp m trn sng mang
thay cho sng mang trn tp m v biu din dng t s cng sut thay cho dB. Ta k hiu gi
tr t s tp m trn sng mang kt hp l N0/Pr, gi tr ng ln l (N0/Pr)U v gi tr ng
xung l (N0/Pr)D, khi ny:
N 0 G S NU 0 + ND 0
=
Pr
Pr
=
G S N 0 ND 0
+
Pr
Pr
112
N0
N0
N0 N0
+
+
=
Pr Pr U Pr D Pr IM
(7.69)
113
7.12. TNG KT
Chng ny xt cc dng tn hao ng truyn khc nhau nh: tn hao do cc phn t
ca thit b v tuyn, tn hao khng gian t do, tn hao kh quyn, tn hao lch nh hng
anten. tn hao lch phn cc v tn hao do ma. Qu dng truyn c coi l tng tt c cng
sut nhn c v c khuch i trn ng truyn bao gm cng sut my pht, cc khuch
i anten, cc khuch i trong cc b khuch i (cc b pht p) tr i cc chi ph cho tn hao
ni trn tnh theo dB. y chnh l cng sut cn li m my thu nhn c. Cht lng ng
truyn c nh gi bng xc sut li bit hay cn gi l t s bit li (BER). BER c quan h n
tr vi t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR) v th cht lng ng truyn cng thng c nh gi
bng SNR. Khi thit k mt ng truyn v tinh ngi thit k c cho trc BER yu cu hay
SNR yu cu tng ng. Trong qu trnh thit k, ngi thit k phi la chn cc thng s knh
v tinh nh: cng sut my pht trm mt t, khuch i anten pht trm mt t, khuch i an
thu b pht p, khuch i pht p, khuch i anten pht pht p, khuch i anten thu trm
mt t pha i tc, nhy my thu ... khi cho trc khong cch t cc trm mt t n b
pht p trn v tinh v h s tp m (hay nhit tp m) m bo cht lng yu cu ny
(BER hay SNR yu cu). Cc cng thc thit k mt ng truyn thng tin v tinh u da
vo tnh ton t s tn hiu thu trn mt ph cng sut tp m hay cng sut tp m. Chng
ny a ra tt c cc cng thc cn thit cho thit k ng truyn v tnh ni trn.
114
7.13. CU HI V BI TP
1. ng xung v tinh ti tn s 12 GHz lm vic vi cng sut 6 W v h s khuch i anten
48,2 dB. Tnh EIRP dBW.
(a) 36 dBW; (b) 46 dBW; (c) 50 dBW; (c) 56 dBW
2. Tnh ton h s khuch i anten parabol ng knh 3 m lm vic ti tn s 12 GHz, coi
rng hiu sut mt m bng 0,55.
(a) 47,9 dBi; (b) 48,9 dBi; (c) 50,9dBi; (d) 51dBi
3. Khong cch gia trm mt t v v tinh l 42.000 km. Tnh tn hao trong khng gian t do
ti tn s 6 GHz.
(a) 190,4 dB; (b) 200,9 dB; (c) 210,9 dB; (d) 211,9dB
4. ng truyn v tinh lm vic ti tn s 14 GHz c tn hao phi bng 1,5 dB v tn hao
khng gian t do bng 207 dB. Tn hao hp th kh quyn bng 0,5 dB, tn hao nh hng
anten bng 0,5 dB, tn hao lch cc c th b qua. Tnh tng tn hao ng truyn khi tri
quang.
(a) 199,5 dB; (b) 209,5 dB; (c) 210,5dB; (d) 211,5dB
5. Mt anten c nhit tp m l 35K v c phi khng vi my thu c nhit tp m
bng 100 K.
Mt ph cng sut tp m c gi tr no di y?
(a) 1,5610-21 W/Hz; (b) 1,6610-21 W/Hz; (c) 1,7610-21 W/Hz; (d) 1,8610-21 W/Hz
Cng sut tp m c gi tr no di y?
(a) 0,057 pW; (b) 0,067 pW; (c) 0,077 pW; (d) 0,08pW
6. Mt my thu vi tng u c h s tp m 10 dB, h s khuch i 80 dB v rng bng tn
f=6MHz. Cng sut thu Pr = 10-11W. Coi rng tn hao phi bng khng v nhit tp m
anten l 150K. Hy tm Tr,TS, Nout, (SNR)in v (SNR)out.
Nhit tp m tng u my thu (Tr) l gi tr no di y?
(a) 2600 K; (b) 2610 K; (c) 2620 K; (d) 2630K
Nhit tp m h thng (Ts) l gi tr no di y?
(a) 2560 K; (b) 2660 K; (c) 2760K; (d) 2860 K
Cng sut tp m u ra my thu l gi tr no di y?
(a) 19 W; (b) 20,8 W; (c)21,8W; (d) 22,8W
T s tn hiu trn tp m u vo my thu, (SNR)in, l gi tr no di y?
(a) 27,1dB; (b) 29,1dB; (c) 31,1 dB; (d) 32,1 dB
T s tn hiu trn tp m du ra, (SNR)out, my thu l gi tr no di y?
(a) 16,4 dB; 17,4 dB; (c) 18,4 dB; (d) 20,4 dB
7. (tip) ci thin t s tn hiu trn tp m cho my thu trong bi trn, mt b khuch i tp
m nh (LNA) c t trc tng u my thu trn. LNA c h s tp m 3dB, h s khuch
i 13 dB v bng thng f = 6MHz .Tm Ttol cho my thu kt hp vi b tin khuch i.
Tm TS, NFtol, Nout v (SNR)out. Coi rng tn hao phi bng khng.
Tng nhit tp m my thu (Ttol) l gi tr no di y?
(a) 400,5K; (b) 410,5 K; (c) 420,5 K; (d) 430,5 K
Nhit tp m h thng Ts l gi tr no di y?
(a) 550,5 K; (b) 560,5 K; (b) 570,5 K; (c) 580,5 K
Tng h s tp m (NFout) l gi tr no di y?
(a) 2dB; (b) 3dB; (c) 4dB; (d) 5dB
Cng sut tp m u ra my thu (Nout) l gi tr no di y?
115
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
116
117
HNG DN TR LI
CHNG 2
Bi 5
SS = -900, E = -1000 , E = 350, B = E -SS = -100; A = arcsin sin B = 17,10
sin b
Gc phng v:
Az = 1800 - A = 162,90: (a)
Khong cch n v tinh: R = 6371 km, aGSO = 42164 km; b = 36,2o
2
d = R 2 + a GSO
2Ra GSO cos b = 37215 km: (b)
Gc ngng: EL = arccos a GSO sin b = 480 : (c)
d
Bi 6
E=-700, SS =-250, E1=350, E2=-350; B = E - SS= -700-(-250)= -450
i vi trm mt t 1: b1 = arccos (cosB cosE1)= arccos [cos(-450) cos350]=54,60
Tng t i vi trm mt t 2: b2= 54,60
sin 450
sin B =
0
=60
arcsin
A = arcsin
sin 54, 6 0
sin b
0
Gc phng v cho trm mt t 1: Az1=180 -600=1200: (a)
Gc phng v cho trm mt t 2: Az2=600: (a)
Bi 7
(b)
Bi 8
(a)
Bi 9
Bi 10
(b)
Bi 11
(c)
Bi 12
R
S = arcsin
sin min = 8,660 , b = 1800 - min -S = 76,340,
a GSO
118
cos b
cos
B = arccos
E min
= 69,150
CHNG 3
Bi 1
(b)
Bi 2
(b)
Bi 4
(a)
Bi 5
G= I D = 0,65 .5.6.10
3.108
2
9 2
CHNG 6
Bi 6
F = 1
9(560 + 120)
= 0,85
40800
Bi 9
0,96; 1794
CHNG 7
Bi 1
EIRP = 10lg6+48,2 = 56 dBW: (c)
Bi 2
G = 0,55(10,472123)2 = 78,168 48,9 dBi: (b)
Bi 3
FSL= 92,5 + 20lg f [GHz] + 20lg d [km]
= 92,5+20lg6+20lg42.000 = 200,4 dB: (b)
Bi 4
LS+L0 = FSL+RFL+AML+AA+PL = 207+1,5+0,5+0,5=209,5 dB: (b)
Bi 5
N0 = (35+100)1,3810-23 = 1,8610-21 W/Hz: (d)
N = 1,8610-2136106 = 0,067 pW: (b)
119
Bi 6
Tr = (NF-1)290K = 2610 K: (b)
TS = TA + Tr = 150K+2610K = 2760K: (c)
Nout = AkTAf +AkTRf = AkTzf
= 1081,3810-236106(150K+2610K)=22,8W: (d)
(SNR)in =
Pr
1011
=
= 806, 5(29,1dB) : (b)
kTAf 1, 24 1014
(SNR)out =
Pout
10 8.1011
=
= 43,9(16, 4dB) : (a)
N out 22,8.106
Bi 7
Ttol = Tr1 +
Tr 2
2610K
= 290K +
= 420, 5K : (c)
A1
20
NF2 1
9
= 2 + = 2, 5(4dB) : (c)
A1
20
(SNR)out =
Pout 1011 20 10 8
= 212,0(23, 3dB) : (c)
N out 94, 4 106
Bi 8
(a)
Bi 9
EIRPS,U = -120-44,37-209 = 44,63 dBW: (d)
Bi 10
(a)
Bi 11
P
G
EIRPD = r + [L s ]D + k + B
N D T D
= 38dBW : (b)
Bi 12
B= RS(1+); Rs= Rb/lg4= Rb /2; Rb = 2B/(1+) = 6.107 bit/s : (c)
i vi BER = 10-5, t hnh di ta c t s Eb/N0= 9,6 dB
EIRP = Eb/N0 +Rb -G/T +LS +k = 27,8 dBW:(b)
120
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
10
-7
10
-8
10
10
11
12
E b/N0 , dB
Pr
G
= 91,1 dBHz: (b)
N = EIRPS ,D BO o + T [L P ]D k
D
0 D
Bi 14
PTWTA = EIRPD - GT,D+ TFLD= 56-50+2 = 8dBW
PTWTA, S = PTWTA + BOo dBW = 8+6 = 14 dBW 25W :(a)
Bi 15
Train = 280 (1-1/1,55) = 99,2K; Ts=400+99,2 = 499,2K. Tng dB ca cng sut tp m s l
10lg499,2-10lg400 = 0,96 dB. ng thi cng sut sng mang gim 1,9 dB nn t s Pr/N trong
trng hp ny gim: 20-1,9-0,96 =17,14 dB: (b)
Bi 16
N0
=10 10 + 10 8, 7 = 2,095 10 9 , Pr =10 lg( 2,095 10 9 ) = 86,79dBHz
Pr
N0
: (b)
Bi 17
121
Pr
G
= 101,5 dBHz : (a)
N = S + A 0 BO i + T k RFL
0 U
U
Pr
G
= 93,2 dBHz: (d)
N = EIRPS ,D BO o + T [L P ]D k
D
0 D
N0
P
= 10 10,15 + 10 9,32 = 5,49 10 10 , r = 10 lg(5,49 1010 ) = 92,6dBHz : (a)
Pr
N0
Bi 18
N
= 102 ,4 + 102 ,3 + 102 = 0, 0019 ,
Pr
122
THUT NG V K HIU
Nt ln
Vng i Ty Dng
Cc vin
Tp m Gauss trng cng
BER
Ascending Node
Athlantic Ocean Region
Apogee
Additive White Gaussian
Noise
Bit Error Rate
BPSK
Binary PSK
CDMA
DBS
GEO
Frequency Division
Multiplex/ Frequency
Modulation
Geostationary Earth Orbit
GSO
Geostationary Orbit
Qu o a tnh
HEO
Qu o elip cao
HPA
INMARSAT
International Maritime
Satellite Organisation
INTELSAT
IOR
International
Telecommunications
Satellite Organization
Indian Ocean Region
LNA
MATV
MEO
B khuych i tp m nh
TV anten ch
Qu o v tinh tm trung
NASA
C quan qun l v tr v
hng khng quc gia
AOR
AWGN
DOMSAT
DTH
EIRP
ES
FDMA
FDM/FM
123
T l li bit
Qu o a tnh
Min n Dng
NGSO
Non-Geostationary Satellite
Orbit
POR
Perigee
Pacific Ocean Region
Cc cn
Vng Thu Bnh Dng
PSK
QPSK
Quadrature PSK
RTT
SCPC
TDMA
TT&C
o t xa, bm v iu khin
TWTA
B khuych i n sng
chy
TVRO
XPD
TV Receiver Only
Cross Polar Discrimination
XPI
My ch thu TV v tinh
Phn bit phn cc vung
gc
Cch ly phn cc vung gc
124
125
MC LC
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN CC H THNG THNG
TIN V TINH
1
1
2
3
4
4
11
11
CHNG 2. CC QU O V TINH
12
12
12
15
17
18
18
23
23
29
29
31
31
31
35
36
39
41
43
43
44
44
44
46
47
48
ii
52
54
56
58
58
59
59
59
59
63
65
66
67
67
67
67
69
75
84
85
89
91
93
93
95
95
95
95
97
98
103
104
106
108
111
112
113
114
115
iii
HNG DN TR LI
118
THUT NG V K HIU
123
125
iv