1.

Gii thiu BGP

1.1. BGP l g
BGP(Border Gateway Protocol) l mt giao thc nh tuyn phc tp, c dng nhiu
trn Internet v trong cc cng ty a quc gia. Giao thc ny c thit k kt ni cc
AS (Autonomous system), khng kt ni cc subnets vi 1 AS. Mt AS l mt nhm cc
router cng chia s mt chnh sch v hot ng trong cng mt min nht nh. Mi AS
c nh danh bi mt s v c cung cp bi mt nh cung cp AS hoc bi cc ISPs.
Con s ny c chia ra lm 2 loi: Public c gi tr t 1 n 64511, privite c gi tr t
64512 n 65535. Cc cng ty ln c th dng BGP nh l mt kt ni gia cc mng
cc quc gia khc nhau
BGP h tr tm ng lin vng phi lp (CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing) v dng
k thut kt hp ng i gim kch thc bng tm ng (v d nu mt mng
chim 255 a ch lp C t 203.162.0.0/24 - 203.162.254.0/24 th ch dng 1 a ch
203.162.0.0/16 nh danh mng
1.2. Mt s tnh cht ca BGP
-BGP l mt giao thc nh tuyn dng path-vector v vic chn ng i tt nht thng
thng da vo mt tp hp cc thuc tnh (attribute).
-Nhim v ca BGP l m bo thng tin lin lc trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia cc
AS.
-BGP s dng giao thc TCP 179.
-BGP ch ra chnh xc danh sch ton b ng dn n ch.
-Chng vng lp rt hiu qu nh vo c ch xem xt cc tuyn gn m router gi v
xem c chnh bn thn AS trong hay khngm nu c route s bit c ngay l b
lp v s loi b thng tin .
-Trong giai on u tin thit lp mi quan h BGP th ton b thng tin cp nht s
c trao i v sau s chuyn sang c ch trigger-update.
-Mt im khc bit r thy nht ca BGP so vi cc giao thc nh tuyn loi IGP (nh
OSPF,RIP, EIGRP, IGRP,) l n khng quan tm n cc subnet c th trong mt
cng ty,c quan,m n quan tm n vic chuyn ti y thng tin n 1 AS khc
vi cc chnh sch nh tuyn (policy) cn thit.
-BGP c th s dng gia cc router trong cng 1 AS v khc AS. Khi BGP c dng
trong cng 1 AS th c gi l iBGP, cn dng kt ni cc AS khc nhau th gi l
eBGP.
1.3. S dng BGP trong nh tuyn
a. Khi no th s dng BGP?

 Khi mng ca mt cng ty kt ni n nhiu ISP hoc cc AS khc v ang dng

cc kt ni ny. Nhiu cng ty dng cc kt ni khc nhau nhm mc ch d
phng.
BGP cn c dng khi chnh sch nh tuyn ca nh cung cp dch v v ca
cng ty khc nhau.
b. Khi no th khng nn s dng BGP
Mng ca ISP v mng ca cng ty c chung mt chnh sch nh tuyn
Mc d cng ty ca bn c nhiu kt ni n ISP, cc kt ni ny l d phng v
v vy khng cn mt k hoch kch hot nhiu hn mt kt ni n Internet.
Ti nguyn mng l c gii hn, chng hn nh b nh v CPU ca router.
Bng thng gia cc AS l thp v cc ph tn cho nh tuyn s nh hng n
qu trnh chuyn d liu.

2. Cc thuc tnh ca BPG

Nhm
Well-known mandatory
Well-known Discretionary

Optional Transitive

Optional Nontransitive

M t
Cc thuc tnh ny l bt buc v c cng nhn
bi tt c cc router BGP
Khng yu cu cc thuc tnh ny tn ti trong cc
cp nht nhng nu chng tn ti, tt c cc router
s cng nhn v s c hnh ng tng ng da trn
thng tin c cha bn trong thuc tnh ny.
Router c th khng cng nhn cc thuc tnh ny
nhng nu router nhn c thuc tnh ny, n s
nh du v gi y cp nht ny n router k
tip. Cc thuc tnh s khng thay i khi i qua
router nu thuc tnh ny khng c cng nhn bi
router.
Cc thuc tnh ny b loi b nu cp nht mang
thuc tnh ny i vo router m router khng hiu
hoc khng cng nhn thuc tnh. Cc thuc tnh
ny s khng truyn ti cc BGP.

2.1.

Thuc tnh ORIGIN

Thuc tnh ORIGIN ch ra kiu ti nguyn ca BGP trong bng BGP routing. C
ba cch gip cho BGP c th hc tuyn, trong cc thit b ca cisco ba cch l :
S dng cu lnh network
T EBGP hng xm
Thng qua redistribution
Cu lnh network c s dng qung b tuyn trong bng nh tuyn n cc
BGP hng xm. Cc tuyn hc c thng qua cu lnh network c thuc tnh
ORIGIN t l IGP v ch ra rng tuyn l tuyn nm trong cng AS.
C hai kiu kt ni BGP. Kiu th nht l kiu kt ni gia c router chy BGP

trong cng 1 AS. Kiu ny c gi l Internal BGP (IBGP). Kiu kt ni th 2 l

kiu kt ni gia cc autonomous-system khc nhau. Kiu ny c gi l External
BGP (EBGP)

Hnh 9 : Cc tuyn IBGP v EBGP

Cc tuyn c hc t EBGP hng xm c thuc tnh ORIGIN l EGP. Cc
tuyn redistributed trong BGP c thuc tnh ORIGIN l incomplete. Cc tuyn IGP
c u tin thng qua cc tuyn EGP v cc tuyn EGP c u tin thng cc cc
tuyn incomplete. Ni cch khc cc tuyn EBGP c u tin, s dng thng qua cc
tuyn IBGP
2.2.

Thuc tnh NEXT_HOP

Khi mt router qung b mt tuyn n router EBGP hng xm, thuc tnh
NEXT_HOP c t l a ch IP ca giao din kt ni n hng xm . c bit
nu router qung b mt tuyn c hc thng qua EBGP n IBGP hng xm, thuc
tnh NEXT_HOP s khng c thay i.

Hnh 10 : Thuc tnh NEXT_HOP

Khi mt router nhn mt tuyn t mt BGP hng xm, thuc tnh u tin n
kiu tra l NEXT_HOP. Nu NEXT_HOP khng t c ( khng nm trong bng
nh tuyn), tuyn s b t chi. EBGP s dng kt ni vt l trc tip trn cc giao
din vt l v th NEXT_HOP s c t trong bng routing ging nh giao din kt
ni trc tip. Cc IBGP hng xm khng c kt ni trc tip. Trong v d hnh 10
router B chp nhn tuyn t router A v NEXT_HOP l mng kt ni trc tip vi n.
Router C s chp nhn tuyn t router B nu mng NEXT_HOP c trong bng nh
tuyn ca router C.
Khi BGP khai bo mt mng, router t nh r bn thn router nh l NEXT_
HOP. Tuy nhin, nu router gi thng ip update cho mt router hng xm khc
trong cng mt AS th n li tip tc dng router ngoi AS lm NEXT_HOP. Do ta
phi cu hnh cho cc router cn li trong AS bit c chnh router bin cng AS
vi n l router Next Hop ch khng phi l router khc AS.

Hnh 11: Hot ng ca router vi thuc tnh NEXT_HOP

Khi mt router nhn mt tuyn t mt BGP hng xm, thuc tnh u tin n
kiu tra l NEXT_HOP. Nu NEXT_HOP khng t c ( khng nm trong bng
nh tuyn), tuyn s b t chi. EBGP s dng kt ni vt l trc tip trn cc giao
din vt l v th NEXT_HOP s c t trong bng routing ging nh giao din kt
ni trc tip. Cc IBGP hng xm khng c kt ni trc tip. Trong v d hnh 10
router B chp nhn tuyn t router A v NEXT_HOP l mng kt ni trc tip vi n.
Router C s chp nhn tuyn t router B nu mng NEXT_HOP c trong bng nh
tuyn ca router C.
Khi BGP khai bo mt mng, router t nh r bn thn router nh l NEXT_
HOP. Tuy nhin, nu router gi thng ip update cho mt router hng xm khc
trong cng mt AS th n li tip tc dng router ngoi AS lm NEXT_HOP. Do ta
phi cu hnh cho cc router cn li trong AS bit c chnh router bin cng AS
vi n l router Next Hop ch khng phi l router khc AS.
Xt v d hot ng ca router vi thuc tnh NEXT_HOP trong hnh 11
Bc 1: Router A gi cp nht v mng 192.33.33.0

Bc 2: Router D nhn update v truyn. Tuy nhin nu router D thay i a ch

ngun thnh a ch ca chnh n, s c mt s nhm ln xy ra v trong mi trng a
truy cp, mi router s cng b n l NEXT_HOP. trnh tnh hung ny, a ch
ngun ca thng tin cp nht tuyn khng thay i.
Bc 3: Router B bit router A l NEXT_HOP ca mng 192.33.33.0
Do tnh cht ny m bt buc cc IBGP hng xm phi c tuyn n mng
NEXT_HOP trong bng nh tuyn
2.3.

Thuc tnh Autonomous system path (AS_PATH)

Thuc tnh ny c s dng cho vic chn tuyn v chng loop trong BGP.
AS_PATH thuc vo nhm well-known mandatory, cn c qung b v hiu bi tt
c cc router hng xm. Mi nh cung cp dch v u c gn mt s nh danh
duy nht autonomous system (AS) trong khong t 1 n 64511. Cc s AS ny
c ng k v gn tng t nh vic cung cp cc di a ch IP . Cc nh cung cp
dch v cng c th nh ngha cc vng t tr AS bng cch s dng cc s AS ring
c phm vi cho php trong khong 64512 n 65534. Tuy nhin cc s AS ring ny
khng c qung b ra internet v ch c s dng trong vng AS to ra n. Cc
AS ring tng t nh a ch IP ring
Chng ta xt mt v d di y vi cc nh cung cp dch v c gn cc s
AS 1, 2, 3 v 4. Nh cung cp dch v vi AS bng 1 qung b mng v netmask ca
mng 156.26.32.0/24 n nh cung cp dch v 2 vi AS l 2.

Hnh thuc tnh AS_PATH

Khi tuyn c qung b c nhn bi AS 2, AS 2 bit mng 156.26.32.0 nm

trong AS 1 bi v ch c 1 s AS duy nht nm trong thuc tnh AS_PATH v c
t bng 1. Khi AS 2 qung b tuyn 156.26.32.0/24 n AS 3, AS 2 s c b xung
v c t vo AS_PATH. Kt qu sau khi nhn c qung b t AS 2 thuc tnh
AS_PATH s c gi tr l 2 1 vi du cch gia cc s AS. AS 3 cng bit rng mng
c qung b nm trong AS 1 (do s cui trong thuc tnh AS_PATH c t bng
1 ) v mng c qung b thng qua AS 2. AS 3 b xung s AS ca n vo thuc
tnh AS_PATH v qung b tuyn n AS 4. AS 4 nhn thuc tnh qung b vi
AS_PATH l 3 2 1 cho mng 156.26.32.0/24
Nu tt c c thuc tnh khc ca BGP l bng nhau, router vi AS_PATH ngn
nht s c s dng lm tham s la chn tuyn. Trong v d trn ta ch qung b
cho mng 156.26.32.0/24 v mc nh n s c ng dn ti u n ch. Nu c
nhiu tuyn, thuc tnh AS_PATH s c s dng la chn tuyn tt nht ti ch.
Di y l mt v d. Trong hnh 3, AS 4 nhn 2 s qung b cho
mng
156.26.32.0/24. Qung b t AS 3 c di AS l 3 v t AS 5 c di l 2. V th
AS 4 ch quan tm n tuyn thng qua AS 5 v la chn n l tuyn tt nht n
ch. Tuyn tt nht ny s c t trong bng nh tuyn.

Hnh La chn tuyn thng qua thuc tnh AS_PATH

AS_PATH l danh sch cc s AS c qung b . Tham s ny tng t vic

m s hop trong RIP v s AS cng c s dng quyt nh tuyn tt nht n

ch (tng t nh hop count).
Ngoi vic AS_PATH c s dng cho vic la chn tuyn tt nht n ch.
BGP cn s dng thuc tnh AS_PATH chng loop.
Trong hnh 4, AS 4 qung b tuyn tt nht cho mng 156.26.32.0/24 n AS 6.
AS 6 qung b tuyn ny n AS 1 vi AS_PATH l 6 4 5 1 . Khi AS 1 nhn qung b
t AS 6 tuyn ny s b t chi v AS 1 nm trong AS_PATH. Cc BGP routers t
chi bt k s qung b no m cha ng s AS ca chng.

Hnh 4: BGP chng loop s dng thuc tinh AS_PATH

2.4.

Thuc tnh WEIGHT

Weight l thuc tnh khng c ch nh trong BGP . N l thuc tnh c bit
c pht trin trn cc thit b ca cisco v l thuc tnh do cisco nh ngha. Tham
s ny cng l mt trong cc thuc tnh c s dng quyt nh tuyn tt nht ti

ch. Trong hnh 5, AS 2 nhn 2 s qung b cho mng 156.26.32.0/24. Qung b t

AS 3 c AS_PATH di l 3 v qung b t AS 1 c di l 2. AS 2 s la chn
tuyn thng qua AS 1 v qua AS_PATH s l ngn nht.

Hnh 5 : AS 2 la chn ng n 156.26.32.0/24 thng qua AS 1 v n c thuc tnh

AS_PATH tt nht
Tuy nhin nu mun router trong AS 2 s dng tuyn thng qua AS 3 thay th
cho AS 1 ta s dng thuc tnh weight. Weight l thuc tnh c biu din bng 16
bit v gi tr trong khong 0 n 65535. Router c s dng thuc tnh Weight ch
nh tuyn ti ch. Vic la chn ny thng c s dng khi c nhiu ng dn
tt nht n cng 1 ch. Trng s Weight s c u tin hn

Hinh 6 : Chn tuyn thng qua thuc tnh weight

Thuc tnh weight ch c gi tr trn router v khng qung b ra cc router
hng xm chy BGP. Cc tuyn BGP c weight mc nh l 32768
2.5.

Thuc tnh Local Preference (LOCAL_PREF)

LOCAL_PREF l thuc tnh tng t nh weight. Khi c nhiu hn mt tuyn
ti mt ch, tuyn c thuc tnh LOCAL_PREF cao nht (khi cc weight bng nhau)
s c la chn l tuyn tt nht. Mc nh LOCAL_PREF c gi tr 100 v gi tr
cao hn s c u tin s dng l tham s quyt nh tuyn ti ch (khi weight bng
nhau). LOCAL_PREF l mt s 32 bit c gi tr t 0 4294967295.
Trong hnh 7, Router A v Router B c 2 ng n mng 156.26.32.0/24.
Router A s dng gi tr LOCAL_PREF mc nh l 100. Router B c thit lp gi
tr LOCAL_PREF l 200 v th Router B s la chn tuyn qua AS 3. Khng ging
nh thuc tnh weight LOCAL_PREF c qung b trong 1 AS. Router A nhn
qung b cho mng 156.26.32.0/24 t Router B vi LOCAL_PREF l 200. V th
Router A s dng tuyn thng qua AS 3 t ti mng 156.26.32.0/24

Hnh 7: Thuc tnh LOCAL_PREF

2.6.

Thuc tnh Metric hay MULTI_EXIT_DISC (MED)

Thuc tnh Weight c s dng quyt nh tuyn t mt router.
LOCAL_PREF c s dng la chn tuyn ri khi 1 autonomous system. Thuc
tnh MULTI_EXIT_DISC (Multi-exit discriminator hay MED) c s dng quyt
nh tuyn gia cc AS. MED cng l mt s c gi tr 32 bit tuy nhin thuc tnh ny
c mt im khc bit vi thuc tnh LOCAL_PREF l gi tr thp hn s c u
tin thay v gi tr cao s c u tin chn tuyn nh trong LOCAL_PREF.
Di y l mt v d ch ra vic la chn tuyn dng MED. Trong Hnh 8, AS 5
qung b mng 156.26.32.0/24 v c 2 ng ti c mng 156.26.32.0/24 t AS

1. AS 5 mun AS 1 s dng tuyn bn phi cho lu lng t AS 1 n AS 5. AS 5

thit lp MED bn tri c gi tr cao hn gi tr mc nh l 0 v qung b gi tr ny
n AS 1

Hnh 8 : S dng thuc tnh MED chn tuyn

Nu tt c cc thuc tnh khc ca BGP l bng nhau. AS 1 s la chn tuyn
bn phi n AS 5 v n c gi tr MED thp hn. u tin ca cc thuc tnh trong
BGP c quyt nh ln lt l WEIGHT, LOCAL_PREF,AS_PATH v cui cng
l MED.
Khi 3 tham s trn l bng nhau MED s c s dng chn tuyn tt nht
n ch
2.7.

Thuc tnh Community

y l mt thuc tnh khng bt buc. Thuc tnh ny c dng cung cp
chnh sch cho mt nhm cc router i qua cc AS. Do cc router ny c cng mt
tnh cht v c chung chnh sch. Nu mt router nhn c mt thng ip thng tin

cp nht nh tuyn vi thuc tnh Community c thit lp, n s x l thng ip

ny mt cch hp l. Nu n khng hiu thng ip ny th s gi thuc tnh cho
router hng xm x l. (Tuy nhin, nu n hiu th s khng bao gi gi thuc tnh
cho router hng xm tr khi c ch nh lm thm iu g )
2.8.

Chn ng i trong BGP

BGP s chn ng i tt nht t danh sch cc ng i hp l da vo th t u tin
ca cc lut sau (u tin t trn xung di):
u tin ng i c trng s Weight cao nht. y l mt thng s do Cisco a
ra, n ch mang tnh local trong mt router.
u tin ng i c Local Preference cao nht. C gi tr mc nh l 100.
u tin ng i c ngun gc t lnh Network hoc aggregate hoc thng qua
qu trnh Redistribute t mt IGP. Cc ng i c ngun gc t lnh Network
hay redistribute c u tin cao hn t lnh aggregate.
u tin ng i c AS path ngn nht.
u tin ng i c ngun gc thp nht. IGP < EGP < INCOMPLETE.
u tin ng i c gi tr MED nh nht. Mc nh bng 0.
u tin ng i eBGP hn so vi iBGP.
u tin ng i c IGP thp nht n BGP next-hop.
Nu c hai ng i n ch m c tt c cc thuc tnh trn l ging nhau th n
s u tin ng i c nhn trc (ng i c nht).
u tin ng i n BGP router c router ID nh nht. Gi tr router ID l a ch
IP cao nht trn Router. Cng c th gn bng lnh bgp router-id.
u tin chong i c s cluster l t nht.
u tin ng i n t nhng lng ging c a ch thp nht. a ch ny l a
ch c dng trong lnh neighbor.

3. Hot ng ca BGP
BGP cho php truyn thng tin nh tuyn gia cc AS khc nhau trn ton th gii. Hnh
di cho bit nhiu AS v chng s dng BGP chia s thng tin nh tuyn gia cc
AS khc nhau. S dng hai dng BGP:
Internal BGP (iBGP)
External BGP (eBGP)

Tt c BGP speaking device cng trong mt AS s s dng iBPG lin lc vi BGP

speaking khc. V i vi cc BPG speaking trong cng AS s phi thit lp peer vi cc
BGP speaking khc. iu c ngha l cng ta phi cu hnh full mesh cho iBGP
hot ng mt cch hp l. eBGP c s dng gia cc BGP speaking device ca cc
AS khc nhau.
Sau khi thit lp xong kt ni peer, BGP speaking device s s dng thng tin m chng
c c t nhng trao i to mt BGP graph. Sau bt u qu trnh trao i thng
tin nh tuyn. Ban u chng s trao i ton b bng thng tin nh tuyn. sau s
trao i thng tin update tng phn gia cc peer vi nhau v trao i bn tin KEEP
ALIVE duy tr kt ni.
3.1.

nh dng u vo ca bn tin(Message Header Format)

BGP s tin hnh x l bn tin ch khi ton b bn tin c nhn. N yu cu mi bn tin

c kch thc nh nht l 19 octet v ln nht l 4096 octet. Header ca message bao
gm:
Marker
Length

Type

Marker: trng ny c di 16 byte c s dng xc nh s mt ng

b gia mt tp BGP peer v chng thc cc bn tin BGP n. Gi tr ca
trng ny ph thuc vo loi bn tin. Nu mt OPEN message n s khng
cha thng tin chng thc v Marker c gi tr ton bit 1.
Length trng ny c di 2 byte cho bit di ca bn tin.
Type: trng ny c di 1 byte cho bit loi bn tin c s dng.
C th nh sau:
Type value
1
2
3
4
3.2.

Message Type
OPEN message
UPDATE message
NOTIFICATION message
KEEPALIVE message

Bn tin OPEN

Bn tin open l loi bn tin u tin c gi sau khi phin kt ni TCP c thit lp.
khi bn tin OPEN c chp nhn, mt bn tin KEEPALIVE xc nhn bn tin OPEN

c gi tr li. Sau khi bn tin UPDATE tng phn, bn tin NOTIFICATION v

KEEPALIVE s c trao i gia cc BGP peer.
nh dng bn tin OPEN
Version
My Autonomuos System
Hold Time
BGP Indentifier
Optional Parameter Length
Optional Parameter
Version: trng ny c di 1 byte v c s dng xc nh cc phin bn ca
cc BGP speaker t kt qu ca qu trnh m phn vi neighbor. C th nh sau:
BGP speaker s th m phn vi gi tr cao nht m c hai cng h tr. Nu gi tr
version number c xc nh trong trng version m BGP speaker khc khng h
tr, mt bn tin li s c gi v cho ni gi v phin kt ni TCP s b ngt. Qu
trnh trn s tip tc cho n khi mt gi tr version number chung c thit lp
My Autonomuos System: trng ny c di 2 byte cha AS number ca BGP
speaker gi. trng ny s thng bo cho BGP speaker nhn bit c gi tr AS
number ca hng xm ca n. V gi tr ny c s dng to BGP graph
Hold time: trng ny c di 2 byte, thng bo cho BGP speaker nhn gi tr
ngh hold time ca BGP gi. Mi ln mt bn tin c nhn gi tr hold time c
reset v 0.
BGP Indentifer: c di 4 byte, dng xc nh tnh duy nht cho mi BGP
speaker. BGP indentifier chnh l a ch IP cao nht ca loopback interface. Nu
loopback khng c cu hnh th n chnh l a ch IP cao nht ca bt k interface
no ca router.
Optional Parameters Length: c di 1 byte, cho bit tng di ca bn tin.
Optional Parameters:Trng ny c di bin i v cha ng mt danh sch cc
optional parameter. Nu n c gi tr l 0 th Optional khng c thit lp.
3.3.

Bn tin UPDATE

Sau khi BGP tr thnh peer chng s trao i bn tin UPDATE tng phn cha thng tin
nh tuyn cho BGP. Bn tin ny cha c nhng tuyn ng kh thi s dng v
nhng tuyn ng khng kh thi loi b.
Unfeasible Routes Length
nh dng bn tin UPDATE:
Withdrawn Routes
Total Path Attributes Length
Path Atrributes
Network Layer Reachability Information

 Unfeasible Routes Length: c di 2 byte cha di ca trng Withdrawn

Routes.
Withdrawn Routes: trng ny c di thay i, cha danh sch cc tin t a ch
IP s b loi b.
Total Path Attributes Length: c di 2 byte, cha di ca trng Path Atrributes.
Path Atrributes: trng ny c di thay i, cha mt chui cc thuc tnh v
path
Network Layer Reachability Information: trng ny gm hai phn:
o Length: cho bit di ca IP address prefix
o Prefix: ch IP address prefix
3.4. Bn tin KEEPALIVE
Bn tin KEEPALIVE c s dng m bo rng peer vn tn ti. Bn tin ny c
s dng trong trng hp restart gi tr hold time. Chu k gi bn tin KEEPALIVE bng
1/3 gi tr hold time.
3.5. Bn tin NOTIFICATION
Bt c khi no c li mt xy ra trong BGP session, BGP speaker s pht i bn tin
NOTIFICATION v kt ni b ngt.
nh dng bn tin NOTIFICATION:
Error Code

Error Sub-code

Data