1.

H thng vin thng in t

1.1 H thng vin thng in t ngy nay
Cng ngh vin thng in t tip tc tin b nhanh chng k t khi c pht minh h
thng in tn v in thoi n mc n cch mng ho cc phng tin thng tin truyn
thng khong mt th k trc y. Ngy nay, h thng vin thng in t c xem nh
cc phng tin kinh t nht c c trao i tin tc v cc s liu. Ngoi ra song song
vi tng trng v x hi kinh t, vic hnh thnh cc phng tin cn thit cho vin thng
in t tr nn phc tp hn v c khuynh hng k thut cao nhm p ng nhu cu
ang tng v cc dch v c cht lng cao v dch v vin thng tin tin hn; mc d vy
cc thit b c th c hnh thnh theo cc cch khc nhau v c cc mc phc tp
khc nhau theo cc yu cu ca ngi s dng.
V c bn chng c m phng nh sau (din gii) :

Hnh 1.1. Cu to ca mng li vin thng.

a. Ngun thng tin: Con ngi hay my pht ra thng tin cn truyn i. Thng tin pht ra
c phn loi thnh ting ni, m, v hnh nh (k t, k hiu v hnh nh).

b. Thit b truyn: B phn hay thit b chuyn thng tin pht ra thnh cc tn hiu
c.

d.
e.

c truyn i qua ng truyn dn.

ng truyn dn: Mt phng tin truyn cc tn hiu t thit b truyn n thit b
nhn. Cc loi cp ng trc, cp quang, khng gian, v cc hng sng c dng
rng ri cho mc ch ny. Cc tn hiu c gi i qua ng truyn b nhiu bi cc
yu t nh ting n.
Thit b nhn: L mt b phn hay thit b dng bin i cc tn hiu nhn c
thnh cc tn hiu ban u.
Ngi s dng: L con ngi hay my nhn thng tin c phc hi t thit b nhn.
H thng vin thng in t c s dng ph bin nht l h thng thng tin in thoi
trong con ngi l ngun thng tin cng li l ngi s dng, cn my in thoi
dng lm thit b truyn thit b nhn. Hin nay loi my (bng) dch v thng bo thng
tin trong my hot ng nh ngun thng tin v con ngi nh l ngi s dng c
nh cu cao. Ngoi ra, vic giao tip gia my vi my nh vic trao i s liu hin
cng ang hot ng. Nh trnh by hnh 1.2, cc qu trnh trao i c tin hnh
thng qua giao din gia ngi vi my, v gia my vi my, nh trong trng hp
cc phng php thng thng, s tr nn ngy cng thng dng hn.

Hnh 1.2. Truyn, nhn thng tin

Xu th pht trin cc mng li vin thng hin nay c m t ngn gn phn sau.
Trc ht, l gii thch v vic a dng ho cc dch v vin thng v cc phng tin.
Cng vi cc dch v vin thng in t thng dng da trn c s cc h thng in thoi
v in tn hot ng mt cch c lp thng qua vic s dng mng li thu bao in
thoi, mng li chuyn mch r-le in tn, v mng li thu bao in tn, mt s cc
phng tin c phc tp cao v rt mnh cng tng ln nh cc cc phng tin truyn
s liu v hnh nh truyn thng tin cc loi v cho php thc hin cc dch v phi in
thoi ang c lp t v vn hnh, ang cch mng ho cuc sng ca chng ta.
Dch v phi in thoi c a ra hin nay yu cu cc thit b v phng tin vin thng
tin tin v chuyn mn ho cao .Thc t ny cng tr nn r rng hn khi chng ta kim
tra cc loi tn s hin ang dng; khng ging nh cc phng tin ph thng ch yu cu
cc dng tn hiu 4 KHz cho cc loi dch v, cc di tn 1-4 MHz, 12-240 KHz, v 12-240
KHz ang c s dng, mt cch tng ng cho Video, cc s liu tc va v cao,
truyn fax p ng cc c tnh dch v ca chng; ng thi khi cung cp mt dch v,
cc tn s khc nhau c th c s dng c kt qu ti u. Theo , vic thit lp
nhiu mng li vin thng khc nhau, s dng cc di tn khc nhau v cc dch v khc
nhau l iu khng thc t v khng kinh t. Do vy mt nhu cu cp bch l pht trin
cng ngh cc mng li vin thng vi dung lng c th giao tip vi nhau, c kh nng
x l cc loi dch v khc nhau c th a ra s dng trong tng lai gn. Vi mc ch
ny, cc nh nghin cu v k s tham gia vo lnh vc ny ang c gng kt hp cc
mng li vin thng hin nay mt cch c h thng v c hiu qu.
Th nh, xu hng gn y c c im l tng nhu cu i vi mng li s. T khi pht
hin ra cc nguyn l v in thoi t vic chuyn nng lng m thanh thnh nng lng
in truyn i ting ni cho n khi pht sinh ra phng php truyn bng ghp knh
in thoi, cc dch v in thoi a ra s dng cc h thng chuyn mch phn chia
khng gian thng qua cc ng truyn tng t. iu ny cng da vo cng ngh tng
t. Vo u nhng nm 1960, phng php PCM-24 c thng mi ho mt cch
thnh cng v vy chng minh rng phng php truyn dn s l kinh t hn nhiu so vi
phng php truyn dn tng t. k t , cc h thng tng i s s dng h thng
truyn dn s c lp t v vn hnh mt cch rng ri.
Nhng u im ca cc mng li vin thng s l: Khi s dng h thng tng i tng
t v ng truyn dn s, b m ho v b gii m c s dng cho cc dch v thoi
bin i cc tn hiu ngc li thnh ting ni ti thi im chuyn mch; Khi s dng h
thng s v ng truyn dn s, ch cn c mt thit b u cui vi kh nng thc hin
chc nng n gin v cc tn hiu s dc u ni mc ghp knh. Mt u im
khc ca vic s dng h tng i s l n lm tng cht lng truyn dn. Trong mng

li in thoi s, cc tn hin c m ho ti tng i ch gi c gii m, sau

c m ho ti tng i trung chuyn v cui cng c gi n tng i b gi.
Theo , bng cch s dng phng php ny, c th trnh c vic tng lng ting n
pht ra khi chuyn cc tn hiu tng t thnh cc tn hiu s. Ngoi ra, do ng truyn
dn s tri qua t thay i v mc hn l ng truyn dn tng t, hin tng mt
ng truyn s c th t nh hn. thc hin mc ch ny, nu s dng mt ng
truyn s gia hai tng i, th s mt ng truyn c th c gim bt t 10 dB xung
cn 6dB. ng thi, trong mng in thoi s, i vi mt ng in thoi, 64 kbps c
dng nh tc bt c s; cc s liu, fax, v thng tin video c tc nh hn mc bt
ny c th c gi i mt cch tng i d dng hn thng qua mng in thoi s. Nh
trnh by, cc thit b c th c chia s theo cc yu cu dch v v v th c th c
s dng mt cch linh hot ng dng cho cc loi dch v hin ang tn ti cng nh
cc dch v mi.

Hnh 1.3. Tin trnh trong s ho

Cc nh nghin cu v k s cc nc tin tin ang c gng pht trin loi mng truyn
thng s ny. Tin b thc hin c trong cng ngh s c gii thch s dng m hnh
Hnh 1.3. Mt ng truyn s dc s dng gia hai tng i trong mng li s tch
hp c m phng trong s . ng thi mng ISDN (mng a dch v s) cng c
pht trin trong cc dch v tch hp c cung cp vi cc thit b u cui c s
ho. Ngoi ra, do cc loi dch v vin thng c a ra ngy cng tr nn phong ph,
mt phm vi rng ln cc loi thit b u cui, mt trong 3 phn quan trng mng li vin
thng, ch yu l, cc thit b u cui, ng truyn dn v cc thit b tng i, hin nay
c s dng rng ri. Hu ht cc thit b u cui cng cng hin nay u c thit k
vn hnh cng d dng cng tt, tuy nhin mt s cc thit b u cui ny gi l cc
thit b u cui tch hp, c trang b vi cc tnh nng tin tin dng cho cc dch v c
bit. T , vic s dng truyn thng s tr nn a dng ho hn, v vic c gng pht
trin cng ngh ph hp cho cc mc ch cng s c thc hin
1.2 Lch s pht trin cng ngh vin thng in t
Trong sut lch s ca loi ngi, vic pht minh ra ngn ng l cuc cch mng truyn
thng ln nht u tin. Sau t lu con ngi pht sinh ra tn hiu bng la c kh nng
truyn t cc thng tin c hiu qu v nhanh chng ti cc vng xa. Cu truyn lch s cho
thy vo khong nm 1000 trc cng nguyn, cc i qun Hy Lp s dng phng php
ny thng bo cc chin thng ca h cho cc cng dn ang nng lng ca Hy Lp.
Trong mt thi gian di, phng php ny c s dng mt cch rng ri p ng
cc nhu cu v truyn thng. Mt cuc cch mng thng tin khc na ln hn xy ta khi

con ngi bit c lm th no ghi li ngh v t tng ca mnh bng cch dng
cch dng cc ch vit. Vi kh nng ny, con ngi c kh nng truyn thng tin m
khng b gii hn bi thi gian v khng gian. ng thi, vic pht minh ny a ta cc
dch v a th v thng bo. Hong R-ma c th truyn i thng tin cn thit n
cc vng xa n 160 km cch xa thnh Rm trong mt ngy bngh thng (mng li)
ng b h xy dng nn trong ton quc. Vic pht minh ta cng ngh in thc y
hn na vic pht trin cc phng tin truyn tin v cho con ngi c kh nng thng tin
vi nhiu ngi hn v vi cc khu vc cch xa nhau.
T cui th k 18 n th k 19, cng ngh pht thanh v truyn thng bng in c
pht trin v bt u c dng rng khp. i pht thanh v truyn hnh c pht minh
v thi gian ny lm thay i th gii chng ta rt nhiu. Trong phn tip theo, cc pht
minh ln khc v nhng pht hin lin quan n cng ngh thng tin in t xy ra trong
sut 160 nm qua cng nh xu hng pht trin ca chng tng lai c tho lun
mt cch ngn gn. Nm 1820, Georgo Ohm a ta cng thc phng trnh ton hc
gii thch cc tn hiu in chy qua mt dy dn rt thnh cng. V nm 1830, Michall
Faraday tm ta nh lut dn in t trng. Nm 1850, i s Boolean ca George
Boolers to ta nn mng cho lgc hc v pht trin cc r-le in. Chnh vo khong
thi gian ny khi cc ng cp u tin xuyn qua i Ty Dng nh in tn c
lp t. James Clerk Maxwell a ra hc thuyt in t trng bng cc cng thc ton
hc nm 1870. Cn c vo hc thuyt ny, Henrich Hertz truyn i v nhn c sng
v tuyn thnh cng bng cch dng in trng ln u tin trong lch s. Tng i in
thoi u tin c thit lp u tin nm 1876 ngay sau khi Alexander Graham Bell pht
minh ra in thoi. 5 nm sau, Bell bt u dch v gi in thoi ng di gia New York
v Chicago v Guglieno Mareconi ca Italia lp t mt trm pht sng v tuyn pht
cc tn hin in tn. Trong th k 21 vic pht trin v p dng c tnh thc t v cng ngh
lin quan ang tip tc pht trin nhanh chng v trong qu trnh , cch mng ho th
gii chng ta. Nm 1900, Einstein, mt nh vt l ni ting v hc thuyt tng i, vit
rt nhiu ti liu quan trng v vt l cht rn, thng k hc, in t trng, v c hc
lng t. Vo khong thi gian ny phng th nghim Bell ca M pht minh v sng
ch ra ng phng in cc cho cc knh thin vn xoay c v Le de Forest tr thnh
ngi khi xng trong lnh vc vi mch in t thng qua pht minh ca ng ta v mt
ng chn khng ba cc. Vic ny c tip theo bng pht minh mt h thng tng i
tng t t ng c kh nng hot ng khng cn c bng chuyn mch. Nm 1910,
Erwin Schrodinger thit lp nn tng cho c hc lng t thng qua cng b ca ng ta
v cn bng sng gii thch cu to nguyn t v cc c im ca nguyn t v R.H
Goddard ch to thnh cng tn la bay bng phn lc cht lng, v my t-l-tp
c pht minh. ng thi, vo khong thi gian ny, pht thanh cng cng c bt u
bng cch pht sng. Nm 1920, Ha rold S. Black ca phng th nghim nghin cu Bell
pht minh ra mt my khuch i phn hi m bn m ngy nay vn cn dng trong lnh
vc vin thng v cng ngh my in ton. V.K. Zworykin ca RCA, M pht minh ra
n hnh bng in cho v tuyn truyn hnh, v cc cp ng trc, phng tin truyn dn
c hiu qu hn cc loi dy ng bnh thng, c sn xut. Nm 1939, dch v pht
sng truyn hnh thng xuyn c bt u ln u tin trong lch s v nm 1930,
Claude Schannon ca phng th nghim Bell, bng cch s dng cc cng thc ton hc
tin tin thnh cng trong vic t ra hc thuyt thng tin dng xc nh lng thng
tin ti a m mt h thng vin thng c th x l vo mt thi im nh. Hc thuyt ny
c pht trin thnh hc thuyt truyn thng s. ng thi, ra-a c pht minh
trong thi k ny. Nm 1940, phng th nghim Bell t nn mng cho cc cht bn dn
c tch hp cao ngy nay qua vic pht minh ra n ba cc v Howard Aiken ca i hc
Harvrd, cng cng tc vi IBM, thnh cng trong vic lp t mt my in u tin c
kch thc l 50feet v 8feet. Sau t lu, J. Presper Ecker v John W. Mauchly ca i
hc Pennsylvania ln u tin pht trin my in ton phn tch gi l ENIAC. Von
Neuman da vo my ny, pht trin thnh cng sau my in ton c lu gi
chng trnh. PCBs c a ra vo nhng nm 50, lm cho vic tch hp cc mch
in t c th thc hin c. Cng trong nm , RCA phng thnh cng v tinh nhn

to vo khng trung v la-re dng cho truyn thng quang hc c pht minh. Vo
nhng nm 60, cc loi LSIs, cc my in ton mini c b nh kiu bong bng, cp quang,
v my phn chia thi gian c pht trin v thng mi ho mt cch thnh cng vo
cc nm 70, cc loi CATVs hai hng, a Video, my in ton ho, truyn nh qua v
tinh, v cc h thng tng i in t ho ton b c a ra.

2. Cng ngh chuyn mch

2.1 Khi qut chung
2.1.1 Nhu cu i vi h thng chuyn mch
My in tn c Samuel F.B Morse pht minh nm 1837, ln u tin trong lch s, cc tn
hiu in c s dng truyn tin; cc s liu c m ho c dng nh mt
phng tin truyn dn. Vic truyn ting ni tr thnh c th thc hin c khi Alexander
Graham Bell pht minh ra in thoi nm 1876. Ni chung, vic truyn thng tin cp n
qu trnh chuyn thng tin t ngi pht thng tin n ngi s dng. Thng tin c xc
nh l cc t tng v cc s liu cn thit cho ngi s dng. ng thi, mt s phng
tin truyn tin c s dng trong sut lch s loi ngi. Loi tn hiu la c
dng rng khp trong qu kh l mt v d in hnh. Tuy nhin, v nhu cu v cc dch v
truyn thng cht lng cao v ng tin cy cng tng ln, con ngi bt u dng in
thay cho la lm phng tin truyn thng quan trng nht. Trong tng lai gn, ngi
ta d nh l nh sng s thay th in lm phng tin chnh. H thng truyn thng
cp n mt s thit b hay cc b phn s dng cho php ngi cp tin chuyn thng
tin cho ngi s dng; cc b phn ny hay thit b c phn loi thnh cc h thng
truyn tin phn tn v h thng truyn thng tng i nh ghi Hnh 2.1. Trong trng hp
u, ngi cp tin ch cp thng tin trong ngi s dng ch nhn c thng tin truyn
i. Mt trong cc v d r rng cho cc loi ny bao gm c i pht thanh v v tuyn
truyn hnh.

H truyn thng

H truyn thng phn tn

i v v tuyn, truyn hnh v.v.
H truyn thng tng i

Mng li truyn thng in thoi v.v.

Hnh 2.1. Phn loi cc h thng truyn thng.

Trong h truyn thng tng i, ngi cp thng tin v dng thng tin cha c xc nh
v h thng s dng c kh nng cung cp v s dng thng tin vo cng mt thi gian. V
d cho vic ny l h thng truyn thng in thoi. H truyn thng tng i cp n
qu trnh chn la chn nhng ngi ang cch xa nhau hoc gia cc my t cch
bit nhau v sau giao tip vi nhau bng ting ni hoc bng cc s liu. phn tch
mt cch c hiu qu, th cc iu kin sau y phi c p ng.
Trc ht, chn mt bn nhn thng tin v sau chn ng giao tip, mt h tng i
c dng cho mc ch ny. Cc loi h tng i hin c th c truyn tin bao gm cc
h tng i in t ch yu dng cho cc dch v in thoi v cc h chuyn mch s liu
dng truyn s liu.

Th hai, cc h truyn dn c dng truyn thng tin cc mc cht lng c th

chp nhn c khng k n khong cch cn phi c m bo. Hin vay cc h thng
truyn dn bng dy nh cc loi cp cn bng, cp ng trc, si quang v cc h thng
truyn dn khng dy (v tuyn) s dng cc sng cc ngn ang c dng rng ri.
Th ba, cc mng li truyn tin phi c thit lp c xem xt n vic b tr h tng i
v ng truyn dn, cht lng giao din tng th, v duy tr cht lng truyn dn, ngoi
ra, mng li tuyn c lp ra, phn phi s mt ng truyn, k hoch nh s, cc
vn lin quan n tnh cc phi c thit k theo nhu cu ca ngi s dng. Cc h
thng truyn thng tng i tip tc c nng cp mt cch nhanh chng k t khi pht
minh ra h thng in thoi cch y gn 100 nm. V c bn, tt c cc h thng u
cn my in thoi chuyn cc tn hiu ting ni thnh tn hiu in v ngc li cng
nh cc h truyn dn truyn cc tn hiu in. Mt mng li truyn tin c th c xy
dng bng cch ni trc tip cc thu bao cung cp v nhn thng tin qua mng li khi s
lng thu bao ny cha phi nhiu qu. V d, c minh ho (a) ca hnh 2.2, 8C2=28
ng l cn thit trong trng hp ch c 8 thu bao c ng k trong h thng.
Tuy nhin, khi s dng h tng i vi chc nng giao tip gia cc thu bao nh trnh by
(b) hnh 2.2 s cc ng in thoi cn thit phi bng vi s thu bao ng k trong
h thng. Nh trnh by, iu quan trng thit lp cc mng li thng tin mt cch kinh
t v c hiu qu.

Hnh 2.2. Cc phng php ca mng chuyn mch cho 8 thu bao
2.1.2 Pht trin cng ngh chuyn mch
H tng i dng nhn cng gi l loi dng in t c xy dng New Haven ca M
nm 1878 l tng i thng mi thnh cng u tin trn th gii. p ng yu cu
ngy cng tng v cc dch v in thoi mt cch tho ng v kt ni nhanh cn cuc
ni chuyn v v mc ch an ton cho cc cuc gi, h tng i t ng khng cn c nhn
cng c A.B Strowger ca M pht minh 1889. Version ci tin ca m hnh ny, gi l h
tng i kiu Strowger tr thnh ph bin vo cc nm 20. Trong h tng i Strowger, cc
cuc gi c kt ni lin tip tu theo cc s in thoi trong h thp phn v do c
gi l h thng gi theo tng bc. EMD (Edelmatall-Drehwahler) do cng ty Siemens ca
c pht trin cng thuc loi ny; h thng ny cn c gi l h tng i c v cc
chuyn mch ca n c vn hnh theo nguyn tc c in.
Do i chin th gii th II bng n, s c gng lp nn cc h tng i mi b tm thi
nh ch. Sau chin tranh, nhu cu v cc h tng i c kh nng x l cc cuc gi ng

di t ng v nhanh chng tng ln. Pht trin loi h tng i ny yu cu phi c s

tip cn mi hon ton bi v cn phi gii quyt cc vn phc tp v tnh cc v vic
truyn cuc gi ti sinh yu cu phi c x l nhiu khu. Ericsson ca Thu in c kh
nng x l vn ny bng cch pht trin thnh cng h tng i c cc thanh che
(Cross bar). H tng i c cc thanh cho c c im ho bi vic tch hon ton vic
chuyn mch cuc go v cc mch iu khin c pht trin ng thi M. i vi
mch chuyn mch cho, loi thanh cho kiu m /ng c s dng; bng cch s dng
loi chuyn mch ny c mt b phn m/ng vi im tip xc c gip vng, cc c
tnh ca cuc gi c ci tin rt nhiu. Hn na, mt h iu khin chung iu khin
mt s cc chuyn mch vo cng mt thi im c s dng. l cc xung quay s
c dn li vo cc mch nh v sau c xc nh kt hp trn c s ca cc s
quay c ghi li la chn mch ti sinh.
Nm 1965, Mt h tng i in t thng mi c dung lng ln gi l h ESS s 1 c
thng mi ho thnh cng M do vy m ra mt k nguyn mi cho cc h tng i
in t. Khng ging vi cc h tng i thng thng s dng cc chuyn mch c, h
thng ESS s 1 l h tng i s dng cc mch in t. Vic nghin cu loi h tng i
ny c khi u t u nhng nm 40 v c xc tin nhanh sau khi c pht minh
ra n ba cc vo nhng nm 50. H tng i in t mi c pht trin khc v c bn
vi cc h thng thng im l trong khi h sau ny s dng mch iu khin chuyn
mch dng cc l-gc kiu dy th h trc y dng cc thao tc logic bng cc phng
tin phn mm lp t trong h thng. Ngoi ra, h tng i in t mi trin khai to c
s iu khin mt cch linh hot bng cch thay th phn mm cho php ngi s dng c
dch v mi. ng thi, vn hnh v bo dng tt hn, tng i ny c trang b chc
nng r chn on. Tm quan trng vic trao i thng tin v s liu mt cch kp thi v c
hiu qu ang tr nn quan trng hn khi x hi tin n th k 21. p ng y mt
phm vi rng cc nhu cu ca con ngi sng trong giai on u ca k nguyn thng tin,
cc dch v mi nh dch v truyn s liu, dch v truyn hnh bao gm c dch v in
thoi truyn hnh, cc dch v truyn thng di ng ang c pht trin v thc hin.
Nhm thc hin c hiu qu cc dch v ny, IDN (mng li s tch hp) c kh nng kt
hp cng ngh chuyn mch v truyn dn thng qua qui trnh s l s l mt iu kin tin
quyt. Ngoi ra, vic iu ch xung m (PCM) c dng trong cc h thng truyn dn
c p dng cho cc h thng chuyn mch thc hin vic chuyn mch s. Da vo
cng ngh PCM ny, mt mng a dch v s (ISDN) c th x l nhiu lung vi cc dch
v khc nhau ang c pht trin hin nay.
2.1.3 Cc chc nng ca h thng tng i
Mc d cc h thng tng i c nng cp rt nhiu t khi n c pht minh ra, cc
chc nng c bn ca n nh xc nh cc cuc gi ca thu bao, kt ni vi thu bao b
gi v sau tin hnh vic phc hi li khi cc cuc gi hon thnh, hu nh vn nh
c. H tng i dng nhn cng tin hnh cc qu trnh ny bng tay trong khi h tng di
t ng tin hnh cc vic ny bng cc thit b in.
Trong trng hp u, khi mt thu bao gi i mt tn hiu thoi ti mt tng i, nhn vin
cm nt tr li ca ng dy b gi vo cm ca dy ch gi thit lp cuc gi vi
pha bn kia. Khi cuc gi hon thnh, ngi vn hnh rt dy ni ra v qa n v trng
thi ban u. H tng i nhn cng c phn loi thnh lloi in t v h dng c-qui
chung. i vi loi dng in t, th thu bao lp thm cho mi c-qui mt ngun cp in.
Cc tn hiu gi v tn hiu hon thnh cuc gi c gi n ngi thao tc vin bng
cch s dng t trng. i vi h dng c qui chung, ngun in c cung cp chung
v cc tn hiu gi v tn hiu hon thnh cuc gi c n gin chuyn n ngi thao
tc vin thng qua cc n. i vi h tng i t ng, cc cuc gi c pht ra v hon
thnh thng qua cc bc sau:

1) Nhn dng thu bao ch gi: Xc nh khi thu bao nhc ng nghe v sau cuc gi
c ni vi mch iu khin.
2) Tip nhn s c quay: Khi c ni vi mch iu khin, thu bao ch gi bt u
nghe thy tn hiu mi quay s v sau chuyn s in thoi ca thu bao b gi. h tng
i thc hin cc chc nng ny.
3) Kt ni cuc gi: Khi cc s quay c ghi li, thu bao b gi c xc nh, th h
tng i s chn mt b cc ng trung k n tng i ca thu bao b gi v sau
chn mt ng ri trong s . Khi thu bao b gi nm trong tng i ni ht, th mt
ng gi ni ht c s dng.
4) Chuyn thng tin iu khin: Khi c ni n tng i ca thu bao b gi hay tng i
trung chuyn, c hai tng i trao i vi nhau cc thng tin cn thit nh s thu bao b
gi.
5) Kt ni trung chuyn: Trong trng hp tng i c ni n l tng i trung chuyn,
mc 3) v 4) trn y c nhc li ni vi trm cui v sau thng tin nh s thu
bao b gi c truyn i.
6) Kt ni ti trm cui: Khi trm cui c nh gi l trm ni ht da trn s ca thu
bao b gi c truyn i, th b iu khin trng thi my bn ca thu bao b gi c tin
hnh. Nu my khng trng thi bn, th mt ng ni c ni vi cc ng trung k
c chn kt ni cuc gi.
7) Truyn tn hiu chung: kt ni cuc gi tn hiu chung c truyn v ch cho n
khi c tr li t thu bao b gi. Khi tr li, tn hiu chung b ngt v trng thi c chuyn
thnh trng thi my bn.
8) Tnh cc: Tng i ch gi xc nh cu tr li ca thu bao b gi v nu cn thit, bt
u tnh ton gi tr cc phi tr theo khong cch gi v theo thi gian gi.
9) Truyn tn hiu bo bn: Khi tt c cc ng trung k u b chim theo cc bc
trn y hoc thu bao b gi bn, th tn hiu bn c truyn n cho thu bao ch gi.
10) Hi phc h thng: Trng thi ny c xc nh khi cuc gi kt thc. Sau , tt c
cc ng ni u c gii phng.
Nh vy, cc bc c bn do h thng tng i tin hnh x l cc cuc gi dc
trnh by ngn gn. Trong h thng tng i in t, nhiu c tnh dch v mi c thm
vo cng vi cc chc nng trn. Nhng iu ny s c bn thm sau ny.
Cc im c bn sau y phi c xem xt khi thit k cc chc nng ny.
1) Tiu chun truyn dn: mc ch u tin ca vic u ni in thoi l truyn ting ni
v theo l mt ch tiu ca vic truyn dn p ng cht lng gi phi c xc
nh bng cch xem xt s mt mt khi truyn, rng di tn s truyn dn, v tp m.
2) Tiu chun kt ni: iu ny lin quan n vn duy tr dch v u ni cho cc thu
bao. Ngha l, l ch tiu v cc yu cu i vi cc thit b tng i v s cc ng
truyn dn nhm bo m cht lng kt ni tt. Nhm mc ch ny, mt nng li tuyn
linh hot c kh nng x l ng thng c hiu qu vi t l cuc gi b mt t nht phi
c lp ra.

3) tin cy: cc thao tc iu khin phi c tin hnh ph hp, c bit cc li xut
hin trong h thng vi cc chc nng iu khin tp trung c th gp phi hu qu nghim
trng trong thao tc h thng. Theo , h thng phi c c chc nng sa cha v bo
dng hu hiu bao gm vic chn on li, tm v sa cha.
4) linh hot: s lng cc cuc gi c th x l thng qua cc h thng tng i tng
ln rt nhiu v nhu cu nng cp cc chc nng hin nay tng ln. Do , h thng
phi linh hot m rng v sa i c.
5) Tnh kinh t: Do cc h tng i in thoi l c s cho vic truyn thng i chng,
chng phi c hiu qu v chi ph v c kh nng cung cp cc dch v thoi cht lng
cao. Cn c vo cc xem xt trn y, mt s loi tng i t ng c trin khai v
lp t k t khi n c a vo ln u tin.
2.2 Chuyn mch cuc gi
2.2.1 Phn loi chuyn mch cuc gi
C nhiu loi chuyn mch cuc gi bao gm cc chuyn mch loi c in v in t
c s dng trong cc tng i. Chng c th c phn loi rng ln thnh cc loi
chuyn mch phn chia khng gian v cc loi chuyn mch ghp.

Hnh 2.4. Chuyn mch xoay kiu ng.

A. Loi chuyn mch phn chia khng gian
Cc chuyn mch phn chia khng gian thc hin vic chuyn mch bng cch m/ng
cc cng in t hoc cc im tip xc c b tr theo cch qung nhau nh cc chuyn
mch xoay v cc chuyn mch c thanh cho. Loi chuyn mch ny c cu to bi
cc b phn sau:
1) Chuyn mch c kiu chuyn ng truyn

1. Chuyn mch c kiu m/ng

2. Chuyn mch c kiu r-le in t
3. Chuyn mch in t kiu chia khng gian
Nh c trnh by hnh 2.3 v 2.4, loi chuyn mch c kiu chuyn ng truyn l loi
chuyn mch thc hin vic vn hnh c tng t nh chuyn mch xoay. Chuyn mch
la chn dy ri trong qu trnh dn truyn v tin hnh chc nng iu khin mc nht
nh. Do tnh n gin ca n, n c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng tng i t
ng u tin pht trin. Tuy nhin, do tc thc hin chm, s mn cc im tip xc, v
thay i cc hng mc tip xc gy ra do vic rung ng c hc, ngy nay n t c s
dng. Loi chuyn mch c kiu m/ng c pht trin ci tin yu im ca cng
tc c kiu chuyn ng truyn bng cch n gin ho thao tc c hc thnh thao tc
m/ng. Loi chuyn mch ny khng c chc nng iu khin la chn v c thc
hin theo gi thuyt l mch gi v mch iu khin l hon ton tch ring nhau. Nh vy,
vi kh nng cung cp iu khin linh hot, n c dng rng ri hin nay v c coi l
chuyn mch tiu chun, v loi c s dng nhiu nht l loi chuyn mch thanh cho.
Chuyn mch kiu r-le in t l loi chuyn mch c r-le in t mi im ct ca
chuyn mch loi thanh cho. i vi chuyn mch c loi m/ng c m t trn y,
th thao tc m/ng c thc hin nh vic nh im ct thng qua thao tc c hc theo
chiu ng/chiu ngang trong khi chuyn mch kiu r-le in t, th im ct c th c
la chn theo hng ca lung in trong cun dy ca r-le.
V vy v nguyn tc cc thao tc c hc cng nh vic m/ng ca cc im tp xc th
c tin hnh nhanh chng hn.
Chuyn mch in t hiu phn chia khng gian c mt cng in t mi im ct ca
chuyn mch c thanh ct cho. N c nhng bt li sau y so vi loi chuyn mch im
tip xc; khng tng thch vi phng php c do c s khc nhau v mc tn hiu
hoc chi ph v cc c im thoi kh xu bao gm c hin tng mt cuc gi v xuyn
m.
Theo , tr trng hp c bit, n cha lc s dng rng ri. Tuy nhin, do cc mch
in t nh cc ICs hay cc LSIs tr nn tch hp hn, d kin chng c s dng nhiu
hn trong tng lai gn y.
B. Chuyn mch ghp
Cc loi chuyn mch ghp c vn hnh trn c s cng ngh truyn ti tp trung c
s dng rng ri trong h thng truyn dn. Cc chuyn mch ny c cng chung mt cng
c hiu qu v kinh r cao hn. C cc loi chuyn mch ghp phn chia thi gian

ghp cc cuc gi da vo thi gian v chuyn mch ghp phn chia tn s ghp cc
cuc gi trn c s tn s.
Nguyn l s dng cho loi chuyn mch phn chia thi gian l n tch nhp thng tin c
pha nh bng cch s dng ma trn nhp c pha thay i trong khi nguyn l dng cho
phng php phn chia tn s l tch cc tn hiu c cc tn s cn thit bng cch s
dng b lc c th thay i. Phng php chia tn s c bit l c cc vn k thut
nh l vic pht sinh cc loi tn s khc nhau v vic cung cp v ngt cc tn s ny
cng nh b lc c th thay i. ng thi n khng kinh t. Theo , phng php ny
c nghin cu rng ri trong thi k u ca s pht trin h thng tng i in t
nhng cha c vo s dng cho h tng i phn ti. Mt khc, phng php phn chia
thi gian c ngh vo thi k u pht trin h tng i in t v n ang c
nghin cu tip ngy nay. Phng php iu ch ny c phn loi thm thnh iu ch
theo bin xung (PAM) tin hnh bng chuyn mch PAM v iu ch xung m c thc
hin nh chuyn mch PCM. Mi chuyn mch c phn loi thm nh sau.

Hnh 2.5. Phn loi chuyn mch ghp.

mt nhiu thi gian pht trin thnh cng chuyn mch PAM. Khi c a ra, do
thit k n gin ca n, chuyn mch PAM c s dng cho h tng i c dung lng
loi va. V d c th ca n l ESS kiu 101, mt loi PBX iu khin t xa c dng
M cho cc mc ch c bit v n cha ph hp cho cc h thng tng i dung lng
ln vi nhng vn ca n v cc c im thoi nh tp m v xuyn m. ng thi, v
n l loi tng t, tng lai ca n l khng r rng. Chuyn mch PCM c d kin l
mt trong cc thnh phn chnh ca IDN hay ISDN x l nhiu loi thng tin cng mt
lc bao gm c s liu.
Mng s tch hp kt hp h truyn dn v h chuyn mch thng qua s dng cng ngh
PCM. Do phng php ny s dng mch s, n c d nh c vi mch ho trc tip
trong tng lai gn y. Khi s dng loi chuyn mch ny, vic chuyn mch c tin
hnh trong giai on dn knh theo cc c tnh thoi n nh ca PCM. Do vy, bi v
chuyn mch r-le nhiu mc c th thc hin c nh s dng chuyn mch ny, mt

mng li truyn thng mi c th c thit lp d dng thng qua vic dng loi chuyn
mch nay. Nh c trnh by, phng php ny s c s dng rng ri trong tng
lai.
2.2.2 Chuyn mch PCM.
Chuyn mch PCM l loi chuyn mch ghp hot ng da vo cng ngh dn knh chia
thi gian v iu ch xung m. PCM l phng php truyn bin ca PAM sau khi
lng ho n v sau bin i n thnh ra m nh phn. Theo , vic ti m ho c th
c tin hnh d dng v n c th d dng phn bit c vi cc tn hiu ngay c khi c
tp m v xuyn m trong ng truyn dn. Ngoi ra, thc hin chuyn mch phn
chia thi gian c th dng, cc chuyn mch thi gian trao i khe thi gian v chuyn
mch phn chia thi gian trao i theo khng gian cc khe thi gian c phn chia
theo thi gian.
A. Chuyn mch T
Cc s liu a vo c np vo cc khe thi gian trong mt khung (frame). kt ni
mt ng thoi, thng tin cc khe thi gian c gi t bn u vo ca mch chuyn
mch n pha u ra. Mi mt ng thoi c nh hnh vi mt khe thi gian c th
trong mt lung s liu c th. Theo mch chuyn mch thay i mt khe thi gian ca
mt lung s liu c th n khe thi gian ca mt lung s liu khc. Qu trnh ny c
gi l qu trnh trao i cc khe thi gian. hnh 2.6 m t qui trnh chuyn mch cc khe
thi gian. Khe thi gian a vo c ghi li tm thi trong b nh m. Nh th hin trn
hnh v, cc khe thi gian a vo c lu gi a ch 1 (address 1) n ch x (address
x) ca khung th hin lung u vo. S liu ca khe thi gian 1, khe thi gian 2, v khe
thi gian X c lu gi li cc t th nht, th hai v th X tng ng. Vo lc ny, s
lii ca mi frame c thay th bi s liu mi mt ln.
Chc nng chuyn mch khe thi gian lin quan n vic chuyn mch t mt khe thi
gian c a vo n khe thi gian c la chn ngu nhin c a ra. V d, nu
chuyn t khe thi gian 7 ca lung u vo n khe thi gian 2 ca lung u ra, thng tin
t thu bao c ghi khe thi gian a vo s 7 c gi n thu bao c ch th
bng khe thi gian s 2 u ra.

Hnh 2.6. Qui trnh chuyn mch theo khe thi gian.
C sn cho loi qui trnh ny l phng php c ngu nhin theo dy ghi ln lt (SWRR)
trong cc s liu c ghi ln lt t pha u vo v c c mt cch ngu nhin t
pha u ra. Phng php c ln lt ghi ngu nhin (RWSR) l phng php ghi cc s
liu mt cch ngu nhin t pha u vo v c chng theo trnh t pha u ra, cn
phng php ghi ngu nhin c ngu nhin (RWRR) l vit v c cc s liu mt cch
ngu nhin.
B. Chuyn mch khng gian
Chc nng chuyn i khe thi gian gia cc khe thi gian u vo/u ra c gii thch
phn trn chu trch nhim cho chc nng chuyn mch hon thin i vi tt c cc khe
thi gian. By gi, nu mch chuyn mch x l thu bao M nh l mt im cui ca khe
thi gian n, th cn c b nh c s "M" c to bi cc t c dng tc thch
hp. V d, trong trng hp tn s mu l 8 KHz, th h thng c 128 khe thi gian c th
c kh nng vit v c cc s liu vo b nh mi 125 u giy/128=976 nano giy (nsec.).
Tuy nhin, nu h thng tr nn ln hn, th cc yu cu v b nh v tc truy nhp c
th khng p ng ni vi cng ngh ang c hin nay. V d nh, h thng vi 16.384 khe
thi gian c kh nng vit v c cc s liu cho mi 76,3 nano giy (125u giy/16.384). Do
vy tng hiu sut ca h thng, mt phng php m rng dung lng s dng cc b
phn tiu chun l cn thit. Mt trong cc phng php c sn cho mc ch ny l vic
i cc khe thi gian trong mt lung khe thi gian ti cc khe thi gian ca mt lung khc
bng cch u ni qua li cc nhm chuyn mch khe thi gian vi cng lgc. Cng ngh
ny c gi l chuyn mch phn chia khng gian - thi gian s dng cc thanh u cho
theo khng gian. y, thanh u cho theo khng gian tng t nh thanh qut s dng
cc tip im r-le tr trng hp yu cu mt cng logic vn hnh tc cao. Mt thanh
qut c m phng vi bn u vo ca trc ng v bn u ra ca trc nm ngang. Mt
cng lgic c dng im ct cho ca trc ng v trc nm ngang. S tip xc ph
hp c tin hnh thng qua vic kch hot cng lgic tng ng trong thi hn ca khe
thi gian v nh thng tin c truyn i t bn u vo n pha u ra.

Hnh 2.7. Thanh ct cho khng gian

trong chuyn mch phn chia thi gian.
V d, mt khe thi gian trong lung u vo lin tc c "K" cc t PCM khc nhau kch hot
mt cng thch hp thc hin vic chuyn mch ti trc nm ngang mong mun. u
vo ca trc ng cn li c th c ni vi u ra ca trc nm ngang bng cch kch
hot mt cch ph hp cc cng tng ng. ng thi, khe thi gian tip theo, mt
ng dn hon ton khc vi ng trc c th c lp ra.
y ch l cc khe thi gian ca trc ng v trc nm ngang c pht sinh mt cch
tng ng trong cng mt thi im v v vy thanh qut, vic chuyn khe thi gian
khng c thc hin. Nh trong trng hp chuyn i khe thi gian, mt b nh iu
khin c thng tin kch hot cc cng ti cc khe thi gian mong mun l cn thit. H
thng c th c "m" cc u vo v "n" cc u ra c m t hnh 2.7. "m" v "n" c th
l ging nhau hoc khc nhau tu thuc vo cu hnh ca h thc hin vic tp trung,
phn phi, v cc chc nng m rng.
V vy, i vi mng chuyn mch khng gian, mt thanh qut nhiu mc c th c s
dng. Khi mun gi cc tn hiu t u vo 1 n u ra 2, cng S21 phi c kch hot
trong thi hn ca khe thi gian mong mun. Nu Sm1 c kch hot vo cng thi gian
, u vo "m" c gi n u ra 1. Nh gii thch, mt vi thanh qut c th c
kch hot ng thi trong thi hn ca khe thi gian nht nh v v vy s cc ng ni
ng thi c th c l mt trong hai s "m" hoc "n" tu theo s no l nh hn.
2.2.3 Phng php thit lp mng chuyn mch kiu phn chia thi gian
Mt mng li c th c lp nn bng cc s dng mt trong cc chuyn mch T,
chuyn mch S, hay phi hp c hai, theo mng li c th c thit lp nh sau:

Chuyn mch T n
Chuyn mch S n
Chuyn mch T-S
Chuyn mch S-T
Chuyn mch T-S-T
Chuyn mch S-T-S

S phi hp phc tp hn ca S v T

A. T-S-T
Cu hnh ny cho php h thng x l cc cuc gi mt cch khng b ngt qung do b
kho nh hnh 2.8. Trong vic iu khin mng, vic la chn khe thi gian u
vo/u ra v khe thi gian chuyn mch khng gian l khng lin quan n nhau. Ngha
l trong trng hp ca T-S-T, th khe thi gian u vo c th c u ni vi khe thi
gian u ra bng cch dng khe thi gian trong ng cho ca chuyn mch khng gian.
Trong trng hp khe thi gian 3 ca u vo c xc nh vi cc cuc gi phi u ni
vi khe thi gian 17 ca u ta mong mun gii thch vic kha trong mng li s v
u cui khng gian c th cp ng ni t chiu di u vo n chiu rng u ra, khe
thi gian 3 v 17 phi c trao i vi nhau. Nh th, vic u ni t c khi khe thi
gian 3 ca u vo v khe thi gian 17 ca u ra cn ri. Vo lc ny ch c th c c
mt ng thng, nu khe thi gian 3 c dng, khe thi gian 17 c th c s dng
nhng vo lc ny cc cuc gi b kho.
Trong trng hp mng T-S-T, b bin i khe thi gian u vo c th chon mt trong cc
khe thi gian s dng. Nu h thng c 128 khe thi gian, khe thi gian u vo 3 c
th c ni vi mt khe thi gian bt k ca khng gian tr khe thi gian u vo 3. Theo
trong trng hp ca T-S-T iu quan trng phi tm kim ng dy ri cng nh cc
khe thi gian s s dng. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, mng li c th cung cp t nht
mt hay nhiu ng ni cc khe thi gian u vo/u ra.

Hnh 2.8. Cu trc mng T-S-T.

S-T-S
Trong trng hp ca S-T-S, qu trnh tng t nh T-S-T c tin hnh. Trn hnh 2.9,
mt mng S-T-S c m t. Vic la chn khe thi gian u vo/u ra c xc nh
bng ng giao tip theo yu cu. Do b bin i khe thi gian c th c thay i bng
cch dng hai chuyn mch khng gian, linh hot ca u ni c ci thin. V d, nu
khe thi gian 7 cn phi c ni n khe thi gian 16, th ch c mt yu cu duy nht l
khe thi gian phi c kh nng trao i khe thi gian 7 v 16.
iu ny c th t c bng cch s dng mt trong cc s "n" bt k ca thi gian. Cc
mng li T-S-T v S-T-S c th c thit k c cng kh nng kt ni cuc gi v t l
kho cuc gi. Vic ny chng t l t l phn b 1:1 c tin hnh gia vic phn chia
thi gian v phn chia khng gian.

Hnh 2.9. Cu trc mng S-T-S.

2.3 Phng php iu khin
2.2.1 Phn loi phng php iu khin
Mc d c nhiu loi h thng tng i ang c hin nay, tt c cc h thng c th
c phn loi nh c ghi Bng 2.1. u tin chng c th c phn loi theo
phng php iu khin m/ng ca chuyn mch cuc gi thnh phng php iu
khin c lp, phng php iu khin chung, v phng php iu khin theo chng
trnh lu gi.

Cc phng php

iu khin
Qu trnh iu khin iu khin
bng chng trnh
u ni
c lp
chung
c lu gi

Loi iu khin
trc tip

Loi iu khin
gin tip

0 : C tn ti
x : Khng c hin nay tr cc trng hp c bit
Bng 2.1 Phn loi phng php iu khin chuyn mch.
Phng php iu khin c lp cn c gi l phng php iu khin n chic; y l
phng php la chn cc ng ni khi mi chuyn mch tin hnh mt cch c lp vic
iu khin la chn v mi chuyn mch c trang b bng mt mch iu khin. Bi v
tnh n gin ca mi mch phng php ny c s dng rng ri cng vi phng
php tng bc trong cc h tng i u tin c pht trin. Tuy nhin, vic la chn
ng c hiu qu cho ton b h thng l kh khn bi v phm vi la chn ca mi mch
iu khin phn no b gii hn. Phng php iu khin thng thng l phng php
tp trung cc mch iu khin vo mi ch v sau theo di trng thi u ni ca ton
mch la chn cc ng ni. Khi s dng phng php ny, cc mch iu khin
c tp trung chia s s lng ln cc cuc gi cho nn kh nng ca cc mch iu
khin l rt ln. ng thi cc chc nng phc tp c th c tin hnh mt cch kinh t.
Hu ht cc h tng i kiu c hc phn chia khng gian bao gm c h tng i thanh
cho cng s dng phng php ny. Phng php iu khin theo chng trnh c lu
gi l mt trong cc loi phng php iu khin chung; chng c tp trung kh cao
v chc nng v nh l thit b x l thng tin a nng, n tin hnh mt s iu khin u
ni. Hu ht cc h tng i in t ang dng hin nay u p dng phng php ny.

Cc u vo iu khin trc tip cho mt h tng i l cc xung quay s dc gi n t

cc my in thoi. Cc c im x l u ni thay i rt ln tu thuc vo vic s dng
cc loi u vo ny. Phng php iu khin trc tip l phng php trong cc xung
nhn c trc tip kch hot cc mch iu khin nhm chn cc ng ni mt cch
lin tip. Khi p dng phng php ny, vic vn hnh c th c tin hnh mt cch n
gin tuy nhin cu hnh mng li tuyn v s quay, l ng ni, phi c mi quan h
tng ng 1-1. Theo , cu hnh mng l t linh hot v kh nng thp hn. Do ,
phng php ny l khng ph hp vi h tng i c dung lng ln c kh nng x l
cc cuc gi ng di.
Phng php iu khin gin tip l phng php tp trung cc xung quay s vo mch
nh, c tt c cc s v sau la chn cc ng ni cuc gi thng qua vic nh gi
tng hp. Theo vi phng php ny c c tnh ho bi dung lng x l ng
thng cao v c kh nng bin i cc s gi, tng ng, cc s gi v cc ng ni
c th c xc nh c lp lp nn mng li tuyn linh hot. c bit, chc nng ny
l cn thit c th s dng mt cch c hiu qu cc tuyn gi ng di. Tc vn
hnh ca mch iu khin trong cc phng php iu khin chung v iu khin theo
chng trnh lu gi l nhanh hn nhiu so vi thao tc quay s. Theo cc s oc
quay c tp hp li trong mt mch nh tch bit tm thi nhm s dng mch iu
khin tch hp cao v sau chng c c vi tc cc k nhanh iu khin ton
b chng ngay lp tc. V l do ny, hu ht cc h tng di s dng phng php iu
khin chung v iu khin theo chng trnh lu gi u dng phng php iu khin
gin tip loi tr mt s trng hp trong thi k ban u cu qu trnh pht trin.
2.3.2 Phng php iu khin c lp
Cc h tng i theo tng bc nh ca Strowger hoc h tng i EMD s dng phng
php iu khin c lp trong tng mch iu khin ring c b tr km theo cho mi
chuyn mch. Mc d c, y vn l v d tt ca ci gi l iu khin phn tn; n tin
hnh vic iu khin chuyn mch mt cch thng nht bng cch kch hot mt cch c
lp cc iu khin chuyn mch phn tn. Mch phn tn c bt li l n lm gim kh
nng chuyn mch hoc cc chc nng chuyn mch. Tuy nhin, v h thng c trang b
loi mch ny c kh nng c lp cc li mt cch c hiu qu, h ny c th c thay i
hoc c m rng d dng. c bit, phng php ny rt c th c dng rng ri khi
cng ngh thit b mi bao gm tch hp cao ca mch in t tr nn php trin hn.
Phng php iu khin c lp oc phn loi thm thnh cc loi iu khin trc tip v
iu khin gin tip. phn tip theo, chng c xem xt chi tit hn.
A. Kiu iu khin trc tip
Nh m t phn trc y, cc xung sinh ra khi thu bao quay s c a vo trc
tip, tip n c x l mt cch lin tc la chn ng ni. Theo , mt chuyn
mch chn ng c nh ra bng s quay nhn c v sau chn ng dy
ri trong s . H thng c to nn bi mt nhm cc chuyn mch nh vy.
Hai loi chuyn mch hin c l loi chuyn mch c hc kiu chuyn ng n chn
cc ng ra thng qua vic dch chuyn nhiu chiu n nh dch chuyn quay v chuyn
theo ng thng v mt loi chuyn mch c hc kiu chuyn 2 cp phi hp hai cch
chuyn nhiu chiu nh chuyn theo chiu ng. C nhiu phng php kch hot cc
chuyn ng c ni trc y; mt phng php quay bnh rng ng h s dng cc
phng tin in t hoc ng c c bit v mt h thng ngun chuyn ng dch
chuyn tng chuyn mch bng cch lp t mt my pht in chung mt s chuyn
mch hoc thng qua cc bnh rng hoc cc phi hp phc tp khc.

B. Kiu iu khin gin tip

Phng php iu khin trc tip c th c s dng cho cc h tng i dung lng nh
mt cch khng kh khn. Tuy nhin, khi s dng cho h thng c dung lng ln, cu
hnh mng tr nn phc tp v khi lp t mt ng trung k gia cc tng i c lu
lng nh, th hiu qu ca n b gim xung ng k. gii quyt cc vn ny,
phng php iu khin gin tip c pht trin. Ngha l mch nh s gi c lp t
trong h tng i c cc s gi c lu gi. Khi tng i b gi c xc nh, vic
chuyn i s phi c tin hnh tu theo vic thit lp mng li dy cng nh vic thc
hin nhn s lin tc v thm cc s c quay. Phng php ny c gi l phng
php iu khin gin tip hay phng php chuyn i c lu gi. Hng ca ng trung
k c th c chn bng cch quay mt s thp phn gii hn n 10; v vy khi dng
phng php iu khin c lp cu hnh mng li tuyn phn no b hn ch trong khi
i vi phng php iu khin gin tip th ng truyn dn c th hot ng vi hiu
qa cao v cu hnh mng li tuyn khng quan h trc tip vi cc s c quay. Nh
trnh by trn, phng php iu khin c lp l v d c bit ca iu khin phn tn.
C th phn b cc chc nng chuyn mch (xc nh cuc gi, nhn s c quay, xc
nh ng trung k, chn ng dy ri, cp in, truyn/nhn mt s tn hiu, gi li, xc
nh thi im kt thc gi, hi phc v cc chc nng khc) cho cc loi mch khc nhau
u ni cc nhnh. Mi mch c kt cu n gin v mt vi chuyn mch c tp
hp thnh nhm hnh thnh h tng i.
2.3.3 Phng php iu khin chung
H iu khin chung l phng php tch gia mch chuyn mch gi ca h tng i v
mch iu khin v phn chia mt s nh cc mch iu khin thnh nhiu iu khin u
ni t hiu qu cao hn. iu khin u ni c tin hnh thng qua cc qu trnh
sau: giai on tp trung ng khi cc cuc gi pht sinh t cc thu bao c tp hp li
sau c ni vi mng chuyn mch gi, giai on phn b trong cc cuc gi tp
hp c phn loi theo cc hng, thi k ti pht sinh trong cc cuc gi t pha tng
i i din c ti pht li v sau c chuyn n tng i bn kia, v mt on
chn cui cng khi cc cuc gi n c ni vi pha b gi. Phng php iu khin
chung tng phn hay l h thng nh du theo giai on l phng php chia cc chc
nng trn y thnh cc thi k khc nhau v sau phn b chng cho mt s loi cc
mch iu khin chung. Mt khc h nh du chung l phng php cho php mch iu
khin chung iu khin cc u ni thng qua mng chuyn mch gi ca mt tng i.
Khi s dng phng php iu khin chung tng phn, h tng i c th c tch ra
thnh cc ngn v theo khi no cn thit, c th b sung cc ngn mt cch d dng
m rng h thng. Tuy vy, nhng bt li sau y thng gp khi s dng phng php
ny: vic x l thng tin iu khin gia mi ngn l kh khn, s ln cc thit b trung k
c a vo thng qua khong trng trong cc mch gi tch ring, dung lng x l
ng thng b gim ng k do ton b h thng khng c tch hp hon ton v cc
chc nng phc tp. Do vy, hin nay h nh du chung c dng rng ri hn. H tng
i s 5 ca M l v d in hnh s dng phng php nh du theo giai on v h
tng i kiu C45 ca Nht dng h nh du thng thng.
A. H nh du thng thng
Nh trnh by phn trc y, h nh du thng thng l phng php iu khin
ton b vn hnh ca vic u ni chn lc trn mng thng qua vic s dng chuyn
mch cuc gi.

iu ny khng c ngha l ch c mt mch iu khin hoc mt h tng i c s

dng. Thay v, n c ngha l mt mch iu khin iu khin ton b h thng thoi. Trong
trng hp i vi h tng i thanh cho, cch thc hin chung l vic iu khin cc
cuc gi c thc hin thng qua vic s dng cc mch iu khin chung khc nhau tu
thuc vo tc iu khin yu cu. V vy, i khi c 2 thit b thc hin cc chc nng
khc nhau c lp t cnh k nhau. Khi s dng phng php ny, chuyn mch gi
ton b c kim tra u tin v sau thng tin cha c chim gi ca mi phn
c tp hp li chn ng ni. V vy, hin tng kho ng thng, pht sinh do
tnh trng my bn, c th c gi mc ti thiu c hiu qu cao hn. Do c cc l
do ny, nn hu ht cc h tng i c pht trin gn y s dng h nh du chung.
Trn hnh 2.10, ng ni cuc gi ca h tng i s 5 c th hin.

Hnh 2.10. ng ni cuc gi ca h tng i s 5.

Thao tc ni cuc gi ca h thng chuyn mch thc hin nh sau:

(1) Ni m: t lc thu bao nhc ng ni cho n khi truyn tn hiu mi quay s.

(2) Tip nhn xung quay s: s c ghi vo thanh ghi khi my thu bao ch gi quay
s.
(3) Ni cuc gi i: Da vo s nhn c trong thanh ghi ch gi ng ra ca tng i
trung chuyn ni vi my thu bao b gi c xc nh
(4) Ni trong ni b tng i: Nu my thu bao b gi nm trong tng i ni ht, th
ng gi trong tng i ni ht c la chn.
(5) Ni cuc gi n: Khi cuc gi n t mt tng i khc, thanh ghi u vo b chim
bi mt ng trung k vo.
(6) Ni trung chuyn: Nu h thng chuyn mch l trung chuyn, th cuc gi n c
chuyn ti tng i xa hoc tng i cui.

kim tra xem nhng chc nng trn c thc hin bnh thng khng, h thng chuyn
mch thng c trang b thm chc nng qun l, vn hnh v bo dng ca b iu
khin t ng, chc nng pht hin li, v tr, thi gian gy li v thit b ghi.
B. Phng php iu khin chung tng phn
Vic iu khin u ni ca h thng chuyn mch c thc hin qua nhng qu trnh
sau: giai on tp trung ng theo lu lng cn x l sau khi xc nh c tn hiu gi,
giai on phn phi cc cuc gi cho cc a ch da trn s quay, giai on thc hin
ni r-le, v cui cng l giai on la chn cui cng khi cc cuc gi c ni ti cc

thu bao b gi. Theo nh trn, mi giai on c s iu khin khc nhu, H thng nh
du giai on l phng php phn chia s iu khin thnh nhiu nhm v sau phn
loi phm vi iu khin u ni tng ng phn phi.
H thng ny khc vi h thng nh du chung ch phm vi gim st ca mt mch
iu khin chung l mt b phn ca mng chuyn mch cuc gi nh ch r trong hnh
2.11

Hnh 2.11. Phng php iu khin chung tng phn.

Phng php ny c c im nh sau:

(1) Phm vi mng chuyn mch gi do mt mch iu khin nh

(2) H thng chuyn mch c th phn chia v xp t li bng cch kt hp cc b
phn mt cch khc nhau linh hot hn.
(3) Vn hnh mng tuyn c th thc hin linh hot tu theo yu cu v ng thng.
(4) Nhng li xy ra ch c nh hng t nht i vi ton h thng v cc mch iu
khin c m-un ho.
(5) Kh nng ca mng chuyn mch gi b gim bt r rt.
(6) Hiu qu ca ng trung k gim xung nhiu
(7) Cn c nhng ng trung k d phng gia cc mng chuyn mch phn phi
(8) Thng tin v iu khin phi truyn gia cc mch iu khin chung

Nh trn, phng php iu khin chung tng phn thit k n gin c s dng
rng ri trong cc m hnh h thng tng i c ng ni cho trc y.
2.3.4 Phng php iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr
Vic iu khin c lp v iu khin chung c phn loi trong kha cnh s ca h
thng iu khin. Tri li, nu chng ta xem xt h thng t kha cnh php tnh x l cc
bin i logic th mch iu khinr ca h thng chuyn mch c th phn loi tip thnh
mch logic dy v mch logic lu tr. Ni chung mch iu khin s c thc hin vi
nhng php tnh logic nh (AND), (OR), v (NOT), v kt hp vi thao tc b nh xc
nh trng thi tip theo sau khi lu tr phn ghi trc . Vi mc ch , c 2 phng
php thao tc: logic dy l phng php kt hp cc r-le, mch im tip xc hay cng
in t v sau ni cc thao tc logic cn thit thit lp h thng. Thao tc iu khin
c xc nh bng phng php ni dy. Nhng mch iu khin ca phn ln cc h

thng chuyn mch k c h thng chuyn mch thanh che pht trin trc y u c
thc hin theo phng php ny.
Mch logic lu tr l phng php thc hin cc php tnh logic theo ch th trn mch nh
bng cch s dng mt my tnh in t a nng. Th d, CPU ca my tnh in t ch
gm c mt mch cng v mch logic c s.Nhng php tnh v thao tc phc tp c th
thc hin bng cch dng mch c s nhiu ln theo thng tin nh ghi li trong chng
trnh. Cc loi thao tc ny c xc nh bi cc mch dy c nh (hardware: phn
cng) v cc chng trnh a vo b nh (phn mm) quyt nh, v cc thao tc
c gi l nhng php logic lu tr. Phng php iu khin dng cc mch logic lu tr
gi l iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr (SPC). Mch ni dy ton phn dng cho cc
thao tc chuyn mch nht nh nh xc nh thu bao ch gi, chn ng, h s xung
quay s khng c trong CPU thc hin iu khin chung trong phng php ny. Nh
trong trng hp my tnh in t tng hp, h thng ch c cc mch c bn c chc
nng logic v s hc. Trnh t thc hin thao tc chuyn mch c lu trong mch nh
di dng nhng lnh chng trnh v sau theo cc lnh thc hin thao tc chuyn
mch bng cch kch hot cc mch c s nhiu ln. Phng php ny i hi s bin i
logic tc cp v mch nh c dung lng ln. Do n c s dng rng ri vi s
xut hin ca mch in t vn hnh n gin.
Li th ng k nht ca phng php iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr l iu khin
rt linh hot. Trc y, cc h thng truyn thng ch yu s dng truyn ting ni 1:1.
Tuy nhn ngy nay cc h thng chuyn mch phi c kh nng x l nhng dch v truyn
thng mi nh truyn ting ni/hnh nh v cc loi trao i s liu v dch v chuyn mch
in thoi nh quay s tt v in thoi hi ngh, iu i hi phi c tnh linh hot, tnh
c th m rng v tnh sn sng. h thng tng i in t (ESS) c pht minh
phc v nhng loi dch v ny. ESS hot ng theo phng php iu khin bng chng
trnh lu tr ny.
A. Nguyn tc mch logic lu tr
Trc ht, n khc vi cc mch logic ni dy thng thng nhng im sau. Hnh 2.12
minh ho mt mch tun t s dng logic ni dy gm cc cng logic nh V, Hoc v
Khng, nhng mch logic kt hp bng ni dy p ng cc nhu cu ca mch im
tip xc v mch nh lu tr cc bn tin v thao tc qua v sau ch th trng thi
thao tc. Hot ng ca mch logic ni dy c xc nh thng qua vic thc hin ni dy.
Qu trnh ny tng t nh vic vn hnh ca cng nhn lnh ngh.Ngha l, mch ny x
l nhng cng vic thng l n gin lin quan ti trng thi dng in v thng tin a
vo. Do n c th thc hin nhng cng vic c bit nhng khng thc s linh hot.
Mch logic lu tr c bit lc th hin trong hnh 2.13. Chng trnh lu tr trong mch
nh l mt b lnh th hin mc thao tc. Mt khc n th hin chc nng ph hp vi n
v mch logic kt hp ca mch logic dy dn. Mch x l s hc logic din gii cc mnh
ln c c v ch nh a ch b nh ca lnh c c tip . Phn ln nhng
thng tin trong a ch ny c ghi li khi nhp lnh. Mch x l s hc logic qua nh gi
a ch tng phn v thng tin u vo ti thi im xc nh a ch y ca mnh
lnh s c x l tip theo. Khi hon tt mt lot cc thao tc bng cch thc hin cc
lnh mt cch tun t nh bn ti, v sau i ti nhng lnh th hin kt qu iu
khin l u ta v sau c.
B. Phng php chuyn mch iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr
Vic iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr ca h thng tng i in t c mt b nh c
nh ghi nh cc chng trnh v mt b nh tm thi vit v c cc d liu mt
cch t do. Trong b nh c nh, cc lnh thao tc chuyn mch, s in thoi, s ca
thit b u cui, thng tin chn ng trong mng, loi dch v u cui, v cc loi thng

tin dch s c lu tr c nh. Mt khc, b nh tm thi c dng nh trng thi

ca tng thit b u cui v cc cuc gi c iu khin, cc giai on

Hnh 2.12. Mch logic dy dn.

Hnh 2.13. Mch logic lu tr.

iu khin, v kt qu tn thi ca cc php tnh s hc ang thc hin. Trong hnh 2.14,
cu hnh ca h thng tng i in t s dng iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr c
minh ho. Mng chuyn mch cuc gi thc hin ni v ct cc cuc gi. B qut c s
dng xc nh trng thi ca tng trm u cui ca mch gi, nh cc mch ng
thu bao, ng trung k, v thit b nhn xung quay s; n qut trng thi bt-tt theo chu
k v sau gi thng tin u vo cho mch iu khin trung tm. Mch iu khin trung
tm, mt mch iu khin in t gm mt mch iu khin v tng thanh ghi, qun l
v vn hnh ton b h thng iu khin.
N cng c dng cho thit b thao tc s hc ca my tnh in t tng hp. N hot
ng theo chng trnh lu tr trong mch nh c nh. Bng cch truyn cc trng thi ghi
trong mch nh tm thi mt cch tun t theo thng tin u vo, n thc hin iu khin
cuc gi bng cch s dng phng php phn chia thi gian. Mch b nh c nh l mt
b lu tr chng trnh s dng ch yu nh cc chng trnh v mch nh tm thi
c dng nh trng thi x l cuc gi v do gi l b lu tr cuc gi. B x l
trung tm gm 2 b phn .
Chc nng iu khin mng chuyn mch c dng thc hin m/ng chuyn mch
gi, iu khin ng trung k hoc cc php kim tra c lin quan vi cc ng gi.
Mch iu khin trung tm, da vo kt qu cc giai on lnh thc hin, ghi ra danh
sch cc lnh c lin quan ti trnh t thao tc ca mch chuyn mch gi trong mch nh
tn thi: Danh sch lnh hon tt c gi n mch kch hot chuyn mch ch th
phng php thao tc cho mch chuyn mch gi.
H thng tng i in t, cng vi cc mch c bn ni trc y, ni chung c mt bn
vn hnh v bo dng cho cc dch v sa cha. H thng ny cng thc hin mt

chng trnh sa cha phc hi nhng li xy ra trong h thng v t ng chn on cc

v tr li. Kt qu thc hin

Hnh 2.14. Thit lp h thng tng i in t.

nhng chc nng ny c in ra qua my in. Nhn vin sa cha cn c vo cc bn bo
co , thay cc bng li sa cha. Ngoi ra bn bo dng v sa cha c dng
thay cc s quay, ng r- le v cc chc nng dch v. Ngi qun tr c th thc hin
vic ny bng cch thay i thng tin din gii tng ng hoc cc chng trnh. Ni
chung, nhng iu kin sau y phi c p ng cho hot ng thch hp ca h thng
tng i in t s dng phng php iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr.

(1) Vit cc chng trnh hiu qu

(2) Dung lng ln v mch nh tit kim
(3) iu khin tc cao
(4) tin cy cao
(5) Dch v mi d thch ng
(6) Mch c tiu chun ho
(7) Chc nng t chn on v sa cha

C. Cc loi dich v chuyn mch cuc gi

C 2 loi dch v trong h thng chuyn mch chung: thng tin v dch v chuyn mch
cuc gi v truyn v x l d liu. Trong phn sau y s m t vn tt cc dch v thoi
trong h thng chuyn mch chung:

(1) Quay s tt: Cc s ca my thu bao thng gi tt bng 2 hay 3 s c bit

(2) Gi ch: Nu my thu bao b gi bn, th cuc gi ti thu bao c t ng
thc hin li khi thu bao c gii phng bng cch quay mt s c bit
(3) n nh cuc gi t ng: Mt cuc gi c th thit lp gia bn ch gi v bn c
gi vo thi gian nh trc.
(4) Hn ch gi: Hn ch gi i (PBX v loi khc )

(5) Gi vng mt: Bn tin ghi c kch hot khi thu bao b gi vng mt
(6) Hn ch gi n : Cn gi l vn hnh i ngu. Ch nhng thu bao dc bit mi
c php gi.
(7) Chuyn thoi: Mt cuc gi n s c chuyn ti mt my in thoi khc
(8) T ng chuyn ti s mi: Dng khi thay i s in thoi
(9) Chn la s i din: S i din c th la chn t do
(10) Ni s i din ph: Mt cuc gi c t ng chuyn ti s tip theo khi khng c
tr li ca s i din quay
(11) Bo c cuc gi n khi ang bn: Khi nhn c cc cuc gi khc trong lc ang
bn
(12) Ch cuc gi: Nhn c cuc gi t bn th ba khi ang bn th c th t t
ng cuc gi vi bn th ba
(13) Gi cho thao tc vin khi bn : Gi cho in bo vin khi bn
(14) Thoi 3 ng: 3 Thu bao c th gi cng lc
(15) Gi hi ngh: 3 hay nhiu hn my thu bao c th tham gia gi cng lc
(16) Gi my: Thu bao c th gi cho bn th ba sau khi gi my vi ngi ang ni
(17) t gi tt c: Tt c hay mt s in thoi trong tng i c gi cng lc
thng bo
(18) Tnh cc tc th: C th tnh cc ngay lp tc
(19) Dch c tnh cc chi tit: C chi tit v cc cho cc cuc gi
(20) Bo thc: Tn hiu bo thc vo gi nh trc
(21) Tm cuc gi xu: C th t ng tm ra s ca my ch gi

Mt trong s cc chc nng ni trn ang c a vo h thng chuyn mch dng thanh
cho. Tuy vy, h thng tng i in t s dng mch nh dung lng ln v phng
php iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr c tnh linh hot c th cung cp dch v mt
cch tit kim v hiu qu hn.
2.4 Thit b ngoi vi
2.4.1 Tng qut
Cc h thng chuyn mch s hin nay ang thay th h thng chuyn mch tng t l
nhng h thng chuyn mch ln ang hot ng. Nh vy cc h thng chuyn mch s
cn phi c trang b kh nng giao tip vi mng tng t hin tn ti. Cc h thng
chuyn mch s trn mng in thoi cng cng phi lm nhiu hn l vic p ng cc
in thoi s. Ngha l, cc h thng chuyn mch s phi c kh nng x l nhiu loi in
thoi khc nhau k c loi tng t. Do cc mch giao tip tng t nh mch thu bao
tng t hay mch ng trung k tng t (analog) l phn chnh ca cc h chuyn
mch s. Mt s cc thit b giao tip analog trong h thng l mt trong nhng nhn t
quan trng nht xc nh nhng tham s nh gi c, kch thc, mc tiu th in. Gi
ca nhng mch thu bao tng t chim khong 80% hoc hn trong gi thnh sn xut
ton b h thng. V vy cc nh sn xut h chuyn mch dng mch VLSI thay th cho
mch giao tip analog gim gi thnh ca mch thu bao analog

Hnh 2.15. Kt cu ca h thng chuyn mch s chung.

Hnh 2.15 minh ho cu hnh ca h thng chuyn mch s in hnh. Cc ngun thng tin
v thu bao tng t gm cc in thoi dn dng, thng mi v cng cng. Modem d
liu c th dng lm ngun thng tin tng t. V modem dng gi thng tin s s dng
mch tng t. Mch trung k dng giao tip vi cc h chuyn mch khc, vi in
thoi vin v mch dch v cng nm trong s ny. Thng tin tng t c ni vi h
chuyn mch s qua mt gi phi tuyn MDF. MDF trang b vi cc b phn hn ch vt
th in do b st hay cc ngun cao th khc, cung cp cc a im tin li cho vic ni
h chuyn mch vi cc ngun bn ngoi. Thit b bo v s cp ny cng vi thit b bo
v th cp, c dng bo v cc b phn in t trong h thng chuyn mch s.
2.4.2 Thit b giao tip tng t
Cc chc nng c bn ca mch thu bao tng t c th tm tt bng t "BORSCHT"
gm ch u, ca tng chc nng, l:

Ngun c qui (B)

Bo v in p cao (O)
Bo chung (R)
Bo hiu hoc gim st (S)
B lp/gii m (C)
Hybrid (chuyn i 2 dy/4 dy) H
o th (T)

A. B np c qui
B ny dng cung cp in gi cho tng my in thoi thu bao v ng thi dng
truyn cc tn hiu nh nhc my hoc xung quay s.
B. Bo v in p cao
Cc b phn in t nhy cm ca h thng chuyn mch cn phi c bo v mt cch
y chng khng b vt qu in p do chp hoc in thng mi khng n
nh. Nh vy cn phi lp t sn cc phn t bo v trong h thng chuyn mch d cho

h thng ny c th chng li c tc ng v dng do in p qu cao sinh ra. Mt khc

dng in ny c th a vo c 2 u cui ca hai dy in thoi hoc gia mt trong hai
dy v t (GND).
C. Chuyn tn hiu gi
Chc nng ny dng chuyn cc tn hiu gi thng bo rng cuc ni chuyn ca
khch hng sp b chm dt. Bi v tn hiu cao th xoay chiu c dng lm tn hiu gi,
h thng ny c kh nng x l hin tng phng in trong qu trnh truyn v c trang
b cc phng tin ngn cn thao tc sai trn mch. H thng ny cng cn phi c
trang b qut gi.
D. Xc nh tn hiu
Chc nng ny dng d pht hin cc tn hiu nhc my/t my pht sinh t thu bao
hoc cc tn hiu xung quay s. Mch ny phi c tin cy cao.
M ha, gii m
Chc nng ny dng m ho cc tn hiu ting ni tng t thnh cc tn hiu ting ni
s v ngc li.
Hybrid
Chc nng chnh ca hybrid l chc nng chuyn i 2 dy thnh 4 dy. Nh cc chc
nng ph, vic chm dt, cch in v cc chc nng chuyn i t cn i sang khng
cn i cho cc tn hiu xoay chiu c sn.
o th
Cc ng dy thu bao thng b hng do b ngp nc, chp mch vi ng dy in
hoc b t dy. Ngi ta nghin cu ta mt li thit b kim tra t ng pht hin
trc cc loi li ny bng cch theo di cc ng dy thu bao mt cch thng xuyn
theo chu k. Thit b ny c ni vo ng dy trong phng php analog kim tra v o
th.
Nh vy, thit b giao tip analog ca h thng chuyn mch s thng c mt bus test-in
(o th u vo) v test - out (o th u ra)cho cc loi giao tip ny. Ni chung, thc
hin chc nng o th vo v o th ra ngi ta dng mt r-le.
2.4.3 Thit b giao tip s
Mt trong nhng u im quan trng ca h thng chuyn mch s l n c th s dng
cc tn hiu truyn dn s m khng phi thay i chng. Nh vy c ngha l cc dng
bt PCM (ghp knh chia thi gian) s dng trong h thng chuyn mch cng ging nh
cc dng bt s dng trong hu ht cc thit b truyn dn. Kt qu l ngi ta c th s
dng cc mch tng i n gin giao tip gia cc h thng chuyn mch v thit b
truyn dn v tit kim hn. H thng phn cp s l t hp cc thit b truyn dn s
chy vi nhiu loi tc bit. Mi nc nh ra tc bit cho cc h thng ca h. Trong
trng hp nc M, thit b ng truyn dn s c gi l thit b ti T v h thng
c s dng rng ri nht l cc thit b ti T. T1 truyn dng bit tc 2 hng 1,544
Mbps (mega bites per second). Cc thit b ti T khc c l T1C, T2, T3 v T4. Vic s
dng chng c xc nh theo cc kiu ghp knh. V 1.544 Mbps l tc bit c s, nn

hu ht cc h thng chuyn mch s c cc mch giao tip vi tc bit ny. Cc nc

Chu u s dng 2.048 Mbps l tc bit c s. Hai iu kin di y phi c p
ng giao tip mt cch c hiu qu gia h thng chuyn mch s v thit b truyn dn
s.
1) Yu cu v in: lin quan n in p, xung in, dng sng, tr khng v tc bit.
c ng dng cho tt c cc h thng chuyn mch v cc thit b truyn dn.
2) Yu cu v loi bit: Xc nh r cc bit ny l ting ni cc d liu, s nh dng khung,
s nh dng tn hiu hay l cc s liu bo dng v sa cha. Ngoi tr vi trng hp t
i, cc bit ny khng lin quan trc tip n cc thit b truyn dn v chng ch c ng
dng cho cc h thng chuyn mch.
Hai iu kin trn y xc nh 1 cch y cc tn hiu c truyn qua cc thit b
truyn dn. DS1 (tn hiu s 1) l tn hiu c s dng rng ri nht. Tn hiu ny nh r
yu cu v in cho cc tn hiu c truyn thng qua vic s dng thit b truyn dn T1
v gi tr ca tng bit c dng bit. V vy, cc loi knh nh D1, D2, D3 v D4 m p
ng c cc c im k thut ca DS1 (tn hiu s 1) c kh nng hot ng cng vi
thit b truyn dn. Ngoi ra, cc yu cu cho cc thit b giao tip s c lin quan n gi tr
bit ca dng bit nh sau.

Dng bit ny c xc nh cho mt 1, c s dng ly thng tin ng b t thit

b ti T. Mt dng bit phi c t nht l 1, trong s 12,5% hay hn Os s khng c pht
ra lin tc.
cc nc s dng lut m , dng bit c to thnh t cc khung bao gm 193 bit
trong 1 khung (frame). Mt khung bao gm 1 bit khung v 24 knh, v mi knh c 8 bit.
Cc bit khung c s dng gi thng tin tn hiu v xc nh v tr ca mi mu
tin.
Thng tin tn hiu (nhc my, t my) ca mi knh c a vo trong LSB (bit t quan
trng nht ) ca mi knh ca mi khung th 6. Bit ny c gi l bit dch chuyn.

Ngoi cc yu cu v tn hiu s 1 k trn (DS1), h thng chuyn mch s cn thc hin

cc chc nng sau:

Cc m knh c chn ph hp phi c gi n tt c cc ng trung k cn

ri. Cc m ny phi p ng t trng 1 v chng phi c gii m thnh hu nh l
in 1 chiu 0 volt. Thng thng, chng c truyn thng qua vic lp 01111111.

Thng thng, "0" c thm vo kt thc khng gi i cc t m cc bit ca n l 0.

iu c ngha l nu m s 00000000 c a ra hin th, n s c thay th
bng 00000010. Qu trnh ny c thc hin trong khung cng vi bit dch chuyn. Do
nu vic thm "0" v s dch chuyn xy ra cng 1 lc m knh ch c s dng cho
vic truyn d liu, th ch c 6 bit trong mi knh c dng v tc bit lc by gi s
l 48 Kbps. gii quyt vn ny, ngi ta ang mong i 1 qui lut DS1 mi cm bit
dch chuyn v vic thm "0", s c a ra trong tng lai gn.

Thm ch nu cc dng bit a vo c ng b ho, pha c th c thay i. Do ,

mi dng bit phi c kh nng chm li mi lin h pha thch hp c thnh lp
trc khi thc hin vic chuyn mch.

Vic giao tip DS1 phi c kh nng bo m c vic bo dng sa cha v cc

chc nng bo co v cnh bo.

Ngoi cc chc nng trn, thit b giao tip s phi c trang b cc chc nng bo li 2
cc, pht ra s ln nh khung li v trt qu . y thng l nhng ln c ni n
nh "GAZPACHO", 1 t da theo cc k t u tin ca mi chc nng. l

Vic pht ra m khung

Vic xp hng khung
Nn dy 0 (Zero)
i cc
X l cnh bo
Khi phc li ng h
Tm trong khi nh li khung
Bo hiu gia cc tng i

2.5 Mng li truyn thng cng cng

2.5.1 Mng li truyn thng v iu kin kt cu
Mng li truyn thng c th c nh ngha i khi l mt h thng chuyn thng tin.
Cc mng li truyn thng in hin nay ang c s dng x l cc loi thng tin
khc nhau bao gm mng li in thoi, mng li in tn, v mng li truyn s liu.
Ngoi ra, ISDN l mt mng li c kh nng x l tch hp cc loi thng tin trn. V kha
cnh loi cuc gi v cc dch v, cc mng li truyn thng c th c phn chia thnh
mng truyn thng cng cng, mng truyn thng chuyn dng v mng truyn thng di
ng. Da vo phm vi cc dch v truyn thng c a vo hot ng, cc mng truyn
thng c th c phn loi tip thnh mng truyn thng ni b, mng truyn thng ni
ht, mng truyn thng lin tnh, mng truyn thng quc t. Nu chng ta phn loi chng
v x l chuyn mch, ta c th c mng truyn thng tc thi v mng truyn thng nhanh
(dash). Nh ni trn, cc mng truyn thng c th c phn ra nhiu hn na tu
theo nhu cu v i hi ca ngi s dng. V cn bn, mng truyn thng bao gm mt
h thng chuyn mch nh r ng ni cuc gi theo yu cu ca thu bao v mt h
thng truyn dn truyn thng tin gi n ngi nhn. V cn bn, n phi p ng
nhng iu kin sau y.

1. C kh nng kt ni cc cuc gi c gi i t tt c cc thu bao ch gi c ng k

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

trong h thng n thu bao b gi vo bt c lc no hoc vo thi gian nh trc.

C kh nng p ng cc yu cu v nhng c tnh ca truyn dn.
S ca thu bao b gi phi c tiu chun ho.
C kh nng thc hin vic truyn tin mt cch cn thn v tin cy cao.
Cn c mt h thng ghi ho n hp l.
Hot ng ca n cn phi va tit kim va linh hot.

thc hin c nhng iu trn, mng tng i phi c thit k, sau a vo hot
ng mt cch ng n bng cch xem xt cht lng cuc gi, kh nng x l cuc gi,
chi ph lp t v chi ph vn hnh, mi lin h gia h thng truyn dn v h thng
chuyn mch. Cc mc c nu ra trn y c th c tng hp thnh s kt ni cuc
gi v tiu chun truyn dn, k hoch nh s, tin cy v h thng ghi ho n
2.5.2 Mng chuyn mch v in thoi
V cc thu bao ng k trong h thng ri rc, nn v cn bn m ni th h thng ny
phi c kh nng x l tt c cuc gi ca h mt cch tit kim, tin cy v nhanh chng.
t c mc ch ny, cc c tnh v nhng yu cu i hi ca thu bao phi c

xem xt m bo cc dch v thoi cht lng cao. Mt mng ni ht vi mt hoc hai

h thng chuyn mch c th c thit lp nu cn thit. i vi cc thu bao sng trong
mt vng ring bit c th ch cn mt h thng tng i. Nhng nu s thu bao trong mt
vng ring bit vt qu mt gii hn no , c th lp t nhiu tng i. Ni chung, cc
mng li ng dy c th c lp ra nh minh ho trong hnh 2.16. Mng li mc ni
tip trong hnh (a) c lp ra bng cch ni tt c cc mng li dy ca tt c cc vng
theo kiu ni tip. Tri li, mng li vng trong hnh (b) c thit lp theo kiu trn. Nh
c m t trong hnh (c), mng hnh sao c tp trung vo 1 im chuyn mch. Trong
hnh (d) trng hp mng c mc theo kiu li cc ng ni cc pha vi nhau c
thc hin. Cng vy, nu c yu cu, mng li ghp c th c lp t nh hnh (e).

Hnh 2.16. Cc kiu mng li ng dy

Hnh 2.17. Thit lp mng tng i

Bt c mng li no c cp trc y c th c lp t p ng nhng nhu
cu v yu cu ca thu bao. Trong trng hp c mt vng rng ln cn nhiu h thng
chuyn mch, thng thng th mng mc theo hnh li c thit lp. i vi nhng
vng nng thn hoc nhng vng xa xi nh nng tri hoc cc lng chi c mt gi
thp, ngi ta s dng mng hnh sao. Cc phng php ni mng c th dng cho cc
mng li ng dy c phn no phc tp hn. Thng thng vic ni mng c thc
hin theo 4 mc nh c minh ho trong hnh 2.17; trung tm ni ht, trung tm lin tnh,
trung tm khu vc, trung tm vng. Trong mng li phn cp c cc mc nh trn, vic
to hng thay th bao gm cc hng c mc s dng cao v cc hng thay th c
s dng. Nu 1 cuc gi c pht sinh, hng c mc s dng cao s c tm u tin.
Cuc gi ny c ni vi bn b gi thng qua hng thay th ca tng i mc cao k
tip.

2.5.3 Mng d liu chuyn mch tuyn

p ng mt cch thch ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca vic truyn s liu v cc
dch v thoi mi, cc dch v chuyn mch s liu c pht trin v c thc hin bng
cch s dng mng d liu chuyn mch tuyn v mng d liu chuyn mch gi.
A. Mng d liu chuyn mch tuyn :
Mng d liu chuyn mch l mt phng php ni cc ng dy thng tin t cc bn gi
n cc bn nhn v sau thc hin vic trao i thng tin gia cc bn vi nhau. Mng
li in thoi l mt v d in hnh. Mng li in thoi c lp ra thc hin vic
trao i thng tin ting ni, cn mng d liu chuyn mch tuyn c lp t trao i
d liu. N biu th cc iu kin giao tip ca mng v cung cp cc thit b u cui cn
thit cho cc dch v truyn m s nh cc thng tin d liu, fax bng s; dch v telex. Vi
mng li ny, cc d liu c th c truyn i nhanh hn, tin cy hn v tit kim hn l
s dng mng li in thoi hin c hay mng li thu bao cho cc dch v in thoi s.
Thi gian i hi kt ni cng ngn hn nhiu. Mng d liu chuyn mch gi ( y
ang ni n l "mng chuyn mch gi") thit lp ng trao i thng tin nh trong
trng hp mng li in thoi thng thng, v sau trao i thng tin. Mt khi cuc
gi c thit lp, mt ng mch c lp gia 2 ngi s dng c lp ra sao cho s
dng mch ny nh mt ng dy chuyn dng cho n khi chm dt cuc gi. Bi v h
thng chuyn mch khng lin quan trc tip vi thng tin ang truyn qua ng dn, n
khng gy bt c hn ch no v cc kiu thng tin, cc m thng tin v trt t iu khin
truyn dn. Ngoi ra, khng c s chm tr trong truyn dn do thi gian x l trong h
thng chuyn mch. Ngha l, c th ni rng mng chuyn mch gi c mt thng sut
cao trong mng li. Mng li in thoi cng cng (PSTN) c dng cho vic trao i
thng tin ting ni v n c trang b cc h thng chuyn mch v truyn dn cn thit.
Trong bng 2.2 c ghi cc h thng chuyn mch ang dng hin nay v c tnh ca
chng.
Phng php chuyn
mch
Phn b mch trao
i thng tin

Cho mi cuc gi

Phng php chuyn

mch gi

Phng php chuyn

bn tin

Cho mi packet

Cho mi bn tin

Phng php phn phi Ngay tc th

mch trao i thng tin

Chuyn ngay tc th
theo lung

Ngay tc th

Thi gian tr hon

Khng ng k (cuc
m thoi c th thc
hin c)

Mt cht (cuc m
Nhiu
thoi vn c th c)

Loi thng tin trao i

Khng hn ch

Dng gi

C th nh dng bn tin

Tnh thng sut ca thi C

gian *

Khng

Khng

iu khin li trong
mng

C (i vi mt t s
khc khng c)

Trung bnh

Nhiu

Khng

Phm vi cc dch v ph t
c a vo hot
ng

Bng 2.2. Cc c tnh v phn loi h thng chuyn mch

* y l mt c tnh duy tr qung thi gian gia cc tn hiu v vic chuyn chng. c
tnh ny phi c p ng trong vic truyn tn hiu dng sng nh ting ni.
Mng chuyn mch gi bao gm cc thit b u cui, thit b mch d liu, cc chuyn
mch a phng, b tp trung a phng v my pht li. Cc nguyn tc hot ng ca
mng li ny c minh ho trong hnh 2.18. Cc tn hiu s t thu bao u cui c
mu ho tu theo tc ca ng h nhn c t DCE v sau gi n ng dy thu
bao. B tp trung a phng ghp cc tn hiu ny cng vi cc tn hiu c gi n t
cc mch thu bao khc v sau truyn chng n h thng chuyn mch. H thng
chuyn mch thc hin vic chuyn mch nhng tn hiu ny v sau truyn chng n
thu bao mun gi theo trnh t ngc li. Cc ng dy thng tin s dng trong mng
chuyn mch gi l loi 4 dy, c th thc hin phng php trao i thng tin i ngu
ton b, tuy nhin thu bao u cui kia cng c kh nng thc hin phng php thng tin
na i ngu.
Cc dch v c a vo hot ng trong mng chuyn mch gi bao gm cc ng dy
thu bao thng thng cho cc cuc gi i v n, dch v chuyn dng gi v nhn, dch
v kt ni, dch v gi trc tip bt u cc cuc gi m khng cn quay s, dch v
nhn dng trm u cui v dch v gi tt.

Hnh 2.18. Nguyn tc hot ng ca mng chuyn mch tuyn.

B. Thit lp mng li
1) Khi nim v thit lp mng li
Mng d liu chuyn mch tuyn nh trong trong hnh 2.19 bao gm phn cp chuyn
mc thp, phn t mt trm u cui n LS (chuyn mch a phng) c s dng
thu nhp v ghp knh cc d liu chuyn mch v mt phn cp mc cao thc
hin chc nng chuyn mch. Thng thng phn cp mc thp ca mng li in
thoi, cc b phn tp trung a phng ch c lp t trong cc trm chuyn mch c
trang b cc h thng i. Tri li, trong mng chuyn mch gi cc b tp trung a
phng m c t ri rc, cc xa h thng chuyn mch, tp trung lu lng gi v
mt ni m h thng tng i c lp t.
Tn hiu s c tp trung v c ghp knh nh ni trn c chuyn mch ti h
thng chuyn mch phn chia thi gian v sau chuyn ti thu bao u cui b gi.

Hnh 2.19. Phn cp mng chuyn mch

Trong phn cp b tp trung a phng, nhng tn hiu cn thit cho h thng chuyn
mch c chuyn thnh cc d liu dn knh / tch knh t trm u cui. Cc thu
bao c ni vi cc h tp trung a phng hoc trc tip vi cc trm a phng LS.
Trn tuyn truyn dn gia ngi thu bao v h thng chuyn mch, c nhng mch thu
bao, b phn phc hi gia cc tng i v mch c nhim. Ngoi ra b phn phn hi
khng bao gm trong mch thu bao ca mng in thoi trong khi i vi trng hp
mng tuyn, b phn phn hi bao gm trong b phn mch thu bao.
2. Cc thit b mng
1) Phng php R- le
Phng php r - le trong phng php chuyn mch tuyn c minh ho trong hnh
2.20. Thit b dng trong mng chuyn mch gm nhng thit b iu khin thu bao, thit b
truyn d liu tc cao, cc b tp trung a phng v mt h thng chuyn mch phn
chia thi gian. Cc thit b iu khin thu bao l cc thit b t khu vc t trm u cui
n b tp trung a phng. Cc thit b ny bao gm nhng khi dch v d liu, b dn
knh 0, dn knh 1 v mt khi iu khin mng (NCU). B dn knh 0 chuyn cc tc
dch v khc nhau ca ngi s dng sang 64 Kbps v B dn knh 1 li chuyn cc tn
hiu ca nhm 0 t 64 Kbps sang 1,544 Mbps trc khi truyn chng i. Thit b truyn d
liu tc cao l mt ng 1,544 Mbps ni t b tp trung a phng n h thng
chuyn mch phn chia thi gian. N bao gm mt thit b ng b khung, thit b ng b
dng tp trung, thit b cung cp tn hiu ng h s, v b dn knh 1. Gia thit b ng
b dng tp trung ca b tp trung a phng v thit b ng b khung ca h thng
chuyn mch phn chia thi gian, thng tin v ng b cn thit cho vic nhn dng knh
c trao i trong khi bo hiu v truyn dn d liu cao tc. B dn knh 1, trong trng
hp l b phn ca thu bao, ghp tc nhm 0 t 64 Kbps thnh nhm s cp 1,544
Mbps hoc ngc li. ng h ng b cn kch hot thit b ny nhn c t thit b
cung cp tn hiu ng h s. B tp trung a phng thu nhp nhng tn hiu d liu
c ghp thnh nhm 0 vi 64 Kbps t nhng trm u cui khc nhau v ghp chng
thnh nhm s cp 1,544 Mbps. Ngoi ra, n cng pht hin ngun ch gi v ngt mch
theo yu cu ca tng trm u cui.

Hnh 2.20. Phng php r-le ca mng chuyn mch tuyn

2) H thng chuyn mch phn chia thi gian
H thng chuyn mch phn chia thi gian, nh bn ti trc y, bao gm mt thit b
ng thoi phn chia thi gian, thit b x l trung tm v thit b vo ra. Thit b x l
trung tm l mt thit b iu khin, mt trong nhng thit b quan trng nht ca h thng
chuyn mch. Thit b vo/ra chuyn v nhn thng tin x l chuyn mch gia cc thit
b x l trung tm v kt qu ca n n v i t bo dng v sa cha. N gm mt thit
b a t, thit b bng t, thit b hin th v my in dng. Thit b gi phn chia thi gian l
mt thit b trong chuyn mch phn chia thi gian c thc hin, thit lp mt ng
gi bng cch bin i cc khe thi gian trn ng truyn ghp knh phn chia thi gian
ca nhm s cp, di s iu khin ca CPU.

Hnh 2.21. Nguyn tc h thng chuyn mch s phn chia thi gian
Trong hnh 2.21 minh ho h thng chuyn mch s phn chia thi gian gm cc chuyn
mch thi gian v khng gian. Nh hnh v, c 2 ng vo v mi ng c ghp vi 3
knh, v 2 ng ra mi ng c ghp vi 3 knh. ng vo/ra c ghp knh
c gi l xa l (ng truyn tc cao - highway). Chuyn mch thi gian thc hin
chc nng thay i trt t thi gian ca cc khe thi gian trn highway, cn chuyn mch
khng gian b tr cc cng theo cch c bit v thay i cc knh highway vi nhau kt

ni. Khi nh kt ni cuc gi X vo knh th nht ca ng ra 1 vi ng ra 1, th t

knh ca X phi thay i v knh th nht ca ng ra 1 b A chim. Nh vy vic bin
i khe thi gian c thc hin chuyn mch thi gian v do X ca knh th nht b
chuyn sang knh th 2. Sau , cuc gi X c ni vo knh th 2 ca ng ra 1 khi
cng phn chia thi gian G22 c m/ng trong pha th 2 ca xung P2. Vic kt ni
c thc hin trn c s cc th tc trn. Trong h thng chuyn mch phn chia thi
gian, nhng tn hiu c ghp knh c chuyn mch v c a n nhng tuyn
dn knh theo hng mong mun m khng phi qua qu trnh m ho v gii m.
2.5.4 Mng d liu chuyn mch gi
A. Lch s pht trin
Cng ngh chuyn mch gi do lc lng khng qun M sng to da theo ngh ca
Paul Baran nm 1961 p ng nhu cu lp mt h thng truyn thng c tin cy cao.
Khng qun M khi u vic nghin cu cng ngh ny nhm c c h thng truyn
tin cy c th chng li s tn cng bt ng ca k ch. Kt qu ca cuc nghin cu nh
sau:

(1) Mng truyn tin phn tn

(2) D liu lu tr trong cc khi (gi)
(3) Cn phi c chuyn mch lu tr

Cn c vo nhng kt qu nghin cu ny, B Quc phng M k mt hp ng pht

trin vi cng ty BBN (Bolt Beranek and Newman) v trong nm 1969, cng ty ny sng
ch thnh cng mng ARPA (Cc cng trnh nghin cu tin tin). truyn tin, mng
ARPA gn vi h thng chuyn mch IMP (b x l thng bo giao tip) v ni vi cc trung
tm my tnh ln ca i hc Illinois, U.S.C., v cc ni khc qua mt mng 50 Kbps ni
gia cc h thng chuyn mch. Trn c s thnh cng ca mng PRPA v cng ngh
chuyn mch gi, nhiu nc khi xng nghin cu v mng d liu chuyn mch gi
v da trn kin ngh chun X.25 cn cho vic tiu chun ho vic giao tip gia mng
chuyn mch gi cng cng v trm u cui ca ITU - T, pht trin thnh cng v a vo
s dng cc dch v khong nm 1975. Nhng v d in hnh l TYMENET ca Hoa K,
GTE TELENET dch v thng mi ca mng ARPA, DATAPAC ca Canada, TRANSPAC
ca Php, PSS ca Anh, DATEX-P ca c, DDX-P ca Nht, v DACOMNET ca Hn
Quc.
2) Nhng nguyn tc:
Mng d liu chuyn mch gi ch s dng nhng u im ca chuyn mch tuyn v
mng d liu chuyn thng bo; d liu truyn dn c chia thnh cc n v truyn dn
c kch thc nht nh gi l gi (128 bytes hoc 256 bytes) trc khi a vo mng
chuyn mch gi (t y gi l "mng gi"). Mng gi chuyn mch cc n v gi v ri
chuyn ti trm u cui nhn gi. Nhng nguyn tc ny c minh ho trong hnh 2.22.
D liu do ngi s dng gi i c chia thnh nhng n v gi v sau chuyn theo
trnh t v mng gi.
Do , thng tin ngn c a vo mt gi, trong khi thng tin di ch c gi i sau khi
b chia thnh nhiu gi. Trong mi gi c a ch ca trm u cui gi l ID ca trm. Cc
gi chuyn i t trm ch gi c tm thi gi trong h thng chuyn mch gi. H thng
chuyn mch gi, da theo a ch ca trm u cui ghi trong gi nhn, la chn con
ng tt nht ti a ch cho v ri chuyn n vo h thng chuyn mch tip theo. H
thng chuyn mch a ch n nhn ly v phn phi cho cc trm u cui tng ng
v nh vy truyn ton b thng tin ca mt gi. Cc th tc (Protocol) truyn tin nh lp

ng truyn dn, xo b nhng li trong truyn dn v gi li nhng thng bo truyn dn

c thc hin khi trao i d liu gia trm u cui v h thng chuyn mch v gia
cc h thng chuyn mch vi nhau. Cc trm u cui trao i gi li c phn loi
thnh trm u cui ch gi v trm u cui ch khng gi tu theo ch trao i
thng tin, ngha l c dng cc th tc hay khng. Khc vi cc mng truyn dn thng sut
nh in thoi hin nay hay cc mng chuyn mch, ch chuyn mch gi tr hon vic
truyn dn v n thc hin truyn dn lu tr trong mch v hot ng da theo cc th tc
truyn tin. Tuy nhin, do nhng l do trn, nhng trm u cui chy theo nhng tc
khc nhau v cc m s dng c th trao i vi nhau c th cung cp nhiu dch v
hn, c kh nng m rng v cht lng truyn tin cao. Ngoi ra, n khc vi cc mng
in thoi hin c l h thng ghi ho n ca n c th tnh cc cc cuc gi theo t l
khi lng thng tin c truyn dn.

Hnh 2.22. Nguyn tc chuyn mch gi

3) c im
y l mt mng truyn tin rt tin cy c th chn ng bnh thng khc bng n v gi
c th gi thay th ngay c khi h thng chuyn mch v mch ca mng gi c li v
c a ch ca i tc trong gi c truyn i.
(1) tin cy cao
y l mt mng truyn tin rt tin cy c th chn ng bnh thng khc bng n v gi,
c th gi thay th ngay c khi h thng chuyn mch v mch ca mng gi c li v c
a ch ca i tc trong gi c truyn i.
(2) Cht lng cao
V chuyn mch gi hot ng theo ch truyn dn s biu hin bng 0 v 1, cht lng
truyn dn ca n l tuyt ho. N cng c th thc hin truyn dn cht lng cao bng
cch kim tra xem c li khng trong khi truyn dn gi gia cc h thng chuyn mch v
gia thu bao vi mng.
(3) Kinh t

H thng chuyn mch gi dng cc ng truyn tin tc cao ni vi cc h thng

chuyn mch nm trong mng nhm ghp knh cc gi ca cc thu bao khc nhau
tng tnh kinh t v hiu qu truyn dn ca cc ng truyn dn.
(4) Tin trnh chuyn mch
Do h thng chuyn mch gi, chuyn mch, phi s dng ch chuyn mch lu tr
a d liu vo b nh trong h thng chuyn mch bng n v gi, nhng tin trnh
ny c th thc hin d dng trong h thng chuyn mch v c th pht trin mt phm vi
dch v rng ln. Ngoi ra, h thng ny c th thay i tc truyn tin ca tng thu bao,
chuyn i m thu bao v th tc truyn v nhn theo trnh t iu khin truyn dn thu
bao. Ngha l, h thng ny cho php thu bao ng k nhng dng h thng chuyn
mch khc nhau hot ng vi cc tc v ch th tc khc nhau lin lc vi nhau.
(5) Cc dch v b sung
H thng chuyn mch gi c th cung cp nhng dch v b sung nh trao i thng bo,
th in t v dch v khp kn khi cc gi c lu tr trong h thng chuyn mch. Hn
na, mt dch v la chn nhanh chng a d liu vo cc gi yu cu cuc thoi ca
thu bao ch gi, quay s tt v cc dch v thay th tip vin c th c thc hin.
B. Thit lp mng
1) Khi nim v thit lp mng
Mng chuyn mch gi nh ch r trong hnh 2.23, gm mt h thng chuyn mch cp cao
ni nhng h thng chuyn mch v mt h thng tp trung cp cao t cc trm u
cui ti cc h thng chuyn mch. H thng tp trung cp thp gm c mt PMX v cc
trm u cui. Thit b ghp knh gi phc v cc trm u cui loi chung v loi gi. l
mt thit b dng tp hp d liu t cc trm u cui loi chung dng gi, lu tr tm
thi d liu t cc trm u cui loi gi trong thit b v sau ghp knh/tch knh
nhng gi trc khi gi chng i cc h thng chuyn mch. Nhng thit b ghp knh
gi ny c thit lp di dng hnh sao trong h thng chuyn mch gi nh sau:

Hnh 2.23. Phn cp mng chuyn mch gi

2) Cc phng tin dng cho mng chuyn mch gi

(1) Ch r-le
Ch r-le ca h thng chuyn mch gi c ch r trong hnh 2.24. Trm chuyn mch
gi gm nhng h thng chuyn mch gi, thit b ghp knh gi v nhng thit b o th
iu khin.
Thit b ghp knh gi dng lu tr tm thi thng bo nhn c t nhng trm u
cui loi chung vn hnh theo ch ng b v ri bin i sang dng gi. Nhng gi ny
c ghp knh trc khi truyn cho nhng h thng chuyn mch gi. Cc thit b u
cui c th c dng trong h thng chuyn mch gi c tip tc phn loi thnh cc
thit b u cui loi gi v nhng thit b u cui loi chung. Thit b u cui loi gi l
nhng thit b hot ng trn c s chun X.25 theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T. Cc thit b
u cui khc c th phn loi theo tc vn hnh v phng php ng b c gi l
cc thit b u cui loi chung. Chng c phn loi ging nh mng chuyn mch tuyn.
ng truyn dn gia thit b ghp knh gi v h thng chuyn mch cng ging nh
ng truyn dn ca mng chuyn mch tuyn.
(2) H thng chuyn mch gi
H thng chuyn mch gi c th c phn loi thm thnh mt h thng x l trung tm
v iu khin tn hiu cao tc. H thng x l trung tm iu khin thit b iu khin bo
hiu cao tc v thit b vo/ra thng qua vic s dng phng php iu khin bng
chng trnh ghi sn. N cng a ra nhng thng tin cn thit qua a t hoc my in
dng cng nh phn tch thng tin trong h thng chuyn mch gi v ri truyn nhng
mnh lnh chi tit ti tng thit b theo kt qu thu c. Thit b iu khin bo hiu cao
tc nhn mt gi c ghp knh t thit b ghp knh gi v trao i nhng tn hiu
gia cc h thng chuyn mch gi. N truyn/nhn thng tin truyn d liu mt cch
chnh xc, kim tra cc dng thng tin lin quan ti cc thit b v cc li. Ngoi ra n cn
c th yu cu truyn li khi c li.
(3) Mng chuyn mch gi
Mng chuyn mch d liu gi thng c nhng chc nng sau:
(A) iu khin vic nh tuyn
Trong trng hp mt mng gi vi 4 h thng chuyn mch gi nh trong hnh 2.25, thu
bo s 1 c gn vi mt thu bao duy nht khi n c ng k trong mng.

Hnh 2.24. Phng php phc hi mng chuyn mch gi

Khi thu bao 1 mun truyn cc gi cho thu bao 2, thu bao 1 t mt b nhn dng (s
ca thu bao khc/s ca knh logic) xc nh ni n ca gi ghi vo trong gi v ri
gi n vo h thng chuyn mch A. H thng chuyn mch gi A xc nh mt h thng
chuyn mch m n phi gi gi nhn n. Tin trnh ny gi l iu khin nh
tuyn. Nh ch r trong hnh 2.25, gi ca bao 1 c th gi i ti bt k mt con ng no
trong s b, c v d. Tuy vy hng d cn phi c chn bo m khong cch ngn
nht v hiu qu cao nht. Nu hng d b trc trc hoc lu lng qu ln, gi cn
c gi theo b v c. Thc t, h thng chuyn mch hot ng trn c s mt bng l
trnh; ni dung ca bng ny c th thay i khi cn tu theo tnh trng ca h thng chuyn
mch k cn v s lu thng ca mng. Bng ny cn phi c son tho v s dng
theo nhng nguyn tc nh sn nh l thut ton nh tuyn c nh.

Hnh 2.25. V d v mng chuyn mch gi

B) Knh logic

Trong vic truyn d liu, qu trnh truyn tin gia 2 thu bao khng c thc hin mt
cch t ng ngay c khi ng thng tin c kt ni bng in. Trong trng hp mt
cuc gi in thoi, ch c mt ng lin lc c ni khi pha c gi tr li in thoi.
Nh vy ch c knh vt l l c thit lp. Loi knh ny gi l knh logic. Trong mng
gi, knh logic ny c phn loi thnh cuc gi o, cuc gi o vnh vin v d liu biu
tu theo loi ca chng.
Cuc gi o
Khi mt ng thoi c thit lp trn mng in thoi, knh c dng cho n khi
gi xong. iu ny cng ging nh trng hp cuc gi o ca mng gi. Nh trnh by
trong hnh 2.26, khi mt thu bao ch bt u gi thu bao ny gi mt gi yu cu gi bao
gm s in thoi ca i tc v s knh logic thu bao s dng trn mng.

Hnh 2.26. Th tc truyn tin gi

Khi nhn c gi ny, mng gi i gi gi u vo trong c knh logic m thu bao u
cui s dng n cho thu bao s 2. Nu thu bao s 2 dng trong trng thi c th nhn
c cuc gi, n gi gi thng tin chp nhn gi cho mng. Mng gi gi thng tin nhn
c cho thu bao s 1 nh l mt gi kt ni cuc gi v nh vy lp c ng lin lc
logic gia thu bao 1 v 2. Sau vic truyn gi d liu c thc hin qua knh logic lc
c thit lp. Mt cuc gi o c thit lp thng qua cc th tc trn. Mt gi
yu cu xo c gi i khi chm dt lin lc v knh logic ny c gii phng qua vic
dng mt gi ch th xo v gi xc nhn xo. Cng nh trong trng hp gi in thoi,
cuc gi o l cuc gi thit lp ra mt mch logic cho trao i d liu v sau gi d liu
ch qua knh v cui cng xo knh i khi hon tt lin lc.
Gi o vnh vin

Gi o vnh vin l phng php thit lp ng lin lc logic vnh vin gia 2 thu bao v
do khng cn phi thit lp hoc xo knh logic nh trong trng hp gi o.
D liu biu
Khng nh nhng knh logic ni trc y, y l mt phng php khng cn thit lp
mt knh logic gia 2 thu bao. Thay vo , thu bao ch gi ch vic gi mt gi c s
ca pha i din trong mi gi v da theo s mi gi, mng gi gi ti h thng
chuyn mch tip theo. Cc gi s c gi i qua cc loi tuyn khc nhau. Phng php
ny c bit cli khi chuyn v nhn nhng thng bo ngn.
(C) Ghp knh gi
Ni chung, mt thu bao c th c nhiu s knh logic ngay khi nu mt ng dy c
ni vt l vi mng gi. Nu thit b u cui c th x l d liu t nhiu ngun cng mt
lc, mt cuc gi cho nhiu hn 2 thu bao c th thit lp c. y gi l ghp knh gi.

Hnh 2.27. Ghp knh gi

(D) iu khin trnh t
Do cc gi d liu chuyn qua mt knh logic c th chuyn theo nhiu ng khc nhau,
trnh t gi d liu c th thay i. Vic iu khin trnh t l mt qu trnh sa cha v
ngn nga vic xy ra. Trong mt gi d liu c mt trng th tc truyn v trng th
tc nhn; Thu bao truyn gn s th tc truyn khi truyn i mt gi. Trnh t ca gi d
liu nhn qua mng c kim tra ti h thng chuyn mch cui cng gn vi ngi thu
bao b gi; trnh t sai s c sa li v gi nhn trng lp s c loi b. Nhng gi
thp hn gi b mt cng b loi b gi i nhng gi ng ti thu bao cui theo ng
trnh t.
V phng php biu d liu khng c mt ng lin lc logic nn vic iu khin trnh t
c thc hin thu bao u cui ch khng phi trn mng.
(E) Trng thi ng ct
H thng chuyn mch gi l mt h thng chuyn mch lu tr, lu gi tm thi cc d
liu trong b nh. Nhiu my thu bao c chung mt h thng chuyn mch v v c ca b

nh trong h thng c gii hn, nn xy ra tnh trng ch tc do thiu b nh. i khi ch

tc c th lan sang cc h thng chuyn mch bn cnh cho n khi ngng li ton b
lung ca cc gi thng tin trn mng. ch tc c xy ra do nhiu vn k c do khc
nhau v tc truyn tin gia cc thu bao.
(F) iu khin lung
S lng gi d liu a vo mng cn c gii hn trnh ch tc. Nhng phng php
dng cho mc ch ny gm mt tin trnh hn ch b m hn ch s lng ti a cc
gi d liu truyn i, mt tin trnh gi l phng php iu khin ca s truyn i mt
s lng nht nh cc gi d liu qua mng n trm u cui i din v ch tip tc
truyn gi d liu tip theo sau khi c s xc nh nhn c cc gi , mt tin trnh
gi l WABT, phng php ny gi tn hiu khng sn sng nhn khi thiu b m hn
ch u vo, v mt tin trnh gi l phng php trung tm qun l mng, iu khin trng
thi ca ng thng trong mng bng cch to ra mt trung tm qun l mng. Trong thc
t, mt s tin trnh m t trn cng c s dng cng mt lc trong mng gi.
(G) Dch v b xung
H thng chuyn mch nhm c nhng dch v b sung tho mn mt cch hiu qu
hn nhng nhu cu ca ngi s dng.
Kt ni khp kn
Nh minh ho trong hnh 2.28, kt ni khp kn l mt dch v cho php ngi s dng
dng mng gi nh l mt mng thu. Vic truyn tin ca kt ni khp kn v my thu bao
chung khc khng th thc hin c.

Hnh 2.28. Kt ni khp kn

2.5.5 Phng php bo hiu
thc hin vic ni mch, thng tin cn thit iu khin phi c trao i gia in
thoi v h thng chuyn mch v gia cc h thng chuyn mch vi nhau. Phng php
bo hiu l mt th tc v phng php truyn nhng thng tin ny, v d, gia in thoi
v h thng chuyn mch, nhng yu cu tip ni v phc hi, ch nh la chn bng xung
quay s, tr li thng bo bng m ch gi hoc m chung trao i vi nhau.Ngoi ra,
nhng tn hiu gia cc tng i vi nhau nh kch hot, tr li, la chn, kt thc, ngt v
thng tin cc c trao i gia cc h thng chuyn mch trn mng in thoi. Trong
hnh 2.29 minh ho lung tn hiu c bn.

Hnh 2.29. Lung tn hiu c bn

Phng php chuyn bo hiu li c phn loi thnh phng php bo hiu knh kt
hp v bo hiu knh chung (CCS). Trong h thng chuyn mch thng thng, tn hiu
c pht v thu qua mt knh thoi ring l. gi l bo hiu knh kt hp. Trong
phng php bo hiu knh chung, nhng knh gi tch bit nhau v do cc tn hiu
c thu thp vo nhng knh truyn cao tc c bit trc khi c truyn v nhn.
Phng php ny c th chuyn nhiu thng tin theo 2 chiu d cc knh thoi c b bn
hay khng. Do n tng cng c hiu qu ca ton b h thng bng cch kim tra
ton b mng tuyn v n linh hot p ng nhng dch v mi. V nhng l do , n
l iu l tng i vi ISDN. Phng php ny nh trng hp phng php iu khin
chng trnh lu tr, ph hp vi h thng chuyn mch in t c cc chc nng tp
trung.

Hnh 2.30. Bo hiu knh kt hp (a) v Bo hiu knh chung (b)

Bo hiu knh kt hp c chia thnh h thng bo hiu trong bng s dng di tn ting
ni v h thng bo hiu ngoi bng s dng tn s bo hiu khc vi di tn ting ni. M
a tn dng to m bng cch kt hp tn s s dng 2 trong s 6 tn s ca di tn
ting ni. l mt v d in hnh v bo hiu trong bng. Xung quanh s hay u vng
trc tip l th d v h thng bo hiu ngoi bng. Bo hiu knh chung gip h thng s
dng cc thit b bo hiu; nhng phng tin phc tp c th c thit lp mt cch kinh
t v c th truyn nhiu thng tin hai chiu vi tc cao. Phng php bo hiu s 6 / s
7 theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T l v d in hnh thuc v phng php ny.
A. Phng php bo hiu R2 - MFC
y l mt cch bo hiu knh kt hp v mt v d in hnh l phng php R2 - MFC.
Phng php ny c ITU-T tiu chun ho nm 1968. N c th c phn loi thm
thnh bo hiu gim st v bo hiu chn lc nh sau:
1/ Bo hiu gim st
Nhng tn hiu gim st c chuyn ti h thng chuyn mch tu theo cc trng thi thay
i ca mng xy ra c hai u ca ng gi, v d nh sau:

Ri (Idle): ng trung k sn sng s dng

Chim (Seizure): tn hiu bo rng h thng chuyn mch pha ch gi chim ng
trung k i ti h thng chuyn mch pha b gi
Chp nhn chim (Seizure acknwledgement): tn hiu thng bo xc nhn tn hiu chim
ca h thng chuyn mch pha ch gi.
Tr li / Xung o (Answer/meter): tn hiu bo tr li ca my thu bao b gi cho h
thng chuyn mch pha ch gi

Xung tnh cc / Chp nhn chim (Metering/Seizue acknwledgement): tn hiu lin

quan ti xung tnh cc ca in thoi cng cng. i khi dng lm tn hiu bo chim.
Xo v (Clear back): tn hiu thng bo ti h thng chuyn mch pha b gi rng thu
bao b gi t my.
Xo i (Clear forward): tn hiu thng bo ti h thng chuyn mch pha b gi rng thu
bao ch gi t my.
Kho: tn hiu bo rng tn hiu tng ng khng th a ra ngoi c.

2) Tn hiu la chn:
Tn hiu la chn xem xt s ca my thu bao b gi. Trn c s , c th xc nh c
v tr ca my thu bao b gi. 15 tn hiu hng i v 15 tn hiu hng v c to ra
bng cch s dng kt hp tn s ca 2 trong s 6 tn s trong bng truyn v nhn cc
loi thng tin khc nhau.
Tn s s dng
Tn hiu hng i: 1,380Hz, 1.500Hz, 1.620Hz, 1.740Hz, 1.860Hz v 1.980Hz
Tn hiu hng v: 540Hz, 660Hz, 780Hz, 900Hz, 1.020Hz v 1.140Hz
Nhiu ngha c ch nh cho tng tn hiu trn v nhng ngha tn hiu c din gii
khc nhau tu theo v tr ti tn hiu hng v A - 3, A - 5, hoc chui bo hiu truyn v
nhn s lng ln thng tin.
Tn hiu hng i
Phn loi vo nhm I, II: I - 1, I - 2,........................................... I 15
II - 1, II - 2,.......................................................II - 15
Tn hiu hng v
Phn loi vo nhm A, B: A - 1, A - 2,........................................ A - 15
B - 1, B - 2,....................................................... B - 15
(1) Tn hiu hng i
C 15 tn hiu hng i trong nhm I v 15 trong nhm II. Tn hiu nhm I ch yu l th
hin cc s ca my thu bao b gi. Tn hiu u tin trn chui bo hiu pht i c din
gii l tn hiu nhm I. Cng nh vy, tn hiu v u tin c din gii l tn hiu nhm A.
S dng tn hiu v c th (A - 3, A - 5) th c th thc hin c vic chuyn i t nhm I
sang nhm II. Khi c chuyn sang nhm nhm II bng tn hiu v A - 5, th c th chuyn
i c sang nhm I. Vic chuyn i t nhm A sang nhm B ch c th thc hin c
vi tn hiu v A - 3. Mt khi chuyn sang nhm B th khng th chuyn sang nhm A
c.
Tn s
Tn hiu s

Ghi ch

1.980

1.860

1.740

1.620

1.500

1.380

540

660

780

900

1.020

1.140

10

11

12

13

14

15

0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

Bng 2.3. a ch tn s bo hiu R2 - MFC

Tn hiu i nhm I
Trong nhm I, c 2 ngha nh trong Bng 2.4
Tn hiu I - 1 ~ I - 10
Ni chung, chng tng ng vi ch s ca s my thu bao b gi
(I - 1 = 1, I - 2 = 2, ....... I - 9 = 9 , I - 10 = 0 )
i vi nhng cuc gi quc t, ngn ng ch s c s dng ni vi in bo vin,
c th khi cuc gi quc t kt thc tng i cui ( ngha 1). Nu khng cn ti ngn
ng, chng c s dng nh l nhng ch s phn bit th hin nhng tng i cui.
Chng ch c truyn i khi h thng chuyn mch r-le quc t yu cu nhng ch s
phn bit v ngn ng bng tn hiu hng v A - 12.
Tn hiu

Nhm I
Ngha 1

Ngha 2

I-1

Ngn ng: Php

Ch s 1

I-2

Ngn ng: Anh

Ch s 2

I- 3

Ngn ng: c

Ch s 3

I-4

Ngn ng: Nga

Ch s 4

I-5

Ngn ng: Ty Ban Nha

Ch s 5

I-6

D phng (ngn ng)

Ch s 6

I-7

D phng (ngn ng)

Ch s 7

I-8

D phng (ngn ng)

Ch s 8

I-9

D phng (s phn bit)

Ch s 9

Nhn xt

I - 10

S phn bit

Ch s 0

I - 11

Ch th M nc (cn B trit na
m di O/G)

Truy nhp ti I/C in bo vin (m

II)

I - 12

Ch th M nc ( khng cn b
trit m di )

Truy nhp ti in bo vin tr hon

(m 12) yu cu khng c chp
nhn

I - 13

Ch th gi th (gi bng thit b o Truy nhp ti thit b th (M 13)

th t ng)
khng k ni vi v tinh

I - 14

Ch th M nc (gn b trit na
m di O/G)

Cn b trit na m di I/C k c
ni vi v tinh

I - 15

D phng

Chm dt xung (M 15) chm dt

nhn dng
Bng 2.4. Nhm I tn hiu hng i

Tn hiu I - 11 ~ I - 15
Do cc h thng to ra (khng k cc my thu bao)
Trong h thng chuyn mch r-le quc t, ngha 1 ch c s dng cho tn hiu u tin,
ngha 2 dng cho cc tn hiu khc.
Tn hiu

Ngha

II - 1

My thu bao khng u tin

II - 2

My thu bao u tin

II - 3

Thit b bo dng

II - 4

D phng

II - 5

in bo vin

II - 6

Truyn d liu

II - 7

My thu bao (hoc in bo vin khng c phng tin chuyn

tn hiu i)

II - 8

Truyn d liu

II - 9

My thu bao u tin

II - 10

in bo vin c phng tin truyn tn hiu i

II - 11 - 15

Nhn xt

D phng cho s dng ca quc gia

Bng 2.5. Nhm II tn hiu hng i cng trung chuyn

Nhm II Tn hiu hng i

Nhng tn hiu ca nhm II th hin cc cp ca pha ch gi. Bin i t nhm I sang
bng tn hiu hng v A - 3 hay A - 5

Tn hiu II - 1 ~ II - 6: Dng cho cc cuc gi trong nc

Tn hiu II - 7 ~ II - 10: Dng cho cc cuc gi quc t
Tn hiu II - 11 ~ II - 15: D tr cho cc cuc gi trong nc

Tn hiu

Ngha

A-1

Gi s tip theo (n + 1) ca s bn b gi

A-2

Gi s p cht (n - 1)

A-3

nhn a ch y , chuyn sang nhn tn hiu

ca nhm B

A-4

Tc nghn trong mng quc gia

A-5

Gi cp my ch gi

A-6

a ch y , tnh cc, thit lp cc iu kin thoi

A-7

Gi s th n - 2

A-8

Gi s th n - 3

A-9

D tr cho s dng trong nc

A - 10

D tr cho s dng trong nc

A - 11

Yu cu thng tin v s dng B trit m di

A - 12

Gi digit v ngn ng hoc ch s phn bit

A - 13

Gi thng tin v bn cht knh

A- 14

Yu cu thng tin v s dng B trit m di

A - 15

Tc nghn trong tng i quc t hoc ti u ra ca n

Nhn xt

Bng 2.6. Nhm A tn hiu hng v

(2) Tn hiu hng v
Do cc h thng to ra (khng k cc my thu bao)
Nhm A tn hiu hng v
To ra do tn hiu hng i ca Nhm I hoc tn hiu hng i ca Nhm II cho nhng
trng hp c bit. Chng th hin nhng yu cu v s thu bao b gi v nhn thng
bo y .
Tn hiu

Ngha

B-1

D tr cho s dng quc gia

B-2

Pht tone thng tin c bit

B-3

ng thu bao bn

B-4

Tc nghn (sau khi chuyn t nhm A sang Nhm B)

B-5

S cha c gn

B-6

ng thu bao ri, tnh cc

B-7

ng thu bao ri, khng tnh cc

B-8

ng thu bao khng hot ng c

B - 9 - 15

D tr cho s dng quc gia

Bng 2.7. Nhm B tn hiu hng v

Nhn xt

- Nhm B tn hiu hng v

c chuyn i bng tn hiu hng i nhm II hay tn hiu v A-3. Chng th hin thng
tin v trng thi ca nhng my thu bao b gi v thit b chuyn mch ca cc h thng
chuyn mch pha b gi.
B. Bo hiu s 7
H thng bo hiu s 7 (SS No.7) ca ITU-T c thit lp p ng nhng yu cu pht
trin bo hiu ca mng s ho hon ton da trn knh 64 Kbps. SS No.7 l mt h thng
bo hiu knh chung. Nhng h thng bo hiu SS No.7 trc y hot ng 2.400bps
v c thc hin trn nhng knh tng t chun VF. Chng khng c cng nng y
v cng khng ph hp vi mng s hin nay v c bit l vi ISDN. Tuy nhin ngi ta
c th thy rng c nhiu im tng ng trong ho v cu trc thng bo gia
CCIS/ITU-T v SS No.7.
Ni mt cch n gin, ITU-T SS No.7 c m t nh l mt h thng bo hiu knh
chung a dng c tiu chun ho quc t:

Ti u ho vn hnh vi cc mng s c chuyn mch s dng B iu khin chng

trnh lu tr (SPC).
C th p ng nhng nhu cu hin nay v tng lai v chuyn thng tin cho nhng b
lin x l bin ng vi nhng mng thng tin s iu khin gi, iu khin t xa, s
dng v qun l mng d liu c s v bo dng bo hiu.
Cung cp mt phng tin tin cy chuyn thng tin ng trnh t khng tht lc hoc
trng lp.

ITU-T SS No.7, trong nhng nm t 1980, c bit n nh mt h thng bo hiu cho

ISDN. S tht ng nh vy. Khng c c cu h tng SS No. t trong mng s, th khng
c ISDN vi s truy nhp khp mi ni. Cn phi lm r mt iu quan trng. ITU-T SS
No.7 bn thn n l s la chn bo hiu trong mng s PSN (Mng in thoi cng
cng - khi khng c ISDN). N c th t ng vng mt mnh trong chc nng ny. SS
No.7 l mt h thng truyn d liu thit k cho mt mc ch duy nht: bo hiu. N khng
phi l mt h thng a nng. Do vy chng ta phi nhn nhn SS No.7 nh l (1) mt
mng d liu chuyn dng v (2) mt h thng bo hiu.
1) Mi lin h ca SS No.7 vi OSI
ITU-T SS No.7 c lin h vi OSI ti mt mc nht nh. C mt nhm ngi ta tin
rng SS No.7 cn c hon ton thch ng vi 7 tng ca OSI. Tuy nhin, cc nhm lm
vic ITU-T chu trch nhim cho tng v thit k SS No.7 ngn ngi v s chm tr
hoc l cho ngi s dng s liu, hoc l cho ngi s dng in thoi ca mng s PSN
hay ISDN. Vic chm tr trong lc quay s u tin l mt trong nhng bin php vn hnh
ch yu ca mt he thng bo hiu. ti thiu ho mc tr, 7 tng OSI c b bt
tng 4. Thc ra, khuyn ngh ITU-T Q.709 qui nh khng nhiu hn 2.2 giycho mc tr
quay s ca 95% cc cuc gi. hn ch mc tr ny, mt gii hn c t ra cho s
lng cc im lm tr, n c gi l STPs, m c th c truyn qua bi mt bn tin
bo hiu v mt thit k vn c ca SS No.7 di dng mt h thng 4 tng. Hnh 2.31 ch
ra lin quan gia th tc SS No.7 vi cc tng ca OSI. Chng ta nn ghi ch rng nhng
chc nng mng bo hiu SS No.7 tng 3 bao gm cc chc nng x l bn tin bo hiu v
cc chc nng qun l mng. Hnh 2.32 cho thy cu trc tng qut ca h thng bo hiu
SS No.7 Schlanger c nhng nhn xt thch hp nh sau:

:Bo hiu c thc hin mt cch c th to ra mt mng li lin lc ph cho ngi

s dng u cui mng. Cng nh vy mt s ngi lp lun cho rng ton b mu
chun ca SS No.7 nh l mt th tc trong h thng lin lc ph ch cn tn ti tng 3 OSI
(tng mng li) v pha di."
H thng lin kt m
OSI
7

Tng ng dng

Tng gii thiu

H thng bo hiu
No.7 (SS No.7)

5
4

Tng vn ti

Phn ngi s dng (SCCP)

Tng mng li

Cc chc nng mng li bo hiu

Tng lin kt s liu

iu khin lin kt bo hiu

Tng vt l

Lin kt s liu bo hiu

"Cc qu trnh ng dng trong phm vi mt mng thng tin gi ln chc nng to th tc
lin lc vi nhau y ht nh nhng ngi s dng cc u cui. Do vy mu chun 7 tng
tng t cn p dng trong ng dng ny".
"Th tc h thng bo hiu c thy bao hm cc hot ng, iu hnh v bo dng
(OA & M) c lin quan ti vin thng. V cc th gii c th b li cun vo cc hot ng
nh vy (nhng ngi s dng thc s cc u cui), cng nh cc qu trnh ng dng
OA & M, nn s phn bit gia cc thc th tng mng li v ngi s dng u cui tr
nn m nht".
Dng nh c nhiu c gng nhm a SS No. 7 vo OSI t tng 4 v pha trn. Cc
c gng ny kt qu to ra s to thnh tng ph ca tng 4 trong SCCP (phn iu
khin u ni bo hiu) v cc phn ca ngi s dng.
Phn 2 s m t mt cch ngn gn cc chc nng ca cc tng trong h thng bo hiu
s 7 SSNO7 4 tng.
- Lung bn tin bo hiu
TUP phn ngi s dng telephone
"Other type" m ch ISDN
DUP iu khin v ch th. D liu phn ngi s dng

Hnh 2.32 Cu trc tng qut cc chc nng ca ITU-T SS No.7

Trch t ITU-T Rec. Q701
2) Cu trc h thng bo hiu
Hnh 3.22 minh ho cu trc c bn ca SS No.7 cho thy hai phn ca h thng: phn
truyn bn tin (MTP) v cc phn cho ngi s dng. C 3 phn cho ngi s dng:
- Cho ngi s dng in thoi (TUP)
- Cho ngi s dng s liu (DUP) v mt b phn "khc" m trong ng cnh ny mun ni
ti phn ngi s dng ISDN (ISUP). Hnh 3.21 v 3.22 cho thy cc tng 1, 2 v 3, l cc
tng cu thnh MTP. Cc on ch dn k tip m t chc nng ca tng tng ny theo
quan im h thng.
Tng 1 xc nh cc c tnh vt l, in v chc nng ca ng lin kt s liu bo hiu
v phng tin truy nhp n. Trong mi trng mng s liu ng s 64 Kbps l phn
kt ni c bn bnh thng. Phn kt ni bo hiu c th truy nhp c bng chc nng
chuyn mch cung cp kh nng t ng ti to li cu hnh lin kt bo hiu.
Tng 2 thc hin chc nng lin kt bo hiu. N xc nh cc chc nng v cc th tc
truyn cc bn tin bo hiu qua mt ng lin kt s liu bo hiu ring l. Mt bn tin bo
hiu c truyn qua ng lin kt bo hiu theo cc n v tn hiu c chiu di thay i.
Mt n v tn hiu bao gm thng tin iu khin truyn tin thm vo vi ni dung thng tin
ca bn tin bo hiu.
Chc nng lin kt bo hiu bao gm:

Gii hn mt n v tn hiu bng cc c.

Chng nhm ln c bng vic chn thm cc bit.

iu khin li bng cch pht li v iu khin chui n v tn hiu bng dy s trong

tng n v tn hiu v thng bo xc nhn lin tc mt cch r rng.
Pht hin li lin kt bo hiu bng cch kim tra li trong n v tn hiu v phc hi lin
kt bo hiu bng cc th tc c bit.

Tng 3 vi chc nng mng bo hiu, v nguyn tc, a ra nh ngha cc chc nng v
th tc truyn chung v c lp ca cc lin kt bo hiu ring l. C 2 loi chc nng
tng 3:

(1) Cc chc nng x l bn tin bo hiu. Trong khi truyn bn tin, nhng chc nng ny
hng bn tin ti lin kt bo hiu hoc phn cho ngi s dng tng ng.
(2) Cc chc nng qun l mng bo hiu. Chc nng ny iu khin xc nh hng
theo thi gian thc, iu khin v ti to li cu hnh mng khi cn thit.

Tng 4 l phn cho ngi s dng. Mi phn cho ngi s dng xc nh cc chc nng
v cc th tc c trng cho tng ngi s dng ring bit, d l in thoi, s liu hay
phn ngi s dng ISDN.
Bn tin bo hiu c nh ngha bi chun ITU-T Reg. Q.701 nh l mt tp hp thng tin,
c nh ngha ti tng 2 hay 4, c lin quan ti 1 cuc gi, s qun l v.v. m sau
c chuyn i nh mt thc th bi chc nng chuyn bn tin. Mi mt bn tin u cha
ng "thng tin dch v" bao gm 1 ch s dch v nhn dng phn ngi s dng ngun v
c th l xc nh bn tin lin quan ti vic ng dng ni a hay quc t ca phn ngi s
dng.
Thng tin bo hiu ca bn tin cha ng thng tin ca ngi s dng, nh cc s liu
hoc cc tn hiu iu khin cc cuc gi, thng tin qun l v bo dng, dng v kch c
bn tin. N cng bao gm 1 "nhn". Nhn ny gip cho vic nh hng bn tin bi tng 3
qua mng bo hiu ti ch ca n v hng bn tin ti phn ngi s dng hoc tuyn
mong mun.
Trong lin kt bo hiu, thng tin bo hiu nh vy c cha trong cc n v tn hiu bn
tin (MSUs) m cc n v ny li bao gm cc chc nng iu khin truyn c lin quan ti
cc chc nng tng 2.
Trong SS No.7 c mt s thut ng c s dng cn phi hiu trc khi i tip cc bc
sau:

Cc im bo hiu (signalling Points): l nhng nt trong mng c s dng bo hiu

knh chung.
Quan h bo hiu (Signaling Relation) (tng t vi quan h lu lng): l bt c hai
im bo hiu no m kh nng lin lc gia cc phn ngi s dng tng ng vi
chng tn ti, c gi l c 1 quan h v bo hiu.
Cc lin kt bo hiu (Signaling links) cc lin kt bo hiu chuyn cc bn tin bo hiu
gia 2 im bo hiu.
Cc im ngun v ch (Originating and Destination Points): l cc v tr ca chc nng
phn ngi s dng ngun v v tr ca chc nng phn ngi s dng nhn tng
ng.
im truyn bo hiu (Signaling Transfer Point (STP)): l mt im m trong mt bn
tin nhn c trn mt lin kt bo hiu c truyn i ti mt lin kt khc.
Nhn tin (Massage Label): mi bn tin c mang theo mt nhn. nhn tiu chun,
phn c s dng cho vic nh tuyn c gi l nhn nh tuyn (routing label).
Nhn nh tuyn bao gm:

im ch v ngun ca bn tin
Mt m s dng phn ti, y c th l phn t quan trng nht trong kt cu ca mt
nhn m n nh ra phn giao dch ca ngi s dng tng 4.
Nhn tiu chun nu rng mi mt im bo hiu trong mng bo hiu c gn cho mt
m nhn dng theo s m c thit lp cho mc ch to nhn.

nh tuyn bn tin (Message Routing): l qu trnh la chn cc lin kt bo hiu c

s dng cho tng vic nh tuyn bn tin bo hiu trn c s phn tch nhn nh tuyn
ca bn tin kt hp vi cc s liu nh tuyn c nh trc ti mt im bo hiu
c bit no .
Phn b bn tin (Messaga Distribution): l qu trnh xc nh phn ngi s dng m
mt bn tin s c gi ti. S la chn c thc hin nh s phn tch ch s dch
v.
Phn bit bn tin (Message Discrimination): l qu trnh xc nh s nhn mt bn tin ti
mt in bo hiu l im ch cu bn tin. Quyt nh ny da trn s phn tch m
ch ca nhn nh tuyn trong bn tin. Nu im bo hiu l im ch, bn tin c
chuyn ti chc nng ch ca bnt tin. Cn nu khng, bn tin s c chuyn ti chc
nng nh tuyn chuyn tip trn ng lin kt bo hiu.
Qun l mng bo hiu (Signaling Network Management): c thit lp bi 3 lnh vc
k thut:
- Qun l lu lng bo hiu.
- Qun l lin kt bo hiu.
- Qun l nh tuyn bo hiu.

Cc chc nng qun l lu lng bo hiu l:

iu khin nh tuyn bn tin, k c sa i tuyn bn tin duy tr s kt ni.

m bo lung bn tin cng vi cc sa i v nh tuyn bn tin.
Cc thao tc iu khin lung hn ch nh hng ca qu ti.

Cc chc nng qun l lin kt tn hiu iu khin cc b lin kt u ni theo khu vc, bao
gm c vic khi phc lin kt. Chc nng ny cung cp cc s liu lin kt ca cc lin kt
khu vc ti cc chc nng qun l lu lng tn hiu.
Chc nng qun l nh tuyn bo hiu. Chc nng qun l nh tuyn bo hiu ch c
s dng khi lin kt bo hiu hot ng ch gn nh kt hp (quasi - associated). Ch
gn nh kt hp lin quan ti nhng lin kt bo hiu m s dng 1 tuyn khc vi
tuyn bn tin thng thng. Nhim v qun l tuyn l truyn thng tin v nhng thay i
trong kh nng c th c cc tuyn bo hiu trong mng li bo hiu to iu kin cho
cc im bo hiu xa c th c cc tc ng qun l lu lng bo hiu mt cch thch
hp.
Mt danh sch cc c tnh k thut v mng li thng tin s c trnh by bng 3.2.
Nhng c tnh ny c lit k theo th t m tc gi cho l tng xng vi tm quan
trng ca chng i vi lnh vc in thoi ni chung. Tuy nhin trong cc ng dng ring
bit khc, s cn nhc no c th cho l t nhiu quan trng hn. Chng hn, mc cui
cng, s gim bt tnh rc ri kh hiu l c im ni tri khin mng s c a chung
trong qun s.
3) n v bo hiu s 7

C th c 3 dng n v tn hiu cho SS No.7 nh sau; Cu hnh ca mi n v tn hiu

c trnh by hnh 2.23

MSU (n v tn hiu bn tin). Truyn cc s liu gia tng 3 v tng 4.

LSSU (n v tn hiu trng thi lin kt). Thng tin v trng thi cc lin kt tn hiu
chuyn pht s liu
FLSU (nv tn hiu chn thm). c chuyn pht khi MSU v LSSU khng c
chuyn pht

Hnh 2.33. Kch thc ca n v tn hiu SS No.7

(1) Kch thc n v tn hiu s 7
Nh trn cho thy, cc kch thc n v tn hiu dng cho h thng bo hiu SS No.7 khc
vi MSU, LSSU v FISU. Mi trng ca n v bo hiu c ngha nh sau
A- Trng chung

DF (c d liu). Ch nh im bt u v kt thc ca n v bo hiu.

Mu: h7e (0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0)
BSN (dy s li). Th hin dy s ca n v tn hiu cui cng thu nhn c mt
cch chnh xc.
BIB (bit ch th li). Dng cho yu cu pht li ca cc n v bo hiu khi c li xut hin.
FSN (Dy s tin). Th hin dy s ca n v tn hiu s c pht.
FIB (Bit ch th tin). Dng ch th vic pht li ca n v bo hiu bng BIB
LI (Ch th di)

Ch ra s Octet ca trng gia LI v CK (1 octet = 8 bits). H thng chuyn mch u cui

b gi thc hin CRC so snh tnh trng li ca n v bo hiu nh gi. Trng ny
c s dng cho vic nh gi ny.
B-Trng duy nht LSSU
- SF (Trng trng thi). Trng ny th hin trng thi ca lin kt bo hiu
C- Trng duy nht MSU.

- SIO (Tm bit thng tin dch v). y l mt b tm bit xc nh phn ngi s dng m
trong s bao gm thng tin c pht i.
- SIS (Trng thng tin bo hiu). M im ch, m im ngun, m lin kt bo hiu, v
b tm bit t 2 ~ 272 c th thay i
(2) Phn loi nhm n v bo hiu

FAM (Bn tin a ch tin). Cc bn tin s c chuyn tip theo thng tin a ch
FSM (Bn tin thit lp tin). Cc bn tin s c chuyn i tip sau cc bn tin a ch.
Cc bn tin ny s li c phn loi thnh cc bn tin chung c cc thng tin cn thit
cho vic nhn dng cc ng ch gi hoc thit lp cuc gi v cc bn tin c cc tn
hiu lin tc. Nhng bn tin ny c gi ngc li yu cu c thm thng tin cho
thit lp cuc gi.
SBM (Bn tin thng bo thit lp thnh cng gi v). y l mt nhm bn tin s gi cc
thng tin lin quan ti s thnh cng ca vic thit lp cuc gi. C cc bn tin hon
thin a ch v bn tin tnh cc.
UBM (Bn tin thng bo thit lp khng thnh cng gi v). y l mt nhm bn tin
chuyn v cc thng tin v vic thit lp cuc gi khng thnh cng.
CSM (Bn tin gim st cuc gi). y l mt nhm bn tin theo di cc cuc gi
c thit lp
CCM (Bn tin gim st mch). L nhm bn tin theo di cc nhm ng thu bao.

2.5.6 Mng truyn thng tch hp

Cc in thoi thng thng ch c s dng ni vi mt pha i din tng ng
nhm thit lp mt cuc gi. Trong truyn s liu, cc ng dy chuyn dng dng cho
mt s lng hn ch cc thu bao cng c s dng. Ngoi ra, cc mng li in tn
hin nay ang hot ng nh l cc h thng c lp vi cc h thng thng tin khc. Mt
khc, tm quan trng ca vic m bo cc phng tin thch hp trao i thng tin
ngy cng tng khi x hi ngy cng tin gn ti thi i thng tin. ng u vi
nhng thay i y, cc h thng chuyn mch in t ang c tch hp v nhng c
im mi c pht trin. Thm na, vic nghin cu cc dch v mi hoang ton p ng
cc yu cu ca ngi s dng cng ang c tin hnh. Mi gn y, cc c gng nhm
kt hp cc hnh thc khc nhau ca cc h thng thng tin ang c thc thi nhm to
c hiu qu cao hn v chi ph t hn. Ni chung, mc tiu c bn ca truyn thng c
th c coi nh l qu trnh gi v nhn cc thng tin cn thit qua cc loi phng tin
truyn thng khc nhau. ng thi, s giao tip my-my c s dng x l cc s
liu cng nh iu khin cc tn hiu.
Nhng dch v k trn c th phn loi theo chc nng thnh cc dch v chuyn mch in
thoi, video v thng tin s liu. Tu theo dng thng tin c x l, m cc phng php
phc v, cc c tnh lu lng, rng cc di tn truyn dn, v cc c tnh ca cc
thit b u cui s c xc nh. Kt qu l, nu mt mng li thng tin vi mc ch
c bit v d thit k c thit lp, n c th s khng linh hot p ng nhng i
hi mi mt cch c hiu qu. Ngc li, nu nhiu loi dch v thng tin c kt hp
thnh mt mng li hot ng th mng li , cho d hi km hiu qu i cht, vn
c th d dng vn hnh, thay i v m rng. Ngoi ra, cc tng i nh vy s d dng
iu khin. Nhm mc ch y, ISDN (Mng s a dch v) c kh nng kt hp nhiu h
thng khc nhau vo mt h thng c hiu qu ang c nhu cu rt cao.
Cc di tn s di y do ISDN x l. Mt thng tin di tn hp c rng khong 4 KHz
cn cho cc in thoi v truyn s liu tc chm; Thng tin di tn trung c rng
khong vi chc ln 4 KHz s dng cho pht thanh, truyn hnh cht lng cao hoc gi

fax tc nhanh; thng tin di tn rng c rng khong vi trm KHz dng cho truyn s
liu tc cao gia in thoi truyn hnh bng hp v cc my vi tnh ; v cui cng l cc
thng tin di tn cc rng c rng MHz dng cho cc chng trnh tivi thng mi hoc
thng tin hnh nh chnh xc. Hy xem bng 2.8
Phn loi
rng di tn

Thng tin di
bng hp
2

Thng tin di
bng trung bnh
4

Thng tin di
bng rng
3 16 48

Thng tin di
bng rng cc i
hn 1000

Truyn thng bng Telephone ph dng

ting ni
Truyn thng bng TV tnh
hnh nh

TV di tn hp; telephone

Truyn bn tin

Fax tc chm; th nm ngang khong cch xa

Truyn s liu

bng giy, th

Computer VS

Computer

Bng t
Ngoi ra, chng c th c phn loi theo dng dch v chuyn mch s c cung cp
nh sau: x l lu lng tc thi cho in thoi v cc TV, x l lu lng nhanh ni c
lin lc my-my hoc khng c ngi vn hnh v x l lu lng khng tc thi. Thnh
cng ca mng li truyn thng tch hp ph thuc vo vic cc thng tin cp trn
c kt hp vi nhau nh th no cho hiu qu. Nhm t c mc ch y, cc iu
kin sau y phi c tho mn:

Phng php bo hiu : Nn dng phng php bo hiu knh chung c chc nng
chuyn mch iu khin t xa
K hoch nh s : H thng nh s cho cc thu bao chung cn c tiu chun ho.
Mt phng n s kn gii hn vic truy nhp cc cuc gi trong phm vi mt nhm nht
nh cn c vn dng
Phng php tnh cc : Vic tnh cc chi tit cn c thc hin tu theo khong
cch, thi gian gi, rng di tn truyn dn v cc loi dch v
Thit b u cui : Thit b u cui loi a nng

3. K thut truyn dn
3.1 Phn m u
3.1.1 Nguyn l
Truyn dn l chc nng truyn mt tn hiu t mt ni ny n mt ni khc. H thng
truyn dn gm cc thit b pht v nhn, v phng tin truyn cng b lp li gia chng
nh trong hnh 3.1
Nhng phng tin pht s truyn v pht i nhng tn hiu u vo (tn hiu gc)
truyn chng mt cch hiu qu qua phng tin, thit b nhn tch ra nhng tn hiu gc
trong nhng tn hiu nhn c. ng thi b lp li x l vic b li trong qu trnh truyn.
Cc phng tin truyn bao gm dy ng, cp ng trc, radio, ng dn sng v cp si
quang.

Hnh 3.1. Cu hnh ca h thng truyn dn

Truyn dn bao gm phn truyn dn thu bao ni lin my thu bao vi tng i v phn
truyn dn tng i ni tng i vi tng i. Truyn dn gm truyn bng cp, truyn radio,
lin lc v tinh, truyn TV, lin lc si quang, ng dn sng, lin lc di t cng b
chuyn tip phc hi s dng cc phng tin truyn dn, kt cu kt hp v mng ng
b ho ca cc thit b ny, vic bo dng v phn qun l mng ca mng truyn dn v.v.
Do khng phi l qu ng khi ni rng s pht trin k thut truyn dn a ti s
pht trin lin lc thng tin m trong phn ny s trnh by v truyn dn tng t v truyn
dn s.
3.1.2 Lch s pht trin ca truyn dn
S pht trin lin lc vin thng bt u t khi pht minh ra h thng in tn hot ng
theo ch ch s. Ngha l khi Morse pht minh ra my in tn nm 1835 v vic lin lc
vin thng s bt u bng pht dng chm v gch ngang nm 1876, vic s dng ch
tng t bt u vi pht minh in thoi ca A.G. Bell. T cng ngh lin quan
c pht trin kh mnh m.
Phng php truyn dn a l cng bt u t khi c dy dn ba mch thc hin M
nm 1925 v qua pht trin cp ng trc c 240 mch, hin nay s dng phng php
lin lc c bn vi cp ng trc c 3.600 - 10.800 mch, FDM (Ghp knh theo tn s)
nhiu mch 1.800 mch bi vi ba.
Mt khc t nm 1930, phng php 24 mch PAM (iu ch bin xung) v PWM (iu
ch rng xung) pht trin nhng cha ph bin. Ngay sau A.H. Reeves pht huy
PCM (iu ch m xung).
Nhng phng php lin lc vin thng mi kt hp nhng phng php PCM cng khng
c p dng thun li. Nm 1948, ngay sau khi kt thc chin tranh th gii th hai, thit
b PCM th nghim c thit k v sn xut M. Nhng n cng khng c thc
hin v lc ng in t ch l mt phn t tch cc v ng m dng cho m ho b c
nhiu vn khi thc hnh. S pht minh k thut bn dn tip theo pht minh cht bn
dn ng vai tr quyt nh trong vic p dng PCM. Lc vic ghp knh cp ting ni
bi phng php PCM nh du bc pht trin to ln trong lch s lin lc vin thng.
Phng php PCM c tnh thi i ra i khi c nhu cu mch sng mang gn tng ln
v vic ghp khng th thc hin c v c kh khn trong vic thit lp mi hoc thm
cp trao i. D nhin cng c sn phng php sng mang gn FDM nhng n khng th
so snh c vi phng php PCM v mt kinh t v cht lng truyn dn. Hn na
phng php FDM cng khng th hot ng c trong iu kin yu km ca cp a
phng v ng di, nhng phng php PCM c u im ln l c th hot ng c
trong iu kin nh vy. Do h thng T1 (b in thoi 1) dng trong lin lc vin thng
cng cng s dng phng php PCM Chicago (M) trong nm 1962, phng php
PCM-24 p dng Nht nm 1965, phng php Chu u hin nay (CEPT) pht trin
v s dng trong nhng nm 1970. Lc ITU-T kin ngh G.733 nh l mt phng
php Bc M (NAS) v G.732 nh l phng php Chu u. Mt khc lin lc quang cng
nh du bc pht trin v lin lc vin thng c tch cc nghin cu vi vic pht
minh laser nm 1960. Khi , vic nghin cu s dng sng khng gian v ng dn chm

tia quang hc l phng tin truyn dn rt si ng, kh nng truyn dn quang hc s

dng si quang lm phng tin truyn dn c pht huy nm 1966, phn chnh ca
nghin cu lin lc quang hc tp trung vo truyn dn si cp quang s dng si quang
hc lm phng tin truyn dn qua vic b sung tn hao truyn dn si cp quang 20
dB/km trong nm 1970. Hin nay vi vic pht trin phng php kh nng siu i FT1.7G, F-1.6G v.v. Trong tng lai ngoi vic pht trin lin tc v ghp knh v k thut lin
lc quang hc nh trn, chng ta c th pht trin k thut lin quan nh truyn dn thu
bao s v pht trin k thut u ni, k thut CCC (kh nng knh xo ) trn mng c,
k thut UNI (giao tip mng - ngi s dng) v ting ni, s liu, thng tin hnh nh v k
thut NNI (giao tip nt - mng), k thut t hp siu cao VLSI (t hp quy m rt ln) bao
gm cc loi k thut m ho, k thut truyn dn s ng b, mng ni cho, v bo
dng mng, mng CCR (cu hnh li iu khin khch hng), IN (mng thng minh) v v.v.
chun b cho di hp ISDN trong giai on thc hin mt phn.
3.2 Truyn dn s v tng t
3.2.1 Tn hiu tng t
C hai ngun thng tin m ngun thng tin tng t lin tc theo s thay i ca gi tr vt
l th hin
thng tin vi c tnh cht lng nh ting ni, tn hiu hnh nh, v mt ngun thng tin s
l tn hiu gin on th hin thng tin bi nhm cc gi tr gin on xc nh c tnh cht
lng bng quan h thi gian nh tn hiu s liu. Trong qu kh, kiu AM (iu ch bin
) v kiu FDM (Ghp knh theo tn s) g3/4n trong truyn dn ting ni c chn l mt
kiu truyn dn v ch c ting ni l ch chnh ca ngun thng tin nh l mt my in
thoi.
Kiu truyn dn FDM c mt kiu AM gi l kiu truyn dn tng t. Kiu c bn ca
truyn dn tng t l kiu ghp knh SSB (n bin) ca di 4 KHz trit sng mang
gim cng sut truyn dn v hn ch di truyn dn t l tiu hao t nht ca phng
tin truyn dn cho mt cn phng ca mt tn s.
3.2.2 Thit k mch
Khi thit k kiu truyn dn ghp knh tng t c ly xa, cn phi lu ti S/N (t l tn
hiu i vi tp m). C 2 tp m trong h thng truyn dn, mt tp m nhit to ra do
mc u vo ca b lp li v tp m mo phi tuyn to ra do s bin dng ca b lp
li v mc u ra. Mch tng t cn phi c thit k gim ti thiu nhng tp m
trong mi tng mch v tp m tch t lin tc theo ch tng t khc vi vic ti to ca
ch s.
thit k kiu FDM, ITU-T xc nh 3 loi HRC 2.500 km (mch chun gi thit) trong
khuyn ngh G.222 v HRC 5.000 km trong khuyn ngh G.215. HRC 2.500 km khuyn ngh
thay i cu hnh s ca bc chuyn i theo cp ca ghp knh nhng d sao nhng khu
vc khng bin in rt ph bin. Tng s tp m mch 10.000pWOp c chia thnh
tp m ng truyn dn 7.500pWOp (3pWOp/km) v tp m tng i cui 2.500pWOp,
HRC 5.000km bao gm 12 khu vc ng b khong 420km.

Hnh 3.2. Mch chun gi thit (kiu ng trc 60 MHz)

3.2.3 Cp ghp knh
Cp ghp knh FDM do ITU-T khuyn ngh th hin trong bng 3.1 BG (nhm c bn) l
mt nhm chuyn 12 mch thoi c bng tn 0.3 ~ 3.4 KHz ln di 60 ~ 108 KHz, SG (siu
nhm) l nhm ghp lin 5 BG.
Nhm

Vit t3/4t

S knh
(ch)

Di tn (KHz)

Thnh phn Tn s sng

mang (KHz)

Tn s
Pilot(KHz)

Nhm c bn

BG

12

60 ~ 108

84,08

Siu nhm

SG

60

312 ~ 552

BG x 5

420, 468, 516,

564, 612

411,92

Nhm ch

MG

300

812 ~ 2044

SG x 5

1364, 1612,
1860, 2108,
2356

1.552

Nhm siu
ch

SMG

900

8516 ~ 12388

MG x 3

10560, 11880,
13200

11.096

Nhm Jumbo

JG

3.600

42612 ~ 59684

SMG x 4

55000, 59400,
63800, 68200

40.920

Bng 3.1. Cp ghp knh

M chn 600 mch ca 564 ~ 3.084 KHz cho MG, 3.600 mch ca 564 ~ 17.548 KHz
cho JG, v 10.800 mch ca 3.000 ~ 60.000 KHz cho JGM.
3.2.4 Ch truyn dn tng t
Cp i cn bng 2 dy i xng bng dy ng 2 i c s dng trong ch truyn
nhng tn hiu bng gc, khng ghp knh (k c ting ni, d liu, tn hiu hnh) v ghp
knh ting ni vi mt s dng cng c v truyn dn i. Cp i cn bng s dng di 500
KHz gi r v d l3/4p t nhng d lm hng dy cp v xuyn m v nhng nhc im
khc.
Cp i cn bng ch l mt phng tin truyn dn s dng gia my thu bao v tng i
in thoi. Hy vng cp i cn bng s l phng tin chnh trong ISDN trong tng lai.
iu kin ti thiu ca mt b suy gim mch trn mch thng thng, l RC>LG, nhng
mt mch ng b l RC = LG: Ti s ng vi iu kin trn cng vi L, c s dng
rng ri t trc cho n 1930 khng pht trin kiu ti ba FDM hoc PCM. Do cp ti

khng th dng truyn dn tn hiu s v c nhng nhc im, ch yu l tn s c3/4t

v tng tr truyn dn, nn hin nay n ch dng hn ch cho ng trc a phng
hay ng quc gia c nh on ng3/4n. H thng ti ba dy trn * nhanh chng rt lui khi
n dng cho on ng3/4n, mch a phng v sau p dng cp ho mch dy trn, h
cp khng ti, mt h thng ti ba on ng3/4n t khi loi "A" ca ti ba dy trn c p
dng M nm 1918 u tin trn th gii. Hin nay ITU-T khuyn ngh ng 3 mch
(khuyn ngh G.361) v ng 12 mch (khuyn ngh G.311). Mch dy trn c tn hao t
nhng thng xuyn b m v thng thay i suy hao do thi tit, kh nng chng li
nhng cm ng bn ngoi km so vi cp cn bng. H thng cp khng ti c dng
lm h thng ti ba ng di cho n nm 1930 - 40 khi c cp ng trc. Cp khng ti
1,2 mm c s dng v dng ti 360 KHz.
H thng ti ba c ly ng3/4n dng cho khong cch di 100Km c pht trin tit
kim cp quc gia trc khi l3/4p t. N c thc hin Ty c v Php, sau
thc hin h thng "N" M nm 1950. Mt cp quc gia * c l3/4p t dng ng 2
dy mi nhm trnh xuyn nhiu on cui i xung v i ln v hu ht l on u.
N bao gm 8 ~ 12 mch s dng nhm thp hn 12 ~ 60 KHz (6 ~ 54 KHz), hay nhm cao
hn 72 ~ 120 KHz (60 ~ 180 KHz). Nm 1934 M cng b rng cp ng trc l phng
tin truyn dn thch hp cho truyn dn siu ghp knh, h thng LI (c ly ng3/4n 480
mch, c ly di 600 mch) c p dng trong nm 1941 l h thng cp ng trc u
tin trn th gii, v tr thnh dng h thng truyn dn dy vi tuyn ng c bn trn
kh3/4p t nc v siu ghp knh ti 10.800 mch c dng cho ti hin nay. Ngy nay
ang s dng cp ng trc tiu chun 2,6/9,5 mm v cp ng trc nh 1,2/4,4 mm kch
thc bn trong v bn ngoi. H thng cp ng trc t di y bin b3/4t u c
xem xt t nhng nm 1930 v h thng u tin t Anh nm 1943 v M nm 1950.
Cp 8,3/38 mm c dng cho bin su v bin nng dng 5,6/25 mm. Chng c thit
k c tin cy gp 10 ln h thng trn t lin.
3.2.5 c im ca truyn dn s
Truyn dn s c nhiu u im hn so vi truyn dn tng t, v d n chng tp m v
gin on xung quanh tt hn v c b lp ti to, cung cp cht lng truyn dn tt
hn bt k khong cch truyn dn, kt hp c mi ngun dch v ang c trn ng
truyn dn s v truyn sau khi chuyn thnh tn hiu s bt k tn hiu thng tin loi no,
to ra mt t hp truyn dn s v tng i s. N cng to ra s kinh t cho h thng v
nhng phn t bn dn dng cho truyn dn s l nhng mch t hp s c sn xut
hng lot, v mang lin lc c th tr thnh rt thng minh v d thc hin vic chuyn i
tc cho cc dch v khc nhau, thay i th tc, DSP (x l tn hiu s), chuyn i
phng tin truyn dn v.v.
Qua vic p dng k thut lin lc v my vi tnh. Tuy vy truyn dn s c nhng nhc
im nh di tn cng tc tng ln do vic s ho tn hiu, cn c b chuyn i A/D, D/A
v ng b gia pht v thu, mt thit b chuyn i cn c kt hp h FDM v h TDM
v h thng s khng tng thch vi cc h thng hin c. Trc y, trong trng hp
ng thu bao v ng gia cc tng i khu vc dng cp m tn 2 hay 3 dy v gi
ng di ch yu da vo ch tng t nh cp ng trc, radio FDM v.v. Nhng vi
s xut hin ca kiu ti ba T1, cc thit b sau y cn pht trin tng thch nhm
gim chi ph mi ng cho n cui thp k 1970 : h thng ghp knh s k c PCM dy,
g3/4n thm ch tng t vo chc nng truyn dn s k c DOV (d liu trn ting
ni), b ghp knh - ghp (ITU-T khuyn ngh G.794) ni mng FDM vi mng TDM. Vi s
xut hin ca tng i s, chiu hng s ho ngy mt tng nhanh y li kiu tng t,
trn kh3/4p t nc mi ni u la chn kiu s lm nguyn l ch yu khi lin lc quang
s c p dng n u nhng nm 1980, to ra s ch i v mong mun v t hp
truyn dn a dch v ISDN. HRX (ni chun gi thit) ca khong cch di nht ca h

thng truyn dn s chia mc tiu t hp ca cht lng mng thnh b phn mng ph
hp vi h truyn dn s nh trong hnh 3.3.

Hnh 3.3. HRX tiu chun quc t (cp di nht)

Ni chung, mch PCM c c im u vit hn v tp m so vi mch FDM nh nhn tn
hiu radio trnh by trong hnh 3.4. Tri vi mch FDM lin tc tng tp m t l nghch vi
tn hiu u vo, mch PCM c c im u vit khng tng tp m trong mc ngng tuy
c tp m hn do ch .

Hnh 3.4. c im tp m
BER (t l li bit) ca h thng PCM xung quanh mc ngng c nhanh chng lm gim
bng cch tng t s S/N. Bi v tp m ca kiu FDM nhy hn vi S/N, tri vi c im
tp m ca h thng PCM bt k tp m ca truyn dn trung k v ch nhn thy tp m
lng t ho v tng li qu mc nu gi BER mt mc no .
Ni chung, truyn ting ni trong tnh trng tt nu BER nh hn 10 -5 v cho php ti 10-4
nhng c cnh bo khn cp v thng tin gin on nu BER l 10 -3 . D liu hay ting ni
cho pht thanh, truyn hnh phi u vit hn v nhng gi tr ny. Mt li th ca mng
mch s l c nhng c im u vit nh sau:
Hu ht cc c tnh ca mng ting ni s ho c lit k bng 3.2 v c tho lun
trong nhng phn sau g3/4n lin vi nhng u im ca vic truyn dn s hoc chuyn
mch s c lin quan n nhng pha i tc l tng t. Trong mt s trng hp c bit,
cc c trng ch g3/4n lin vi mng s hon ton. Th d, m ho (Encryption) l thc t

v nhn chung ch c ch nu dng an ton ca bn tin c thit lp ngun v ch chuyn

ngc li thnh r rng ti ni gi ti. Nh vy, h thng s im ti im hot ng vi s
khng hiu bit v bn cht ca ng thng (c ngha l cung cp s truyn tin r rng) l
nhu cu tt yu i vi cc ng dng m ho. V nhng nguyn nhn tng t, vic truyn
dn s im ti im l cn thit i vi cc ng dng c lin quan n s liu.
Khi mt mng li bao gm cc thit b hn hp c tng t v s, vic s dng tng hp
mng cho cc dch v nh truyn tin s liu yu cu s ph hp vi mu s chung nh nht
ca mng : Knh tng t.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

S thun tin ca ghp knh

S thun tin ca bo hiu
S dng cng ngh hin i
Hp nht vic truyn v chuyn mch
Phc hi tn hiu
iu khin hiu sut
Thch ng vi cc dch v khc
Hot ng t l tn hiu trn tp m/ tn hiu trn nhiu thp
S thun tin ca m ho
Bng 3.2. Tin b k thut ca mng thng tin s ho

1) S thun tin ca ghp knh :

K thut s ho c ng dng u tin i vi in thoi tng th trong h chuyn ti T
gia cc tng i (Ghp knh phn chia thi gian). V thc cht cc h thng ny trao i
in t gy tn tht cc im cui ca ng truyn tin do s ph tn ca cp bi dy dn
gia chng (s trao i hng nm gy ph tn cng nhiu). Tuy nhin s ghp knh
phn chia tn s ca cc tn hiu tng t cng c s dng trong qu kh gim chi
ph dy cp. Thit b ghp knh phn chia tn s (FDM) 3/4t hn nhiu so vi thit b ghp
knh phn chia thi gian (TDM), thm ch khi gi thnh ca s ho c tnh vo. Sau khi
tn hiu ting ni c s ho, gi thnh thit b TDM hon ton nh hn khi mang so snh.
V s ho ch xut hin mc u tin ca h thng phn cp TDM, TDM s ho mc cao
thm ch kinh t hn cc b phn tng ng FDM mc cao.
iu ch ra rng vic ghp knh phn chia thi gian ca cc tn hiu tng t cng rt
n gin v khng yu cu s ho cc gi tr mu. Mt khng thun tin ca TDM tng t
nm trong tnh cht c th b tn thng ca nhng xung tng t hp do nhiu tp m,
mo ting, xuyn m v nhiu k hiu.
S suy bin ny khng th b loi b bng ti to nh trong h thng s ho. V th TDM
tng t cng khng th thc hin c loi tr mi trng t do khng c tp m, bin
dng. V thc cht, kh nng i vi vic ti to tn hiu thm ch vic tiu hao ca
rng di tn s ln hu nh l mt nhu cu i vi truyn tin TDM.
2) S thun tin ca h thng bo hiu :
Nhng thng tin iu khin (tn hiu nhc my, t my, cc ch s a ch, gi tin v.v. )
vn c s ho v v th d dng hp nht trong mt h truyn dn s, nh th c ngha l
v thng tin iu khin kt hp trong lin kt truyn tin s ho gm ghp knh phn chia
thi gian, s iu khin nh l tch bit nhng d dng c th nhn bit knh iu khin.
Cch tip cn khc gm vic gi cc mt m iu khin c bit trong knh truyn tin v c

mch logic s ho trong thit b u cui nhn v gii m thng tin iu khin. Trong mi
trng hp, h thng truyn tin cng c quan tm hn th thng tin iu khin khng th
nhn bit t ng truyn bn tin.
Trong s tng phn, cc h thng truyn tin tng t yu cu s quan tm c bit ti h
thng tn hiu iu khin. Nhiu h thng truyn tin tng t th hin s duy nht v i khi
hon cnh kh khn cho ci t thng tin iu khin. Mt kt qu khng may m3/4n l nhiu
s khc bit ca khun kh tn hiu iu khin v th tc tin hnh. Khun kh iu khin
ph thuc vo bn cht ca c hai h thng truyn dn v thit b u cui ca chng.
Trong mt s giao din gia cc h thng ca mng, thng tin iu khin phi c chuyn
i t khun kh ny sang khun kh khc. V th h thng bo hiu trn cc ng truyn
tin tng t tng ng vi mt gnh nng n v qun tr v ti chnh i vi cc cng ty
in thoi cng cng.
S chuyn i sang bo hiu knh chung loi b hu ht chi ph bo hiu c lin quan vi
cc trc ng trung k nhng khng thay i tnh trng i vi cc ng dy thu bao
ring bit, trong bo hiu thc hin trn cng mt phng tin nh knh thng tin. Vic
s dng cc ng dy thu bao s ho (DSLs) gim chi ph truyn tn hiu lin quan ti
cc ng dy thu bao tng t, gip b 3/4p gi thnh cao hn ca (DSL) v in thoi
s. DSLs l kha cnh nn tng ca ISDN.
Tm li, cc h thng s cho php iu khin thng tin c ci t vo v tch t dng
thng tin mt cch c lp vi bn cht ca cc phng tin truyn tin (dy cp, si quang,
vi ba, v tinh, ...). V vy thit b bo hiu c th c thit k ring bit vi h thng truyn
dn. Sau chc nng iu khin v khun kh c th c thay i khng ph thuc vo
h thng truyn dn. Ngc li, cc h thng truyn dn s c th c nng cp khng
nh hng ti cc chc nng iu khin c hai u ca ng truyn.
3) S dng cng ngh hin i
Mt b ghp knh hoc ma trn chuyn mch cho cc tn hiu s ho phn chia thi gian
c p dng vi cng mch c s c s dng xy dng cc my tnh s ho, cc
cng logic v b nh. im c3/4t c s ca chuyn mch s ho khng c g hn l cng
"AND" vi mt u vo logic c gn cho tn hiu thng tin v cc u vo khc c s
dng cho iu khin (la chn im c3/4t qua). V vy nhng pht trin gy n tng mnh
m ca cng ngh mch tch hp s ho cho mch logic v b nh my tnh l ng dng
mt cch trc tip n truyn dn s ho v cc h thng chuyn mch. Qua thc t, nhiu
mch tiu chun pht trin s dng trong cc my tnh c hu hiu trc tip trong
ma trn chuyn mch hoc b ghp knh . Hnh 3.5 trnh by cc ng dng c bn ca b
ghp knh phn chia thi gian s ho, 16 knh, bit xen gia s dng mch logic s ho
chung. Nh k hiu chc nng ghp knh gm khng c g ngoi ly mu theo chu k t
16 lung d liu u vo. Hot ng nh vy tng hp ton b cc lung d liu c
ng b vi nhau. Tin trnh ng b cc lung d liu i hi mng logic rt phc tp. Tuy
nhin, vic ng dng b ghp knh TDM r hn nhiu so vi FDM tng t. Thm ch,
nhng tin b vt bc ca cng ngh hin i thnh t do s dng cc mch tch hp t
l ln (LSI) c thit k c bit cho chc nng thng tin vin thng nh lp/gii m mt
m ting ni, cc b ghp knh, ma trn chuyn mch, b x l tn hiu s mc ch c
bit v mc ch chung (DSPs). Gi thnh h tng i v nng sut cao ca mch s cho
php cc ng dng s ho c s dng trong mt s ng dng rt 3/4t khi dng mt s
linh kin tng t. Th d, cc chuyn mch hon ton khng b kho l khng thc t vi
cc ng dng tng t thng thng tr trng hp kch thc nh. Trong chuyn mch
s hin i, chi ph ca chnh cc ma trn chuyn mch l khng ng k. Tuy nhin, i
vi nhng ng dng kch thc trung bnh, kch thc ca ma trn chuyn mch c th
c tng cung cp nhng hot ng khng kho nu yu cu. in thoi t ng phn
tn c Collins-Rockwell pht trin l mt th d v hot ng chuyn mch s trong mi

trng tng t. Vic ng dng s c chn mt cch rng ri bi v n c th cung cp

mt cch kinh t nhng hot ng khng kho.

Hnh 3.5. B ghp knh TDM 16:1

Li ch ca cng ngh my mc hin i khng b hn ch i vi cc mch s n l. Cc
mch tch hp tng t cng tin b mt cch ng k, cho php cc ng dng tng t
truuyn thng pht trin mt cch ng k. Tuy nhin mt trong nhng nhu cu c bn u
tin ca phn t tng t l chng phi l ng tuyn tnh. Nh vy, nu ch bi v s
nhn mnh vic nghin cu v pht trin, cc phn t s nhanh d sn xut hn cc linh
kin tng t tuyn tnh. Ngoi ra, nhng ng dng s c th c u vit hn v tnh nng
tim tng so vi nhng ng dng tng t. Li th ny c b3/4t ngun t s thun tin
tng i l nhng tn hiu s c th c ghp knh. Mt hn ch ln vi vic s dng
ton b linh kin LSI gy nn do kh nng hn ch ca nhng mi ni bn ngoi i vi
thit b. Vi k thut ghp knh phn chia thi gian mt chn vt l n c c th c s
dng truy nhp nhiu knh trong thit b. Nh th, cng mt k thut c ng dng
gim gi thnh ca cc h thng truyn dn c th cng c dng bn trong mt modun
a phng gim ti thiu nhng ng ni bn trong v tng ti a vic s dng tch
hp t l ln. Cui cng: "chuyn mch trn mt vi mch" ch c th nu s ln knh c th
c ghp knh thnh s lng nh cc ng ni ngoi tng ng.
S pht trin cng ngh c nh hng quan trng nht trn mng li in thoi l
truyn dn bng cp si quang. Tuy nhin chnh cc cp si quang khng lm thun li cho
truyn tin s hn truyn tin tng t, s giao tip cc mch in t vi h thng si quang
thc hin ln u tin trong ch ng/m (hot ng khng tuyn tnh). Nh th truyn
tin s chim u th so vi cc ng dng cp si quang, m3/4c du vic nghin cu cng
ngh si quang tng t l quan trng c bit i vi tn hiu video.
4) Hp nht vic truyn tin v chuyn mch
Theo truyn thng truyn tin tng t v cc h thng chuyn mch ca mng li in
thoi c thit k v qun l bi cc t chc c lp v mt chc nng. Trong cc cng ty
in thoi, hai loi thit b ny c coi nh l nh my bn ngoi v nh my bn trong
tng ng. Nhng thit b ny cn cung cp cc mt giao din chun, song ngoi ra thit b
truyn tin phi c lp v mt chc nng vi thit b chuyn mch.
Khi ghp knh phn chia thi gian ca cc tn hiu ting ni s c a vo trong lnh vc
tng i v cc k s truyn thng b3/4t u quan tm n chuyn mch s, th mt iu
tr nn r rng l cc thao tc dn knh phn chia thi gian rt ging vi chc nng chuyn

mch phn chia thi gian. Trong thc t, cc giai on u ca chuyn mch s to ra cc
tn hiu TDM mc u tin do bn cht, thm ch c khi giao tip vi nhng ng truyn
tin tng t.
V th cc thao tc ghp knh ca h thng truyn dn c th d dng c tch hp trong
mt thit b chuyn mch.
Tin b c bn ca vic kt hp 2 h thng c th hin hnh 3.6. Thit b tch knh
(cc ngn hng knh) cc trm chuyn mch khng cn thit v thit b chuyn mch giai
on u c loi b. Nu 2 u ca cc ng trung k s TDM c tp hp trong
chuyn mch s, cc ngn hng knh c 2 u ca ng trung k c loi b. Trong
mng tch hp tng th, tn hiu ting ni c s ho ngay hoc gn ngun v gi nguyn
s ho cho n khi chng c phn pht ti a ch ch ca chng. Hn na, ton b cc
ng trung k ni gia cc tng i v ng lin kt ni b ca h thng chuyn mch
mang tn hiu TDM mt cch c quyn. V th s ghp knh v tch knh mc u tin l
khng tn ti ngoi tr bn ngoi ca mng li. Mc du s tch hp ca cc tn hiu
DSI trong cc thit b chuyn mch l ph bin, s tch hp ca cc tn hiu mc cao hn b
phc tp ho bi dng ghp knh mc cao hn (lp y xung). Mt dng dn knh mi
hn (SONET) d thay i hn nhiu hng nhng ng lin kt vo trong h thng
chuyn mch.

Hnh 3.6. Tch hp ca truyn dn v chuyn mch

Tch hp cc chc nng truyn dn v chuyn mch khng ch loi b c nhiu thit b
m cn ci thin ng k cht lng ting ni gia im ti im. Bng cch loi b cc
bin i lp nhiu ln tng t sang s v s sang tng t v bng cch s dng cc
ng truyn c t l li thp, cht lng ting ni c xc nh ch bng qu trnh m
ho. Tm li, li ch ca vic thc hin ca mng s tch hp ton b l :
1. Cht lng ting ni ng di l tng ng vi cht lng ting ni khu vc trong
mi phng din ca tp m, mc tn hiu v bin dng.
2. V mch s vn l 4 dy, ting vang c loi b v vic ghp i hon ton thc hin
mch s 4 dy l c kh nng.
3. Nhu cu cp u vo v s phn b khung chnh (mainframe) ca i dy ghp gim
ng k bi v ton b cc ng trung k c ng dng nh l cc knh con ca tn
hiu TDM.
5) Ti to tn hiu

S c mt ca ting ni (hoc mt tn hiu tng t no ) di dng s ko theo vic

bin i cc tn hiu dng sng tng t lin tc thnh cc chui cc gi tr mu ri rc. Mi
gi tr mu ri rc c biu din bi mt s cc ch s thng tin nh phn. Khi c truyn
i, mi ch s nh phn ch c biu din bi mt trong hai gi tr tn hiu c th c (c
ngha l c xung / khng c xung hoc xung dng / xung m). Cng vic ca thit b nhn
tin l quyt nh gi ri rc no c chuyn i v th hin thng tin nh mt dy cc
mu thng tin ri rc c m ho di dng nh phn. Nu ch c s lng nh tp m,
nhiu hoc bin dng nh hng n tn hiu trong qu trnh truyn tin, cc s liu nh phn
trong my thu ng nht vi dy nh phn c sinh ra trong s ho hoc qu trnh m ho.
Nh trnh by hnh 3.7. Qu trnh truyn tin, khng k s tn ti ca s khng hon ho
no , khng thay i bn cht cn thit ca thng tin. Tt nhin, nu s khng hon ho
gy nn nhng thay i ng k trong tn hiu, nhng li tch sng xy ra v cc s liu nh
phn trong my thu khng th hin s liu nguyn thu mt cch chnh xc.
Thuc tnh nn tng ca h thng s l xc sut ca li truyn tin c th c thc hin nh
tu do ci t cc b lp ti sinh cc im gia trn ng truyn tin. Nu cc a im
gn nhau, cc nt trung gian ny tch sng v ti sinh tn hiu s trc khi s thoi ho
cm ng knh tr nn rng gy nn cc sai s quyt nh. T l sai s im n c
th c to nn nh tu do ci t s lng thch hp cc nt ti sinh trn ng
truyn tin.

Hnh 3.7. Ti sinh tn hiu trong ng lp li s

Li ch trc tip nht ca qu trnh ti sinh l kh nng c lp cc hiu ng thoi ho tn
hiu. V s thoi ho trn b phn ti sinh c bit no ca ng truyn tin khng gy
nn cc sai s, hiu ng ca n c loi b. Ngc li, s suy yu tn hiu trong truyn tin
tng t tch lu t b phn ny n b phn kia. H thng con ring r ca mng li
tng t rng phi c thit k vi vic iu khin mt cch cht ch trn hiu sut truyn
tin cht lng truyn im ti im c th chp nhn c. Mt khc, mt h thng con
ring r ca mng li s ch cn c thit k m bo t l sai s ti thiu no , mt
mc tiu c th thc hin c d dng. Khi mt mng li s hon ton c thit k vi
cc im ti sinh loi b sai s knh mt cch hu hiu, cht lng truyn tin ca
ton b mng li c xc nh bi qu trnh s ho v khng phi bng h thng truyn
tin. X l o tng t sang s vn mt tin cy ca tn hiu v ngun tn hiu dng sng
tng t lin tc ch c th c th hin bng gi tr mu ri rc. Tuy nhin, bng cch
thit lp cc mc ri rc, cc tn hiu dng sng tng t c th c th hin vi sai
s o t nh mong mun.
Quyt nh tng i hi nhiu bit hn v do rng di tn ln hn i vi truyn tin. V
th h thng truyn tin s cung cp d dng s trao i gia cht lng truyn tin v
rng di tn (Trao i tng t tn ti i vi cc tn hiu tng t iu bin tn s).
6) Hiu sut iu khin
ch li b sung ca cu trc tn hiu c lp theo ngun trong mt h truyn tin s l ch
cht lng ca tn hiu nhn c c th c xc nh khng cn s hiu bit no v bn
cht ca ng thng. ng truyn tin c thit k sn ra cc xung c xc nh tt

vi cc mc ri rc. Bt k s chch no trong tn hiu nhn c khc vi cc s d tnh

ban u c lp ra trong thit k, th hin s thoi ho trong cht lng truyn tin. Nhn
chung cc h thng tng t khng th iu khin, hoc th nghim v mt cht lng
trong khi ang phc v v cu trc tn hiu c truyn l khng r. Cc tn hiu ghp knh
FDM bao gm mt loi c trng tn hiu chun o s lin tc ca knh v cc mc
ngun. Mc ngun ca mt tn hiu chun l mt phng tin hiu qu nh gi t l tn
hiu i vi m tp - ch trong mi trng m tp c nh. V th, m tp v bin dng i
khi c xc nh bng cch o mc nng lng trong khe bn tin cha c dng hoc
ra ca bng truyn tn hiu. Tuy nhin khng c trng hp no, cht lng ca knh ang
phc v c o trc tip.
Mt phng php chung o cht lng ng truyn tin s l thm bit ch1/2n l hoc cc
bit CRC vo cc lung thng tin. S cu trc tha c a vo lung d liu bng cc bit
ch1/2n l cho php cc mch logic s trong my thu xc nh d dng t l sai s knh. Nu
t l sai s vt qu mt vi gi tr ban u th ng truyn tin b thoi ho.
K thut khc o cht lng truyn tin trong khi ang phc v c s dng cc ng
h chuyn ti T. K thut ny gm vic theo di s d tha ch3/4c ch3/4n trong dng sng
ca chnh tn hiu. Khi mu d tha my thu chch khi mc bnh thng, vic gii quyt
sai s xy ra.
7) S thch ng vi cc dch v khc :
iu ny c ch ra trc y rng h thng truyn dn s thch ng mt cch d dng
thng tin iu khin (h thng bo hiu). Thc t ny th hin hng nn tng ca truyn
dn s : bt k thng tin m ho di dng s no (d l bn cht tim tng l s hay c
bin i t tng t) th hin dng tn hiu chung i vi h thng truyn dn. Do vy, h
thng truyn dn khng cn cung cp mt s ch c bit no i vi dch v ring l v
c th, trong thc t, mt cch tng qut l khng khc bit i vi bn cht ca ng
thng m n chuyn ti.
Trong mng li tng t, tiu chun truyn dn l mch ting ni 4 KHz. Tt c nhng
dch v c trng nh s liu hoc fax phi c chuyn i "ging nh ting ni". c bit
tn hiu s liu phi c o thnh dng tng t thng qua vic s dng cc b iu
bin (modem). Cc knh tng t chun cn thit phi c ti u ho i vi cht lng
ting ni. Trong cch lm tng t, cc c tnh truyn dn no (nh s tng ng v
pha v tp m ca xung) thu nhn ch t hn so vi s st km cht lng ting ni. Mt
vi s cn nh3/4c t c nhn mnh, c bit bin dng pha l tnh trng khn i vi cc
dch v s liu tc cao. Vic s dng mng tng t i vi cc dch v phi ting ni c
l cn n s b c bit i vi cc suy yu truyn dn tng t khc nhau. Nu nh
knh tng t qu km n khng th s dng c i vi nhng ng dng c bit.
Ngc li thng s chnh ca cht lng trong h thng s l t l li. Cc knh c t l li
thp t c mt cch d dng. Hiu ng ca li knh c th c loi b mt cch hu
hiu bng cc th tc iu khin li c thc hin bi ngi s dng. Li ch tng thm
ca dng truyn dn chung l ng thng t cc loi ngun khc nhau c th b ph trn
bn trong trong ng truyn dn n m khng b nhiu tng h. Vic s dng phng
tin truyn dn chung i vi cc tn hiu tng t i khi phc tp bi v cc dch v ring
l i hi s phn bit cc mc cht lng. Th d, tn hiu v tuyn i hi cht lng
truyn dn ln hn tn hiu ting ni, chng khng thng xuyn kt hp vi cc knh ting
ni FDM trong h thng truyn dn tng t di rng. Mc d vy, cc cng ty in thoi lo
l3/4ng chnh n dch v ting ni (PDTS), s pht trin rt nhanh trong truyn tin s liu
thc y s quan tm tng i vi nhu cu thch ng truyn dn s liu. Nhng tin b vn
c ca cc h thng s i vi thng tin s liu s gip thc y pht trin hn na cc dch
v phi ting ni khi cc knh s tr nn d truy nhp ti thng qua ISDN.

8) Hot ng t l tn hiu / tp m hoc tn hiu / nhiu thp :

Tp m v nhiu trong mng ting ni tng t hu ht tr nn r rng trong thi gian dng
li khi bin tn hiu thp. Mt khi lng nh tng ng tp m xut hin trong khi dng
ni c th lm bc mnh ngi nghe. nhng mc tng t ca tp m hoc nhiu hu
nh l khng ng k khi ting ni th hin. V th n l mc tp m tuyt i ca knh ri
xc nh cht lng ting ni tng t. nh gi ch quan v cht lng ting dn n cc
tiu chun mc tp m cc i gm 28 dBrn CO (-62 dBmO) cho cc h thng chuyn ti
ng3/4n v 34 dBrn CO (-56 dBmO) cho cc h thng chuyn ti di. so snh, mc
cng mnh ca ngi ni tch cc in hnh l - 16 dBMO. V th t l im ti im v
t tn hiu n tp m c trng trong cc mng tng t l 46 v 40 dB i vi cc h
chuyn ti ng3/4n v di tng ng. T l tn hiu trn tp m trn cc h thng truyn dn
ring l cn thit cao hn. Trong h thng s, im dng ting ni c m ho vi mu s
liu c bit v truyn i mc cng tng t nh ting ni mnh. Bi v ti sinh tn
hiu hu nh loi b mt cch v hnh ton b tp m ny sinh trong mi trng truyn
dn. Tp m trong knh ri c xc nh bng trong qu trnh m ho ch khng phi
bng ng truyn dn. V th ch ng3/4t ting ni khng xc nh cc mc tp m cc i
nh chng lm trong h thng tng t. Cc ng dy truyn dn s cho php khng c
li t l tn hiu trn tp m l t 15 ti 25 dB ph thuc vo kiu m ng hay s iu
bin c s dng.
Kh nng ca h thng truyn dn s trong vic loi b xuyn m i khi quan trng hn
kh nng ca n hot ng cc nc cao tng ng ca tp m ngu nhin. Mt trong
nhng quan nim r3/4c ri nht trong thit k v bo dng mng tng t l s cn thit
loi b xuyn m gia cc cuc m thoi. Vn ni ln r nht l khi tm dng trn mt
knh trong lc knh khc b nhiu cng cc i. thi im xuyn m mc
thp cng c th thy r. Xuyn m c bit khng mong i nu n l d hiu v v vy vi
phm n ring t ca mt ngi no . Ch ng3/4t ting ni khng sn ra nhng tn hiu
bin thp trn ng truyn dn s. ng truyn dn s bo tn tn hiu s bin
khng i. Do cc mc thp ca ting ni chuyn chen vo c loi b bng qu trnh
ti sinh trong b lp s hoc my thu s. Thm ch nu xuyn m bin thch hp gy
nn li tch sng, hiu ng xut hin nh tp m ngu nhin v nh vy s l kh hiu.
V thc t h thng s cn rng di tn ln hn h thng tng t c th so snh c
v nh th cc rng di tn rng hn cng c ngha l xuyn m v cc mc tp m ln
hn, kh nng hot ng mc SNRs thp hn c l cng l mt yu cu ca h thng s
nh l tnh u vit ca n.
9) S thun tin ca m ho
Mc du hu ht ngi s dng in thoi cn t n m ho ting ni, song s thun tin
m cc lung bit s c th c ngu nhin ho v gii ngu nhin, ngha l mng li s
cung cp thm thun li cho ngi s dng vi nhng cuc m thoi nhy cm. Ngc
li, ting ni tng t v cng kh m ho v nhn chung khng c an ton nh ting ni
c m ho s. Nh cp trc y, n l s m ho ca ting ni s thu ht s
quan tm ca qun i.
3.2.6 H phn cp s
Nh trong trng hp ca phng php truyn dn tng t n c phn cp theo BG,
SG v MG, phng php truyn dn s cng c phn cp t mc ghp knh s cp n
mc ghp knh cp cao.

Tc Mb/s

Chu u

1.544
2.048

B3/4c M

Nht Bn

DS1 (24ch)

Nhm s cp

CEPT1 (30ch)

(24ch)

3.152

DS1C (48ch)

6.312

DS2 (96ch)

8.448

CEPT2 (120ch)

(96ch)

32.064
34.368

Nhm cp hai
Nhm cp ba

CEPT3 (480ch)

44.736

(480ch)
DS3 (672ch)

97.728

Nhm cp t
(1,440ch)

139.264

CEPT4 (1,920ch)

274.176

DS4E (2,016ch)
DS4 (4,032ch)

397.200
564.992

Nhm cp nm
CEPT5 (7,680ch)

DS5E (8,064ch)

1.600.00

(5,760ch)
Nhm cp su
(23,040ch)

Bng 3.3. H thng phn cp truyn dn TDM ca mi nc

Mi nc xc nh h thng phn cp truyn dn bng vic xem xt tc bit ca mi mi
trng truyn dn, m ho tc bit ca cc tn hiu khc nhau, kt ni vi h thng
chuyn mch, cu hnh mng, v xu hng ca nhng tiu chun quc t khc. l,
Chu u chng c xc nh l 2.048 - 8.448 - 34.368 - 139.264 - 564.992 v M 1.544
- 6.312 - 44.736 - 274.176. Nht Bn chng c xc nh l 1.544 - 6.312 - 32.064 97.728 - 397.200.
Trong h thng phn cp B3/4c M hin nay, kh nng truyn dn knh ton b l 64
Kbps, l tc c s ca ISDN khng c khuyn ngh trn trng quc t mc
DSI, v n s khng c pht trin. Tt nhin, cc phng php nh B8ZS (lng cc
vi 8 s 0 thay th) c th tho mn cho vic m bo ton b cng sut knh mc DSI.
Tuy nhin p dng chng tt c cc mng tn ti, cng ngh hin nay i hi phi c
nng cp ng k. H thng phn cp truyn tn hiu s hin nay c da trn cng ngh
ghp knh khng ng b v tc hoc cu hnh khung ca n l c nh. V th trong
trng hp mi trng ghp knh ng b trong vic xem xt hoc chuyn mch ng
dy phi c tin hnh mt cch ngu nhin tng mc ghp knh, chng khng ph
hp.
Kt qu, t 1986 ITU - T * iu tit ton b h thng phn cp truyn tn hiu khng ng
b B3/4c M v Chu u, v c tin hnh nghin cu trn h thng cp bc s ng b
c kh nng iu tit cc tn hiu di bng rng (H2, H4) di bng rng ISDN (B - ISDN) v
nhng mt giao din lin quan. Knh H2 l knh vi tc thay i t 30Mbps n 45
Mbps, chng c th c s dng cho truyn dn cc chng trnh pht thanh truyn hnh
tng hp. Knh H4 c tc khong 135 Mbps. Chng mong i c s dng cho truyn
dn ca v tuyn c phn di cao (HDTV) trong tng lai gn.
Nhng ngh

B3/4c M

Chu u

Giao din
Thit b u cui
Ni chuyn mch
Thit b ghp knh

G703

G703

Nhm th nht

G733

G732, 735

Nhm th 2

G746

G744

Nhm th nht

G705, Q502, 512

G705, Q503, 513

Nhm th 2

G705, Q503, 513

G705, Q503, 513

Nhm th nht

G734

G736

Nhm th 2

G743

G742, 745

Nhm th 3

G752

G751, 753

Nhm th 4

G751, 754

Thit b truyn

Nhm th nht

G911, 951

G921, 952, 956

dn ng

Nhm th 2

G912, 951, 955

G921, 952, 954, 956

Nhm th 3

G914, 953, 955

G921, 952, 954, 956

Nhm th 4

G921, 954, 956

Hi ngh video

H120, 130

H120, 130

Ghp knh

G 794

G 793

truyn dn
M truyn dn

G 761

Bng 3.4. Khuyn ngh chnh ca ITU-T v h thng phn cp truyn tn hiu s
3.3 Cng ngh bo hiu PCM
3.3.1 Cu hnh c bn ca kiu truyn tin PCM
M ho l qu trnh bin i cc gi tr ri rc thnh cc m tng ng. Nhn chung, vic
ly mu lin quan ti qu trnh bin i cc tn hiu lin tc thnh cc tn hiu ri rc ca
trng thi gian gi l PAM. Vic m ho l qu trnh lng t ho cc gi tr mu ny
thnh cc gi tr ri rc ca trng bin v sau bin i chng thnh m nh phn hay
cc m ghp knh. Khi truyn thng tin m, nhiu xung c yu cu cho mi gi tr ly
mu v v th rng di tn s cn thit cho truyn dn phi c m rng. ng thi
xuyn m, tp m nhit, bin dng mu, mt xung mu, bin dng nn, tp m m ho, tp
m san bng c sinh ra trong lc tin hnh ly mu v m ho. Vic gii m l qu trnh
khi phc cc tn hiu m ho thnh cc tn hiu PAM c lng t ho. Qu trnh ny
tin hnh theo th t o ng nh qu trnh m ho. Mt khc qu trnh lng t ho,
nn, v m ho cc tn hiu PAM c gi l qu trnh m ho v qu trnh chuyn i cc
tn hiu PCM thnh D/A, sau , lc chng sau khi gin a v ting ni ban u gi l
qu trnh gii m. Cu hnh c s ca h thng truyn dn PCM i vi vic thay i cc tn
hiu tng t thnh cc tn hiu xung m truyn dn c th hin hnh 3.8. Trc
tin cc tn hiu u vo c ly mu mt cch tun t, sau c lng t ho thnh
cc gi tr ri rc trn trc bin . Cc gi tr lng t ho c trng bi cc m nh phn.
Cc m nh phn ny c m ho thnh cc dng m thch hp tu theo c tnh ca
ng truyn dn.

Hnh 3.8. Cu hnh c bn phng php thng tin PCM

Thit b u cui m ho chuyn i cc tn hiu thng tin nh ting ni, video v cc s
liu thnh cc tn hiu s nh PCM. Khi cc tn hiu thng tin l cc tn hiu tng t, vic
chuyn i A/D c tin hnh v vic chuyn i D/D c tin hnh trng hp ca
cc tn hiu s.
i khi, qu trnh nn v m ho bng tn rng c tin hnh bng cch trit s d tha
trong qu trnh tin hnh chuyn i A/D hoc D/D.
3.3.2 Ly mu
Nguyn tc c bn ca iu xung m l qu trnh chuyn i cc tn hiu lin tc nh ting
ni thnh tn hiu s ri rc v sau ti to chng li thnh thng tin ban u. tin
hnh vic ny, cc phn t thng tin c rt ra t cc tn hiu tng t mt cch tun t.
Qu trnh ny c gi l cng vic ly mu.
(a) Tn hiu ting ni m(t)
(b) Xung ly mu s(t)
(c) Chc danh ly mu
(d) Tn hiu PAM ly mu

Hnh 3.9. Qu trnh ly mu

Theo thuyt ly mu ca Shannon, cc tn hiu ban u c th c khi phc khi tin hnh
cng vic ly mu trn cc phn t tn hiu c truyn i chu k hai ln nhan hn tn s
cao nht. Ni cch khc, khi rng di tn ca tn hiu c truyn i gi l BW, t l ly

mu ti hn l t l Nyquitst tr thnh Rmax = 2 x BW. Cc tn hiu xung ly mu l tn hiu

dng sng chu k, l tng cc tn hiu sng hi c ng bao hm s sin i vi cc tn s.
V th, ph tn hiu ting ni to ra sau khi qua chc nng ly mu c th hin hnh
3.10.

Hnh 3.10. Ph trc v sau qu trnh ly mu

C hai kiu ly mu tu theo dng ca nh rng xung, ly mu t nhin v ly mu nh
bng phng. Ly mu t nhin c tin hnh mt cch l tng khi ph tn s sau khi ly
mu trng vi ph ca cc tn hiu ban u. Tuy nhin trong cc h thng thc t, iu ny
khng th c c. Khi tin hnh ly mu nh bng phng, mt s nn gi l hiu ng
bin ly mu lm xut hin mo. Ngoi ra, nu cc phn t tn hiu u vo vt qu
rng di tn 4 KHz, xut hin s nn qu np gp. V vy, vic lc bng rng cc tn hiu
u vo phi c tin hnh trc khi ly mu.
3.3.3 Lng t ho
PAM vi bin tng t chuyn i thnh cc tn hiu s l cc tn hiu ri rc sau khi i
qua qu trnh lng t ho. Khi ch th bin ca ting ni lin tc vi s lng hn ch,
n c c trng vi dng sng xp x ca bc. Tp m lng t NQ = Q - S tn ti
gia dng sng ban u (S) v dng sng d lng t (Q); nu bc nh tp m lng t
c gim i nhng s lng bc u cn thit cho lng t ton b di tn hiu u vo
tr nn rng hn. V th s lng cc dy s m ho tng ln.

Hnh 3.11. Tp m lng t theo bin tn hiu u vo

Tp m to ra khi bin ca cc tn hiu i vo vt qu dy lng t gi l tp m qu
ti hay tp m bo ho. S/NQ c s dng nh mt n v nh gi nhng u im v
nhc im ca phng php PCM. Khi s lng cc dy s m ho trn mi mu tng
ln 1 bit, S/NQ c m rng thm 6 dB.
(S lng cc bc)
3.3.4 S nn v gin
Nh phng php tin hnh m ho hoc gii m, m ng, m khng phi m ng v
m nh gi c th c la chn theo cc kiu ca ngun thng tin. M ng l mt qu
trnh trit s lng tp m lng t sinh ra trn thng tin c gi i bt chp mc u
vo. N c s dng trong mt h thng gi tr tuyt i ca s lng tp m l ti
hn hn S/NQ. M khng phi l m ng c s dng rng tri trong mt h thng
S/NQ ca h thng thu c quan trng hn s lng tuyt i ca tp m nh ting
ni. Khi bc lng t l mt hng s, S/NQ thay i theo mc tn hiu. Cht lng gi tr
nn xu hn khi mc tn hiu thp. V th i vi cc tn hiu mc thp, bc lng t
c gim v i vi cc tn hiu mc cao n c tng t hoc nhiu cn bng S/NQ
vi mc tn hiu u vo. Nhng vn trn c tin hnh bng cch nn bin . Mt
cch l tng, i vi cc tn hiu mc thp ng cong nn v gin l truyn tnh. i vi
cc tn hi mc cao chng c trng bi ng cong i s.

Hnh 3.13. c tnh nn v gin

Hin nay, ITU-T khuyn ngh lut m (m =255) l phng php 15 on v lut (A= 87,6) l
phng php 13 on nh l phng php nn on m cc hm i s c biu din
gn ng vi mt vi ng tuyn tnh.

Vi vic s dng cng ngh nn c m t trn, nhng c tnh tp m cc tn hiu

mc thp c th c gim n mc hu nh ging vi mc ca m tuyn tnh 13 bits. Mt
b nn - gin i khi c ni ti nh l mt t vit tt kt hp nn v b dn.

Hnh 3.14 Cc c tnh S/NQ ca cc phng php m ho

C hai phng php m ho v phng php nn l ng thi c tin hnh qua bc
nn s - s hoc t m ho m khng thm nhng mch ring r khc bi s dng tnh
cht tuyn tnh ca phng php nn on trong s. Mt bng gi tr vi phng php m
ho v cch nn m m =255 c ch ra trn bng 3.5
Bng m ho m 255
M vo hng tuyn tnh
00000001wxyza

Bng gii m m 255

M nn
00wxyz

M ra hng tuyn tnh

00000001wxyz1

0000001wxyzab

00wxyz

0000001wxyz10

000001wxyzabc

01wxyz

000001wxyz100

00001wxyzabcd

01wxyz

00001wxyz1000

0001wxyzabcde

10wxyz

0001wxyz10000

001wxyzabcdef

10wxyz

001wxyz100000

01wxyzabcdefg

11wxyz

01wxyz1000000

1wxyzabcdefgh

11wxyz

1wxyz10000000

Bng 3.5. m =255 M ho v Gii m

3.3.5 M ho v Gii m
M ho l mt qu trnh so cc gi tr ri rc nhn c bi qu trnh lng t ho vi cc
xung m. Thng thng cc m nh phn c s dng cho vic m ho l cc m nh
phn t nhin, cc m Gray (cc m nh phn phn x), v cc m nh phn kp. Phn ln

cc k hiu m so snh cc tn hiu vo vi in p chuyn nh gi xem c cc tn hiu

no khng. Nh vy, mt b phn chuyn i D/A hoc b gii m l cn thit cho vic to
ra in p chun. Trong lin lc cng cng PCM, ting ni c biu din vi 8 bits. Tuy
nhin trong trng hp ca lut m , cc t PCM c lp nn nh sau (8 bits).
Bit phn cc = 0,1
Bit phn on = 000, 001,..., 111
Bit phn bc = 0000, 0001,... , 1111
T on th nht ca tn hiu "+" v tn hiu "-" l cc ng thng, c 15 phn on. Cc
"+" ca dng sng tn hiu tng ng vi bit phn cc 0 v cc "-", vi "1".

Hnh 3.15. M ho t PCM

Vic bo hiu c thc hin sau khi thay i "0" ca t PCM sang "1" v "1" sang "0" v v
th, mt lng ln s 1 c thu thp chung quanh mc 0 v s tch cc tn hiu thi
gian trong khi thu nhn c th d dng thc hin. B8 l bt th 8 ca t PCM, i khi c
dng nh l mt bit bo hiu. B7 (hoc B8) chuyn i sang "1" khi mi t ca PCM l "0".
Nh vy, trong cc tn hiu PCM c gi i, cc s "0" lin tc lun lun t hn 16. Mt
khc, khi s dng phng php Bc M, bit B2 ca mi knh c thay i thnh "0" nhm
chuyn i thng tin cnh bo cho i phng. Nht Bn, bit "S" l mt phn ca khung
cc bit ch nh c dng thay th cho mc ch ny. Cc t PCM nhn c c
chuyn i thnh cc tn hiu PAM bi b gii m. pha thu, cc xung tng ng vi mi
knh c chn lc t cc dy xung ghp knh to ra cc tn hiu PAM. Ri, cc tn hiu
ting ni c phc hi bng mt b lc thng thp.
Trong hnh 3.17, qu trnh to ra cc tn hiu ting ni t cc tn hiu PAM s dng ph
minh ho. Nh thy, qu trnh ny c thc hin trong th t ngc li chnh xc vi
qu trnh ly mu c m t hnh 3.10.

Hnh 3.16. Qu trnh gii m

Ph ca tn hiu ly mu

Hnh 3.17. Qu trnh gii m v ph

3.3.6 Bo hiu
Chc nng bo hiu ca thit b u cui PCM c dng truyn cc tn hiu gim st
nh l cc tn hiu nhc my, t my, xung quay s ca in thoi, bo dng v iu
hnh thng tin, Theo phng php chu u dng phng php bo hiu mch chung hoc
bo hiu knh chm, chia cc knh cho cc bit bo hiu c sn s dng, trong khi theo
phng php Bc M th truyn tin da trn c s phng php bo hiu theo ng gi
hoc bo hiu knh kt hp, mt LSB (bit nh du nh nht) trong mi knh PCM ca
khung th 6 v th 12 ca a khung 12 khung ch c s dng bo hiu. Ni cch
khc, ting ni c ly mu v duy tr mi 125m s v ri c m ho, v bit B8 ca mi

gi tr mu th su (bo hiu A) v gi tr mu th 12 (bo hiu B) c s dng c bit

lm cc bit bo hiu. Do , s cc bit bo hiu cho mi knh tr thnh 1,333 bits/giy.
3.3.7 Cc phng php m ho khc
Nhng khuyn ngh ca G711 ca ITU-T ghi r mi quan h gia bo hiu ting v cc quy
lut m ho/gii m PCM. Cng vy, cc quy lut i vi PCM vi phn thch ng 32Kbps c
nn gin nh m ho d on ca cc tn hiu ting c ch r trong cc khuyn ngh
G712 ca ITU-T. Phng php ADPCM 32 Kbps c chp nhn vo thng 10 nm 1984
c dng chuyn i cc tn hiu PCM 64 Kbps theo lut A hay lut m hin nay sang
cc tn hiu ADPCM.
Phng php 32 Kbps ADPCM c kh nng chuyn mt lng ting ni ln gp hai ln
phng php qui c 64 Kbps PCM v hn na, c chp nhn mt cch rng ri bi b
chuyn m hoc cc thit b u cui m ho vi hiu qu cao. Hin nay cc nc tin tin
trn th gii ang tin hnh nghin cu mt cch ro rit v cng ngh m ho mi nh l
m ho ting ni 16 Kbps, m ho cht lng cao 64 Kbps, m ho tn hiu ting ni 384
Kbps v m ho tn hiu truyn hnh.
3.4 Truyn dn chuyn tip
3.4.1 B lp ti to
Phng php chuyn tip s c c trng bi cc mt sau: trc ht, cc tn hiu s b
mo bi s suy hao v tp m trong khi truyn c ti to thnh cc tn hiu khng b mo
nh trong trng hp truyn cc tn hiu i vi ti to. B lp ti to s cn bng (hoc
to li hnh dng) dng sng b mo thnh dng sng c m ho vi t s S/N cao, ti
to dng sng cn bng thnh cc xung m n ging nh l truyn xung bng cch
nhn dng 1 v 0 ca thng tin nh phn trn cc dng sng cn bng v nh thi cc
pha ca cc xung truyn nhng khong thi gian chnh xc.
Thit b chuyn tip u cui c dng ti to v khuych i cc tn hiu, chia cc
dng cho b lp li ng. Cng vy, n tin hnh vic chuyn i m (cc n sang a
cc), ngu nhin ho v gii ngu nhin m, nhp v tch cc tn hiu iu khin v kim
tra. B lp ti to c chc nng ti to cc xung b mo m trn ng. Cng vy, n c
lp mt mch pht hin li. Dng cc b lp ti to, cc thit b in thoi c th pht
hin cc li trn thng qua iu khin t xa. R hn l, chng pht hin cc li m ho bng
cch kim tra tnh chn l, vic kh m truyn cho ngi kim tra tnh trng vn hnh
ca cc trm lp li; nu li c tm thy, cc b lp li h hng c chn on bng
cch dng b ba xung v d tm pha. B lp li c hot ng bng dng in t l
(thng 60 mA) c trng lp trn cc tn hiu cung cp t trm u cui. Tp m sinh ra
t h thng ti to ch yu do tp m li m v tp m jitter. Cht lng ca cc ng
truyn ti to c nh gi trn nhng c s ny. Tp m li m to ra tu thuc vo tp
m nhit v s mo dng sng. Cn tp m jitter to ra bi s thay i mu m ho v cc
phn t khc khng ph thuc vo cc mu m ho.
ln tp m ca b to dng t l vi s lng b lp li v ci sau tng ln t l vi cn
bc hai ca s lng b lp li. Cc vng kho pha c s dng trit jitter. Cc c
tnh jitter tu thuc vo cp bo hiu c khuyn ngh trong G823 v G824 ca ITU-T. Cc
tn hiu sng hnh sin c phn b theo thi gian khi i qua ng truyn v cc m
u/cui l i tng to ra s giao thoa. c gi l mt s giao thoa lin k hiu hoc
s xuyn m thi gian. Biu mu mt c dng ch th cc c tnh ca p tuyn
dng sng ca cc dy m truyn; mt ca biu tr nn hp khi s giao thoa hoc jitter
c to nn trn cc m. nh thi gian c thc hin nhn dng cc li ti im m

mt biu m. Nu chng ta ly t l li ca mi b lp li l Pe v gi tr thc t ca jitter

l Oj th t l li truyn dn c tin hnh vi s N b lp li s l N x Pe (khi chc nng
b lp ti to l c, hu ht cng ging nh tit din n P(e). Cng vy, gi tr thc t ca
jitter c biu th bng a(N x Oj) (a: hng s). Do , nhng b lp li c kh nng nhn
dng v ti to cc t l li. V jitter, chng s c 1 chc nng cn bng dng sng vi
chnh xc cao thc hin ti to thi gian mt cch chnh xc.
3.4.2 M truyn dn
Nu cng cc loi s liu c truyn lin tc, li c th pht sinh khi nhn chng, v th
vic phc hi s liu cc k kh khn. l l do s liu pht qua ng truyn dn phi
c m ho. Qu trnh ny c gi l m truyn dn, phng php m ho truyn dn
c la chn bi xem xt s chn di bng thp, nn rng di bng, tch cc tn hiu
thi gian, kh jitter, kim tra hng ng truyn v n gin ho cc mch. M lng cc
hoc AMI (lun phin i chiu im nh du), B6ZS v B8ZS c dng tng ng trong
T1, T2 v tn hiu knh xo 64 Kbps. Theo phng php chu u HDB3 (m lng cc mt
cao 3) v 4B3T c s dng.
Mt khc, cc phng php m truyn dn nh l lng pha, MDB (nh phn kp bin i),
4B3T (MS43), 3B2T v 2B1Q c nghin cu hin nay i vi phng php truyn
dn thu bao s. Xu hng pht trin gn y l AMI vi phn cng n gin c d kin
s dng trong phng php truyn dn TCM (ghp knh nn thi gian) v cng vy cho
2B1Q trong ECH (s trit ting i vi Hybrid).
A- M lng cc
l mt phng php chuyn i 0 ca tn hiu vo nh phn sang xung ca mc 0 v 1
thnh xung ca hai mc +A, -A.
M lng cc khng c phn t mt chiu v s dng lun phin +A, -A c th pht hin
li m lng cc v c kh nng tin hnh chuyn i v tng ng c cc c trng tuyt
vi nh cc m truyn. T khng c chc nng kh trn cc m 0 lin tc, ngi nhn
c thi gian kh khn tch ring thi gian ca n.
gii quyt nhng vn nu trn, mt loi m lin tc khng c mt di nht nh
c chuyn sang cc mu c bit dng mt m lng cc mt cao (BNZS, HDBN,
m).
AMI c dng cho phng php Bc M ca h thng 1,544 Mbps.

Hnh 3.23. Hnh thc m ho AMI

B- M BNZS (Lng cc vi s thay th N s 0)
l mt phng php chuyn i N s cc m lin tc s 0 thnh N s cc m c bit
c cc xung vi phm lng cc. V mt thu nhn tin tch, cc m vi phm lng cc v ri
chuyn chng thnh N s O nhn c cc m gc. Cc m BNZS gm cc loi sau:
B6ZS
B6ZS l cc m nhn c do chuyn i su ch 0 lin tc thnh cc mu OVBOVB. Cc
m ny c dng bi AT & T v coi nh tiu chun giao tip ca h thng tiu chun T2.
ITU-T khuyn ngh iu ny cho s giao tip ca vic bo hiu ghp knh cp 2 (6,312
Mbps).

B: Xung lng cc thng thng (cc thay i)

V: Xung vi phm
O: Xung mc

B3ZS
Nu s cc xung gia 3 s O lin tc v xung V ngay trc, cc m ny c chuyn i
thnh BOV v nu l, n c chuyn i thnh mu OOV. Bc M, chng c s dng
nh l tiu chun giao tip ca h thng 44.736 Mbps.
B8ZS
l cc m nhn c bi chuyn i 8 s 0 lin tc thnh mu OOOVBOVB. Chng
c s dng trn h 1.544 Mbps ca Bc M.
C- M lng cc mt cao HDBN
y l mt phng php chuyn i cc m s thnh cc xeri gm xung vi phm lng cc
(V) ti bit cui cng s (N+1) ca cc m s 0 lin tc. B gii m, loi b nhng yu t
DC c th c gy ra bi cc xung khng lin tc, phi lun lun bo m sao cho s
xung B gia xung V ni trn v xung i sau n l s chn. Do s phn cc ca xung V lun
lun thay i, nn cc yu t DC b trit tiu. Cc dng c bit hin c gm BOO...V hoc

OOO..V, y v tr bit u tin c s dng bin s xung B gia cc xung V thnh s

l. V tr ca bit cui cng phi lun lun l (V). Tt c cc v tr bit cn li l O. Th d v m
s N lng cc mt cao nh sau:
o
o

HDB2: ging nh B3ZS

HDB3

y l m s m 4 s O lin tc ca n c chuyn i thnh dng OOOV hoc BOOV.

Nu to ra qu 4 O, bit th 4 lun lun c bin thnh V. Nu sau O vn c tip tc, th
bit u tin s chuyn i thnh B khi c bit V i trc, lm n nh cc yu t DC. ITU-T
ngh m ny lm giao din gia cc mi lin lc ghp knh CEPT1.

Hnh 3.25. Kiu m HDB3

M CMI (o du m)
y l mt kiu cc phng php m s 2 mc; cng nh trong trng hp phng php
m s lng cc, m s NRZ (khng tr v 0) c chuyn i lun phin. Khng c
m s thnh cc sng vung "-+" hoc "+-" c pha ring ti im trung tm ca 1 bit. Tng
ng, nng lng DC khng tn ti v trng thi tn hiu thay i nhiu, v vy n c hiu
ng nh thi gian tt hn so vi NRZ. ITU-T xut m s ny nh mt giao din
chun cho cc lin lc ghp knh ca h thng CEPT4.
3.5 Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian
v cng ngh truyn dn ng b
3.5.1 Ghp knh nhm s cp:
Trong h thng s dng phng php ghp knh ho phn chia thi gian, lin lc khng c
li ch c th thc hin c nu cc bit, cc khung v cc knh ghp knh c ng b
ho cng kiu nh nhau ti ni pht v ni thu. Ghp knh l mt qu trnh chuyn i mt
s tn hiu s thnh tn hiu s tc cao. Hin c mt s phng php kt hp da theo
s xen k cc nhm, t v bit. Trong nhm s cp PCM, ngi ta s dng mt phng
php xen t n gin thit lp s m ho chung cho nhiu ng gi. Ngc li trong
cc nhm cp cao ni chung ngi ta s dng phng php xen bit ch i hi mt b nh
c nh. Ngoi ra khi ghp knh cc tn hiu, ngi ta b sung thm cc kiu tn hiu iu
khin khc nhau nh cc xung ng b khung thit lp cc khung ng b ho; nhng
xung ng b khung ny c xen vo theo kiu phn b s dng Bc M v kiu tp
trung s dng chu u.
S ghp knh s cp hoc gii knh ca thit b u ra PCM c kh nng ghp knh ng
b 24 knh (kiu Bc M) hoc 30 knh (kiu Chu u) ca cc tn hiu m thanh. Hin

nay, cc phng php ghp knh tn hiu PAM v PCM khc ang c s dng vi PCM24B, D4 ca M v DE-4 ca Canaa ghp knh cc tn hiu PAM, cc tn hiu tng t v
sau chuyn i chng thnh cc tn hiu PCM ti CODEC chung, CODEC n tuyn
bin tng knh thnh tn hiu PCM ghp knh s. CODEC n tuyn tr thnh
thng mi ho do s pht trin thnh cng ca cng ngh x l tn hiu s v bn dn
nh LSI. N ang c nng cp c c chc nng kim sot cc c tnh v kt qu
ca vic truyn tin qua vic s dng b lc lai ghp - 2w/4w v chng trnh cng vi chc
nng CODEC ca n. Hin nay n c s dng rng ri hn trong cc h thng chuyn
mch s hn l cc h thng truyn dn.

Hnh 3.27. Cc phng php ghp knh ca thit b u cui PCM

Cc nc tin tin nh M v Nht ang s dng kiu PCM24 knh theo G733 trong
khuyn ngh ca ITU-T, phn ln cc nc chu u u ang s dng kiu PCM30 knh.
Mi khung ca kiu Bc M l 125 MS; mt bit S, ngha l mt bit ng b khung c b
sung vo 192 bit (24 knh x 8 bit) m thanh c ghp knh cu hnh n vi 193 bit. Mt
a khung ghp knh c hnh thnh gm 12 khung thuc kiu ny. Cc a khung ghp
knh c hnh thnh pht mt cch hiu qu cc tn hiu c cc tc khc nhau nh
tn hiu ting ni 24 x 64 Kbps, bo hiu 24 x 1,33 Kbps, v S bit 8 Kbps. Trong kiu chu
u, v cn phi c 256 bit cho mt khung nn phi s dng 16 khung to 1 a khung.
Khe thi gian u tin ca cc khung c s dng ng b khung v khe thi gian th
17 (knh s 16) c s dng ng b a khung v bo hiu. V vy, ch c 30 khe thi
gian c s dng cho ting ni.

Hnh 3.28. Cu hnh khung ca nhm s cp theo kiu Bc M

Hnh 3.29. Cu hnh khung ca nhm s cp theo kiu E1

Loi
c tnh
c bn

c tnh

Kiu Bc M

Kiu Chu u

Tc truyn

1,544 Mb/s 50 ppm

2,048 Mb/s 50 ppm

S bit trong 1 khung

24 x 8 + 1 = 193

32 x 8 = 256

S khung ghp knh (chu 12 (1,5ms)

k)

16 (2,0ms)

ng b khung

Kiu phn phi

Kiu tp trung

S khe thi gian trn 1

khung

24/24

32/30

Tn s mu (chu k)

8 KHz (125 m s)

8 KHz (125 m s)

ng gi
c tnh tn
hiu

S bit c m ho

75/6

Quy lut nn gin

Lut U (=255) 15 on

Lut A=87,6 13 on

S bit bo hiu

1,333 Kb/s

2 Kb/s

Bo hiu knh kt hp

Phng php trong khe

(bit s 8 ca khung th 6
hoc khung th 12)

Phng php ngoi khe

(knh th 16)

Bo hiu knh chung

Cn s dng knh ring

bit 4 Kb/s khng hp l

S dng knh 16 (64

Kbps)

c tnh truyn M ng
AMI hoc B8ZS
dn
Gi tr suy hao do cp cho 7-35 dB
php

HDB3
8-42dB

Bng 3.6 So snh phng php PCM kiu Bc M v Chu u

3.5.2 Cng ngh ghp knh cp cao
ghp knh cn phi ng b mt cch hp l tn s v pha ca tng tn hiu s: Hin c
cc kiu phng php ghp knh nh sau: phng php ghp knh ng b v phng
php ghp knh khng ng b. Trong ghp knh ng b cc bit c xen theo th t
ghp knh v tt c u vo c ng b ho; trong khi ghp knh khng ng b
th vic ng b c tin hnh ghp knh bng cch chn xung v tt c u vo u
c d b ho. Mt khc trong nhng mng li c ng b ho hp l, vic ghp
knh phn chia thi gian c tin hnh bng cch ng b ho cc pha. S ghp knh s
cp PCM thuc kiu ghp knh ng b ho, v s ghp knh cp cao nh M12 v M13
thuc loi ghp knh d b.

Hnh 3.30. ng b ho vic chn xung

G.701 trong khuyn ngh ITU-T nh ngha vic chn xung nh mt s cn chnh. N
xut s cn chnh dng, m v dng m. Trong vic ng b ho s chn xung, s nh
thi gian c thit lp mt cch sao cho n nhanh hn tc ca tt c cc tn hiu vo
mt cht. Khi chng ch khc mt byte, xung chn c a vo v tr thi gian c
nh trc. Sau , cc tn hiu c ng b ho nh ni trn y c ghp knh
bng n v bit.

Hnh 3.31. Qu trnh ghp knh ca tn hiu DS2

Pha pht ca thit b ghp knh ghi li cc tn hiu nhm cp thp vo b nh n hi v
c ra bng cch s dng mt ng h kim sot thu c cc tn hiu cp thp ng
b ho trn c cc xung chn vo. Nhng tn hiu ny c ghp knh bng cc
bit v sau , cc xung ng b khung v ch th chn c a vo v tip c xo
trn thu c tn hi ra cp cao. pha nhn, cc tn hiu thu c phn gii v sau
tch ra loi b cc xung chn v cui cng cc tn hiu ban u li c to ra sau khi
n nh thi gian ca chui xung. Thit b ghp knh kiu M12 bin i cc tn hiu lng
cc DS1 (1,544 Mbps) t 4 thit b u cui PCM thnh cc tn hiu n cc v sau
ghp knh thnh cc tn hiu DS2 (6,312 Mbps). Cc tn hiu DS2 thu c bng cch
ghp knh 4 tn hiu DS1 c th hin bng phng trnh sau:

Trong phng trnh trn, 49/48 c ngha l 1 bit ng b khung c cng vi tng 48 bit,
S l s bit chn (t s cn chnh) tn ti mi 288 bit. Trong phn ln cc trng hp chng
c phn nh vi 0,333. (48) ngha l cc tn hiu c 4 bit DS1 c ghp knh theo th
t kiu khung DS2 minh ho hnh 3.32. M l cc bit ng b a khung, F l s bit ng
b khung. Cui cng k t u tin c ngha l tn hiu c c nh 0 hoc 1.
Nh mt th d ca vic chn xung, nu 3 bit C ca mt ct th nht tt c u l 1, th c
ngha l : bit th nht cui ct l 1 bit chn. Mt knh nhn c tn hiu thp hn 1,544
Mbps gy cho s bit nhi tng ln v vy cc tn hiu ghp knh lun lun gi 6,312 Mbps.
Kt qu l, khung DS2 c thit lp vi 1176 bit. Trong s chng, cc bit thng tin l 1148
bit (48 x 16). V nhng bit cn li c s dng to khung, kim sot s chn v gim
st.

Hnh 3.32. Kiu khung DS2

H thng phn cp Tc

Phng trnh

DS0

64

8,000b/s x 8bit

DS1

1,544

64Kb/s x 24 +8Kb/s

DS2

6,312

DS3

44,736

DS4

274,176

Bng 3.7. Tc nhm cp cao kiu Bc M

H thng phn
Tc
cp

Phng trnh

CEPT0

64

8,000b/s x 8bit

CEPT1

2,048

64Kb/s x 32

CEPT2

8,448

CEPT3

32,368

CEPT4

139,264

Bng 3.7. Tc nhm cp cao kiu Chu u

Ngoi ra G.802 kin ngh s phn cp bo hiu lai ghp 2,048 - 6,312 - 44,736 139,264. Mbps p ng tiu chun ca giao din gia cc cp bo hiu. G747 khuyn
ngh giao tip gia 2,048 v 139,264 Mbps v G755 khuyn ngh cc c tnh ghp knhlai
ghp cho giao tip gia 44,736 v 139,264 Mbps.
3.6 Truyn dn s ng b v ng b ho mng li:
3.6.1 Cng ngh truyn dn s ng b:
Trong h thng phn cp s ng b hin c c chp nhn trn th gii, cc tn hiu s
s dng cc ngun ng h c lp c ghp knh c li v mch trn ng truyn
c hiu qu kinh t, khin chng ph hp p dng chuyn qua hai im. Tng ng,
hin c 1 s nhng b iu khin bo hiu v cc bc ghp knh cha hon ho b
nhng s khc bit v thi gian gia cc tn hiu s u vo trong qu trnh ghp knh tn
hiu. Trong nhng nm 1980 do s dng nhiu h thng chuyn mch s v thit b truyn
dn s v nhu cu thit lp ISDN cng ngy cng ln, vic ng b ho mng li tr
nn quan trng hn bao gi ht.
Ngoi ra, qua vic p dng cng ngh my tnh in t trong cc thit b truyn dn, cc
cu hnh mng li n gin v linh hot hn c thc hin. iu ny ngha l cc
chc nng phn chia/phn phi, vn hnh, bo dng v sa cha ca cc thit b truyn

dn c nng cp. Tng ng, vic nghin cu pht trin cc phng php truyn dn
ng b c bt u nhiu nc tin tin. Cc hng nghin cu nh sau:

1. S dng cu trc a khung d b hin c.

2. Ci tin cu trc khung d b hin c.
3. Thit lp s phn cp ng b mi.
t c mc ch nu mc 1/. ; cc cu trc a khung d b hin c c s dng
khng cn thay i. Ngoi ra cc b iu khin nhi v cc bit chn tr thnh khng cn
thit do s ni cc tn hiu nhnh ng b c s dng nh nhng thit b b xung
ngoi cc ng truyn dn. ng thi cc chu k khung ca cc bi s 125m s c thit
lp v s dng nh mt siu khung nhn bit cc tn hiu cc cp ghp knh. Th d
in hnh l format syntran (truyn dn ng b ti DS3), n ci tin khung tn hiu DS3
hin c thnh mt format bo hiu ng b s dng. t c mc ch nu (2/.),
tn hiu d b hin c c ti cu hnh thnh format tn hiu ng b c chu k khung 125m
s phn phi mch d hn. Nhng th d in hnh ca 2 loi trn l DST (u cui ng
b s) loi 6 Mbps v SDTT (u cui truyn dn s ng b) do NTT ca Nht xy dng.
Mc nu 3/., do nhng tc ng ca n ti s pht trin cc mng li truyn dn trong
tng lai, s c trnh by chi tit trong phn sau
3.6.2 Kiu tn hiu phn cp s ng b:
Mt cu trc khung thch hp m bo c c nhng dch v s v p ng nhng nhu
cu cu hnh v vn hnh mng li cn phi xc nh trc ht nh tc thch hp
ca s phn cp s ng b. Phn ln cc dch v lin lc ang c thc hin hin nay l
dng ting ni v tc PCM ca chng l 64 Kbps; tc ca dch v ISDN nhanh hn
tc ny vi ln. Tng t, khi chu k khung c t 8 KHz v cu trc khung, vi
n v 8 bit (byte), tt c cc knh dch v c th p ng c 1 cch d dng qua vic
phn nh 1 s khe thi gian nht nh, chng chim nhng v tr c nh ca khung v do
, vic ghp knh nhng n v ny gip s nhn bit tn hiu trc tip c d dng
trong cc cp ghp knh, v to cho phn cng linh hot hn. Hn na i vi vic cu
hnh mng li linh hot, vic nhn bit v phn tch tn hiu cc cp ghp knh cn phi
d dng. Ngha l cu trc khung phi c thit k n gin sao cho cc knh dch v
hoc cc tn hiu s cn c a vo v ly ra mt cch d dng.
t c mc ch ny thng tin cn phi xen k theo hng xui bng n v bit hoc
byte trong 1 khung vi chu k 125m s. c kt qu tt nht, s hng v ct cn phi c
xc nh bng cch xem xt rng bng tn ca cc tn hiu s v cc knh dch v cn
thch ng. Nhng mng trong tng lai c hy vng phc tp hn v quy m truyn dn
cng nh s lng dch v cng tng ln. Tng ng, lm cho vic vn hnh bo
dng v sa cha mng d dng hn, cn phi bo m b xung trong cc khung tn
hiu truyn dn. Nhng nhu cu ny s c p ng khi cc si quang hc, phng tin
truyn dn khng b gii hn bi di thng, c th c sn xut v lp rp 1 cch kinh t.
Cc tn hiu phn cp s ng b cn phi c kh nng thc hin c cu trc khung nu
trn. Ngoi ra chng cn phi c thit lp, xem xt xu hng pht trin ca cc thit b
lin quan, cc kiu thit b s cn thch nghi v kh nng nng cp chng ln cao hn. Cng
ngh sn xut cc thit b lin quan cng c nng cp vi tc nhanh; cng ngh
CMOS thng c coi l cng ngh tin tin nht hin c, s to kh nng x l thng tin
loi 150-200 MHz sau vi nm. Hn na dch v loi H4 tc cao c kh nng c a
ra vi loi 135 Mbps c th thch ng i dch v ting ni gii thng hp hin c cng
nh dch v VIDEO. Trong trng hp cc tn hiu s, cc tn hiu phn cp d b hin c
c kin ngh s dng v chng kinh t. Kt qu l, c th thch ng ti DS4 (139 Mbps).

Mt khc trong tng lai gn cc tn hiu phn cp c bn ng b s c s dng nh

nhng tn hiu c bn ca cc mng truyn dn s, c bit loi ISDN gii rng, nu nhu
cu ng b mng li v dch v di rng tng ln nh d kin. Do chc chn n s
c nng cp thnh cc tn hiu phn cp bc cao.

Hnh 3.33. Cu trc khung STM.1.

ITU-T thit lp mc c bn ca phn cp s ng b l 155,520 Mbps bng cch xem
xt nhng yu cu v cu trc khung v tc phn cp c bn c m t trn y.
Ngoi ra, cun sch xanh ca ITU-T kin ngh STM-1 (kiu chuyn ng b cp 1) c
cu trc hng xui 9 x 270 byte. Nh th hin hnh 3.33 minh ho khung tn hiu c chu
k lp li 125 Ms. c im ca cu trc khung ghp knh nh sau:

1.
2.
3.
4.

C kh nng pht trin thnh cp cao.

Thch ng cc tn hiu phn cp s do G702 ITU-T xut.
Thch ng cc dch v ISDN gii rng.
Thc hin mng li minh.

Theo 1/. cc tn hiu phn cp c bn c sp xp theo khung ghp knh bng

phng php xen byte n gin. Cc chc nng x l tn hiu i hi vo lc ny l chc
nng x l 1 phn thng tin b xung.
Tng ng, tc phn cp bc cao c xc lp bi cc bi s nguyn ca tc phn
cp c bn v chc nng ghp knh s tr nn rt n gin. Theo 2/. nhng tn hiu phn
cp 1,544 Mbps v 2,048 Mbps c cu trc nh sau chng c th chim 1 ct n v
9 byte trong 1 khung ng b.
Tn hiu

1,544 Mb/s

2,048 Mb/s

DS1 (CEPT1)

9 ct x 3 hng

9 ct x 4 hng

DS2 (CEPT2)

9 ct x 12 hng

9 ct x 16 hng

DS3 (CEPT3)

9 ct x 85 hng

9 ct x 65 hng

DS4 (CEPT3)

9 ct x 261 hng

Bng 3.9. Cu trc khung ng b

i vi nhng tn hiu trn, s chn v nhng s b xung cn thit c b xung vo cho
tc tn hiu c bn. Chng c xc lp bi n v 9 ct. Vic xc lp nhng n v ny
ch i hi 1 hm xc nhn v 270 hng trong cu trc 9 x 270 byte ca cc tn hiu c bn
thay v vic xc nhn tn hiu chim tt c cc byte hin c trong khung. Tng ng cc
chc nng xc nhn, tch v xen i vi nhng tn hiu trn c th c tin hnh d dng
hn cp ghp knh.
Theo 3/. , cc dch v gii thng nh H2 v H4 nn l bi s ca 64Kb/s ti a ho
nhng u im ca vic s dng cc tn hiu s m t trn y. Ngoi ra, nu c th, tc
dch v cn phi c xc lp sao cho c th m bo c cu trc 9 x N byte (N l s
nguyn). thc hin cc mng thng minh cn bo m cc phn b xung trong
format tn hiu. Phn b xung ca phn cp ng b c xc lp hnh 3.34 cho mc
ch ny. Ngha l, nhng phn b xung hin c l b xung tng phn (SOH) c yu cu
bi nhng yu t khc nhau trong cc thit b ghp knh v trn mi ng i ca tn hiu
c thch ng trong khung.
Ngoi ra, c th c 1 s cch phn nh phn b xung. Trong knh b xung tng phn, gm
c cc b to khung (A), b phn iu khin hot ng tng phn (B), phn b xung cho
nghip v (E1), thng tin chuyn mch c ng (K), s liu ngi s dng (F1) v nhng
knh s liu dung lng ln (D). Hn na v nhng knh b xung theo ng c xy
dng t nhng thng tin nh du vt (J1) ca ng tn hiu tng ng, trng thi hnh
dng tn hiu (C,H), hiu sut truyn dn (B3) v vic chuyn cc d liu thng tin lin quan
n hiu sut v cnh bo (G1) v cc d liu ca ngi s dng (F2), cc tuyn truyn
dn thng minh c th c thc hin khng kh khn g.

Hnh 3.34. Phn t b xung ca khung STM.1.

3.6.3 Phng php ghp knh phn cp ng b:
Cc tn hiu DS1, DS2 v DS3 ca xeri 1,544 Mb/s, CEPT1, CEPT2, CEPT3, CEPT4 ca
xeri 2,048 Mb/s v cc tn hiu dch v di thng rng l tn hiu nhnh thch ng trn STM1, mt format tn hiu c bn ng b. Nhng tn hiu ny c b tr 1 cch linh hot trong
khung STM-1 sau khi c x l qua cc phn t ghp knh nh C, CV, TU, v AU.

Trong s nhng yu t trn, C v CV c s dng truyn (im ti a im) tn hiu

thnh phn trn mng truyn dn ng b; Mt vng nht nh ca khung STM-1 c hnh
thnh nh mt VC trn cc tn hiu hoc knh dch v tng ng c np chuyn
i. Mt ng i ko di t 1 im trong VC c to thnh ti 1im ni n c hu
b. Phn b xung c s dng trn tuyn ng ny c gi l POH, y b xung
thm 1 k t u th hin kiu. AU v TU l nhng n v hin c. AU c mt con tr
th hin im khi u ca khung VC chim trng ti ca STM-1, trong khi TU c 1 con
tr th hin im khi u ca VCn-1 cp thp chim trng ti trong VC. Chng c
yu cu cho vic b tr linh hot trn trng ti trong ca Vcn, VCn+1, hoc khung STM-1.
Chng c bit c li cho vic b s chnh lch v thi gian gia 2 tn hiu ghp knh
trong khi thc hin chc nng phn chia/phn phi bo hiu ca n v VC. ghp knh,
cc tn hiu thnh phn c chuyn i thnh STM-1 sau khi qua cc phn t ghp knh
ni trn. Ngha l qu trnh ghp knh nh sau:

Cc tn hiu thnh phn: Tn hiu DSn hoc dch v Hn (n= 1,2, 3,4)
Cn: DSn + OH, Hn + OH (OH l 1 bit chn c nh v phn b xung)
Vcn: Cn + POHn (POH l phn b xung theo ng)
Tun: VCn + THn PTR (PTR l 1 con tr)
Vcn+1: N x TUn + POHn+1 (N l 1 s nguyn, n=1,2,3)
Aum: VCm + AUm PTR (m=3 hoc 4)
STM-1: AUm+ SOH (SOH l 1 phn b xung theo phn)
STM-N: STM-1 x N (N=1,4,8...)

y, ghp knh N s STM-1 thnh STM-N, c th dng phng php xen byte n
gin th hin hnh 3.35.

Hnh 3.35. Phng php ghp knh ng b

Mt khc, tn hiu phn cp d b DSn v dch v Hn c ghp knh thnh STM-N bng
cch qua nhng qu trnh sau:

Hnh 3.36. Ghp knh thnh STM-N

3.6.4 Tiu chun ho phn cp s ng b:
M, vic nghin cu mng quang hc ng b SONET, mt mng truyn dn quang hc
ng b s dng nh nhng trc truyn thng c ni vi nhau bng cc si quang hc
c tin hnh t 1984; mt si quang hc cha mt vi tuyn trc truyn thng chnh
chuyn cc tn hiu tiu chun ho mt cch song song. H thng ny c chp
nhn nh 1 tiu chun ca ITU-T. Tng ng, nhng v tr tng ng ri cng thu trn
cc ng, nhng tn hiu chun ca mi ng hoc tn hiu di cp c tch ra v
xen vo phn chia hoc kt hp cc tn hiu. Cc ng c phn phi ti cc im
giao nhau ca cc ng trc cng ging nh nhng chic t thay i tuyn i da theo
im ch ca chng. Format ng b c chp nhn nh mt tiu chun M nh sau:
Cc tn hiu STS1 (tn hiu chuyn ng b cp 1) vi tc c bn 51,840 Mb/s c
chn lm nhng tn hiu c bn s chim mi ln trn ng trc thng tin v nhng tn
hiu STS-N (tc 51,840 Mb/s) c chn lm nhng tn hiu N ln (n hng).
Cng nh th mt vt mang quang hc cp 1 (OC-1) v OC-N c chn s dng
lm giao din quang hc. Giao din nt mng (NN1) s dng c giao din ca mng trung
k v giao din mng ngi s dng (UNI) l giao din gia cc thu bao v mng, giao
din ny tip theo c phn thnh nhng NNI d b v NNI ng b. ITU-T nghin cu
vic tiu chun ho lin quan n vn ny. Trong trng hp NNI d b s dng t 1988,
vic tiu chun ho giao din ti loi DS4 c hon thnh. i vi nhng tc cao
hn vic nghin cu tp trung vo tiu chun ho quc t ca NNI ng b c tin
hnh. Kt qu l, vo 11/1988 STM-1 v STM-4 (622,080 Mb/s) vi tc c bn 155,520
Mb/s c kin ngh. S khc bit l ch cu trc ghp knh ca tn hiu STS-3 cng
ging nh STM-1 v ch n c th thch ng ti cc tn hiu loi DS4 (hoc dch v loi
H4) vi ni dung thng tin v phn b xung tng phn v dung lng ti.
3.6.5 S ng b ho mng
thc hin mt cch linh hot vic trao i, tch v xen vo s chia thi gian ca cc tn
hiu ghp knh, xung thu/pht ca mi nc nn c ng b ho v mt thi gian. Nu
khng lm c iu ny th s trt s xy ra.
Ba loi ng b mng hin c gm: phng php ng b ho gn ng b c thc hin
bng cch lp t mt dao ng tch bit tng tng i, s ng b ch/t c thc
hin bng cch m bo b dao ng tng i l mc cao nht v sau , cung cp

ng b cho cc tng i nhnh mc cao (high-level) ng b ton mng, v phng

php ng b ho tng h c thc hin bng cch m bo mt b dao ng tn s
thay i mi tng i, so snh s khc pha gia ng h ca cc tng i khu vc vi
ng b cc tng i khc trong mng, v sau iu khin tn s dao ng gi tr
trung bnh ca nhng s khc pha ny bng 0 nhm ng b ton mng.

Hnh 3.37. S ng b ho mng qua s ng b ho cc nhnh.

Trong trng hp ng b ho gn ng b, b dao ng phi c vn hnh mc n
nh cao bi v cc tng i khc thu c s trt ra s xut hin thng xuyn ca s
khc bit tn s ng h. Trong trng hp ng b ho tng h, cc tng i hay cc
tuyn truyn dn c li s c nh hng ti thiu vi cc tng i hay cc tuyn truyn dn
c li s c nh hng ti thiu vi cc tng i hay tuyn truyn dn khc. Trong trng
hp ngc li, vic pht hin li s rt kh thc hin v cc thit b ng b ho phc tp
hn s cn thit cho s vn hnh.
G.811 ca cc khuyn ngh ITU-T a ra kin v vic s dng ng b trn bnh din
quc t v vic duy tr s chnh xc ca tn s ca cc cng quc t trt l 1 trt /
70 ngy (1 slip/7 days) ( trt 10-11 ). t mc chun xc ny, cn phi s dng
mt b dao ng ht nhn c Cesium hoc Rudiem.

3.7 S pht trin ca cng ngh truyn dn

3.7.1 H thng chuyn mch tng t v truyn dn s.
Nm 1877, mt nm sau khi pht minh ra in thoi, dch v chuyn mch c khi s ti
Boston, M. Nm 1889, A.B.Strowger ca M sng ch ra mt h thng chuyn mch t
ng v sau , vo nm 1920, h thng chuyn mch ngang dc c lp t ln u tin
ti Thu in. Nm 1948, h thng chuyn mch ngang dc th 5 c lp t M. Vo
khong thi gian ny, phng th nghim Bell ca M cng b s pht trin thnh cng
phng php iu khin chng trnh c lu tr m tr thnh nn tng cho cc h
thng chuyn mch (switching) in t ang c s dng hin nay.
Mt khc, lch s lin lc s bt u t khi m cc h thng truyn dn c s ha, n
xut hin trc s pht minh ra h thng chuyn mch. Vic truyn s c th gi 12 ln s
lng thng thng qua mt ng ting thng qua qu trnh ghp knh, ng thi cho
hiu qu kinh t cao hn. V l , vic s ho c thc hin t cc chng ngn, quan

trng thng qua vic s dng cc h thng chuyn mch tng t; Kt qu l, giao tip vi
h thng chuyn mch c thc hin bi n v ting. Hn na, n c kh nng thc hin
mt cch va cc thng tin bo hiu khc nhau v chnh v l , cng ngh truyn dn
c ci tin khng da vo s pht trin ca cng ngh chuyn mch. Cc yu cu vo
thi im ny, l nhng kha cnh kinh t c xem xt cho vic truyn dn gia cc im;
Qua , vic s ho cc tuyn truyn dn c coi l chc nng gi c ca cc tuyn dy,
cc b ghp knh v cc b chuyn i A/D. Ngoi ra, h thng chuyn mch vo thi im
ny khng to ra bt k hn ch no i vi s ng b c thc hin bi chc nng
ghp knh. V vy, ch c ci tin cc ngun ng h tinh th trong cc thit b truyn dn v
s n nh ca ng thng l vn phi xem xt. Tuy nhin, nhng li ng h to ra do
cc h thng chuyn mch khng phi l nhng vn nghim trng bi s s dng
phng php chn xung. Cc thit b truyn dn c vn hnh mt cch n nh bi s
ng b ch / t ca cc ng bo hiu thu v pht c thc hin mt cch bnh
thng. Hn na, cc dch v c cung cp hin nay ch yu l dch v ting nn cc qui
ch va phi c p dng i vi tc li bit (10-4).
Trn c s ny, phng php T2 (locap 96 ng), phng php T4 (274 Mbps), FT-2 v
FT-3, l nhng phng php thng tin quang dung lng ln c pht trin mt cch
thnh cng v c thng mi ho cng vi cc b ghp knh nh M12, M23 v M34. Tt
c cc b ghp knh ny c ghp knh theo phng php d b qua vic chn xung.
3.7.2 Gii thiu h thng chuyn mch s v truyn dn s.
Vic s ho cc h thng thng tin lin lc l ch rt ng quan tm v nghin cu bi v
truyn dn s c s dng rng ri. Mi khi loi h thng chuyn mch bng s mi
c sng ch th cc h thng chuyn mch bt u c cc yu cu d b cc phn qu
ti A/D - D/A gim bt chi ph ca phn giao tip gia cc h thng chuyn mch vi cc
thit b truyn dn v mt s h thng chuyn mch ghp thm cc thit b truyn dn v
mt s h thng chuyn mch ghp thm cc thit b truyn dn vo vi chng. V c
hiu qu v kinh t ln hn, vic s dng cc h thng truyn dn cp quang cho cc h
chuyn mch c pht trin thnh cng. Hn na, cc h thng chuyn mch bt u
yu cu s ng b mng. Ngha l, khi m cc h thng chuyn mch c s ho th tt
c cc h thng chuyn mch phi c ng b vi cng mt ng h chun.
Ni cch khc, nu tc ng h ca 2 h chuyn mch s khc nhau th cc h thng
khng th trnh khi s trt. Cc dch v d liu nh DDS (h thng d liu s) khng
cho php s vic ny xy ra v mt s ng b thch hp gia hai h chuyn mch tr
thnh mt vn ln. V, nh cc vn c bn, mt s ng b hon ton phi c
thc hin ti mi im cui ca ghp knh bi v h thng ghp knh d b c vn hnh
i vi cc ngun vo c lp v cn g ti t hn mt h thng khng th phn bit mt
cch trc tip cc bit ting ni t cc tn hiu khc. Cng ngh hin c c th thc hin
chc nng chuyn mch mt cch trc tip bi n v ng ting ti mc khong 50
Mbps. Tuy nhin, v cc h thng truyn dn d b hin nay, chng phi c h thp ti
cp ghp knh ng b 1.544 Mbps mt cch khng iu kin cho vic phn bit r bit ting
ni. Nh vy, c th trnh s qu mc ca A/D - D/A nhng khng phi s qu mc ca
ghp knh/phn knh.
gii quyt vn ny, mt lot phng php mi thc hin ghp knh ng b tm
kim mt cch d dng cc bit ting ni trn tn hiu m c ghp knh vo nhm mc
cao, c xut; SYNTRAN s dng cu trc khung c bn, phng php s dng
tc ca phng php d b hin c nh DST ca Nht Bn trong vic to ra cc khung
mi, v phng php cho mng iu khin phn mm trong tng lai trong ngi s
dng c th cu hnh cc mng. Hn na, bng cch m rng cng vic ny, ta c th thit
lp mt mng hiu qu bao gm cc h thng chuyn mch, cc thit b ni qua v cp
quang.

3.7.3 Chuyn mch gi, chuyn mch tuyn v truyn dn s.

Cc mng thng tin lin lc ca th k 21 cho php nhng ngi s dng la chn cc di
dch v v tip cn cc loi dch v mt cch t do da vo nhng tin b trong cng ngh
truyn ti. V kt qu l, chng s c lin kt vo cc h thng c kh nng p ng cc
nhu cu lin lc hin c v tng lai nh cc my in thoi, s liu truyn hnh hay vic
ni cc mng LAN tc cao (1,2 Kbps ~ hng trm Mbps) thng qua vic thc thi B-ISDN
vi kh nng x l thng tin bng n v gi (packet). Nh nu trn, cc mng lin lc
trong tng lai s c chc nng chuyn mch mch cng nh chc nng chuyn mch gi.
Qua , cc h thng truyn dn phi c pht trin vi kh nng p ng cc yu cu v
c tnh ca thng tin. Thng tin mch hin c v thng tin gi l ring bit vi nhiu tc
bit khc nhau. V, cc rng bng tn ca chng thay i thng xuyn v chng khng
to ra nhng yu cu ng b mng. Tuy nhin, khi mt mng lin lc gi mi c p
dng, n s khng lm tn hi cht lng h thng trong khi giao tip vi mng lin lc hin
c. Hn na, trong vic ghp knh ng b nu bn trn, n phi c kh nng xc nh
cc gi trn cc bit c truyn i v v vy, s lin lc phi c thc hin bi n v khi.
Trong trng hp ny, phng php khng t cc khe thi gian mt cch c nh c
gi l phng php truyn d b (ATM). Da vo s linh hot i vi cc loi dch v, ATM
c coi l mt phng php truyn tin quan trng. Ngoi ra, ITU-T hy vng c th a ra
mt loi lai ghp m c th thch ng vi ATM v STM phn nh cc yu cu ca
SONET qua vic p dng phng php truyn ng b. H xut mt cu trc truyn
bng rng 2 bc cho mt mng thu bao bng cch s dng ng thi chuyn mch gi v
chuyn mch tuyn; ngha l, trong mng thu bao c th x l nhiu loi thng tin v tc
, ghp knh s cp c thc hin vi phng php DTDM (TDM ng lc) v sau ,
ti tng i, kt qu ghp knh c phn knh li vi phng php TDM.
V phn ny, vic ghp knh cc phn thu bao tr nn quan trng hn vic ghp knh ca
truyn dn gia cc tng i v v l , mt trong cc mc tiu ln trong lnh vc truyn
dn l pht trin cc thit b iu khin v ghp knh cu cc u cui thu bao cn thit
cho vic cung cp cc dch v mt cch kinh t v hiu qu.

Hnh 3.38. Cu trc DTDM ca mng thu bao

3.8 Cng ngh truyn dn thu bao

3.8.1 Phn gii thiu.

Mng thu bao c s dng ni cc u cui thu bao trong nh ca cc thu bao vi
mng thng tin. C th s dng nhiu phng php lin tc kiu c dy/khng c dy. Tuy
nhin, i vi cc thu bao chung, loi c s dng rng ri nht l phng php truyn
bng tn ting ni tng t bng cch s dng cp kim loi 2 hoc 4 dy. K t khi sng
ch ra cc h thng in tn v in thoi khong 100 nm trc, cc loi cp kim loi c
s dng rng ri nh l mt phng tin tt nht ni cc thu bao vi cc mng thng
tin. Tr mt vi sa i vt l nh vic lp thm cc cun ti v cun hybrid, cc dy cp
c s dng ngy nay ch yu l ging vi cc loi dy c s dng trong giai on
khi u ca s pht trin. Ni cch khc, trong s cc thu bao, s truyn dn v cc
phng tin chuyn mch, 3 b phn quan trng ca truyn thng, s truyn dn v cc
phng tin chuyn mch c ci tin mt cch ng k theo nhng tin b trong
cng ngh thng tin lin lc, my tnh in t v cng ngh bn dn. Mt khc, cc phng
tin thu bao ch yu vn c duy tr nh trc v mc tiu x l ting ni tng t c
di bng rng 300-3400Hz vn c gi tr n ngy nay.
Trong nhng nm 1980, SLIC (mch giao tip ng thu bao) cho vic thay th cc cun
hybrid bng cc phn t bn dn, v cc phn t bn dn mi v cc thit b truyn dn
nh cc thit b tp trung/ghp knh thu bao dng s tit kim cc mch thu bao ang
c p dng tng bc vo mng thu bao. Tuy nhin, chng c s dng ch yu cho
vic x l di tn ting ni tng t chng hn trong trng hp cc phng php hin c.
Trong sut thi gian khi cc mng li thng tin lin lc c s dng ch yu cho vic
chuyn cc thng tin ting ni v c t nhu cu cho nhng lin lc d liu tc cao, cc
yu cu ca ngi s dng c p ng ch vi cc cp kim loi hot ng vi di tn
300Hz~3400Hz. Tuy nhin, v cc nhu cu ngy cng tng, nhu cu thit lp cc mng li
thu bao tn tin v ISDN (mng a dch v) l cn thit. ISDN c th c xc nh l mt
mng li lin lc c kh nng cung cp s kt ni s t cc my thu bao ch gi n cc
my thu bao b gi v x l hng lot loi dch v ting ni v phi ting ni.
Nh vy, vic s ho ton b mng li lin lc l cn thit phi thc hin trc tin trong
trnh t thit lp loi mng truyn thng ny. V nhng u im ca chng, phng php
truyn thng s c p dng vo lnh vc truyn dn t nhng nm 1960 v vo lnh
vc chuyn mch t nhng nm cui thp nin 1970. Vic nghin cu v s ho cc tuyn
thu bao c tin hnh t nhng nm cui ca thp nin 70. Mt lot phng php
khc nh vic lp t cc phng tin truyn dn mi c gi tr cho vic s ho cc tuyn
thu bao; khi nhn ra rng chi ph thit lp cc thit b thu bao chim khong 40% tng u
t thit lp mng lin lc th cch tt nht l truyn cc tn hiu s theo ng cp kim loi
hin c. Tuy nhin, d cc tuyn thu bao c s ho thng qua vic s dng cng
ngh tn tin nht, th tc truyn vn b hn ch khong 100Kbps~200Kbps duy tr
khong cch truyn tin ln nht. Do , nhng mng li thu bao hin c cn phi c
sp xp li ton b trong qu trnh chun b cho ISVN (mng a dch v hnh) hoc ISDN
bng rng, c coi l th h k tip ca ISDNs. Ngha l, trong cc mng lin lc thng tin
hnh tch hp, kh nng cho vic x l hnh nh l cn thit v truyn cc tn hiu hnh,
cn c 1 bng rng hng trm Mbps t cc mc thu bao. Cc phng php thu bao cp
quang v khng dy ang c xem xt nh cc phng tin truyn dn x l thng tin
bng rng nh vy. Tr nhng a im c bit nh cc khu vc rng ni, vic p dng
cp quang c coi l kh thi nht.

3.8.2 ng truyn dn.

Cc cp kim loi cho loi lin lc dng dy cn c phn chia thnh cp si dy trn, cc
cp i cn bng v cc cp ng trc. Cc cp si dy trn l nhng dy khng c v
cch in v c s dng mt cch rng ri nht t khi pht minh ra cc h thng in
thoi v in tn. Tuy nhin, hin nay loi dy ny rt t c s dng bi nhng mc
tht thot ln, xuyn m v tp m do nhiu.
Cc cp i l hai dy li xon li vi v cch in. Loi ny cn c coi l cp i xon.
Nhiu dy li c thm vo hnh thnh mt dy cp. V v cch in, ngi ta s dng
cc nguyn liu plastic nh giy hoc polyethylene. Chng ch yu c s dng trong
bng tn di mt MHz. Cc dy cp ng trc l cc cp c dy dn ngoi v trong. Da
vo cc c tnh gim xuyn m ny sinh t nhng lin kt in gia mch ca cc cp
ny, chng ch yu c s dng cho vic truyn cc tnh hiu tn s cao t hng chc
MHz n hng trm MHz. Nhng tuyn truyn tin ny, c nu trong hnh 3.39, c th
c gii thch qua vic nh gi in tr (in tr ohm/khong cch); t cm ( t
cm, H/n v khong cch), in dung (F/n v khong cch) v dn in (MHO/n v
khong cch). Chng c gi l hng s c bn.

Hnh 3.39. Hng s c bn ca ng truyn dn

Trong nhng n v trn, in tr R c xc nh qua cc phn t tr khng ca cc dy
dn to nn ng v n l hng s di tn ca ting ni; tuy nhin, v hiu ng ca v,
n gia tng theo t l cn bc hai ca tn s khi tn s tng. in cm L, bi v cc l do
tng t, b gim i theo tn s. Tuy nhin, s nh hng vi cc phn t in dung ca
tn s l nh nht. dn C c sn sinh bi nhng sai st v cht cch nhit c s
dng v cc cun dy li hoc s tht thot in mi. Tuy vy, khi s dng cc cht liu
cch in tt nh polyethylene, dn c th loi tr. Nhng thay i ca cc hng s c
bn theo tn s cho PIC (cp cch in polyethylene) ca 22-gauge c ch r hnh 3.40

Hnh 3.40. S thay i trong hng s c bn theo tn s

Khi sng in t c a n tuyn truyn dn, n s gp thnh phn tr khng c gi
l tr khng c trng. N c xc nh nh sau bi mt hng s c bn:

Tuy nhin, W = 2Hf v f c trng cho tn s ca sng in t. V, vn tc truyn v lng

suy gim ca sng in t trn tuyn c xc nh bng hng s truyn.
Cc hng s ca sng in t cn c phn chia thnh a v b. Vo thi im ny, a l
hng s suy gim c trng cho lng suy gim v b c trng cho hng s pha lin quan
n sng in t. Ngha l, a c trng cho lng suy gim t ngun ra n pha ngun ra
(dB/n v khong cch), b l lch pha gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra (Radian/n v
khong cch). Do , vn tc truyn hin ti Vp (vn tc pha) bng w/b.
Hng s in t r ca sng in t c xc nh nh trong phng trnh (3.2). V, cng
vi tr khng c trng Zo, n l hng s th cp ca ng i (path).

Cng vi hng s c bn, hng s th cp l mt nhn t quan trng c s dng xc

nh cc c tnh in ca ng i. Nhng c tnh ca chng trong mi bng tn s nh
sau :
a) Trong trng hp DC (v = 0)

y, v G rt nh, Zo c gi tr rt ln v a c mt gi tr tng i thp.

b) Trong trng hp tn s thp
V G c th b qua,

Nh c ch ra phng trnh trn, tr khng c trng gim khi tn s tng v lng

suy gim tng u. V, vn tc pha Vp ca sng in t tn s thp thu c bng cch s
dng phng trnh sau :

c) Trong trng hp tn s cao (wL >> R, wC >> G)

Khi b qua G :

Trong phng trnh (3.8), Zo khng c ch ra bi v chc nng tn s khng cn na v

ch c phn t in tr. Vo thi im ny, gi tr Zo bng gi tr tr khng c trng m
nh sn xut cp n nh. Nh ch ra phng trnh (3.9), a v Vp c xc nh vi
mt gi tr no v khng thay i theo tn s na. hnh 3.41, s thau i ca gi tr
hng s th cp theo tn s thay i nh c chng minh bn trn.
Ni chung, hng s suy gim a tng cng vi s tng ca R v G, v c mt im ti thiu
ca lng suy gim i vi s thay i ca L v C. Khi phn bit bng cch s dng L nh
mt hng s t c gi tr ti thiu ca hng s suy gim a, gi tr ti thiu ca a s
thu c di iu kin sau.
LG = RC (3.10)
y, phng trnh sau y s t c khi c Z = R = jw,
Y = G + jw (v thay th phng trnh (3.10) vo Y).

Hnh 3.41. S thay i hng s th cp theo tn s

"r" c th t c nh sau t phng trnh (3.2)

Qua , thu c phng trnh sau :

Trong phng trnh (3.13), a c gi tr ti thiu ca RG v a v Vp tr thnh nhng gi tr

khng lin quan g ti tng tn s. Tng t nh vy, phng trnh (3.10) trong mt iu
kin c gi l iu kin khng bin dng (distortionless condition).
Tuy nhin, trong thc t gi tr ca RC l mt gi tr ln gp trm ln gi tr ca LG v theo
, p ng iu kin khng bin dng, hoc l R hoc C phi c gim i hoc l G
hoc L phi tng ln. gim R, bn knh ca dy dn phi tng hoc phi s dng dy

dn c cht lng tt v nh th th khng kinh t. gim C, khong cch gia cc dy

dn phi c m rng v v th s gp kh khn trong vic sn xut dy cp. Ngc li, a
s tng khi G tng v qua , s khng hiu qu. Nh vy th phng cch hiu qu nht l
tng L.
Ti l qu trnh thm L mt cch gi to cng vi L ca tuyn tng phn t in cm. Hai
loi ti hin c l ti phn b v ti tp trung. i vi loi ti tp trung, cc cun ti c phn
t in cm c lng vo bt k on no ca mt tuyn. Khi p dng ti phn b, vt liu
t tnh nh dy thp thm ch c cun vo ct dy cp v qua , L ton tuyn c
tng ln. V s phc tp ca cu trc dy cp, vic ti phn b s rt t cho vic thc hin
v ch yu c s dng cho nhng ng dng c bit nh l cc loi cp bin.
Gi tr suy gim ti thiu c th thu c thng qua ti; trong trng hp ti tp trung, cc
tuyn hot ng nh cc b lc tn s thp v do , s mt mt tn s cao hn tn s
ct tng nhanh nh trong hnh 3.43.

Hnh 3.42. Cun ti

Hnh 3.43. th suy gim ng bi ti

V l , khi truyn i cc tn hiu tn s cao nh cc tn hiu s theo cc tuyn th nn loi
b i cc cun ti hn ch mc thp nht ca nhiu.
Trn phn ln cc tuyn thu bao, cc cp i c s dng bi v chng d dng cho vic
thc hin v rt kinh t. Nhng dy cp i ny c cch in cn thn bng polyvinyl
Chloride, Polyethylene hay bng giy v sau , c xon vo mt si cp. 10~2400

chic cp i c nhm li to thnh nhiu loi cp khc nhau. tng thm cc c

tnh k thut ca dy cp, PVCs hoc PEs c s dng v sau , lp bc cp s c
ph vo pha bn ngoi ca cc dy cp. V, trnh b h hng v b m, h/ngt mch
in, ngi ta lng bng nhm hoc ng vo gia cc v.
Cc dy cp c phn loi thnh cp alpeth, cp stalpeth v cp wellmantel da vo cc
cht liu c s dng v cu trc cp.
Mt cch chung nht, vi cc loi cp a phng, cc dy in ct c ng knh 0.4, 0.5,
0.65 v 0.9 mm c s dng mt cch rng ri. Cc c tnh in ca cc dy cp cch
t c s dng cho 1 KHz c lit k bng 3.11

ng knh
li dy in (mm)

Tn hao trn
ng dy (dB/km)

in tr DC
(W /km vng)

Tr khng
c trng (W )

0.4

1.780

272

918

0.5

1.400

171

726

0.65

1.090

104

575

0.9

0.788

54

407

Bng 3.11. Cc c tnh in ca cc dy cp a phng

Cc tuyn t cc h thng chuyn mch ti cc u cui thu bao c tm lc hnh
3.44. Cc tuyn lc s dng c ch r bng 3.12.

Hnh 3.44. S tuyn thu bao

Cp,
loi dy

Cu trc
ng knh li
dy

S n v

Cch in

V bc

ng dng

TOV

1,2

PVC

Nhnh thu bao

(trong nh)

Dy SD

1,0

1,2,3,6

PE

PVC

Cho dy in thu
bao

Cp CCP
a phng

0,5; 0,65; 0,9

15~200

PE

Alpeth

Cp dy thu bao

Cp PE
a phng

0,5; 0,65; 0,9

5~200

PE

PVC

Cp dy thu bao

Cp WT
Stalpeth
a phng

0,4;0,5; 0,65;
0,9

150~2.400

bng giy

Stalpeth Cp nhnh thu bao

wellmantel
Cp thu bao

Cp luyn
a phng

0,4;0,5; 0,65;
0,9

50~1.800

bng giy

V c ti
luyn

Dy nhnh

Bng 3.12. Cc c tnh tuyn thu bao.

Khong cch ti a c th ti cc thu bao c hn ch bi khng tr DC ca cc tuyn
v gi tr suy hao v ting. in tr DC c xc nh bi dng in DC nh nht cn thit
ca cc h thng chuyn mch nh gi tnh trng ca cc trm u cui thu bao
(chuyn trng thi nhc t my, xung quay s).
3.8.3 Kt ni u cui thu bao.
Cc loi hin ang c s dng l in thoi truyn ting ni v cc modem cho vic
truyn d liu. Cc v d c trng nht l cc trm thu bao u cui. Cc trm ny c
ni vi cc mng thng tin lin lc qua cc cp kim loi 2 dy nhm c hiu qu kinh t cao
hn. V th nhng tn hiu thu/pht c bng tn ging nhau c th c tin hnh bng
tuyn truyn dn ging nhau. b p hao tn truyn dn trn cc tuyn ny, cn c cc
b khuych i 2 chiu c ch ra hnh 3.45.

Hnh 3.45. B khuych i 2 chiu

Tuy nhin, nu b khuych i ny chu ng h s khuych i th s hot ng n nh
s khng th thc hin c v s phn hi. Do , phng php hiu qu cho vic tch
ring cc tn hiu pht v thu thng qua vic chuyn i tuyn 2 dy sang tuyn 4 dy l
cn thit. t c mc ch ny, mt cun hybrid ch ra trong hnh 3.46 c p dng.

Hnh 3.46. Cun dy hybrid

Nh ch ra hnh 3.46, nhng tn hiu c a n tuyn thu c s dng duy tr
in th ging nhau ti cc cun dy in s (1) v s (2), v trong trng hp cc tr
khng tuyn 2 dy v mch cn bng bng nhau th s to ra s truyn cng dng in
cc cun dy ny. in th c a n cc cun dy ca cng pha truyn dn bi dng
in ny, cun dy s (3), v s (4), v kt qu a n l cc in th ny c b p
tng h, lm cho khng c in th no chy qua pha tuyn truyn dn. Trong trng
hp ny, dng in thu c phn chia thm ch cun dy s (1) v s (2). Chnh v l ,
nu tn hao 3dB c to ra cun lai ghp th tn hao ca cun dy v li s tng khong
0.5dB. V l do tng t, cc tn hiu c a n tuyn 2 dy nhn c tn hao 3.5dB
v sau , phn ny s c p dng vo pha tuyn truyn dn. Cc tn hiu c a
vo tuyn thu s t trit tiu nhau.
Qua , nu tr khng tuyn 2 dy v tr khng ca mch cn bng bng nhau, cc pha
pht v thu c th hon ton ring bit. Tuy nhin, v tr khng ca ng dy thay i theo
tn s v v s thay i ca ng 2 dy c ni vi cun lai ghp, tr khng hon ton
ph hp l khng th thc hin v v l , mt s tn hiu thu/pht s c a n
ng dy ca pha i din. Mc kt hp ca cc tn hiu pht v thu c gi l tn
hao lai ghp truyn ti v phng trnh ca n c nu 3.14.

Trong phng trnh ny, Zn v Z1 l tr khng mch cn bng v tr khng 2 dy. B cao
hn 50dB trong trng thi bnh thng nhng trong thc t, n vo khong 15~17dB. Cc
cun dy lai ghp ny c s dng c cc im kt cui ca ng trung k 4 dy v
ng thu bao 2 dy. V, chng c s dng cho vic tch m thoi thu v pht.

Hnh 3.47. Giao tip u cui thu bao

3.8.4 Thit b ti thu bao
m rng khong cch ti a c th n cc thu bao b hn ch bi in tr ng DC
v gi tr tn hao ting ni, in th c cung cp trn cc ng dy tng ln v nhng
b lp c bit c th c s dng. Tuy nhin. cc thit b ti tng t vi cc thit b
cho s ti to lin tng i p ng cc thu bao t xa hoc cc thu bao t trong cc
nhm c ng dng trn mng thu bao ny.
cc thnh ph cng nh cc khu vc nng thn v xa xi, nhiu mng thng tin in ang
c lp t v vn hnh nhm p ng cc nhu cu v yu cu ca ngi s dng. Cc
khu vc nng thn c c trng ho bi s lng h chuyn mch t i c lp t v
s hn ch v mc ca khu vc lp t v mc t ng ca cc h chuyn mch. Do
, cc phng php mi nht cn c p dng cho vic to ra cc cuc gi cht lng
cao v tin c. Cc thit b ti thu bao c xut nh nhng gii php cho vn
trn. Cc thit b ti thu bao hin c gm RSSs (H thng chuyn mch t xa), RSMs (B
ghp knh thu bao t xa) v RSCs (B tp trung thu bao t xa).
Cc thit b ph hp nht c th c la chn cho vic lp t da trn mc ca cc
thu bao c ng k v mc lu lng cuc gi. V, chng cn c phn chia
thnh cc h thng tp trung hoc cc h thng phn b nh trong hnh 3.48 da vo v tr
cc thu bao. H thng tp trung l h thng l tng cho nhng ni m cc thu bao c
tp trung mt khu vc nh trong khi h thng phn b c s dng rng ri cc ni
m cc thu bao c tri rng mt khu vc ln.
Trong h thng ti thu bao c nu trn, cc thu bao c ni vi cc trm t xa (RT)
s c lp t khu vc ghp knh hoc tp trung cc thu bao ny trc khi truyn
chng n tng i bng h thng ti s hoc tng t. Do vy, tu theo mc ghp knh
m s ng dy cn thit cho cc thu bao s t hn. V d, khi s dng h thng ti s
T1 vi 24 knh, cn c cc ng 2 dy cho vic ni vi cc thu bao. Tuy nhin, khi cc
ng dy c ni vi tt c cc thu bao th cn c 24 ng 2 dy. Trong trng hp
cc thit b tp trung, c th p ng c s thu bao nhiu hn s knh ca h truyn ti.
Bng cch t cc knh c th s dng ti cc thu bao, s ng dy cn thit cho dch
v s t hn. V d, khi lp t 96 thu bao trn h truyn ti s T1 bng cch s dng thit
b tp trung thu bao, s lng ng dy cn thit c th gim i ng k (t 96 ng
xung cn 2 ng)

Hnh 3.48. H thng tp trung v phn b

Trong hnh 3.49, phn kinh t ca thit b ti thu bao c m t. Chi ph ca cc ng
thu bao thc t ang dng tng khi chiu di ng dy tng. Khi s dng thit b ti thu
bao, tuy nhin do chi ph lp t ban u ca thit b, thit b ny khng nn s dng cho
cc khong cch gn. Ti thi im ny, n khng b nh hng bi s tng di ca
ng dy v s lng cc ng dy cn thit l tng i nh.
Khi phng php s c p dng cho h thng ti, chi ph ca cc thit b ti thu bao
gim v nhu cu v thit b ny tng ln. V vy trong vng 10 nm gn y, phn kinh t
ca h thng ti thu bao gim t 7.5 km xung 4.5 km. Ngoi ra, v vic giao tip trc
tip gia h thng ti v cc bus bn trong ca h thng chuyn mch s l c th c
thc hin c, phn kinh t ny gim xung cn 3 Km.
V vy, ngy cng c nhiu cc thit b ti thu bao v kh nng c th phc v cho cc thu
bao xa c s dng thng xuyn phc v cc thu bao trong thnh ph mt cch
kinh t. iu ny ph thuc vo hiu sut tit kim ng ca cc thit b ti thu bao v do
cc thit b tp trung/ghp knh thu bao c gi l cc h thng khuych i i dy.

Hnh 3.49. Phn kinh t ca thit b ti thu bao

3.8.5. Nhng hn ch v vic s ho tuyn dy.

 c c s thc hin thnh cng ISDN, cc ng dy thu bao phi c s ho u

tin. Vic ny c th c thc hin qua vic truyn cc tn hiu m trn cc ng dy
thu bao kim loi hin c hoc qua vic lp t phng tin truyn dn mi nh cp quang
cho s truyn dn s dung lng ln gia cc b phn ca thu bao. Bi v cp quang c
th thc hin cc dch v bng rng nh dch v video, chng s c s dng rng ri
trong cc mng thu bao. Tuy nhin, mt kinh t ca ISDN dng nh khng c ch
ng n bi v s lp t s mt nhiu thi gian v lng u t ln. Qua , bc u
tin, nn thc hin truyn cc tn hiu s theo cc tuyn dy hin c. Hin ti, cng ngh
truyn thu bao cn thit cho mc ch ny ang c nng cp. Ngha l, khi truyn cc
tn hiu s tc cao c bng rng trn cc ng dy thu bao hin c th mt s hn ch
nh cc c tnh ca tn s c gi i theo cc ng dy v s nh hng ca mi
trng tuyn dy m trc y c coi l khng quan trng, s ny sinh. Cn phi c
cng ngh tn tin gii quyt vn ny. trng hp trc, v cc tuyn dy thu bao
hin c c thit k cho ph hp vi vic truyn tn hiu ca bng tn ting t
0.3~3.4KHz, cc c tnh ca s suy gim tn hiu ny sinh t s gia tng tn s, nn c
xem xt li mt cch cn thn. trng hp sau, nhng nh hng m nhng yu t sau
gy ra cng cn c xem xt k cng; nhng thay i trong cc c tnh tn s khi dy li
ca tuyn ng dy thay i, ting vng do cc tn hiu tc cao gy ra, cc vn ny
sinh do cc tuyn dy tng t cng tn ti, nhiu v tp m m in th cm ng gy ra,
v s nh hng ca cc c tnh xuyn m gia cc ng dy s cng mt cp.
A. Cc c tnh suy gim.
Khi tn s trn tuyn dy tng th lng suy gim i vi n v khong cch ca tn hiu
cng tng. tin hnh vic tch tn hiu mt cch n nh trn my nhn, cc tn hiu cao
hn mc nhn b nht c xc nh bi t l mc tn hiu v mc m phi c nhn. Do
, khong cch truyn ti a ca tn hiu s ngn hn v tn s tng.
V d, nu lng suy gim ln nht c th trn ng dy l 40dB th khong cch truyn
ln nht vo khong 5.7 km khi cc tn hiu c m lng ti a 20 KHz qua ng dy
cch t 0.4 mm. Tuy nhin, vi 200KHz, khong cch truyn ti a l khong 3.2 km. Do
vy, gim tn s c m lng ti a trong s cc phn t tn s tn hiu ca cc tn hiu
s c truyn nn p dng mt code ng dy thch ng. V, nh c nu 3.8.2,
cc cun ti m c lng mt cch gi to vo cc ng dy cho vic truyn ting
phi c tho b bi v chng lm tng lng suy gim trong cc thng tin lin lc tn s
cao. Nu cc code ng dy l gii php cho cc tn s c m lng cao th cc b cn
bng ng dy c s dng b p tt c cc phn t tn s ca cc tn hiu. Ngha
l, da vo s thay i trong lng suy gim tn s, cc phn t tn s ca tn hiu l ch
th i vi nhng suy gim khc. Bi v s khc bit suy gim ny lm sai lch cc tn hiu,
lng suy gim m cc tn hiu thu nhn c, phi c duy tr mc no . t
c mc ch ny, b cn bng ng dy c s dng. Cc c tnh hot ng ca n
c nu trong hnh 3.50.

Hnh 3.50. Cc c tnh hot ng ca b cn bng.

Ngoi ra, di ca cc ng dy thu bao (Subscriber Line) thay i nhiu tu thuc vo

cc dng trng thi phn b khc nhau ca cc thu bao. Do , cc c tnh suy hao ca
mi ng dy cng thay i theo v v th b cn bng phi c kh nng iu chnh ph
hp vi cc dng c tnh suy hao khc nhau. Cc c tnh suy hao ca b cn bng
(Equalizer) phi t ng thay i theo di ca cc ng dy v v vy cn dng b cn
bng thch ng.
B. Thay i v ng knh dy.
i khi ngi ta dng cc loi cp c li vi nhng ng knh khc nhau lm cc ng
thu bao. Nhng ng ny c cc c tnh v tr khng v tn s khc nhau. Khi dng
chung nhng cp c li vi nhng ng knh khc nhau nh trn th thy hin tng phn
x tn hiu v c tnh tn s bin i nhng im ni, nguyn nhn l do tr khng ca
chng khc nhau. iu ny lm cho vic tch tn hiu tr nn cc k kh khn v s thay
i v dc tnh tn s gy nn cc c tnh bin dng ca tn hiu khng n nh.
C. BT (R nhnh)
Trong hnh Figure 3.51 ta thy r BT lin quan n vic t cp d tr khi lp t 1 ng
dy mi.

Hnh 3.51. R nhnh

Vi nhng nhnh r ny (BT) mng thu bao c th c khi to li mt cch linh hot.
Tuy nhin, im cui ca chng m gy ra s mt cn bng v to ra s phn hi tn hiu
do s khc nhau ca tr khng ti cc im cui. S mt cng bng lm thay i c im
tn s ca cc ng dy v sng phn x xut hin nhng im cui b chm li tu
theo di ca BT v sau i n u nhn tn hiu. Sng phn x ny gy nhiu gia
cc m v iu gy nh hng xu n chnh xc ca vic xc nh cc tn hiu s.
Trong hnh 3.52 th ch r s thay i v c tnh tn s do nh hng ca BT trong khi
truyn tn hiu tn s 100 KHz. Phng php hn ch nh hng ny c trnh by
trong phn 3.8.7.

Hnh 3.52. S thay i dc tnh tn s do BT

Hnh 3.53. Thay i trong tn hiu nhn

D. Cng vi ng Analog.
Trong giai on u vn hnh mng a dch v vi mt vi thu bao c ng k, mt s ln
cc ng thu bao s v cc ng thu bao analog thng dng chung mt loi cp.
Trn cc ng thu bao analog, c rt nhiu tn hiu nh in p chung in thoi, xung
quay s tn hiu telex c s khc bit v in p kh ln.
Khi cc tn hiu ny thm nhp vo cc ng thu bao s th kh nng xut hin li tng
ln rt nhiu. nh hng ca ting n c th hn ch c mc ti a bng cch thay th
cc ng Analog (iu ny thc hin bng cch s ho cc ng telex v thay i
phng php bo hiu) nhng lm nh vy rt tn km. V th, cc ng thu bao s c
th c tch khi cc ng thu bao Analog bng cch phn b li chng.
E. in p cm ng.
Nhiu v ting n pht sinh t cc ngun bn ngoi k c s nhiu xung do st, in p
cm ng t cc dy dn in, ng in ngm, ng lin lc v tuyn v nhiu nguyn
nhn khc gy ra. Nhng ting n ngoi vo c cc c tnh tn s khc nhau, kch thc
v s ln xut hin khc nhau, v v vy rt kh c th trit tiu chng mt cch trc tip.
Tuy nhin, bng cch s dng ng s cp ngun cho cc thit b thu bao, hay bng
cch ni hoc tch cc ng cp hoc tng mc tn hiu trn cc ng dy th c th
hn ch ti a nh hng ca chng.
F. Xuyn m
Nhn chung i vi cc ng truyn dn ngi ta thng dng nhiu ng dy trong
cng dy cp, cc tn hiu truyn i trn mt ng ny gy nh hng n ng kia l

do trng in t m chng to ra. Hin tng ny gi l xuyn tm. y l mt trong

nhng yu t lm gim cht lng ng truyn. Khi ng ny gy hin tng xuyn m
sang ng kia th ng u tin gi l ng cm ng cn ng th hai gi l ng
khng cm ng. Hin tng xuyn m do chp trc tip gia hai ng th gi l xuyn m
trc tip. Xuyn m thng qua ng th ba gi l xuyn m gin tip. Xuyn m u
cui nhn ca mt ng khng cm ng (gy ra do tn hiu truyn i trn hai ng n
cc hng ngc chiu nhau) gi l xuyn m im cui gn. Xuyn m do tn hiu
truyn i trn hai ng cng hng l xuyn m xa.

Hnh 3.54. ng xuyn m

Trong trng hp xuyn m gn, v mc tn hiu pht i ln hn nhiu so vi mc tn hiu
nhn, v mt s lng ln xuyn m pht sinh trn ng khng cm ng. V th, trng
hp xuyn m im cui gn th nghim trng hn nhiu so vi xuyn m im cui xa.

Hnh 3.55. Cc dng xuyn m

NEXT: Xuyn m gn
FEXT: Xuyn m xa
Mc suy hao ca xuyn m u cui gn thay i ph thuc vo cu trc cp v mc
lin kt gia hai ng. Trong a s cc trng hp, khong 50-85dB. Gi s suy hao
ng truyn gia cc b khuych i l 40dB, t l gia tn hiu v nhiu ti u nhn ca
mch khng cm ng s l 10-45dB. Kh nng pht sinh li tng ln nhanh khi gi tr tn
hiu/nhiu vt qu gi tr 15dB trn cc h thng s.
V d, khi nhiu Gaus tn ti trong qu trnh truyn xung n cc, kh nng pht sinh li
theo t l tn hiu/nhiu c th hin hnh 3.56.
Xuyn m im cui xa thng t 38-70dB. Ging nh trong trng hp ca tn hiu,
xuyn m xa b suy hao do ng truyn (gi s l 40dB), mc xuyn m xa sinh ra ti
u vo ca b khuch i s l 78-110dB. Tuy nhin, xuyn m u gn trong h thng
c s ho nghim trng hn xuyn m u xa. C th loi b iu bng cch t lp
ngn cch trn cp cch in gia ng truyn v ng nhn hay to ngn cch vt
l bng vic s dng cp ring bit. Hn na, xuyn m u gn, theo s tng tn s, s
ln n 4,5dB/octave v xuyn m u xa s ln n 6dB. Nh vy tn s cng cao, mc
xuyn m cng ln.

3.8.6 Cu trc thu bao ca mng a dch v ISDN

A. Cu trc c bn:
ITU-T, mt c quan t vn quc t v cc vn lin quan n lnh vc vin thng in
hon thnh vic nghin cu v ISDN v xut bn mt lot cc b sch hng dn v n.
Trong b s 1.400 ITU-T gii thiu v cu trc thu bao ca mng ISDN. V c bn, n
c dng nh hnh 3.5.7:

Hnh 3.57. Cu trc thu bao ca mng ISDN

Vic phn nhm theo chc nng nh trn trong hnh 3.57 lin quan n nhiu loi chc
nng cn c trong cu trc ca thu bao trn mng ISDN. Cc chc nng ny c th c
thc hin bng s kt hp ca mt hay nhiu thit b thu bao. Tng t tt c chc nng
c yu cu tu thuc vo kch thc ca thu bao v dng cu hnh. Trong s ch mt
s chc nng l c th cn n. im qui chiu l khi nim phn loi tng nhm chc
nng. Cc im qui chiu c th c xc nh thng qua cc giao din vt l gia cc thit
b thu bao. Trong s cc nhm chc nng NT (trm u cui mng, c chc nng trm u
cui ca mng thng tin. Cc chc nng ca NT c phn thnh cc chc nng nh hn
l NT1 v NT2. NT1 l chc nng vt l, in t ca mng thng tin. N bao gm cc chc
nng sau thuc phn cp 1 ca bn tin (Protocol) trong mi trng lin kt h thng m 7
lp OSI.

Chc nng trm cui ng thu bao.

Bo dng, sa cha, gim st ng thu bao.
Cp tn hiu ng h.
Cung cp ngun.
Trm u cui giao din s cho im qui chiu T.
Dn knh phn chia thi gian (phn cp 1).

NT2 l chc nng thuc phn cp 2 v 3. Cc chc nng c trng ca NT2 l tng i c
quan t ng (PABX) v mng ni ht (LAN). Tu theo cc loi hnh thu bao i khi chc
nng NT2 khng cn n. Chc nng NT2 l :

X l bn tin (Protocol) thuc phn cp 2 v 3.

Chc nng chuyn mch.
Chc nng tp trung.
Chc nng sa cha v bo dng.
Trm u cui giao din s cho cc im qui chiu S, T.

Thit b u cui (TE) bao gm cc thit b nh in thoi s, thit b u cui s liu v cc

thit b u cui dng cho cc loi dch v mi. Do TE thc hin chc nng ghp ni vi
cc thit b khc, giao din S, chc nng bo dng v sa cha, x l bn tin. TE1 l thit
b u cui thu bao chuyn dng ca mng ISDN. N c thit b giao tip, c th giao tip
vi im qui chiu S. TE2 l thit b u cui thu bao hin nay c giao din thuc X Series ca ITU-T. Do TE2 c ni vi ISDN thng qua b thch ng u cui (TA). TA
c dng bin i cc bn tin cn thit cho mc ch ny.
LT (im cui ng) l mt thit b u cui ng ca phng chuyn mch. Cc thu bao
c ni vi h thng chuyn mch thng qua thit b ny. Khi cc chc nng ny c
thc hin, chng c th pht trin thnh nhiu dng khc nhau nh trong hnh 3.58. Do ,
giao din gia cc thit b vn c th tn ti nh trn lc .

Hnh 3.58. V d v cu hnh ca thit b thu bao

Vic tiu chun ho cc thit b thu bao thc y s pht trin ring r ca mng thng
tin v cc thit b u cui thu bao. Ngoi ra, kh nng di chuyn ca cc thit b u cui
nh telephone c th thc hin c. iu c ngha l cc thit b u cui thu bao
c giao din chun ISDN c th c ni vi mng ISDN ti bt c lc no v bt c
u.

B. Cu trc giao din :

Cu trc giao din c ngha l mt lng ti a cc thng tin s c th c x l bi cc
giao din s dng ti cc im qui chiu S hay T. N c th hin bi tp hp knh nh
B, D v H. Knh B c dung lng thng tin 64 Kbps. Vi 64 Kbps n c th cung cp d
liu tc cao lin quan n ting ni c m ho s di dng chuyn mch n hay
chuyn mch gi. Tuy nhin knh B khng c thng tin bo hiu cn thit cho chuyn mch
n trn mng ISDN.
Thng tin bo hiu c chuyn n cc mng thng tin qua cc knh khc nh knh D.
Knh D c dung lng thng tin l 16 hoc 64 Kbps v cp thng tin bo hiu cn thit cho
chuyn mch n. Cc thng tin bo hiu ny ho da vo LAPD (th tc truy nhp ng
truyn knh D). Thm vo , knh D c th cung cp thng tin vn hnh t xa nh s liu
chuyn mch gi tc chm v xc nh t xa. Knh H c chia thnh knh H 0 v H1.
Knh H0 c dung lng thng tin 384Kbps cn H1 theo tiu chun Bc M c lng thng
tin 1536 Kbps, theo chun chu u c dung lng 1920 Kbps. Nhng knh H ny khng c
thng tin bo hiu cho chuyn mch n. Chng c th cung cp cc tn hiu fax cao tc,
video, d liu cao tc, v m thanh cht lng cao. Knh H 2 v H4 c lng thng tin hng
chc v hng trm Mbps cho gii tn rng ISDN ngoi knh H 0 v H1 xc nh trn.
Nhiu dng giao din c hnh thnh sau khi cc knh ny c tp trung li. Trong s
giao din c bn nht l giao din c cu trc 2B+D. iu c ngha l cu trc giao din
dng cho truy nhp c s c th x l mt lng thng tin tng ng vi mt knh D. Ti
thi im , lng thng tin x l trn knh D l 16 Kbps.
Thm vo ITU-T gii thiu cu trc dn knh s cp kt hp vi cu trc dn knh s
cp B (chun Bc M : 23 B+D, chun Chu u : 30 B+D), vi cu trc dn knh s cp H 0
(chun Bc M: 4H0 hay 3H0+1, chun Chu u: 5H0+D), cu trc dn knh s cp H1 (chun
Bc M: Hi, chun chu u: H1+D), knh B v cc knh H0. Lng thng tin ca knh D, s
dng trong giao din dn knh s cp l 64 Kbps v do tc truyn dn ca giao din
l 1.544 Kbps (trong chun Bc M) v l 2.048 Kbps i vi chun Chu u thng qua vic
cng thm mt s bit khung.
Ngi ta c th dng giao din ny tu theo chc nng v kch c ca cc thit b s lc
lp t cho thu bao. Hnh 3.59 l mt v d in hnh v h thng chuyn mch thu bao t
nhn. y ti im qui chiu S, mt giao din c s c th c s dng. Ti im qui
chiu T, ngi ta dng nhiu loi giao din c s hoc giao din dn knh s cp B.

Hnh 3.59. V d v ng dng ca giao din

3.8.7 Phng php truyn dn thu bao s.
A. Phng php truyn dn 4 dy:

Nhng chc nng c s c ch r trn hnh 3.60 phi c thc hin tng ng vi cc
c tnh ca giao din T v V. cung cp cc loi dch v ISDN khc nhau cho cc thu
bao. ITU-T a ra chun 144Kbps v coi l lng thng tin c bn c x l ti dao
din U. Lng thng tin 144 Kbps c th x l 2 knh B, v 1 knh D (2B+D,
64Kbps+64Kbps+16Kbps). Thng qua nhng knh ny cc thu bao c cung cp cc
dch v nh d liu ting ni tc cao, v s liu tc thp trong cng mt thi im. Do
qu trnh bo hiu gia cc thu bao v mng thng tin v gia cc thu bao vi nhau
lun c thc hin. Cc knh nh trn c th c dn li thnh mt tn hiu bng
phng php dn knh phn chia thi gian (TDM) v do , cc knh ny c th li c
tch ra t im nhn u cui. phc hi tn hiu ban u, vic ng b khung cn phi
c s dng.

Hnh 3.60. Chc nng truyn dn gia LT v NT

ng b khung c tin hnh bng cch thm vo mt s cc bit hoc t khung theo cc
nguyn tc s b nh trc dn cc knh trn cc thit b u cui nhn v sau cc
thng tin khung c tm kim trn lung s liu nhn c u cui nhn xc nh v
tr chnh xc ca cc knh b dn x l. Do tc truyn dn trn giao din U tr
ln nhanh hn 144 Kbps i vi cc bit khung v chc nng bo dng (VD: 160 Kbps)
vic bo hiu trong phng php lin lc Analog c thc hin theo trc tn s v mt
khc vic bo hiu trong phng php lin lc s li c thc hin theo trc thi gian. V
nh vy, nu li pht sinh gia cc tn s hot ng ca pha truyn i v pha nhn, tc l
nu c s khc nhau v mt thi gian gia bn truyn v bn nhn thng tin, th s mt
thng tin hoc hin tng ln thng tin tng ng vi s khc nhau ny s ny sinh. Hin
tng ny gi l s trt s liu. y l mt trong s cc yu t quan trng nht quyt nh
cht lng ca tn hiu s. Cc tn hiu s trong mng ISDN s kt thc ti cc thit b u
cui l nhng thit b u cui thu bao. iu c ngha l ton b mng thng tin s k
c u cui thu bao u phi c ng b ho vi mt tn s mu. S ng b ny gi
ng b cc bit hoc ng b nhp thi gian.

V phng php ng b bit c th thc hin c mc thu bao, ngi s dng mt

ch to nhp thi gian theo vng lp dng ng b ch theo kiu n gin. iu ny
ngha l, nh c minh ho trong hnh 3.61. Thit b u cui ng c kch hot khi
nhn c tn hiu nhp thi gian t h thng chuyn mch. Khi chuyn d liu sang mng
u cui (NT) thng tin thi gian cng c chuyn theo bng cch s dng cc m truyn
dn thch hp.
NT ti to li nhp thi gian t cc d liu nhn c, ri chuyn chng ti im cui mng.
ng thi chng c quay vng v c s dng nh nhp thi gian cho truyn dn.

Hnh 3.61. Phng php ng b ho thu bao

y pha h thng chuyn mch tr thnh ch v pha NT tr thnh th. Qu trnh s
dng nhp thi gian cho truyn dn gi l ch to nhp thi gian theo vng lp.
Cc my in thoi ng k trn mng thng tin hin c nhn ngun t h thng chuyn
mch thng qua cc ng dy thu bao kch hot. Thm ch nu ngun ca pha thu
bao b hng th chng vn nhn c nhiu thu bao cc dch v in thoi mt cch d
dng. Cc thit b u cui dng trong mng ISDN c kh nng x l cc dch v in thoi
v d liu v nh th, chng s tiu th 1 lng in ln hn. V th cc h thng chuyn
mch khng th cung cp ngun p ng cho s vn hnh ca thit b u cui. Tuy vy
h thng ny cn phi cung cp 1 lng ngun ti thiu cp thit cho cc dch v c s nh
dch v in thoi trong trng hp khn cp. tng hiu sut ca cc thit b cung cp
ngun, ngun in cung cp n cc mch khng lin quan n cc chc nng c th ang
vn hnh s b ngt. Ngun ch c cung cp khi cc thu bao yu cu dch v (cp ngun
theo tng cuc gi). Hin tng ny gi l kch hot hoc kh kch hot.
Nhm p ng mt cch ng n nhu cu ngy cng tng i vi cc loi dch v mi, cc
mng thu bao thng tr ln phc tp hn v do cn phi vhun b nhng phng
php hu hiu trong qun l, vn hnh, sa cha v chn on h thng. Mt trong nhng
bin php ny gi l kim tra theo vng lp. Phng php ny c m t trong hnh 3.62.

Hnh 3.62. Kim tra theo vng lp

Php kim tra c tin hnh nh sau: tn hiu c lp li im u vo/u ra ca mt

chc nng no cn c kim tra. Sau mt lot mu kim tra c truyn i ri li
nhn li nh gi v li v nhng v tr li. Thng th ngi ta tin hnh kim tra t pha
h thng chuyn mch bng cch truyn i thng tin iu khin thch hp. Cng tng t,
chn on trng thi ca ng dy thu bao, cc tn hiu nhn c t pha LT v NT
c gim st thng xuyn tm ra li.
Theo nguyn tc, i vi dao din U, v l do kinh t, loi cp kim loi hin dng trong mng
thu bao c s dng. Ngi ta cng dng phng php truyn dy truyn v nhn tn
hiu s dng mt i dy cp, hoc dng phng php truyn 4 dy tch ng truyn
v ng nhn s dng hai i dy cp.
Phng php truyn tn hiu s trn ng truyn 4 dy mc thu bao c ng
dng trong h thng d liu s ca M.
DDS l mng d liu s chuyn dng c a vo hot ng t nm 1974. Mc d v
nguyn l n hot ng khc vi mng ISDN, nhng n c th truyn trc tip cc tn hiu
s thng qua cc ng thu bao. DDS s dng tc truyn dn 2,4; 4,8 v 9,6 v 56
Kbps. Phng php truyn 4 dy c th d dng truyn li tn hiu. a vo s dng
cc h thng truyn dn khng cn c cng ngh mch tin tin nhng li cn nhng
ng dy ring r. Do khi s dng phng php ny, mng thu bao cn phi c
phn b li v cc ng dy thu bao mi phi c lp t. T , ta thy khng th ni
tt c cc thu bao vi mng thng tin bng ng truyn dn 4 dy truyn lng thng
tin khong 160Kbps. Tuy nhin, c th s dng mt cch c la chn giai on u ca
mng ISDN trc khi phng php truyn dn 2 dy tr nn ph bin. Phng php truyn
dn 4 dy c v nh c s dng rng ri trong vic truyn dn thng tin c dung lng
ln hn 160Kbps. Hin nay, vi mc ch ny ITU-T gii thiu mt kiu ghp ni dn
knh s cp tc trung bnh 1.544Mbps hoc l kiu ho trn gia ghp ni c bn v
ghp ni dn knh s cp. Khong cch truyn dn khng ti sinh cho cc tc gii hn
trong khong cch t 1 ti 2 km. Theo , iu tit cc thu bao mt cch hiu qu, cc
tn hiu phi c ti to li. Trong trng hp ny, ngi ta s dng phng php truyn
dn 4 dy. Cc loi h thng truyn dn ny s c s dng ghp ni cc thu bao
xa vi mng thng tin bng cch dn v tp trung chng.
iu c ngha l n s hot ng nh thit b truyn ti thu bao trong h thng Analog
v s hu dng trong vic iu tit cc thu bao c phn b xa khi mt phn b ca
h thng chuyn mch s thch hp cho mng ISDN ang mc rt thp, c bit l trong
thi k u ca mng ISDN. Hnh 3.63 l mt v d v thit b truyn ti thu bao ca mng
ISDN.

Hnh 3.63. Thit lp thit b truyn ti thu bao ca mng

Nh c ch dn r trong hnh v, thit b truyn ti c ni vi h thng chuyn

mch thng qua ng truyn 4 dy. Tc truyn dn ca giao din U lc ny tng ng
vi ghp ni dn knh s cp hay dung lng thng tin trung bnh. Cc giao din S, T v U
c th c dng nh cc giao din v pha thu bao ca cc thit b truyn dn. iu
c ngha l TE (thit b u cui) c th c ghp ni trc tip qua giao din S v TE c
th c ghp ni trc tip sau khi NT2 (im cui mng) c ni qua giao din T. Thm
vo cc thu bao t xa m giao din T khng th iu tit c th c th ghp ni thng
qua giao din T bng cch dng giao din U.
Phng php truyn dn 2 dy khc vi phng php truyn dn 4 dy ch l cc tn
hiu c truyn v nhn thng qua cng mt ng dy. Do , phng php tch tn
hiu truyn/nhn u nhn l cn thit. Cc phng php ny c th l FDM (dn knh
phn chia tn s), ECM (phng php loi b ting vng) v TCM (dn knh nn thi gian)
u cn dng trong phng php ny. Trong trng hp dng phng php analog th
FDM l phng php iu ch cc tn hiu truyn nhn theo cc tn s khc sao cho cc
tn hiu truyn nhn c di tn khc. Sau , cc tn hiu truyn nhn c tch ra bng
mt b lc c di thng tin thch hp. Tuy nhin ngi ta khng s dng rng ri phng
php FDM bi v cc phn t cao tn c trn ng dy v cc mch cn thit c th c
ch to mt cch d dng thnh mch tch hp phm vi rng VLSIs.
TCM l phng php phn chia thi gian nn thng tin s c chuyn i theo tng n
v thi gian v sau gi cc thng tin nn i trong mt khong thi gian ngn hn n v
gi v cui cng, phn b thi gian cn li cho pha i din pha ny c th truyn
thng tin s dng khong thi gian . iu c ngha l, dung lng thng tin s c
truyn t pha LT v NT tng ng l R trong mt n v thi gian T, pha LT c th truyn
i tt c thng tin m n c trong thi gian T/3 ch bng cch tng lng thng tin s c
chuyn i trn mt ng dy (chng hn tng thnh 3R). Pha NT vi khong thi gian l
2T/3 truyn thng tin ca pha NT trong thi gian l T/3 v thi gian cn li T/3 c dng
nh thi gian tr truyn dn v bo v trn ng dy. Theo , trn ng dy thu bao
thong tin truyn d/nhn v vn tn ti cng lc i vi tng khi v s truyn dn mt
hng c tin hnh trn ng dy vo mt thi gian bt k. iu c ngha l, pha
LT chuyn thnh trng thi nhn khi pha NT ang trng thi pht, V phng php TCM
c cc ch truyn dn nh vy nn i khi ngi ta gi n l truyn dn ch gin
on hay l kiu truyn dn qua li (kiu ping-pong).
Phng php ECM tch cc tn hiu pht/nhn bng vic s dng cun dy hybrid, mt b
bin i 2 dy/4 dy dng trong truyn tin Analog c m t hnh 3.64. Do , tc
truyn dn trn ng dy s bng vi lng thng tin s c pht i.
Phng php ECM s c dng khi ITU-T gii thiu 144Kbps. iu c ngha l, cho d
mi nc khc nhau, cn c mt h thng c tc truyn dn t 4 n 5km iu tit
hn 90% cc thu bao. ECM phi c dng m bo khong cch ni trn nu lng
thng tin cn c x l l 144 Kbps.
Cc tn ti ca ECM nh l cc mch phc hp, tnh kinh t, thi gian hi t ca b chuyn
ti... l nhng yu t k thut cn khc phc v s tin b ca cng ngh lin quan v cc
thut ton mi c gii thiu.

Hnh 3.64. S phng php ECM

3.8.8 Xu hng pht trin ca cng ngh.
A. Gii thiu chung :
Nh tranh lun cc phn trc, cc thu bao ca mng ISDN c phc v vi cc
dch v d liu s vi tc chm hoc trung bnh nh ting ni, telex, videotext, fax v
thng tin d liu v cc ng dy thu bao kim loi c s ho. Bn cnh nhng dch
v k trn, cc thu bao cn yu cu cc dch v bng rng nh loi dch v CATV, Video
phones (in thoi c hnh) hay Video conference (to m c hnh nh).
Truyn dn s s dng cp kim loi hin c ch c th ti c mt lng thng tin hn ch
trong ch giao din c bn 2B+D 144Kbps. Thm ch, nu dng phng php truyn
dn 4 dy th lng thng tin ti a ti trn cp kim loi khng vt qu 1,5 n 2Mbps. Tuy
nhin cc dch v hnh (video), nh m t trong hnh 3.65 li cn c hng chc Mbps n
hng trm Mbps thng tin v cc ng thu bao hin c khng th p ng c cc dch
v ny.
Kt qu l ngi ta cn c mng ISDN bng rng c kh nng x l cc dch hnh (video)
km theo chc nng ca mng ISDN. Phng tin truyn dn c th c cho cc loi dch v
ny bao gm cc loi cp ng trc, cp quang v cc thu bao s khng dy dng viba.

Hnh 3.65. Cc yu cu v dch v thu bao

trong tng lai v lng thng tin
i khi ngi ta dng cp ng trc trong CATV. Tuy nhin do gi thnh cao v do rng
di tn b hn ch cho nn ngi ta khng dng n lm phng tin truyn dn bng rng.
Cc tuyn truyn dn khng dy c th c thit lp mt cch nhanh chng khng ph
thuc vo a hnh ca khu vc. Nhng ng ny cng c th d dng thch ng c vi
nhng thay i trong nhu cu v thng tin v mt phn phi ca thu bao. Tuy nhin,
vn cn nhiu u t hn cho vic thit lp ng dy. V nhu cu pht trin cc vng xa
xi nh th trn vng ni cao, hi o ngy cng tng v cng ngh MIC (IC dng cho viba
s) sn sng cho thng mi ho. Cc thit b thu v pht khng dy tr nn gn nh v
tn km hn. Cng do vy, ngi ta mong mun s dng rng ri cng ngh cao. Tuy
nhin do cc vn kinh t k thut v do thiu ngun sng nn c v n khng c s
dng rng ri nh l mt phng tin truyn dn chnh trong mng ISDN bng rng. Thay
vo n ch c dng h tr cho phng tin truyn dn chnh. Cui cng cable
quang c th c s dng lm phng tin truyn dn. Cng ngh thng tin lin lc
quang hc c dng rng ri trong cc h thng lin lc ni b c nh hoc va, h thng
tng i ng di lin tnh dung lng ln, h thng truyn dn quang hc di bin v
cng ngh ang c ci tin v gi cp quang ang gim dn.
Nh bn lun t trc, ngi ta c th dng chng mt cch d dng trong mng thu
bao. Tuy nhin cp si quang hc hin nay ang cn c nhng kh khn trong vic cung
cp ngun nui cho thu bao bng dy c li, y l vn c bit ny sinh trong mng
thu bao. V tt nhin, cp si quang t hn nhiu so vi cp i. Nhng n c li th l
hn ch s mt ng truyn mc ti a, hin tng xuyn m ng knh si dy nh
hn, kh nng iu tit di tn rng nht s lm cho phng tin truyn dn trn cp quang
tr thnh mt trong cc phng tin truyn dn chnh.

 nhiu nc pht trin, cc cng trnh nghin cu v h thng thu bao quang hc
c tin hnh. Mt s cng trnh ang c a ra th nghim trn thc t vi hng ngn
thu bao.
B. H thng thu bao quang.
Phn di y s gii thch k v cc im cn xem xt khi p dng cng ngh thng tin
quang hc vi cc thu bao.
Mt h thng thu bao quang hc s c thit lp vi mt gi thit l cc ng dy thu
bao kim loi hin c s c thay th bng cp quang. Nh vi cc cp ang c hin nay
cp quang bao gm cp ngm, cp treo, cp dy. V cp quang c nhiu c tnh khc bit
so vi cc loi cp hin hnh nn vic thit k cc u ni, cch b tr, di v lp t cn
phi lm tht chnh xc. iu c ngha l, (khng ging cp ng hin nay) khi ghp ni
hai dy cp quang th hin tng ht i l khng trnh khi. Cng do , cn phi tnh thm
mt lng cp quang d tr khi b tr ng cp quang chun b ghp ni cc ng
dy trc khi sp xp li cc mng thu bao. Cc phng php ni cp hin nay gm ghp
ni hp nht v phng php s dng cc u ni. Cch th nht thng c dng trong
cc t u ni t ngm hoc treo thc hin cc u ni di mt t, treo cao hoc
gia cc cp c sn. Cch th hai ch yu hay c p dng cho MDF (gi u dy)
cc phng chuyn mch, cc thit b u cui treo v cp thu bao ngoi tri. Mt khi cp
quang c ni vi cc thu bao nh m t trn, th cc thu bao thng giao cc
ng cp ny, s ng thi c dch v ting ni v chc nng m bo t xa (hng chc
bps cho dch v d liu tc thp) v cc dch v bng rng gm t vi chc n vi trm
Mbps nh video. Qu trnh thng mi ho h thng thu bao cp quang s c thc
hin trong khong 10 n 20 nm ti. V th kh c th thit k mt cch chnh xc cc loi
dch v m n s cung cp trong tng lai. Nhn chung, cc loi dch v c cung cp
thng qua ISDN cha c xc nh v mng thng tin ca n ch cung cp cc knh dch
v, l cc giao din truy nhp c ti tt c cc loi dch v.
Do , mi mt thu bao s s dng mng tu theo yu cu ring ca mnh. cho tin li,
cc dch v do ISDN cung cp c phn loi nh sau : cc dch v di tn hp tc va
v thp, cc dch v di tn rng nh video. Cc dch v di tn rng c chia thnh cc
dch v phn tn nh CATV hay cc dch v tng giao nh in thoi hnh nh. Trong khi
cc dch v di tn hp c chia thnh cc dch v cp D, B, H 0, H1 theo ITU-T; Cc
dch v ny c th s c tch bit nhau ti cc trm cui v c x l thng qua mng
ISDN. Cc dch v di tn rng c th s c ni vi cc trung tm thng tin video nh
cc trung tm pht sng ngy nay. V s lng knh video cung cp cho cc thu bao s b
hn ch cho nn cn phi dng thit b chn chng trnh trm u cui chn chng
trnh m cc thu bao mong mun. Trong cc dch v i thoi nh trng hp mng in
thoi hin nay, chc nng chuyn mch cc tn hiu hnh nh l cn thit v v th phi
c ni vi cc mng chuyn mch bng rng mi.
V th, cc dch v phn tn thng c gi l dch v pht sng cn cc dch v tng
giao c gi l cc dch v chuyn mch. Cui cng th tt c cc loi hnh dch v u
phi qua x l mt mng thng tin bng rng.
Cng nh cc thit b chn chng trnh, phng php analog v phng php s cng
c dng tu theo cc dng ca tn hiu video. Nu tn hiu video l Analog th cc thit b
bn dn nh rle logic loi n gin chuyn mch Analog, cc b iu chnh TV chung c
th c s dng. Nu cc tn hiu ny l s th vic vn hnh phi c thc hin da
vo b dn knh a ng vo v ng ra n. Nu mt s lng "n" cc knh video
c a n trm cui cng v mt s lng "m" knh dn n cc thu bao ( tuy nhin
n>m), mt s lng m b dn knh c ni song song sao cho trong s n knh u vo m
knh u ra c la chn bi tn hiu chn knh t cc thu bao trc khi c a ra.

V cc dch v bng rng trong ch tng giao phi thng qua mng chuyn mch phc
hp (nh telephone), th tt hn l nn dng phng php s trnh c s suy hao tn
hiu, ting n hay cc c tnh xuyn m.
Chuyn mch thi gian v khng gian l phng php chuyn mch c th c s dng
trong h thng chuyn mch in thoi s. Tuy nhin chuyn i tn hiu video thnh tn
hiu s th cn 90 Mbps (i vi tn hiu NTSC) cn i vi tn hiu PAL th cn 140 Mbps.
Thm ch ngay c khi c s dng cng ngh nn rng gii tn thch hp, chng hn nh
DPCM (iu ch xung m vi phn) th vn cn mt lng thng tin t nht l 45 Mbps v 700
Mbps bo m cht lng TV thng thng. x l lng thng tin ny s dng
chuyn mch thi gian th cn mt lng rt ln cc phn t b nh tc cao m iu
cha c sn trong cc h thng chuyn mch dung lng ln. Cc h thng chuyn mch
di tn rng thng to bi cc chuyn mch khng gian. Cc phn t ECL (Emitter
coupled logic) dng lm cc khi c cu hnh c bn s c dng y c ma trn
chuyn mch n x n ang c nghin cu. Tuy nhin vi nhng tin b trong lnh vc cng
ngh CMOS, CMOS c th c ng dng cho tc n 100Mbps.
Vic nghin cu ng dng cc phn t bn dn GzAS v phn t quang tch hp cng
ang c tin hnh. Nu nhng cng trnh nghin cu ny thnh cng th s pht trin
chuyn mch thi gian s l c trin vng. Du sao, hin nay phng php chuyn mch
gi tc cao (chuyn mch gi nhanh) c th chuyn i tt c cc tn hiu thnh gi
x l ang c ch .
Cc chuyn mch cp n trn c p dng sau khi chuyn i tt c tn hiu
quang thnh tn hiu in v do c ch chuyn i quang/in v in/quang cn phi
c p dng gia h thng chuyn mch v thit b truyn dn. Vic nghin cu cc h
thng chuyn mch quang c chc nng chuyn mch trc tip ang tin trin tt ci
thin cc vn ny cng nh vic nghin cu chuyn mch c cu quang s dng cc
c tnh phn x v nh sng phn cc ca lng knh v h thng chuyn mch s dng
cc phn t logic quang nh cc ma trn chuyn mch quang ang tin trin. Gia mng
thng tin v thu bao c th lp t nhiu hn mt si cp quang. Tuy nhin v l do kinh t
v d sa cha, bo dng th nn lp t mt si quang cho mi thu bao. Mt
phng php dn knh thch hp cho cc tn hiu in v quang cn c gii thiu c
th s dng cc ng dy mt cch c hiu qu. dn knh cc tnh hiu in nn dng
phng php dn knh phn chia thi gian hin c, cn i vi tn hiu quang nn dng
phng php WDM (dn knh phn chia bc sng). WDM c th dn cc sng lan truyn
theo cng hng hoc ngc hng do , mi si cp quang c th x l ton b cc tn
hiu thu v pht. V cc tn hiu s v tn hiu Analog c th c truyn i di nhng
dng sng khc nhau trong cng mt thi gian nn phng php WDM ng vai tr cc k
quan trng trong h thng thu bao quang.
Cu trc mng thu bao quang phi c xc nh trn c s cn nhc thn trng cc c
tnh, yu t kinh t, mt cuc gi, tnh bo mt thng tin v s phn b cc thu bao.
Cu trc chung ca mng c m t trong hnh 3.66. Cc v d in hnh v phng php
ghp ni t trm u cui n cc thu bao cng c minh ho trong hnh 3.66. Nhn
chung kiu ni vng trn rt kinh t v ph hp vi mng thng tin cc b. Tuy nhin n
khng thch hp cho h thng thu bao quang v n khng c kh nng m rng v tnh bo
mt, hn na ng thng tin chnh ch c th x l mt lng thng tin nht nh.

Hnh 3.66. Cch ni mng

Cu trc hnh cy c p dng rng ri trn cc mng CATV; mc d kh kinh t, nhiu
thu bao cng dng chung ng dy trong trng hp dch v tng giao, nn vic iu
khin trnh s va chm thng tin gia cc thu bao rt cn thit. Cc cu trc hnh sao
l khng kinh t v nh vy mi hng truyn dn phi c phn b cho mt thu bao.
Tuy nhin n s c kh nng x l cc dch v tng giao khi mng chuyn mch di tn
rng tng t nh mng chuyn mch in thoi hin nay c thit lp. iu c ngha
l, cu trc hnh cy rt ph hp vi cc dch v pht thanh v truyn hnh. Trong khi cu
trc hnh sao thch hp cho cc loi dch v dng chuyn mch. V h thng thu bao quang
bao gm cc dch v dng chuyn mch cu trc hnh sao tng t nh mng in thoi
hin nay c gii thiu dng cho mng chuyn mch di tn rng trong tng lai.
4. ng dng ca in thoi
4.1. ATM
4.1.1 Dn nhp
Ngi ta hy vng mng a dch v bng rng (B-ISDN) s cung cp cc dch v khc nhau
t in bo v tc vi bit/s n video phn gii cao tc 150 Mbit/s. h tr a
dch v, mng B-ISDN cn di tn rng (bng rng) v cng ngh chuyn mch linh hot.
Vic s dng cp quang cung cp cho ta mt mi trng truyn dn bng rng tc
mc Gbit/s v ngi ta cn hy vng s tng di tn ln c hng ngn ln. Tuy nhin,
cng ngh chuyn mch cn thit cho vic xy dng mng B-ISDN cn ang tt hu so vi
s tin b ca kh nng truyn dn. S khc bit ny th hin mt thch thc cho vic to
ra mt cng ngh nhanh hn, khng t hn v linh hot hn.
Ch truyn khng ng b (ATM) l k thut c ITU khuyn ngh cho mng B-ISDN
(1.121). ATM ha hn mt k thut cho vic thc hin vic truy nhp tch hp v mt mng
truyn dn c th d chia s gia cc ngi s dng u cui s dng cc truy nhp a
dch v. ATM, thng tin c chia thnh gi c di c nh (t bo ATM) v c
truyn n ch, c nh du ch bi phn u t bo khi thng tin c to nn. Mng
truyn s liu chuyn mch gi thng thng c v tng t vi mng ATM khi nhn t s
vic to nn cc block trong gi d liu. Tuy nhin, chuyn mch gi bao gm mt my tnh
chy mt chng trnh truyn s liu. V th, kh nng chuyn mch b gii hn bi s thc
hin ca b x l v b x l khng th truyn i mt lng ln thng tin tc cao.
Ngc li, giao thc mng ATM rt n gin v phn cng c dnh ring chuyn
mch mt lng ln thng tin (nh video chng hn) cn c truyn vi tc cao qua
cc ng truyn lin kt ti ch.

Nh c xc nh trong k thut chuyn ti ATM, cc gi c di c nh c hnh

thnh bi cc dch v khc nhau nh ting ni, d liu hay video. Vic chn ATM lm k
thut truyn dn cho B-ISDN dn n vic chuyn mch cc gi hay cc t bo c di
c nh thay th cho k thut chuyn mch tuyn thng thng. Nhiu loi chuyn mch
c a ra m bo kh nng chuyn mch gi tc cao theo yu c ca TAM.
Trong chng ny chng ta s xem xt nhng yu cu chuyn mch c bit cho B-ISDN
4.1.2 Thut ng
Di y chng ta s m t mt s thut ng dng trong phn ny.
1) Ch chuyn i ng b (STM):
Nhm nghin cu XVIII ca ITU-T gi cc kha cnh chuyn mch v dn knh l " cc ch
chuyn i" STM phn b cc khe thi gian trong mt cu trc tun hon gi l "Khung"
cho mt dch v vi khong thi gian mt cuc gi. Tt c cc knh STM c xc nh bi
v tr cc khe thi gian trong mt khung ng b nh m t trong hnh 4.1. Khi mt khe thi
gian c gn cho mt knh nht nh no , khe thi gian s c dnh ring cho
khong thi gian ca mt cuc gi. iu ny m bo s cung cp dch v trong khong
thi gian gi v n cng thch ng cho cc dch v to ra thng tin mt cch lin tc theo
mt tc c nh. Tuy nhin, vic dnh ring mt khe thi gian ca khung cho khong thi
gian mt cuc gi dn n vic khng s dng ht rng di tn khi ngun khng to
ra thng tin lin tc theo mt tc c nh.
Hn th, cu trc STM cng nhc l khng linh hot trong vic phn b rng di tn cn
thit cho phm vi ln cc dch v m B-ISDN cung cp. Mc d vic gn linh hot cc tp
hp, khe thi gian cho mt knh thc hin cc dch v chuyn mch l c th c, th
vn cn s phi hp cc chc nng nh x tng i phc tp t pha ngi s dng v
pha mng trong mt giao din. n gin ho chc nng nh x ny STM c th c
kt cu thun li cho cc knh a tc , trong mi khung c phn chia thnh cc tp
hp khc nhau ca mt s lng c nh cc khe thi gian, v nh c th p ng c
cc tc khc nhau. Trc tin, vic tm ra ng tp hp cc knh a tc khng phi l
mt vic d dng v cc dchv do mng B-ISDN cung cp vn cha c xc nh mt
cch y . STM a tc lm phc tp thm mng chuyn mch. Xt theo gc s
dng rng di tn chuyn mch trn c s tng im ni th vic s dng c trc
chuyn mch ring r cho tng tc knh s c hiu qu hn. Tuy nhin, vic p dng
cu trc chuyn mch phc hp s lm cho vic qun l, cung cp, bo dng mng thm
phc tp. Do rng di tn l khng i, nn STM tr nn qu hn ch khng th thch
ng vi s thay i lin tc ca nhiu loi dch v d liu vi cc tc knh c nh.
2. Ch chuyn i khng ng b (ATM)
ATM c a ra loi tr cc hn ch ca STM. ATM l ch chuyn i do nhm
nghin cu XVIII v mng ISDN bng rng ca ITU-T chn la lm c s ca mng BISDN. ATM l k thut dng knh, chuyn mch kiu gi c tr thp v c rng di tn
cao.
Trong ATM, rng di tn s dng c th c gn mt cch nng ng theo yu cu.
ATM c li th l t c kt qu mt cch n nh i vi cc dch v mi bng n trong
khi vn m bo thc hin mc chp nhn c cc dch v c tc bit lin tc. Mt
cu trc n c th c s dng chuyn mch tt c dch v.
Vi ATM, dng bit c chia thnh mt s cc gi hay t bo c di nht nh. Mi gi
bao gm 1 trng tiu cha thng tin iu khin mng v mt trng thng tin cha d

liu ca ngi s dng. Khng ging nh STM, l mt ch nhn bit cc cuc gi thng
qua v tr ca khe thi gian trong khung, ATM thit lp ni lin h gia cc t bo v cc
cuc gi bng mt nhn tiu (Header) ca t bo . Vic kt ni cuc gi c thit lp
bng cch lp ra cc bng dch s ti cc chuyn mch v cc im dn knh trong lin
kt mt nhn u vo vi cc ng ni v nhn u ra. Vic kt ni theo yu cu ny
c gi l cc mch o v khng c rng di tn no c phn b cho ton b khong
thi gian thc hin mt cuc gi. u im ca ATM l tit kim rng di tn khi ngun
to cc t bo vi cc tc thay i theo thng k.

Hnh 4.2. Cu trc ca ATM

Thut ng "Khng ng b" trong ATM khng ng v s khng ng b theo ngha l
khng c s tun hon theo trnh t ca cc dng thng tin ring bit to ra knh ATM
c dn knh nh trong hnh 4.2. V mt ngun to ra cc t bo tu theo tc dch v
nn khng cn phi c nh tc knh.
Do vy ch cn mt loi cu trc chuyn mch. Chng ta tp trung xem xt v kha cnh
chuyn mch ny ca ATM cho mng B-ISDN trong phn ny.
3. Chuyn mch ATM (chuyn mch gi nhanh):
Chuyn mch gi c Baran gii thiu ln u tin vo nm 1964. Trong chuyn mch
gi, cc khi d liu gi l gi c truyn t ngun n ch thng qua nhiu chuyn mch
trong mng thng tin. Chuyn mch gi c thc hin bng my tnh x l cc qu trnh
thng tin thay cho phn cng chuyn dng.
Chuyn mch gi thng thng c v ging nh chuyn mch ATM nu xt trn gc to
cc khi d liu thnh gi hay t bo v nh tuyn cc gi theo nhn ca chng. Tuy nhin
chuyn mch ATM khc chuyn mch gi thng thng nhiu im. Vic s dng cc
thit b truyn dn s tc cao vi kh nng kim sot li cao cho php cc bn tin mc
lin kt tr nn n gin.
c bit l y khng c th tc kim tra lu lng hay sa li no c thc hin
mc lin kt nh trong X.25. Cc chc nng thng tin mc cao nh kim tra li v kim tra
lu lng c thc hin trn c s t im cui n im cui (end to end) v ph thuc
vo ng dng. Cc gi c di c nh cng lm n gin ho qu trnh x l gi v cc
kha cnh v ng b.
4. Nhng nguyn tc ca chuyn mch.

Chc nng chuyn mch l chc nng kt ni cc ng thng t cc u vo n cc u

ra tng ng. Cu trc chuyn mch N x N c N cng vo: Ni xut pht ca ng thng
v N cng ra ni ng thng i ra ngoi. Trong phn ny chng ta ch quan tm n
ng thng tin gi.
Cc gi c di c nh c a n N u vo di dng cc khe thi gian nh
c m t trong hnh 4.3. Mi gi c mt a ch ca cng ra hoc chuyn mch m gi s
c chuyn n theo nh trc.
a ch ny ca gi c chuyn mch s dng nh tuyn cho tng gi thng tin vo
n cng tng ng u ra.

Hnh 4.3. Chuyn mch gi NxN

Hnh 4.4. Cu trc chuyn mch

Mi chuyn mch thng c to bi cc phn t chuyn mch v cc ng ni (tc l
ng d liu) nh m t hnh 4.4. Phn t chuyn mch 2x2 c 2 u vo v 2 u ra
v hng cho cc gi i n cc u ra thch hp tu theo tn hiu iu khin to ra bi b
iu khin tp trung hay chnh t cc gi nh hng cc gi. K thut nh hng trc
y c gi l nh hng theo s iu khin trung tm cn k thut sau ny c gi l
t nh hng.
Cc phn t chuyn mch c th c cc kch c khc nhau. Cc ng ni l cc ng
d liu th ng lin kt cc phn t chuyn mch khc nhau.
4.1.3 ng lc.
Thng thng cc chuyn mch ATM cn thit x l cc gi c di c nh (32 n 64
byte chiu di) tc cao nht l 150Mbps. Cc gi c to ra bi cc loi dch v khc

nhau nh ting ni, d liu v video. Cc gi ting ni v video c to ra vi tc

64kbps v 150Mbps tng ng. Nhng gi thng tin ny khng th b tr lu bi v nu th
s lm gim cht lng ca cc dch v ting ni v hnh nh. Nh vy chuyn mch ATM
phi c kh nng x l cc gi vi tc 150Mbps v chu mc tr thp.
Cc yu cu quan trng khc na l gi thnh h v d s dng. Nhng yu cu ny ch c
th c p ng bng cc chuyn mch vi cu trc iu khin n gin nh t nh
hng, tc cao, c kh nng pht sng. Vic nh hng phc tp hn v d nh kiu
lin kt im n a im c th cn thit trong mi trng pht sng hnh hn l kiu
thng tin im ti im.
Nhiu kiu chuyn mch c dung lng chuyn mch ln v tc chuyn mch cao
c xut. Nhng kiu chuyn mch ny c chia thnh loi chuyn mch c kho v
chuyn mch khng kha (non-blocking). Nu cc gi cng vo ca chuyn mch c a
ch cng ra r rng nhng khng c a n cc u ra do tc nghn gi trong mng
chuyn mch th gi l chuyn mch kha. S tc nghn gi ny sinh trong mng chuyn
mch khi hn mt gi cn truy nhp n cng mt ng ni hay cng mt vng b m
bn trong mng chuyn mch.
Cc chuyn mch kha khng c thng cao do hin tng kha bn trong. V cc
chuyn mch khng kha khng b kha bn trong nn thng ca n cao hn so vi
chuyn mch kha.
Cc chuyn mch khng kha c th c chia thnh hng i u vo, hng i u ra
hay kiu b n dng chung. Cc chuyn mch c hng i u vo c kh nng truyn
dn thng sut bng khong 58% so vi chuyn mch c hng u ra hay cc chuyn
mch c b m dng chung.
Mc d cc chuyn mch c hng i u ra c thng sut l 100% chng vn cn c 1
lng phn cng ln hn nhiu so vi chuyn mch c hng i u vo. Cc chuyn
mch c b m dng chung cng c kh nng hot ng tt nht nu nhn t kha cnh
thng ti a. Tuy nhin, chng c cc s nh hng phc tp v b hn ch mc
chuyn mch c nh. Trong phn ny, chng ta tm kim kiu cu trc chuyn mch ATM
thay th p ng cho cc dch v mng B-ISDN.
ti liu tham kho.

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IEEE Coumputer Socicty, Washington D.D.,1985.

2). G.G Schlangger: "Tng qut v h thng bo hiu s 7",

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4). S.Minzer, "Mng a dch v s bng rng v ch chuyn i khng ng b

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5). Thomas, J.Condreuses v M.Servel, "Cc k thut phn chia thi gian khng ng
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15). LEE YOUNG KYU, "L thuyt truyn dn, mch truyn dn bng dy". Kidali
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17). John Bellamy, in thoi s, John & Willey Sons, 1991.

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19). Sang H.Lee, "K thut truyn ti tch hp cho ng chuyn mch gi v chuyn
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20). R.Vicders v T.Vilmansen, "S pht trin ca cng ngh vin thng", Proc. of the
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thng 7/1985.

27). Atkin J.W., "Burst Switching-An Int roduction", ISS '84, Florence, thng 5/1984.

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29). SIN YOUNG CHEOL, "Cng ngh truyn thng bng dy", Moon Yun Dang
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30). LEE SUNG KYUNG, SINMU SIK, "Multi-Convation by Feeder Cable", Electronic
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First Issue, 1982.

31). G.E.Harrington, "Survey of Pair-Gain System Applications", in Proc. Int. symp.

Subscriber Loops and Services (ISSLS), 1980.

32). LEE YOUNG KYU, KIM TEA HO v 5 ngi khc, "Nghin cu h thng truyn dn
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33). A.J. Karia, S.Rodi, "A Digital Subcriber Carrier System for the Evolving Subcriber
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Communication, vol.56, 1981.

39). CCITT I Series Recommendations, Geneva, 1985.

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54).S.Qureshi, "Cn bng thch ng", IEEE Commun., Magazine, vol.20, 1982.
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Circuits and Systems, vol. CAS-29, 1982

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Nhng ch vit tt

ADPCM
AD
AM
AMI
ARPA
ATM
AU
B-ISDN
B8ZS
BBN
BER
BSN
BT
CAS
CCC
CCI-S
CCR
CCS
CODEC
CMI
CPU
CRC
CSM
DCE
DDS
DF
DPCM
DOV
DS1
DSL
DSP
DST
DSU
DSX
DTDM
DTE
DUP

PCM dng vi phn thch ng.

Chuyn i tng t/s.
iu ch bin .
M o du lun phin.
T chc cc d n nghin cu tin tin.
Ch truyn khng ng b.
n v qun l.
Mng a dch v bng rng.
Phng php m ho lng cc thay th
Bipolar with 8 Zero Substitution
8 s 0.
Bolt Beranek and Newman
Ngng Be ranek v Newman.
Bit Error Rate
T l bit li.
Backward Sequence. Number
S th t tn hiu hng v.
Bridged Tap
Ca trung chuyn.
Channel Associated Signaling
Bo hiu lin knh.
Clear Channel Capability
Dung lng knh trng.
Common Channel Interexchange Sibnaling Bo hiu lin i knh chung.
Customer Controlled Reconfiguration
Ti nh hnh theo yu cu khch hng.
Common Channel Signaling
Bo hiu knh chung.
Code and Decode
M ho v gii m.
Code Mark Inversion
M o du.
Cyclic Redundancy Check
n v iu khin trung tm.
Call Supervision Message
Kim tra chng chp theo chu k.
Call Supervision Message
Bn tin gim st cuc gi.
Data Circuit Equitment
Thit b truyn s liu.
Digital Data System
H thng d liu s.
Data Flag
C s liu.
Differential PCM
iu xung m vi phn.
Data Over Voice
D liu ting ni.
Digital Signal 1
Bo hiu s 1.
Digital Subscriber Line
ng thu bao s.
Digital Signal Processor.
B x l tn hiu s.
Digital Synchronous Terminal
u cui s ng b.
Data Service Unit
n v dch v s liu.
Digital Signal Cross-connect
Ni cho tn hiu s.
K thut dn knh phn chia khe thi gian
Dynamic TDM
ng.
Data Terminal Equipment
Thit b u cui s liu.
Data User Part
D liu ngi s dng.
Adaptive Diferential PCM
Analog/Digital Converter
Amplitude Modulation
Alternate Mark Inversion
Advanced Research Projects Agency
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Administrative Unit
Broadband ISDN

ECH
EMD
ESS
FAM
FDM
FSM
FEXT
FIB
FSN
FLSU
GND
HDB3
HRC
HRX
ICT
IDN
IMP
IN
IOT
ISDN
ISUP
ISVN
ITU-T
LAN
LAPD
LC
LI
LS
LSI
LSB
LSSU
LT
MDB
MFC
MDF
MF
MIC
MSU
MTP
NCU
NEXT
NNI
NT
NPT
OAM
OC-1
OGT
OSI

Sai ng trit ting di.

Edelmetall Motor Drechvaler.
H thng chuyn mch in t.
Thng tin a ch hng i.
Ghp knh phn chia tn s.
Bn tin thit lp hng i.
Xuyn m u xa.
Bt ch th hng i.
S th t hng i.
n v chn tn hiu.
Tip t.
M lng cc mt cao thay th 3 s 0.
Mch tham kho gi thit.
ng ni tham kho gi thit.
Trung k n.
Mng s tch hp.
B x l thng tin giao din.
Mng thng minh.
Ghp ni ni i.
Mng s a dch v.
Phn ngi s dng ISDN.
Mng video a dch v.
Telecommunication Standardization Sector Ban tiu chun ho vin thng ca t
of ITU
chc ITU.
Local Area Network
Mng cc b.
Link Access Procedure on D channel
Th tc truy nhp kt ni knh D.
Line Concentrator
B tp trung ng.
Length Indicator
B ch th di.
Local Swich
Chuyn mch vng.
Large Scale Integrated
Mch tch hp mt cao.
Least Significant Bit
Bt trng s thp nht.
Link Status Signal Unit
n v bo hiu trng thi kt ni.
Line Termination
Kt cui ng.
Modified Duo Binary
M MDB.
Multifrequency Code
M a tn
Main Distribution Frame
Gi phi tuyn chnh.
Multi-Frequency
a tn.
Microware IC
Vi mch siu cao tn.
Message Signal Unit
n v bn tin bo hiu.
Messae Transfer Part
Phn chuyn thng bo.
Network-Control Unit
n v iu khin mng.
Near End Crosstalk
Xuyn m u gn.
Network-Node Interface
Giao tip nt mng.
Network Termination
Kt cui Mng.
Non-Packet Terminal
u cui khng gi.
Echo Cancellation Hybrid
Edelmetall Motor Drehvaler
Electronic Switching System
Forward Address Message
Frequency Division Multiplex
Forward Setup Message
Far End Crosstalk
Forward Indicator Bit
Forward Sequence Number
Fill in Signal Unit
Ground
High Density Bipolar3
Hypothetical Reference Circuit
Hypothetical Reference Connection
Incoming Trunk
Integrated Digital Network
Interface Message Processor
Intelligent Network
Intra Office Connection
Integrated Services Digital Network
ISDN User Part
Integrated Services Video Network

Operations, Administration and

Maintenance
Optical Carrier level 1
Outgoing Frunk
Open System Interconncetion

Vn hnh, qun l v bo dng.

Truyn ti quang cp 1.
Trung k i.
Giao tip h thng m.

PABX
PBX
PAM
PCM
PIC
PMX
POH
PSN
PSTN
PWM
RSC
RSM
RSS
RT
RWRR
RWSR
SCCP
SDTT
SIF
SLIC
SIO
SOH
SONET
SPC
SSB
STM-1
STP
STS-1
SWRR
SYNTRAN
TA
TU
TCM
TDM
TE
TUP
UNI
VC
VNSI
WABT
WDM
ZBTSI

Tng i c quan t ng.

Tng i ni b.
iu bin xung.
iu xung m.
Cp cch in bng polietylen.
Tng i dn knh gi.
Tuyn cao.
Mng chuyn mch cng cng.
Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng.
iu ch rng xung.
B tp trung thu bao xa.
B dn knh thu bao xa.
H thng chuyn mch v tinh.
u cui xa.
Phng php ghi ngu nhin c ngu
Random Write Random Read
nhin.
Random Write Sequential Read
Phng php ghi ngu nhin c tun t.
Signaling Connection Control Part
Phn iu khin ghp ni bo bo hiu.
Synchronous Digital Transmission Terminal u cui truyn dn s ng b.
Sigualing Information Field
Truyn thng tin bo hiu.
Subscriber Line Interface Circuit
Mch giao tip ng thu bao.
Service Information Octet
Octet thng tin dch v.
Section Overhead
Tit din cao.
Synchronous Optical Network
Mng quang ng b.
Stored Program Control
iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr.
Single Side Band
Bang n v.
Synchronous Transfer Mode level 1
Ch truyn ng b cp 1.
Signaling Transfer Point
im chuyn bo hiu.
Synchronous TRansport Signal level 1
Ti tn hiu ng b cp 1.
Sequential Write Random Read
Phng php ghi tun t c ngu nhin.
Synchronous Transmussion at DS3
Truyn dn ng b tiu chun DS3.
Terminal Adaptor
B tip hp u cui.
Tributary Unit
n v nhnh.
Time Compression Multiplex
K thut ghp knh nn thi gian.
Time Division Multiplex
K thut ghp knh phn chia thi gian.
Terminal Equipment
Thit b u cui.
Telephone User Part
Phn ngi s dng in thoi.
User-Network Interface
Giao din ngi s dng mng.
Virtual Channel
Knh o.
Very large SCale Integration
Mch tch hp mt siu cao.
WAit Before Transmission
Th tc i trc khi truyn.
Phng php ghp knh phn chia di
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
tn.
Zero byte Time Slot Interchange
Hon i khe thi gian ca bite 0.
Private Automatic Branch Exchange
Private Branch Exchange
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Pulse Code Modulation
Polyethylene Insulated Cable
Packet Multiplex Exchange
Path Overhead
Public switched Network
Public switched Telephone network
Pulse Width Modulation
Remote Subscriber Concentrator
Remote Subscriber Multiplexer
Remote Switching System
Remote Terminal